1

SPM PAPER 2 2003. Section A No.1 (4 marks) Section A 1 Diagram 1 shows a vernier calipers used to measure external diameter of a hollow cylinder.

Diagram 1

(a)

(i) Name the part labelled X. [1 mark]

(ii) What is the function of X? .. [1 mark]

(b) The external diameters of the cylinder at four different places are shown in the
table below. External diameter /cm 2.04 2.05 2.04 2.06 Relative deviation % 0.37

(i)

Why is the external diameter measured four times? [1 mark]

(ii) What is the purpose of calculating the relative deviation?

. [1 mark]

SPM PAPER 2 2003 SECTION A NO. 6 ( 8 marks) 2 Diagram 2 is a stroboscopic photograph shows two steel balls in a state of free-fall. Both balls are dropped simultaneously from the same height.

Diagram 2 (a)Observe the photograph and state two similarities between the positions o the balls. [2 marks] (b)Name one physical quantity which causes the balls to fall. . [1 mark] (c) Based on the positions of the free-falling balls, there is a physical quantity that is constant. (i) Name the quantity. [1 mark]

(ii)

What is the value of the quantity and its unit?

[1 mark] (iii) State how the mass of a ball affect the value of the physical quantity stated in (c)(i). .. [1 mark]

(d) A ball is thrown vertically upwards at a certain velocity. (i) What happens to the motion of the ball as it moves upwards?

.. [1 mark] (ii) Give one reason for your answer. .. .. [1 mark]

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SPM PAPER 2 2003 SECTION A NO. 8 ( 12 marks) 3. Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2 show two ways in which a gardener moves a wheelbarrow on a muddy road.

Weight, W Diagram 3.1

Weight, W Diagram 3.2

On Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2, indicate and label: (i) the direction of force F exerted by the gardener on the handle of each wheelbarrow to make it move. [2 marks]
(ii)

the direction of the vertical component FY, of the force in (a)(i).

[2 marks]

(b) (i) Based on the answers in (a)(i) and (a)(ii), which of the ways is more suitable on the muddy road? [1 mark] (ii) Explain the reason for your answer in (b)(i). [2 marks] (c) The wheel of the wheelbarrow exerted pressure on the muddy road. The resultant force exerted by the wheel on the road surface is 500 N and the area of the wheel in contact with the road is 2 x 10-3 m2 (i) What does the word pressure mean? .. [1 mark]

5
(ii) Calculate the pressure exerted on the surface of the muddy road.

[2 marks] (iii) State one modification that could be made to the wheelbarrow to reduce the pressure exerted on the road. Explain your answer. [2 marks]

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SPM PAPER 2 2004 SECTION A N0. 1 (4 marks) 4 Diagram 4.1 shows the meniscus of oil in a measuring cylinder. P, Q and R are three eye positions while measuring the volume of the oil.

DIAGRAM 4.1 (a) (i) which position of the eye is correct while taking the reading of the volume of oil? .. [ 1 mark] (iii) Give one reason for the answer in (a)(i).

(b)

. [1 mark] The oil in the measuring cylinder is replaced with 30 cm of mercury. (i) In Figure 4.2, draw the meniscus of the mercury in the measuring cylinder. [1 mark]

DIAGRAM 4.2 (ii) Explain what causes the shape of the meniscus of mercury you have drawn in (b)(i). [1 mark]

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SPM PAPER 2 2004 SECTION A N0. 2 (5 marks) 5. Diagram 5.1 shows a man standing on a stationary boat. He then jumps out of the boat onto the jetty. The boat moves away from the jetty as he jumps.

DIAGRAM 4.1

(c) State the physics principle that is involved in the movement of the boat as
the man jumps onto the jetty. [ 1 mark] (c) Explain why the boat moves. away from the jetty when the man jumps.

.. .. [ 1 mark] (c) The mass of the man is 50 kg and he jumps at a velocity of 2 m s -1 . The mass of the boat is 20 kg. Calculate the velocity of the boat as the man jumps.

]2 marks] (d) Name one application of the physics principle stated in (a) in an exploration of outer space.

[1 mark]

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SPM PAPER 2 2004 SECTION A N0. 3 (6 marks) 6. Diagram 6.1 shows the arrangement of apparatus in an experiment to determine the relationship between the extension e of a spring T with weight W. The relationship of e with W . is shown in the graph in Diagram 6.2.

Diagram 6.1
(a)

Diagram 6.2

A law states that; The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied if the elastic limit of the spring is not exceeded.

(i) Name this law. . [ 1 mark] (ii) Mark with a cross ( x ) the elastic limit of the spring on the graph in Diagram. 6.2. [ 1 mark]
(b)

The spr ing stores energ y when it is ext ended. Calculate the energy stored in the spring when it is extend by 4 cm.

[3 marks]

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(c) Another spring, identical to spring T, is added to the arrangement in Diagram 6.1. This new arrangement is shown in Diagram 5.3. The experiment is then repeated.

Diagram 6.3

Sketch the graph of W against e for this experiment on the graph in Figure 6.2. [ 1 mark]

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SPM PAPER 2 2004 SECTION A N0. 5 (8 marks) 7 Diagram 7.1 shows a feather and a water droplet falling from the same height. The mass of the feather and water droplet is the same and both are dropped simultaneously at time t = 0.

Water droplet Diagram 7.1

feather

The graph in Diagram 7.2 shows the motion of the feather and the water droplet from time t = 0.

