Surge Analysis

As per IS 7396 - 1985 (Part - I ) Area of Surge Tank: As per Cl.5.3.1. Of IS 7396 (Part - I ) 1985. Ath Where, Ath L At Vl Ho = Thoma area of surge tank. = Length of head race tunnel = = C/S area of head race tunnel = 1440m
22 x5.02 = 19.635 Sqm. 28

= ( Lat / BVl * Vl * Ho ) x ( Vl * Vl / 2g )

= Velocity of flow in tunnel at any instant, upstream of surge. = Net head on pumps = 15.925m, (Surge Water Level Centre Line of pumps ) = (309.925 294.0) = 15.925m

g B

= Acceleration due to gravity. = Coefficient of hydraulic losses such that hf = BVl*Vl

BVl2 = flVl*V l2 / 2gd + other losses in tunnel system as per Cl.5.2.2.1 of IS 7396 ( Part I ) - 1985. Where, f l Vl D = Friction factor governing head loss = Length of the tunnel in m = 2000m = Velocity of flow in tunnel in M/sec. Q/A = 63.72 / 19.635 = 3.24486 m/sec. = Dia. of head race tunnel = 5.0m

Other losses in tunnel System: A) Entry Losses. B) Exist Losses.

Frication Losses : Using Mannings formula hf = Where, hf = head loss due to friction in metres, V = velocity of water in tunnel in m/s, N = rugosity coefficient, L = length of the tunnel in metres, and R = hydraulic radius. =
D 5 = = 1.25 4 4

V 2N 2L R3/ 4

= 3.245 = 0.012 = 2000m

hf = 2.253m A) Entry Losses : Ke x Vl*Vl/2g As per Cl.4.3 of IS488 - 1976. Where, Ke = Loss coefficient for entrance = 0.5 he = 0.5 x 3.2452/2 x 9.81 = 0.2685m B) Exist Losses : hex = Kex Vl*Vl/2g as per Cl.4.7 of IS488 ( Part-3 ) 1976. Kex = Loss coefficient for exist = 1. hex = 3.2452/2 x 9.81 = 0.537m Total Losses = 2.253 + 0.2685 + 0.537 = 3.06m BVl*Vl = 3.06 B = 3.06/3.2452 = 0.29 Area of Surge Tank:

V x 1 Ath = 2 BV1 Ho 2 g LAt

= [2000 x 19.635/3.06 x 15.925] x [ 3.2452 / 2 x 9.81]

Area of Surge Tank = 432.51m Using the factor of safty 2.0 for simple tanks As per IS 7396 ( Part I ) 1985. Area of surge tank required = 2 x 432.51 = 865.0 m2 Providing Length of the tank = 52m To accommodate the inlet tunnels of five pumps. Minimum Width of the tank = 865.1/52 = 16.7m Extreme surge level : ( As per IS 7396 1985 (part I ) The Maximum surge level for the case of complete load rejection may be determined from the following formula as per Cl.5.5.2 of IS 7396 (PartI) 1985 for simple surge tank. [ (L/2g * x Vo*Vo) ( Zm/ Vo*Vo) ( L/2go * x Vo*Vo) ] [e (2g /L) (Zm + B Vo*Vo)] = 0 Where, L Zm B Vo g = Length of the head race tunnel. = Maximum surge level above Maximum reservoir level = Ratio of area of surge tank to that of conduit = As/At = Coefficient of Hydraulic losses such hf = BVl*Vl = Velocity of flow in tunnel corresponding to Maximum steady flow, upstream of surge tank. = Acceleration due to gravity

Extreme Surge Level : For surge tank size = 691.4m (min. Area required as per IS 7396 1985) = 865.0/19.635 = 44.05 = Area of surge tank / Area of the tunnel. The max Surge is give by L/2g * Vo*Vo Zm/ Vo*Vo L/2go * Vo*Vo [e 2g /L (Zm + Bvo*Vo)] = [ 2000/2 x 9.81 x 44.05 x 0.29*0.29 x 3.245*3.245] [Zm/0.29 x 3.2452 ]

[ (2000/2 x 9.81 x 44.05 x 0.29*0.29 x 3.245*3.245) (2.718 2 x 9.81 x 44.05/2000) (Zm + 0.29 x 3.245*3.245) ] = 2.62 0.327 Zm 2.62 [ (2.718 0.432 (Zm + 3.06) ] = 0 = 2.62 0.327 Zm 7.122 + 1.132 Zm + 3.46 = 0 = - 1.042 + 0.805 Zm = 0 Zm = 1.042/0.805 = 1.3m As per Book Water hammer analysis by John Paramakain the surge tank must have sufficient C/S area to prevent unstable action. In the event of area of tank is too small, load change on the machine will cause continuous oscillations of the water level in the surge tank, possibly with increase amplitue. In addition, the C/S area of surge tank at a plant should be large enough that the magnitude of the surges will be small during the normal load changes in the machine. Further trash rack system gate control system are to be provided in the surge tank (upto 10M wideth). If common trash rack is provided for all five pumps in arch shape, min projection of trash rack into surge pool is 10m. Further, the back flow of water from delivery lines,. due to sudden tripping of pumps, is not considered in the above analysis. Considering all the above factors surge tank size of 52m x 25m is provided for smooth functioning of pumping scheme, with stream line flow in the surge pool. Alternative I: As per IS 7396 1985 (Part I) For surge tank size = 25 x 52m very high surge/Max surge. =2000/ 2 x 9.81 x 66.2 x 0.29*0.29 x 3.245*3.245 Zm/0.29 x 3.245*3.245 - 2000/2 x 9.81 x 0.29*0.29 66.2 x 3.245*3.245 [2.516 2 x 9.81 x 63.66/2000 (Zm + 0.29 x 3.245*3.245)] 1.74 0.327 Zm 1.74 [2.718 0.602 (Zm + 3.06)] = 0 1.74 0.327 Zm 4.73 + 1.05 (Zm + 3.06) = 0 = - 0.327 Zm 3.11 + 1.15 Zm + 3.213 = 0 = - 0.103 + 0.723 Zm = 0 Zmax = 0.103/0.723 = 0.154m

Alternative II: Maximum Surge: (As per water hammer Analysis by John Parmakian) For size Surge tank = 50m x 25m S Max = Qo/F
F /A L g

S Max = Maximum up Surge Where, Qo = Inticl study flow through tunnel. F L A g = C/S area of tunnel. = Length of tunnel between reservices and surge tank. = C/S area of surge tank of. = Acceleration of grallits
19 .635 x 2000 1300 x9.81

S max = 66.2/19.635

= 5.92m

Surge Pool Level Correspondence for F.R.L. of = 311.44 Considerns the Maximum up Surge as per water hammer analysis by John Paramakian. S Maximum = 5.92m Surge Pool level at the time of Max Surge = 311.44 + 5.92 = 317.36m Against the grading level of EL + 336.0m Safe