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Ed Annink
Max Bruinsma
The world speaks in about 7000 tongues, and countless
dialects. For centuries, people have tried to overcome
this tower of Babel. For instance by propagating
one language or by making a new language, such
as Esperanto. But the language which today is best
understood world-wide does not consist of words, but
of images. A universal visual language was the ideal of
two Modernists: the social scientist and philosopher
Otto Neurath (1882-1945) and graphic designer Gerd
Arntz (1900-1988). In Vienna, from the 1920s onward,
they developed more than 4000 icons, which together
formed Isotype: a visual language in which important
information on society, politics, economy and industry
could be summarized, also for those who could not read
well. Thus Neuraths motto: words (which not everyone
can read) divide, images (which can be understood by
all) unite. Nowadays, the whole world communicates in
images. But with its dissemination, this lovely language
for all spawns more and more dialects. Visual language
has grown up; everyone understands its basics, but
individuals vary on it to write their own visual poetry.
This book aims at providing material for the discussion
about visual communication tomorrow. Are the generic
guidelines of Otto Neurath and Gerd Arntz still valid?
Or have they become embedded into a visual language
that by now goes well beyond their project? And what
is the future role of designers and communicators in
using and expanding this language?
VP
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divide
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lovely
language
Laser Proof LLaaseerr PPrroooof
Isotype pictograms
Gerd Arntz, 1930s
Pictogram for the Olympic Games
in Munich, Otl Aicher, 1972
People
Charles Sandison, 2003
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E
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Label people
Mieke Gerritzen, 2000
lovely language words divide images unite
ISBN/EAN 978-90-8690-127-2
Published by Veenman Publishers, Rotterdam
Copyright 2008 Veenman Publishers, Rotterdam
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the copyright owner(s).
We have tried to exercise all copyrights within the legal requirements.
Nevertheless, anyone who thinks they can claim certain rights can contact us.
Ed Annink
Max Bruinsma
words
divide
images
unite
lovely
language
Gerd Arntzs Isotype pictogram
for unemployed (1920s) is a
small masterpiece of simplicity
and expression. Remarkably,
the slightly crooked impression
the man gives is not the result
of a bent back or head which
are drawn straight but by
placing the head slightly
forward, and by the twist in
the forearm. With his hands in
his pockets and his trousers
slightly dropped, the fgure
emanates hopelessness.

lovely language
words divide, images unite
Introduction 9
A language for the visual era 25
Isotype 55
Otto Neurath 75
Gerd Arntz 85
Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft 93
From infographics to visual dialects 127
Infographics 145
Pictograms 175
Visual language 211
Literature 288
Photocredits 290
Colophon 292
5
Onderwerp introduction

lovely language
words divide, images unite
OtlAicher(Germany)
GerdArntz(Germany)
LarsArrhenius(Sweden)
RuediBaur(France)
GertDumbar(TheNetherlands)
Fabrica(Italy)
MiekeGerritzen(TheNetherlands)
NigelHolmes(USA)
SusanKare(USA)
MaxKisman(TheNetherlands)
PippoLionni(France)
KoertvanMensvoort(TheNetherlands)
PaulMijksenaar(TheNetherlands)
OttoNeurath(Austria)
CharlesSandison(Finland)
AndreasSiekmann(Germany)
ErikSpiekermann(Germany)
An international selection of infographics and
pictogram designs, featuring work by, among others:
7
introduction
Theenormousamountof
informationalsoforcesus
tomakechoices.Itisquite
impossibleindeedtoread,
see,ponder,understandand
thenrememberallofit.
Thereisalimittowhatwe
candigest.

lovely language
words divide, images unite
Sticky Images
On any given day, we are being appealed and tempted by an overload
of messages news reports, commercial advertisements, photos and
graphic images from all over the world. We approximatively receive around
4000 of such impressions per day, through newspapers, television, radio,
magazines, computers and on the streets, whether we want them or not.