Diagram 6.2 (a) Name one force acting on the feather and the water droplet. .. [1 mark]

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(b) Using Diagram 7.1, compare the surface area of the feather and the water droplet. [1 mark] Using the graph in Diagram 7.2, compare the changes in velocity of the feather and the dater droplet. [3 marks] (d) Using your answers in (b) and (c), state the relationship between the surface area and the final velocity. [1 mark] (e) The feather and the water droplet are dropped in a vacuum. Sketch a velocitytime graph to show the motion of both objects. V

(c)

[2 marks]

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SPM PAPER 2 2005 SECTION A N0. 1 (4 marks) 8. Figure 8.1 shows the scale of an ammeter.

Mirror

Diagram 8.1 (a) Name the physical quantity measured by the ammeter.

[1 mark] (b) In the space below, draw the symbol for an ammeter.

[1 mark] (c )What is the value of the smallest division on the scale? .A [ 1 m ark]
(c)

State the function of the mirror located under the scale. [ 1 m ark]

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SPM PAPER 2 2005 SECTION A N0. 6 (8 marks) 9. student studies the effect of the movement of a lift on the readings of a weighing scale.mass of the student is 50 kg. In this study. the student stands on a weighing scale in a lift as shown in Diagram 9.1

Lift

Weighing scale

Diagram 9.1 He records the readings of the weighing scale when the lift is at rest, moving up with acceleration, moving up with uniform velocity, moving down with uniform velocity and moving down with deceleration. The readings of the weighing scale in the study are shown in Table 9.1. Movement of the lift At rest Moving up with acceleration Moving up with uniform velocity Moving down with uniform velocity Moving down with deceleration Readings of the weighing scale/kg 50 60 50 50 60

Table 9.1

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( a ) The mass of the student is 50 kg. What is the weight of the student in newtons? ...............................N [ 1 mark] b) State two types of movement of the lift when the reading on the weighing scale is equal to the mass of the student. 1. .......................................................................................................................... 2. [2 marks] (c) F is the resultant force that acts on the student. R is the normal reaction of the weighing scale on the student. m is the mass of the student. g is the gravitational acceleration. Write a general equation to show the relationship between F, R, m and g. [ 1 mark] (d) When the lift moves up with acceleration, the normal reaction is greater than his weight. Explain why. .. .. .. [2 marks] (e) (i)What is observed on the reading of the weighing scale when the lift moves down with acceleration?. . [1 mark] (ii) Give a reason for your answer in (e)(i) . . [1 mark]

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SPM PAPER 2 2006 SECTION A NO. 1 ( 4 marks) 10. Diagram 10.1 shows an electric circuit.

Diagram 10.1 (a)(i) Name instrument Q. [1 mark] (ii) What is the function of R in the circuit? [1 mark] (a) Diagram 10.2 shows two types of ammeters, X and Y, that can be used in the circuit in Diagram 10.1.

Ammneter X

Ammeter Y Diagram 10.2

(i)

(ii)

Which ammeter is more sensitive? [1 mark] State one reason for answer in 1(b)(i). . [1 mark]

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SPM PAPER 2 2006 SECTION A NO. 6 ( 8 marks) 11. Diagram 11.1 and Diagram 11.2 show a student throwing an iron ball in a shot put event using different throwing techniques. The angle of projection and the force used by the student in both techniques are the same.

DIAGRAM 11.1

DIAGRAM 11.2 (a) Observe Diagram 11.1 and Diagram 11.2. (i) Compare the distance of the hand movement to throw the iron ball. [1 mark]

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(ii) Based on the answer in 11(a)(i), compare the work done by the student between the two throwing techniques. [1 mark] (iii) If the force which acts on the iron ball is 20N and the distance of hand movement is 0.5 m, calculate the work done by the student.

[2 marks] (b) (i) Based on the answer in 11(a)(i), state the relationship between the energy gained by the iron ball and the distance of projection. [1 mark] ii) State the principle involved. [1 mark] (c) (i) Using Diagram 10.1, what happens to the falling time if an iron ball of a bigger mass is used? [1 mark] (ii) Give one reason for your answer in 11(c)(i). [1 mark]

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SPM PAPER 2 2006 SECTION A N0. 8 (12 marks) 12 DIAGRAM 12.1 and Diagram 12.2 show two identical mirrors which are hang on the wall using strings, of the same length.

DIAGRAM 12.1

DIAGRAM 12.2

The two mirrors are in equilibrium state. Each mirror has amass of 2 kg. Each string can withstand a maximum force of 15N. (a)What is meant by equilibrium state? . [1 mark] (b)What is the weight of any one of the mirrors? [1 mark] (c )In the space below, draw a diagram of a triangle of forces that acts on the mirrors in Diagram 12.1 and Diagram 12.2

Diagram of a triangle of forces For Diagram 12.1

Diagram of a triangle of forces For Diagram 12.2

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(d)T1 and T2 are the tensions of the string that act on the mirrors in Diagram 12.1 and Diagram 12.2 respectively. (i) In the space below, draw the scale drawings of triangles of forces to determine the values of T1 and T2 [ Use the scale 1 cm : 2N]

T1 = .cm = N

T2 = .cm = N [4marks] (ii)Based on your answer in 12(d)(i), which is the most suitable method to hang the mirror? Give one reason for your answer. .. [2 marks]

If the string in Diagram 11.1 is cut, the mirror will fall down in 0.6 s. Calculate the final velocity of the mirror before it touches the surface of the floor.

