A Beginner's Guide to the Steel Construction Manual Example Problem 4.

1 Given:

last modified: 11 Aug 2007 by: TBQ

A lap splice is connected with (11) A325-X bolts as shown. Assume that the applied load consists of 40% dead load and 60% live load. db = % DL % LL 0.75 in 40% 60%

bolts: 3/4" dia A325-X pretensioned in standard holes Class A faying surfaces

Wanted:

Determine the capacity of the connection based on bolt strength as specified below. Consider both LRFD and ASD. Express your results in terms of service load levels. a. Determine the slip capacity of the connection. b. Determine the bearing capacity of the connection.

Solution: Results Summary: Computations follow

Table of Capacities Limit State Slip Shear Rupture LRFD Rn (k) 122 219 Ps,eq (k) 84.6 152 Answer ASD Rn/ (k) 81.2 146

Ps,eq (k) 81.2 <--- max. load that ensures no slip 146 <--- max. load that ensures no bolt shear failur Answer

ASCE 7 Load Combinations: The controlling load cases are LRFD LC2 abd ASD LC2 Composite load factor for LRFD: Pu = 1.44 Ps,eq

Composite load factor for ASD:

Pa =

1.00 Ps,eq

a. Slip Capacity - See specification J3.8 Du hsc Tb Ns rn Nb Rn LRFD = Rn = 0.35 (Class A Surfaces) 1.13 1 (Standard Holes) 28 kips/bolt 1 11.1 kips/bolt 11 bolts 122 kips/connection ASD = Rn / =

1 122 kips

1.5 81 kips

b. Bearing Capacity - See specification J3.6 Fnv Ab rn Ns Nb Rn LRFD = Rn = 60 ksi (from Table J3.2) 0.4418 in2 26.5 kips/shear plane 1 shear planes/bolt 11 bolts 292 kips/connection ASD = Rn / =

0.75 219 kips

2 146 kips

ed: 11 Aug 2007

oad that ensures no slip oad that ensures no bolt shear failure

A Beginner's Guide to the Steel Construction Manual Example Problem 4.2 Given:

last modified: 11 Aug 2007 by: TBQ

A splice plate connection is used to connect two WTs together as shown. The connection is subjected to axial tension, P. Assume that the load transferred consists of Dead Load (30%) and Seismic Load (70%). db = % DL %E 0.75 in 30% 70%

bolts: 3/4" dia A325-X pretensioned in standard holes Class B faying surfaces

Wanted:

Determine the capacity of the connection based on bolt strength as specified below. Consider both LRFD and ASD. Express your results in terms of service load levels. a. Determine the slip capacity of the connection. b. Determine the bearing capacity of the connection.

Solution: Results Summary: Computations follow

Table of Capacities Limit State Slip Shear Rupture LRFD Rn (k) 435 437 Ps,eq (k) 410 413 Answer ASD Rn/ (k) 290 292 Ps,eq

367 <--- max. load that ensures no slip 369 <--- max. load that ensures no bolt shear failur Answer

Notice that if the extra work is put into creating Class B faying surfaces that the slip capacity approaches the bolt strength (bearing) capacity. ASCE 7 Load Combinations: The controlling load case is LRFD LC5 Composite load factor for LRFD: Pu = 1.06 Ps,equiv

The controlling load case is ASD LC5 Composite load factor for ASD:

a. Slip Capacity - See specification J3.8 Du hsc Tb Ns rn Nb Rn LRFD = Rn = 0.5 (Class B Surfaces) 1.13 1 (Standard Holes) 35 kips/bolt 2 shear planes/bolt 39.6 kips/bolt 11 bolts 435 kips/connection ASD = Rn / =

1 435 kips

1.5 290 kips

b. Bearing Capacity - See specification J3.6 Fnv Ab rn Ns Nb Rn LRFD = Rn = 60 ksi (from Table J3.2) 0.4418 in2 26.5 kips/shear plane 2 shear planes/bolt 11 bolts 583 kips/connection ASD = Rn / =