More than 90% of all e-mail that is being sent around the world is spam,
unsolicited commercial information. The competition between printed
and digital media leads to take-overs and bankruptcies. Information is the
fundament of our society and governs our economy. The enormous amount
of information also forces us to make choices. It is quite impossible indeed
to read, see, ponder, understand and then remember all of it. There is a
limit to what we can digest. So we choose, mostly on the basis of what
is closest to us and that we can therefore understand. Often, these
choices are related to our profession, but mostly our personal interests
dictate what we select from this cornucopia. What increases one persons
knowledge is of absolutely no signifcance to another. But the most
important flter is what we have learned within the boundaries of our own
culture. That determines the way we appreciate images and interpret
words. We look at what we are confronted with, we read what we need or
want to know, we understand what we can grasp within our own cultural
background.
See, read and understand
See, read and understand. That is what this book is about. And about
how we can attract peoples attention and cater to their interests by
illustrating information, for instance by using pictograms instead of words,
or by giving a summary image instead of a wordy description. This book
shows international examples of how images unite, as Otto Neurath put
it in 1925. But also words that become images, as in the artist Charles
Sandisons work People from 2003 (see p.242-243). For words and images
gradually merge pictograms are visual words and many logos are
word-images. And just as in verbal language, image dialects are developing
in visual language. Sometimes the little man on the door to the restrooms
9
introduction
needs a turban to mean man in a certain culture, instead of naked
person. Somewhere else, a picture of a locally famous male singer on the
door to the bathroom is enough.
Dialects and vernacular are a sign of diversity. It is remarkable that
in the context of an international visual language, once designed as a
universally readable and understandable communication tool, there
are, again, growing countless local variants. The social poetry of this
diversity is an issue which I would gladly add to the discussion about
visual communication. In this light, I am curious what communication will
look like in the future. Diversity is a great asset, but also causes tensions.
What does the merging of words and images mean for the readability and
clarity of information? Such questions intrigue me and they are, in my
view, a necessary challenge for the well-informed designer of tomorrows
information. The designers role as mediator and counselor seems
essential to me. And an unlimited curiosity for the link between culture,
society and economy is indispensable in this respect.
Post-it
Todays society is becoming more and more intricate and intercultural.
Next to the world-spanning economy, micro-economic activities are
becoming ever more important. All of this requires a kind of information
design that is tuned to specifc contexts. And specifc images and texts are
an intrinsic part of that design. At the beginning of the previous century,
with the development of industrialization and the rise of Modernism,
the ideal of progress was thriving: the idea to share all newly acquired
knowledge with as many people as possible. The tendency today is far
more self-centered. The overload of images and texts, the doubts we
have about the news coverage in the media what is really true, what
is manipulated? and the sheer amount of printed and digital media,
provoke a desire for fltering and containment. We want specifc and
seemingly personal information, tailored to our own needs. What remains
of truth in this situation? Truth, as something shared by large groups of
people, is often coming from science. But even these truths are under
10
lovely language
words divide, images unite
pressure witness the intense debates on climate change. Often, the
information in magazines, on television and the internet is overwhelmingly
trivial. All of this is quite far removed from the progressive ideals held by
the Modernists. Visual mass communication seems to work like a low tack
adhesive, it sticks for a little while, until another is pasted over it.
The image that comes to my mind is that of a human being covered in those
little yellow notes with a sticky edge. The more we move, the more little
yellow notes get attached to us, foating through the air as they are like
autumn leaves. Tons of information are unloaded onto us, but how many of
it do we really need?
The question that we would like to ask with the exhibition and this
publication is as follows: Are the generic recommendations based on the
socialist ideals of Otto Neurath and the image-language of Gerd Arntz still
accurate? And, a good exercise in imagination and pragmatism: what will
communication look like tomorrow?
Imagination
Personally, I dont fancy the idea that we would see the same images
everywhere we go. Diversity and specifc wishes, often based on
sub-cultural fundaments, enrich the supply of image and signifcance.
And diversity challenges our curiosity and encourages imagination
and dialogue. Bruno Munari, artist and designer, asked his audience in
1960: How come we always see a mans face in the moon? Why not a
coffee machine or a sock? We see faces everywhere, because we are so
thoroughly trained to read facial expressions. Because faces are such an
important means of communication. In 1960, we didnt have computers
on our desks. Now look at the full moon on a cloudless night, do you see
a face or a computer screen? Munari speaks of the essential fantasy and
curiosity that keeps all creative disciplines going and sets an ever changing
challenge. Another source of inspiration is the analytic imagination of
Richard Feynman, the physicist and Nobel prize winner, who sketches
the contours of curiosity in a magnifcent interview with the wonderful
title The Pleasure of Finding Things Out. You should see it, and then
11
introduction
ask yourself: Is visual communication something generic or should we
essentially see it as something that must support specifc wishes? Or is it a
combination of both, connected by curiosity?