[2 marks]

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SPM Paper 2 2007 SECTION A NO. 4 (7 Marks)

13. Diagram 13 shows a worker lifting a load of mass 20 kg using a pulley system. The worker applies force of 220 N to pull the rope down a distance of 0.5 m. The load is raised to a height of 0.5 m.

DIAGRAM 13 (a) what is meant by work? .. [1 mark] (b) Calculate the work done (i) by the worker to pull the rope down a distance of 0.5 m.

[2 marks] (ii) on the load to raise it to a height of 0.5 m.

[2 marks] (c) (i) Compare the work done in 12 (b)(i) ang 12(b)(ii) . [1 mark]

State why there is a difference between the work done in 12(b)(i) and12(b)(ii). .. [1 mark]

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SPM Paper 2 2008 SECTION A NO. 5 (7 marks) 14 Diagram 14.1 shows two boys pushing a large box. After some time, the box still remains stationary.

Diagram 14.1

Diagram 14.2 shows an aircraft moving forward with a uniform velocity at a constant height.

Diagram 14.2 Based on the situation in Diagram 14.1 and the situation in Diagram 14.2, (i) state similarities about the magnitudes and directions of the forces FI a n d F 2 , F 3 a n d F 4 . Magnitudes. Directions. [2 marks] (ii) What is the net force in both situations? . [1 mark]

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(iii) Based on the answers in 14(a)(i) and 14(a)(ii), name the physics concept involved. .. [1 mark]

(b) (i) Another aircraft has F3 greater than F4. Describe the motion of this aircraft. .. [1 mark] Explain the answer in 14(b)(i). [2 mark]

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SPM PAPER 2 2003 SECTION B N0. 9 (20 marks) 1. Diag r am 1. 1 sho ws t wo ident ical sp her ical pl ast icin e ba lls bef or e being r eleased f r om the same height. Figur e 1.2 shows the state of the plasticine balls when they hit the w o o d a n d t h e s p o n g e . I t w a s o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e p l a s t i c i n e s t o p p e d m o r e q u i c k l y wh e n i t h it t he wo o d.

Plasticine

Plasticine

Diagram 1.1

Diagram 1.2

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(a) (i) W hat does the word momentum mean? [1 mark]

(ii) Observe Diagram 1.1 and Diagram1.2. Compare the shapes of the p l a s t i c i n e b a l l s , t he s u r f a c e of t h e wo o d a n d t h e s u r f a ce of t h e s p o n g e b ef or e a n d when the plast icine balls hit the surf aces. Relate the changes in shapes of the plasticine balls and the s u r f a c e s t o deduce a relevant physics concept. [5 marks] b) Explain the changes in energy that occur from the moment the plasticine ball is released until it reaches the position in Diagram 1.2 [4 marks] (c ) An earth monitoring satellite falls into the earths atmosphere at high velocity and reaches a high temperature. This is caused by the earths gravitational force and air resistance. Using the appropriate physics concept, suggest and explain suitable designs or ways to protect the satellite and the equipment. (i) from extreme heat. (ii) from breaking up on landing. [10 marks]

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SPM PAPER 2 2008 SECTION B N0. 9 (20 marks)

2(a) Diagram 2.1 shows two identical steel balls placed onto spring M and spring N. Both springs are elastic and fixed to a horizontal surface. The springs are pushed down until the lengths of spring M and spring N are the same. Diagram 2.2 shows the maximum heights reached by the balls when the hands are released. [Assume spring M and spring N are of the same material, same coil diameter and same original length]

Diagram 2.2

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(i)

What is the meaning of elasticity? [1 mark]

(ii)

Using Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2, compare the thickness of the spring wire and the maximum height reached by the balls. Relate the thickness of the spring wire with the maximum height of the ball to make a deduction regarding the relationship between the thickness of the spring wire and the elastic potential energy of the spring. [5 marks] The forces used to compress the springs in Diagram 2.1(a) and Diagram 2.1(b) are F1 and F2 respectively. (i) Compare F1 and F2. Give one reason for the answer. [2 marks] (ii)Using Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2, state the energy changes that take place from the moment the spring is compressed until the ball reaches its maximum height. [2 marks]

(b)

(c)

Diagram 2.3 shows a pole vaulter performing a jump.

Diagram 2.3 Using appropriate physics concepts, explain the use of suitable equipment and techniques to improve his performance. (i) Your answer should include the following aspects: (ii) Vaulter's attire (iii) Vaulter's movement (iv) Pole used (v) Safety [10 marks]

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SPM PAPER 2 2007 SECTION C N0. 11 (20 marks) 1 Diagram 1.1 shows the speed limit and the load limit of heavy vehicles such as buses and lorries

Diagram 1.1 (a) what is meant by speed? [1 mark] (b) Using the concepts of momentum and inertia, explain why the speed limit and the load limit must be imposed on heavy vehicles. [4 marks] (c) Diagram 1.2 shows four tankers, P, Q, R and S, with different specifications. You are required to determine the most suitable tanker to deliver oil safely. Study the specifications of all the four tankers from the following aspects: The type of brakes The number of tyres The number and size of the tanks The distance between the trailer and the tractor Explain the suitability of the aspects. Justify your choice. [10 marks]

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Diagram 1.2 (d) A tanker of mass 1 800 kg accelerates from rest to a velocity of 45 km h-1 in 10 s. Calculate the acceleration of the tanker. Calculate the force acting on the tanker. [5 marks]

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CHAPTER 3 : FORCE AND PRESSURE SPM 2003, Section A, No.5 [8 Marks] 1 Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9 show a spring balance supporting a metal block K in the situations.