0.75 437 kips

2 292 kips

ed: 11 Aug 2007

oad that ensures no slip oad that ensures no bolt shear failure

ase is ASD LC5 Ps = 0.790 Ps,equiv

A Beginner's Guide to the Steel Construction Manual Example Problem 4.3 Given:

last modified: 11 Aug 2007 by: TBQ

A WT is bolted to a W section as part of a beam/brace connection as shown. The connection is subjected to axial tension, P. Bolt size, type, location, etc. are all given on the drawing. Assume that the load transfer consists of only Wind Load (100%). db = %W 0.75 in 100%

bolts: 3/4" dia A325-N pretensioned in standard holes Class A faying surfaces

Wanted:

Determine the capacity of the connection based on bolt strength as specified below. Consider both LRFD and ASD. Express your results in terms of comparable service level loads. a. Determine the slip capacity of the connection. b. Determine the bearing capacity of the connection.

Solution: Results Summary: Computations follow

Allowable Brace Force (at comparable service load levels) Part (a) Slip Critical LRFD (k) 41.1 186 41.1 ASD (k) 43.9 199 43.9

Slip Tensile Rupture Controlling Limit Part (b) Bearing

<--- Controls

Shear Rupture Tensile Rupture Controlling Limit

LRFD (k) 74.6 69.2 69.2

ASD (k) 79.5 73.8 73.8

<--- Controls

Load Components Pt = Pv = 0.6 Pbrace 0.8 Pbrace

ASCE 7 Load Combinations: The controlling load case is LRFD LC4 Composite load factor for LRFD: Pu = a. Slip Critical Connection 1.60 Ps,equiv

The controlling load case is ASD LC4 Composite load factor for ASD:

Tensile Rupture Limit State - Section J3.6 Fnt = Ab = rn = Nb = Rn = LRFD = Rn = Pvs,eq < Pbrace < 90 ksi (Table J3.2) 0.4418 in2 39.8 k/bolt 6 bolts 239 k/connection ASD = Rn / = Pvs,eq < Pbrace <

0.75 179 kips 112 kips 186 kips

2 119 kips 119 kips 199 kips

Slip Limit State - Section J3.8 and J3.9 Du hsc Tb Ns rn Nb Rn 0.35 (Class B Surfaces) 1.13 1 (Standard Holes) 28 kips/bolt 1 shear planes/bolt 11.1 kips/bolt 6 bolts 66.4 kips/connection

LRFD

ASD

P vu=1 . 28 P braceR n k s =R n 1 P brace R n

0 . 96 P brace Du T b N b

P vs =0 . 80 P brace Rn P brace

Rn

k s=

Rn

1 . 5 0 . 06 P brace Du T b N b

0 . 96 Rn 1. 28 Du T b N b

0 . 80

0 . 90 R n Du T b N b

P vu=1 . 28 P braceR n k s =R n 1 P brace R n

0 . 96 P brace Du T b N b

P vs =0 . 80 P brace Rn P brace

Rn

k s=

Rn

1 . 5 0 . 06 P brace Du T b N b

0 . 96 Rn 1. 28 Du T b N b
= Rn = Pbrace =

1 66 kips 41.1 kips

0 . 80

0 . 90 R n Du T b N b
1.5 44 kips 43.9 kips

= Rn / = Pbrace =

b. Bearing Connection Shear Rupture Limit State - Section J3.6 Fnv Ab rn Ns Nb Rn LRFD = Rn = Pv,seq = Pbrace = 48 ksi (from Table J3.2) 0.4418 in2 21.2 kips/shear plane 1 shear planes/bolt 6 bolts 127 kips/connection ASD = Rn / = Pv,seq = Pbrace =