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

(a) Compare the readings of the spring balance in Figure 7 and Figure 8. . . ............................................................................................................................ [1 mark] (b) Name three forces that act on K when it is partially or totally in water. .. .. [2 marks] (c) State and explain the relationship between the forces in (b) ... .. . .. [2 marks] (d) Name the principle involved in (c). . [1 mark] (e) (i) What will happen to the reading of the spring balance in Figure 9 if the water is replaced with salt solution ? ... [1 mark] (ii) Give one reason for your answer. .. . [1 mark]

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SPM 2005, Section A, No.5 [8 Marks] 2 Figure 5.1 show a piece of paper hanging from a retort stand. When air flows from the nozzle of an air pump, the changes its position as shown in Figure 5.2

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

(a) Compare the position of the paper in Figure 5.1 and Figure 5.2 . [1mark] (b) F is a force that causes the paper to change its position. In box X, on Figure 5.2, indicate and label the direction of F that acts on the paper. [1 mark] (c) Explain how F is produced. . . [2 marks] (d) (i) Compared to the position of the paper in Figure 5.2, how does the position of the paper change when the air flows faster. . . [1 mark] (ii)Give a reason for your answer in (d)(i) . . [1 mark] (e) Name the principle that causes the observation in Figure 5.2 .. [1 mark] (f) Name one piece of apparatus in a school laboratory which uses the principle in (e) [1 mark]

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SPM 2006, Section A, No.5 [8 Marks] 3 Diagram 5.1 shows the situation of a sheet of paper before and when air is blown. Diagram 5.2 shows the situation of the canopy before the lorry moves when the lorry moves high speed.

Diagram 5.1

Diagram 5.2 (a) What is meant by speed ? [1 mark] (b) Based on Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 (i) State two similarities for the situation in Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 1. ...... 2. .. [2 marks] (ii) Compare the air pressure above and below the paper when air is blown. .. [1 mark] (iii) Relate the speed of the air to the pressure of the air. .. ...... [1 mark] (c) Name the principle involved in 5(b)(iii) .. [1 mark]

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(d) Diagram 5.3 shows an instrument used to measure the speed of air.

Diagram 5.3 In Diagram 5.3, the levels of coloured water in the U-tube are the same before air flows. (i) Compare the speeds of air at P and Q. .. [1 mark] (ii) Mark the water levels in the U-tube in Diagram 5.3 while air flows. [1 mark] SPM 2007, Section A, No.2 [5 Marks] 4 Diagram 2 shows a water tank that supplies water to a block a flats. The water flows to each unit if the flat due to water pressure.

Water tank

Diagram 2 (a) What is meant by pressure ? [ 1 mark]

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(b) A water tank with a height of 3.0 m is fully filled with water. Calculate the water pressure at the base of the water tank. [Density of water = 1 000 kg m-3]

[ 2 marks] (c) Based on Diagram 2, compare the water pressure at P and at Q. Explain your answer. . . [ 2 marks]

SPM 2008, Section A, No.7 [10 Marks] 5 Diagram 7.1 shows a hydraulic system. A force F is exerted on the small piston.

Small

Large

Oil
Diagram 7.1 (a)(i) Name the principle involved in this hydraulic system .. [ 1 mark] (ii) Compare the pressure at point P and at point Q. . [ 1 mark] (b)Diagram 7.2 show a hydraulic jack in a car service centre.

Large

Oil

Valve B

Diagram 7.2

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A force of 50 N is exerted on the small piston when the handle is pushed down. The crosssectional areas of the small piston and the large piston are 0.04 m2 and 0.8 m2 respectively. (i) Calculate the pressure exerted on the oil in the hydraulic jack.

[ 2 marks] (ii) Calculate the force that the oil exerted on the large piston.

[ 1 mark] (c) Based on Diagram 7.2 (i) Explain how the handle is used to lift the load to its maximum height. . . . [ 2 marks]

(ii) Explain one modification to the large piston that enables the jack to lift a heavier load. [ 2 marks] (iii) State how load is lowered without using the handle. . [ 1 mark]

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CHAPTER 3 : FORCE AND PRESSURE SPM 2004, Section B, No. 10 [20 Marks] 1 Figure 14 shows two identical spherical plasticine balls before being released from the same height. Figure 15 shows the state of the balls when they hit the wood and the sponge. It was observed that the plasticine stopped more quickly when it hit the wood.

Figure 15 (a)(i) What does the word momentum mean ? [1 marks] (ii) Observe Figure 14 and Figure 15. Compare the shape of the plasticine balls, the surface of the wood and the surface of the sponge before and when the plasticine balls hit the surfaces. Relate the changes in shapes of the plasticine balls and the surfaces to deduce a relevant physics concept. [5 marks] (b) Explain the changes in energy that occur from the moment the plasticine ball is released until it reaches the position in Figure 15. [4 marks] (c) An eart-monitoring satellite falls into the earths atmosphere at high velocity and reaches a high temperature. This is caused by the earths gravitational force and air resistance. Using the appropriate physics concepts, suggest and explain suitable designs or ways to protect the satellite and its equipment; (i) from extreme heat. (ii) from breaking up on landing [10 marks]

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SPM 2005, Section B, No. 9 [20 Marks] 2 (a) A fisherman finds that his boat is at different levels in the sea and in the river although the boat carries the same load.

Figure 9.1 (i) What is meant by density ?

Figure 9.2

[1 mark] (ii) Using Figure 9.1 and 9.2, compare the levels of the boat and the volumes of water displaced by the boat. Relating the mass of the boat with its load, the volume of water displaced and the density of the water, deduce a relevant physics concept. [5 marks] (ii) Name the physics principle that explains the above situation. [1 mark] (b) A submarine can sail on the surface and under the sea. Explain how a submarine on the surface submerges. [3 marks] (c) Figures 9.3 and 9.4 illustrate the working principle of a hydrometer. The depth to which the test tube sinks depends on its surrounding liquid.

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Explain how you would design a hydrometer that can determine a wide range of densities of liquid, using the ideas of the working principle of a hydrometer shown above. Draw a diagram that shows the design of your hydrometer and in your explanation, emphasise the following aspects: (i) The stability of the hydrometer (ii) The sensitivity of the hydrometer, (iii) The ability to measure a wide range of densities of liquids, (iv) The calibration of the hydrometer. [10 marks]

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SPM 2007, Section B, No. 9 [20 Marks] 3 (a) Diagram 9.1 shows a cross-sectional of a moving aeroplane. The wing of the aeroplane experiences a lift.

Diagram 9.1 (i) Name the shape of the cross-sectional in diagram 9.1 [1 mark] (ii) Explain why the lift force acts on the wing of the aeroplane. [3 marks] (b) Two ski jumpers ski down from a very high platform with the same take off velocity. Diagram 9.2 and Diagram 9.3 show the posture of the two ski jumpers during take off from the platform. Diagram 9.4 and Diagram 9.5 show the posture of the two ski jumpers in the air. They land on the ground at the same instant.

Based on the Diagram 9.2 and Diagram 9.3, compare the posture of the two ski jumpers. [1 mark] Based on the Diagram 9.4 and Diagram 9.5, Compare the landing distance of the two ski jumpers. [1 mark] Based on Diagram 9.4 and Diagram 9.5, Relate the lift force to the landing distance. [2 marks] Name one sport which uses the same principle of lift force as the ski jumper. Explain the similarities. [2 marks]

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Diagram 9.6 (c) Diagram 9.6 shows a sailboat. You are required to give some suggestion to design a sailboat which can travel faster. Using the knowledge on motion, force and the properties of materials, explain the suggestions based on the following aspects. (i) The surface of the board. (ii) The shape of the board (iii) Material used for the board (iv) Material used for the sail (v) The size of the sail. [10 marks]

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CHAPTER 4 : HEAT SPM 2003,Section A, No. 2 [5 Marks] 1 The block P and Q in Figure 2 have the same mass. They are immersed in boiling water for along time. P and Q are then transferred into beakers X and Y respectively as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2

Figure 3

The mass of water in both beakers X and Y is 0.25 kg and the initial temperature of the water in each beaker is the same. Specific heat capacity of P is 900 J kg-1 0C-1 Specific heat capacity of Q is 390 J kg-1 0C-1 Specific heat capacity of water is 4 200 J kg-1 0C-1 (a)(i) State the initial temperature of the blocks ....................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (ii) Why is the final temperature of the water in beaker X is higher than that in beaker Y? ....................................................................................................................................... [1mark] (b)(i) Calculate the rise in temperature of the water in beaker Y if block Q release 8 400 J of heat energy.

[2 marks] (ii) State one assumption which you have made in (b)(i) ....................................................................................................................................... [1 mark]

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SPM 2005, Section A , No. 4 [7 Marks] 2 (a) Sweating is one of the ways our body maintains the body temperature of about 370C. Sweat is largely made up of water and it comes from sweat glands as shown in Figure 4.1

Figure 4.1 When sweat evaporates, it takes heat away from our body. (i)What is meant by evaporation ? ......................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (ii)Using kinetic theory of matter, explain how evaporation takes away heat from our body. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ [2 marks] (b) State two environmental factors that affect the rate of evaporation of sweat. 1...................................................................................................................................... 2...................................................................................................................................... [2 marks] (c) While playing badminton, 0.05 kg of sweat was evaporated from Ahmads body. Calculate the quantity of heat lost from his body due to the evaporation. The latent heat of vaporisation of sweat is 2.3 x 106 J kg-1.

[2 marks]

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SPM 2006 Section A, No. 2 [5 Marks] 3 Diagram 2 shows a mercury thermometer which has not been calibrated

Diagram 2 (a)(i) State the physical change in the mercury when the temperature increases. ........................................................................................................................................ [1 mark] (ii) Why is mercury used in the thermometer? ....................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (b) The length of the mercury column in the thermometer is 2.6 cm at 0 0C and 22.6 cm at 100 0C. (i) What is the difference in the lengths of the mercury columns at 0 0C and at 100 0C ? .......................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (ii) When the thermometer is placed in hot oil, the length of the mercury column is 16.9 cm . Calculate the temperature of the hot oil.