0.75 95.4 kips 59.6 kips 74.6 kips

2 63.6 kips 63.6 kips 79.5 kips

Tension Rupture Limit State - Sections J3.6 & J3.7 Fnt = Ab = rn = Nb = Rn = LRFD = 90 ksi (Table J3.2) 0.4418 in2 39.8 k/bolt 6 bolts 239 k/connection ASD =

0.75

Without J3.9 reduction: Rn = 179 kips Pts,eq < Pbrace < 112 kips 186 kips

Without J3.9 reduction: Rn / = 119 kips Pts,eq < Pbrace < 119 kips 199 kips

With req'd J3.7 reduction:

With req'd J3.7 reduction:

P tu=1 .6 0. 60 P b F nt Ab N b= 1. 3Fnt 0 . 96 P bAb N b 1 . 3Fnt 0 . 96 P b1. 3R n1. 28 1. 3R n

'

F nt F nv

f v Ab N b

P ts =0. 60 P b

F nt A b

'

N b= 1 . 3F nt

F nt A N fv b b F nv

F nt 1 . 6 0 . 80 P b F nv A b N b

0 . 60 P b 1 . 3F nt 0 . 60 P b1 . 3 Rn Rn

F nt 0 . 80 P b A b N b F nv Ab N b F nt F nv Pb

F nt P b F nv

0 . 80

P tu=1 .6 0. 60 P b F 'nt Ab N b= 1. 3Fnt 0 . 96 P bAb N b 1 . 3Fnt 0 . 96 P b1. 3R n1. 28 P b 1. 3R n 0. 961. 28 F nt F nv

69.2 kips

F nt f A N F nv v b b

P ts =0. 60 P b

F nt A b

'

N b= 1 . 3F nt

F nt A N fv b b F nv

F nt 1 . 6 0 . 80 P b F nv A b N b

0 . 60 P b 1 . 3F nt 0 . 60 P b1 . 3 1.3 P b Rn Rn

F nt 0 . 80 P b A b N b F nv Ab N b F nt F nv Pb

F nt P b F nv

0 . 80

0 . 600 . 80
Pbrace <

F nt F nv

Pbrace <

73.8 kips

ed: 11 Aug 2007

Load (100%).

ase is ASD LC4 Ps = 1.00 Ps,equiv

1 . 5 0 . 06 P brace Du T b N b

1 . 5 0 . 06 P brace Du T b N b

Ab

N b= 1 . 3F nt

F nt A N fv b b F nv

F nt 0 . 80 P b A b N b Ab N b F nt F nv Pb

F nv

0 . 80

Ab

N b= 1 . 3F nt

F nt A N fv b b F nv

F nt 0 . 80 P b A b N b Ab N b F nt F nv Pb

F nv

0 . 80

nt

nv

A Beginner's Guide to the Steel Construction Manual Example Problem 4.4a Given: A bracket is connected to a column flange as shown. Assume that the applied load is 50% D and 50% L. The bolt information is given on the drawing. db = %D %L 0.75 in 50% 50%

last modified: 24 Sept 2007 by: TBQ

bolts: 3/4" dia A490-N pretensioned in standard holes Class A faying surfaces

Wanted:

Determine the capacity of the connection based on bolt strength as specified below. Consider both LRFD and ASD. Express your results in terms of service load levels. a. Determine the bearing capacity of the connection using the elastic method. b. Determine the bearing capacity of the connection using the IC method.

Solution (a): Results Summary: Computations follow

Bearing Capacity - Elastic Method LRFD (k) 32.9 ASD (k) 30.7

Ps,eq <

ASCE 7 Load Combinations: The controlling load case is LRFD LC2 Composite load factor for LRFD: Pu = 1.40 Ps,eq

The controlling load case is ASD LC2 Composite load factor for ASD:

b. Bearing Capacity - See specification J3.6 Fnv 60 ksi (from Table J3.2)

Ab rn Ns rn LRFD = Rn =

0.4418 in2 26.5 kips/shear plane 1 shear planes 26.5 kips/bolt ASD = Rn / =

0.75 19.9 kips

2 13.3 kips

Compute the coefficient that relates applied load to maximum bolt force: Let P = = e= 10 k 30 deg 7.75 in Px = Py = M = Pe = 5.000 k -8.660 k 77.5 in-k