[2 marks]

SPM 2007, Section A, No. 3 [7 Marks] 4 Diagram 3.1 shows the change of phase when 1 kg ice is converted into steam. R S T U

1 kg ice at 0 0C

1 kg water at 0 0C

1 kg water at 100 0C

1 kg steam at 100 0C

Diagram 3.1 Q1, Q2 and Q3 are the heat energies absorbed during the heating process. (a) Name the heat energy, Q, which is absorbed from R to S. ......... [1 mark] (b) State one reason why the temperature R and S is the same even though heat is supplied. .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2 marks]

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(c) Calculate the heat energy, Q2, which is absorbed from S to T. [The specific heat capacity of water, C = 4 200 J kg-1 0C-1]

[2 marks] (d) Sketch the graph of temperature against time on Diagram 3.2 to show the change of phase from R to U. Temperature /0C

Diagram 3.2

Time /s
[2 marks]

SPM 2008, Section A, No. 8 [12 Marks] 5 Diagram 8.1 shows a 500 W electric heater being used to heat a beaker of water on a compression balance.

Diagram 8.1 (a) State the energy change involved when using the heater to heat the water. ... [1 mark]

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(b) The mass of water is 0.5 kg and the specific heat capacity of water is 4 200 J kg -1 0 -1 C . The initial temperature of the water is 30 0C. Calculate the energy absorbed by the water to reach its boiling point.

[ 2 marks] (c) When the water is boiling, the reading of the compression balance decreases by 0.0125 kg in 60 s. Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporization of the water.

[ 2 marks] (d) Q, R and S are three different hot plates. These hot plates are used to heat roti canai. Table 8 shows the characteristics of each plate. Spesific Heat Capasity, c Mass, m Power, P Hot Plates J kg-1 0C-1 kg W Q R S 390 900 400 3.0 2.5 4.0 600 1 200 900

Table 8 The initial temperature of each plate is 30 0C. The plates are ready to use when their temperature reaches 200 0C. Calculate the time taken to reach 200 0C for each plate. (i) Plat Q

(ii) Plat R

(iii) Plat S

[5 marks] (e)(i) Based on the answer in 8(d), which plate is the most suitable for heating roti canai. [1 mark] (ii) State one reason for the answer in 8(e)(i). ....... [1 mark]

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CHAPTER 4: HEAT SPM 2003,Section C, No. 3 [20 Marks] 1 You are representing the country in carrying out a research project on the weather at the North Pole. The surrounding temperature is between -400C to -80C. One item of the equipment to be taken for your research is a thermometer. (a) State the principle used in a liquid-glass thermometer. [1 mark] (b) State how a liquid-glass thermometer can be used to measure the body temperature of a sick person. Explain heat transfer that takes place at each stage of measurement. [4 marks] (c) The table shows the characteristics of six types of thermometer P, Q, R, S, T and U. Liquid used mercury Glass walled bulb thin Diameter of capillary tube big Glass-bore stem thick and curved Cross-section

Thermometer

mercury

thick

small

thin and plane

mercury

thin

small

thin and curve

alcohol

thick

big

thick and plane

alcohol

thin

small

thick and curved

alcohol

thick

small

thin and plane

Additional information: Freezing point of mercury = -390C Freezing point of alcohol = -1120C

Boiling point of mercury = 3600C Boiling point of alcohol = 780C

Based on the table above (i) (ii) Explain the suitable characteristics of the thermometer so that it can be used to measure temperature at the North Pole. Decide which thermometer is most suitable to be taken for your research and give reasons. [10 marks]

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(d) A thermometer which is not calibrated has a mercury column of length 8.0 cm when the temperature is 00C and 20.0 cm when the temperature is 1000C. The mercury column is 5.0 cm when put in liquid X. (i) (ii) Determine the temperature of liquid X in Kelvin State a thermometric property used when making of a thermometer. [5 marks]

SPM 2004 , Section C , No. 11 [20 Marks] 2 (a)Figure 3.1 shows a food container used for keeping food warm. The container is able to maintain the temperature of food for a long time. The container can be moved from one place to another.

Figure 3.1 Table 3.1 shows the characteristics of materials which could be used to make the food container. Characteristic Specific heat Melting Point / Thermal -3 Density / kg m capacity / J kg-1 0 C conductivity 0 -1 C Material P 2 710 660 910 High Q 910 27 1 600 Low R 1 050 240 1 300 Low S 2 600 1 200 670 Low T 3 800 2 020 800 HIgh (i) What is meant by melting point ? [1 mark] (ii) Your are asked to investigate the characteristics of the material in Table 3.1 Which could be used to make the food container as in Figure 3.1 Explain the suitability of each characteristics in Table 3.1 and hence, determine Which material is most suitable to be used to make the food container. Justify your choice. [10 marks] (b) 500 g of hot water at 90 0C is poured into a glass and left to cool down to room temperature at 30 0C. (i) Sketch the temperature-time graph for the cooling process of the hot water. Use your graph to explain this process. [4 marks] (ii) Calculate the quantity of heat lost from the hot water. The specific heat capacity of water is 4 200 J kg-10C-1. [2 marks]

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(iii) Hot water is poured into a glass which has a small crack. It is observed that the size of the crack increases. Explain this observation. [3 marks]

SPM 2006 Section C, No. 11 [20 Marks] 3 (a)(i) What is meant by specific latent heat of vaporization? [1 mark] (ii)Explain why someone who is sweating feels cool when he is under a rotating fan. [4 marks] (b) A solid substance, of mass 0.05 kg, is heated using an immersion heater of 240 V,0.1 kW. Diagram 11.1 shows the heating curve of the solid. Temperature / 0C