Compute bolt geometry quantities: Bolt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 cx (in) -1.75 1.75 -1.75 1.75 -1.75 1.75 -1.75 1.75 cy (in) 4.5 4.5 1.5 1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -4.5 -4.5 c (in) 4.83 4.83 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 4.83 4.83 Ix (in4) 8.95 8.95 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 8.95 8.95 39.76 Iy (in4) 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 10.82

Ip = Compute the bolt forces: Bolt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 rpx (k) -0.63 -0.63 -0.63 -0.63 -0.63 -0.63 -0.63 -0.63 -5.000 C = P/rmax =

50.58 in4

rpy (k) 1.083 1.083 1.083 1.083 1.083 1.083 1.083 1.083 8.660 2.318

rmx (k) -3.046 -3.046 -1.015 -1.015 1.015 1.015 3.046 3.046

rmy (k) -1.184 1.184 -1.184 1.184 -1.184 1.184 -1.184 1.184

rx (k) -3.671 -3.671 -1.640 -1.640 0.390 0.390 2.421 2.421

ry (k) -0.102 2.267 -0.102 2.267 -0.102 2.267 -0.102 2.267 rmax =

r (k) 3.672 4.314 1.643 2.798 0.403 2.300 2.423 3.317 4.314

Using the coefficent, we can now compute the capacities using P = C*rmax: LRFD rmax = Rn Pu < Ps,eq < ASD rmax = Rn/ = Pa < Ps,eq <

19.9 k/bolt 46.1 kips 32.9 kips

13.3 30.7 30.7

ed: 24 Sept 2007

ase is ASD LC2 Ps = 1.00 Ps,eq

k/bolt kips kips

A Beginner's Guide to the Steel Construction Manual Example Problem 4.4b Given: A bracket is connected to a column flange as shown. Assume that the applied load is 50% D and 50% L. The bolt information is given on the drawing. db = %D %L 0.75 in 50% 50%

last modified: 24 Sept 2007 by: TBQ

bolts: 3/4" dia A490-N pretensioned in standard holes Class A faying surfaces

Wanted:

Determine the capacity of the connection based on bolt strength as specified below. Consider both LRFD and ASD. Express your results in terms of service load levels. a. Determine the bearing capacity of the connection using the elastic method. b. Determine the bearing capacity of the connection using the IC method.

Solution (b): Results Summary: Computations follow Elastic IC Ps,eq < Ps,eq < LRFD (k) 32.9 36.3

Bearing Capacity - IC Method LRFD (k) 36.3 ASD (k) 33.8

Ps,eq <

ASCE 7 Load Combinations: The controlling load case is LRFD LC2 Composite load factor for LRFD: Pu = 1.40 Ps,eq

The controlling load case is ASD LC2 Composite load factor for ASD:

b. Bearing Capacity - See specification J3.6 Fnv Ab 60 ksi (from Table J3.2) 0.4418 in2

rn Ns rn LRFD = Rn =

26.5 kips/shear plane 1 shear planes 26.5 kips/bolt ASD = Rn / =

0.75 19.9 kips

2 13.3 kips
Bart: Change these two values until the orange colored cell below is essentially zero. You can use the excell add-in "Solver" to do this automatically. Be aware that there is more than one root!