Time / min
Diagram 11.1 Calculate (i) The specific latent heat of fusion of the substances, (ii) The specific latent heat capacity of the substances in liquid state. [5 marks] (c) Your are asked to investigate the features of cooling material and the design of a car engine radiator as in Diagram 11.2. Explain the suitability of each features in Diagram 11.2 and then determine the most suitable car engine radiator to be used. Give a reason for your choice. [10 marks]

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The features of cooling liquid P Boiling point 100 0C Specific heat capacity 4 200 J kg-1 C-1

The features of cooling liquid Q Boiling point 100 0C Specific heat capacity 4 200 J kg-1 C-1

The features of cooling liquid R Boiling point 100 0C Specific heat capacity 4 200 J kg-1 C-1

The features of cooling liquid S Boiling point 78 0C Specific heat capacity 2 450 J kg-1 C-1

The features of cooling liquid T Boiling point 78 0C Specific heat capacity 2 450 J kg-1 C-1

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CHAPTER 5 : LIGHT SPM 2003, Section A, No. 4 [7 Marks] 1 Figure 5 shows a mother observing the legs of her son in the pool. His legs appear to be shorter because of a light phenomenon.

Figure 5 (a)(i) Name the light phenomenon involved. . [1 mark] (ii) Explain how this phenomenon occurs. [2 marks] (iii) In Figure 6, draw a ray diagram from point P to the eye to show how the legs appear shorter.

Figure 6 [2 marks] (b) The depth of water is 0.4 m Calculate the distance of the image of the foot at point P from the surface of the water. [Refractive index of water = 1.33]

[2 marks]

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SPM 2004, Section A,No. 4 [5 Marks] 2 Figure 4.1 shows an image of letter FIZI when viewed through a glass of water.

Figure 4.1 (a)State the light phenomenon that causes the images of FIZI to be enlarged. .. [1 mark] (b) What is the change in size of the image if the water is replaced with a transparent liquid of a greater density ? . [1 mark] (c) The glass of water is replaced with a lens M with focal length of 10 cm. The distance between the book cover and the centre of the lens is 8 cm. It is observed that the image FIZIK is enlarged (i) Name the type of lens M. .. [1 mark] (ii) Calculate the distance of the image from lens M.

[2 marks]

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SPM 2005, Section A, No. 3 [6 Marks] 3 Figure 3.1 shows a student standing 3 m from a plane mirror in a room. The student can see the image of the wall clock located 2 m behind him

Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 shows the top view of the student in the room

Figure 3.2 (a) Name the light phenomenon that enables the student to see the image of the wall clock in the plane mirror. ...................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (b) What is the distance between the student and the image of the wall clock ? ...................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (c) The student then move 1 m toward the plane mirror. What is the distance between the student and the image of the wall clock. ? ....................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (d) The time shown by the wall clock is 9 a.m. By drawing the hands of the clock in Figure 3.3, complete the image of the wall clock in the plane mirror as seen by the student. Wall Clock

Figure 3.3 [1 mark] 54

(e) The student moves to position X. He can see the image of the lamp in the plane mirror. In Figure 3.4, draw a ray diagram to show how the student can see the image of the lamp.

Figure 3.4 [2 marks]

SPM 2006, Section A, No. 4 [7 Marks] 4 Diagram 4.1 shows a submarine equipped with an optical instrument P. Diagram 4.2 shows the structure of the optical P.

Diagram 4.1

Diagram 4.2 (a) Name the optical instrument P. ..................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (b) In Diagram 4.2, two glass prisms must be placed so that the object can be seen by the observer. The position of one of the glass prisms is as shown. (i) In box A in Diagram 4.2, draw and shade the second prism. [1 mark] 55

(ii) Explain why the prisms in optical instrument P are placed as in 4(b)(i). [1 mark] (c) (i) In Diagram 4.2, complete the path of the light ray from the object to the observers eye. [1 mark] (ii) State one characteristics of the image observed . ........................................... ................................................................................................... [1 mark] (d) The refractive index of the glass prism is 1.52. Calculate the critical angle of the glass prism.

[2 marks]

SPM 2007, Section A, No.5 [8 Marks] 5 Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show a light ray passing through prism P and prism Q, Respectively. Prism P Prism Q

Diagram 5.1 (a) What is meant by critical angle ? Tick ( \ ) the correct answer in the box provided.

Diagram 5.2

The angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is 900

The angle of incidence when the incident ray is totally reflected. [1 mark] (b) Explain why the light ray does not bend when it enters both prisms at point A. [1 mark] 56

(c) (i) Based on Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2. how can the angle of incidence at point B be made equal to the critical angle ? Prism P Prism Q [2 marks] (ii) Diagram 5.1 shows the light ray passing from glass to air at point B . Compare the density of glass with the density of air. .......................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (iii) Based on Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2,what happen to the light ray after passing point B? Diagram 5.1 . . Diagram 5.2 . . [2 marks] (d) Name the phenomenon show in Diagram 5.2 ... [1 mark]

SPM 2008, Section A, No. 2 [4 Marks] 6 A pencil is placed in front of a concave mirror. Diagram 2.1 shows the image of the pencil in the mirror.

Diagram 2.1 (a) Name the phenomenon involved in the formation of the image. ..................................................................................................................................... [1 marks] 57

(b) The image is upright and magnified. State one other characteristic of the image. ........ [1 marks] (c) Diagram 2.2 shows an incomplete ray diagram, C is the centre of curvature and F is the principle focus. Complete the ray diagram to show how the image is formed.

Diagram 2.2 [2 marks]

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CHAPTER 5 : LIGHT SPM 2004 , Section B, No.9 [20 Marks] 1 Figure 1.1 and 1.2 show the parallel rays of light directed toward the curved mirrors, J and K. CP is the radius of curvature, and F is the focal point of the mirrors.

Figure 1.1 (a)What is meant by focal point.

Figure 1.2

[1 mark] (b) Using Figures 1.1 and 1.2, compare the curvature of mirrors J and K and the effects on reflected rays. State the relationship between the curvature of the mirrors and their focal length. [5 marks] (c) Figure 1.3 shows a cross section of a parabolic reflector used in a car headlamp. The headlamp has two bulbs, X and Y, Bulb X is located at the focal point of the reflector while bulb Y is above bulb X.

Figure 1.3 Explain what happens to the light rays from the bulb when only; (i) Bulb X switched on, (ii) Bulb Y is switched on You may use diagrams to illustrate your answers. [4 marks] (d) You are given two pieces of plane mirror measuring 5 cm x 6 cm to make periscope. (i) Using these mirror and other materials, describe how you would make the periscope. [4 marks] (ii) Explain why the image observed through the periscope using plane mirrors are not very clear. [2 marks] (iii) Suggest modification that can be made to the periscope to produce clearer and bigger images [4 marks] 59

SPM 2006, Section B, No. 9 [20 Marks] 2 Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show the light rays from two identical objects passing through the convex lenses, J and K. Both the lenses produce virtual images. F is the focal point for each lens.

Diagram 9.1

Diagram 9.2 (a) (i) What is meant by virtual image ? [1 marks] (ii) With reference to Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2, compare the thickness of the lenses, the focal length and the size of image produced by the lenses J and K. Relate the size of the image with the focal length to make a deduction regarding the relationship between the power of the lens and the focal length. [5 marks] (b) Explain why a piece of paper burns when placed under a convex lens aimed towards hot sun rays. [4 marks] 60

(c) You are given two convex lenses, P and Q, with focal length 40 cm and 5 cm respectively. Both the lenses are used to build a simple astronomical telescope at normal adjustment. (i) Using the two lenses, explain how you are going to build the simple astronomical telescope. [6 marks] (ii) Suggest modifications that need to be done on the telescope to produce clearer and bigger images. [4 marks]

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CHAPTER 5 : LIGHT SPM 2005, Section C, No. 11 [20 Marks] 1 (a)Figure 11.1

Figure 11.1 (i) Define the power of a lens [1 marks] (ii) Give two reasons why R is used as the objective lens of the telescope. [2 marks]

(iii) Using lenses R and S, draw a ray diagram on Figure 11.1 to show the formation of the final image by the telescope at normal adjustment. Use a scale of 10 cm to 1cm. [5 marks] (iv) Calculate the magnification of the final image formed by the telescope at normal adjustment. [2 marks] (b) Presbyopia is an inability of the eye to adjust the focussing of far and near objects. This is usually happens when we get old, where the ciliary muscle is less able to change the shape of the eye lens to focus the image on the retina, as shown in Figure 11.2 and 11.3

Figure 11.2 Figure 11.3 As an optician, you have three designs of lenses, X, Y and Z, in your shop. The cross-section of X, Y and Z are shown in Figure 11.4

62

Figure 11.4 (i) Choose the most suitable design of lens in Figure 11.4 to correct the sight of a person with presbyopia and explain the suitability of the design. (ii) Explain why the other two designs are not suitable. Either low or high refractive index glass can be used to make the lenses. (iii) Which type of glass is most suitable to make the lens chosen in (b)(i) ? Give reason for your choice. [10 marks]

SPM 2008, Section C, No. 11 [20 Marks] 2 Diagram 11 shows a light signal traveling through an optical fibre made of glass.

Diagram 11 (a) Name the phenomenon involved at Y. [1 mark] (b) (i) State two changes that happen to the light ray when it passes from air into the optical fibre at X. [2 marks] (ii) Explain why the light ray follows the path shown in Diagram 11.1 when it hits the wall of the optical fibre at Y. [2 marks]

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(c) The optical fibre in Diagram 11.1 can be used in telecommunications and medicine. You are asked to investigate the characteristics of optical fibres for use in these fields as shown in Table 11. Comparison between refractive index of the inner core, ni, and the outer cladding, n0 ni > n0 n0 > ni ni > n0 ni > n0 n0 > ni

Optical fibre

Features of optical fibre

Flexibility

Purity of the inner core.

P Q R S T

Single fine optical fibres Bundles of fine parallel optical fibres Bundles of fine parallel optical fibres Single fine optical fibres Bundles of fine parallel optical fibres

High Low High Low High

Very high Low Very high High High

Table 11 Explain the suitability of each feature of optical fibre in Table 11 for use in telecommunications and medicine. Determine the most suitable optical fibre that is capable of carrying the largest number of signals simultaneously. [10 marks] (d) Diagram 11.2 and Diagram 11.3 show a ray of light passing into glass and diamond respectively. [ Refractive index : Glass = 1.50 ; Diamond = 2.42 ]

Diagram 11.2 (i) Calculate the critical angle of diamond and of glass.

Diagram 11.3

[2 marks] (ii) Copy Diagram 11.2 and Diagram 11.3 and complete the path of the light ray in glass and in diamond until it finally emerges from each object. [3 marks]

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