Compute the coefficient that relates applied load to maximum bolt force: = 30 deg max = Rult = Locate the IC relative to the bolt CG x y (in) (in) IC -1.41 -1.14 CG Load ro = 0.00 7.75 11.35 in 0.00 6.00 0.340 in 74.0 k

Computations for ro atan() = 0.4823 rox = 10.22 in roy = 4.93 in These values found by computing the intersection of two line whose slope we know and a point that each passes through. cic (in) 5.65 6.46 2.66 4.11 0.50 3.18 3.38 4.62 6.46 (in) 0.30 0.34 0.14 0.22 0.03 0.17 0.18 0.24 0.34

Compute bolt geometry and deformation quantities: Bolt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 cxcg (in) -1.75 1.75 -1.75 1.75 -1.75 1.75 -1.75 1.75 cycg (in) 4.5 4.5 1.5 1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -4.5 -4.5 cxic (in) -0.341 3.159 -0.341 3.159 -0.341 3.159 -0.341 3.159 cyic (in) 5.636 5.636 2.636 2.636 -0.364 -0.364 -3.364 -3.364 max =

Compute the bolt forces: Bolt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 r (k) 71.9 72.6 63.3 69.2 33.0 66.0 66.8 rx (k) -71.8 -63.4 -62.8 -44.3 24.1 7.6 66.5 ry (k) -4.3 35.5 -8.1 53.1 -22.6 65.6 -6.7 r*cic (in-k) 406 469 168 285 16 210 226

70.3 51.3 sums = -92.7 P= 185.48 Differences 0.00 72.6 2.554

48.1 160.6 185.48 0.00

325 2105 185.48 0.00

Good

rmax = C = P/rmax =

Using the coefficent, we can now compute the capacities using P = C*rmax: LRFD rmax = Rn Pu < Ps,eq < ASD rmax = Rn/ = Pa < Ps,eq <

19.9 k/bolt 50.8 kips 36.3 kips

13.3 33.8 33.8

ed: 24 Sept 2007

ASD (k) 30.7 33.8

ase is ASD LC2 Ps = 1.00 Ps,eq

8.00

these two values until the orange cell below is essentially zero. You 6.00 e the excell add-in "Solver" to do this atically. Be aware that there is more e root! 4.00

2.00

-1.41 0.00 7.75 -1.75 1.75 -1.75

-1.14 0.00 6.00 4.50 4.50 1.50

Column L

0.00

y computing
-2.00

o line whose point that each

-4.00

1.75 -1.75 1.75 -1.75 1.75

-2.00

1.50 -1.50 -1.50 -4.50 -4.50

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00

-6.00 -4.00

k/bolt kips kips

A Beginner's Guide to the Steel Construction Manual Example Problem 4.5 Given: The following data: Eccentric Load DL LL Eccentricity: 50% Ps,equiv 50% Ps,equiv 7 in

last modified: 18 Jan 2010 by: TBQ

Fy = Fu = db = Ab = Tb Fnv = Fnt =

50 ksi 65 ksi 0.88 in 0.6013 in^2 39 kips 48 ksi 90 ksi 8 4 3 in bf 10 6.49 tf 0.65 0.38 bolts: 7/8" dia A325-N pretensioned in standard holes in in Class A faying surfaces

Number of bolts, nb number of rows Row spacing

Column: Bracket: Wanted:

W14x61 WT6x13

Determine the capacity of the connection based on bolt strength as specified below. Consider both LRFD and ASD Express your results in terms of comparable service level loads. part (a) use the SCM Case I method part (b) use the SCM Case II Method

Solution: Solution Summary a Case I Shear limit Tension limit Controlling Value b Case II Shear limit Tension limit Controlling Value ASCE 7 Load Combinations: The controlling load case is LRFD LC2 LRFD (kips) 123.70 77.35 77.35 123.70 62.38 62.38 ASD (kips) 115.45 48.75 48.75 115.45 46.26 46.26

<---- Answer (a)

<---- Answer (b)

The controlling load case is ASD LC2

Composite load factor for LRFD: Pu = part (a) Using SCM Case I (SCM page 7-10): Shear Strength of Bolts (J3.6) Fnv 48 ksi Ab rn = FnvAb = Rn / nb Shear Planes rn LRFD ruv < rnuv = rn v = v rn = Pu,max < v rn nb = CLF Ps,eq < 0.75 0.6013 in^2

1.40 Ps,eq

Composite load factor for ASD:

28.9 k/shear plane 1 28.9 k/bolt ASD rav < rnav = rn / v v = rn / v = Pa,max = nb rn / v = CLF Ps,eq < 21.6 kips/bolt 173.18 kips/connection 1.40 123.70 kips/connection

Determine Section properties: Ix and c d Depth = beff = beff*d*d/2 3.196 in 12 in 3.04 in 15.53 in3 Bolt table Row # 1 2 3 4 Area 1.203 1.203 1.203 1.203 depth 1.5 4.5 7.5 10.5 y=c 7.304 4.304 1.304 -1.696 sum(Ay) = sum(Ay2) =

beff*d*d/2-sum(Ay) Ix = beff*d3/3 + sum(Ay2) = Max bolt tension, rt =

0.00 <--- find the "d" that makes this zero 121.6 in4 0.25 * either Pa or Pu

Tension Strength of Bolts (J3.6) Fnt 90 ksi Ab 0.6013 in^2 ASD min[1.3Fnt - (Fnt/Fnv)(P t = Pa < Check limit on F'nt: 22.5 ksi fv =

LRFD min[1.3Fnt - (Fnt/Fnv)(Pu/nbAb) , Fnt] Ab > rut t = Pu < Check limit on F'nt: fv = 0.75 108.3 kips

F'nt = EQ J3-3a F'nt / Fnt = CLF Ps,eq < part (b) Using SCM Case II (SCM page 7-12): n' dm

60.7 ksi 0.675 < 1 OK 1.40 77.35 kips/connection

F'nt = EQ J3-3b F'nt / Fnt = CLF Ps,eq <

4 6 in

Note that you will have to solve the design inequalities for Pu and Ps. Shear Strength of Bolts (J3.6) Fnv 48 ksi Ab rn = FnvAb = Rn / nb Shear Planes rn LRFD ruv < rnuv = rn v = v rn = Pu,max < v rn nb = CLF Ps,eq < 0.75 21.6 kips/bolt 173.18 kips/connection 1.40 123.70 kips/connection 0.6013 in^2 28.9 k/shear plane 1 28.9 k/bolt ASD rav < rnav = rn / v v = rn / v = Pa,max < nb rn / v = CLF Ps,eq <

Tension Strength of Bolts (J3.6) Fnt 90 ksi Ab Max bolt tension, rt = 0.6013 in^2 0.29 * either Pa or Pu ASD min[1.3Fnt - (Fnt/Fnv)(P t = Pa < Check limit on F'nt: 18.2 ksi 71.6 ksi 0.796 < 1 OK 1.40 62.38 kips/connection fv = F'nt = EQ J3-3b F'nt / Fnt = CLF Ps,eq <

LRFD min[1.3Fnt - (Fnt/Fnv)(Pu/nbAb) , Fnt] Ab > rut t = Pu < Check limit on F'nt: fv = F'nt = EQ J3-3a F'nt / Fnt = CLF Ps,eq < 0.75 87.3 kips

ed: 18 Jan 2010

elow. Consider both LRFD and ASD.

<---- Answer (a)

<---- Answer (b)

ase is ASD LC2

Ps =

1.00 Ps,eq

2 14.4 kips/bolt 115.45 kips/connection 1.00 115.45 kips/connection

Ay 8.78 5.18 1.57 0.00 15.53 sum(Ay2) =

Ay2 64.16 22.28 2.04 0.00 88.48

- (Fnt/Fnv)(Pa/nbAb) , Fnt] Ab / > rat 2 48.7 kips 10.1 ksi

79.0 ksi 0.878 < 1 OK 1.00 48.75 kips/connection

2 14.4 kips/bolt 115.45 kips/connection 1.00 115.45 kips/connection

- (Fnt/Fnv)(Pa/nbAb) , Fnt] Ab / > rat 2 46.3 kips 9.6 ksi 80.9 ksi 0.899 < 1 OK 1.00 46.26 kips/connection