Need to go?
My frst acquaintance with Gerd Arntz work was in 1983. A folder of
the Mart Spruijt Publishing Company from 1979 entitled Symbols for
education and statistics, full of graphic silhouettes of all sorts of objects,
among which the now universally familiar symbol for man. And it dawned
to me for the frst time that once, someone, somewhere, must have
decided that one can indicate the mens room by putting that pictogram of
a little man on the door. I am sure that the combination was not invented
by Otto Neurath and Gerd Arntz. We have asked several well-versed
people on the subject, but no-one was able to pinpoint the origin of the
restroom symbols to a certain period or person. But I can safely suggest
that the work of both these gentlemen certainly played a large role in the
inspiration for it. All over the world it is now understood that the little man
or woman on the sign means restroom. You can fnd those same silhouettes
at every airport and in any public area. The basic design is always the
same: depicted from the front, rather stiffy, undynamic, and very generic.
Still, I often notice variations: arms with or without hands, sometimes
rounded at the end, sometimes with straight angles, a short skirt or a long
one, a big picture or a small one, more or less realistic. But always standing
at attention and with nothing to point to the activity performed behind that
door. Is this prudishness, does this need to be changed? It doesnt really
matter if the little man or woman is silhouetted in a recognizable position.
Our need to go opens the door to many images.
Doormat
In 1990, I realized that a number of silhouettes by Gerd Arntz could also be
used for other ends than statistics. By using the silhouette in a different
context, just like the little man on the restroom door, you expand the
meaning of the sign. A doormat in the shape of a hare at the garden door
12
lovely language
words divide, images unite
seemed to me an interesting situation. It begs a question: do I hare off, or
whos making a hare of whom? For years now, this doormat has been part
of the Droog Design collection and is distributed by them internationally.
The buyer fnds a text enclosed about the origins of the idea and where the
drawing came from. For I had merely used Gerd Arntz drawing and have
done nothing more than repositioning it.
Ed Annink, December 2007
Doormat Hare and Hippo, 1991
Distribution by Droog Design
13
introduction
1
lovely language
words divide, images unite
7000 Languages
The world speaks in about 7000 tongues and countless dialects. Since
this book is about visual ways of trying to overcome the divisive forces of
that mythical Tower of Babel, which divided man through verbal language,
we start with a listing of all 6.964 known living languages of the world
1
.
In the list on the following pages, you will also fnd words that seem
unpronounceable, with letters like !, / and , which stand for certain
African click sounds for which there are no Latin letters.
1
www.ethnologue.com
15
introduction
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a language
for the
visual era
22
lovely language
words divide, images unite
a language
for the
visual era
23
a language for the visual era
Pictogram detailing various
ethnicities of the world,
Gerd Arntz, 1920s
2
lovely language
words divide, images unite
A language
for the
visual era
The world speaks in about 7000 tongues,
and countless dialects. Although this
great variation of languages is a rich
source for cultural diversity, it is also
the cause of much misunderstanding
and exclusion. As the old Bible story
recounts: when united, man can strive
to become as powerful as God, and so
He divided them by making them speak
different languages. Similar mythologies
to explain the great diversity of
languages exist in other cultures.
In 1918, just before the frst experiments
with developing a visual language that
are the starting point of this book, the
famous American cartoonist George
25
a language for the visual era
Herriman poked fun at the global
misunderstanding caused by so many
different languages. In one of the best
episodes of his comic strip Krazy Kat,
the cat and Ignatz, his mouse friend,
have a Socratic dialogue about the
reason for language. Kat comes to an
inescapable conclusion: Then, I would
say, lenguage is, that we may mis-
unda-stend each udda. This strip from
January 6th, 1918, is arguably the most
concise and humorous summary of
the dire results of the mythical Tower of
Babel.
For centuries, people have tried to
overcome this barrier, for instance by
propagating one language, like Latin
2
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Krazy Kat, George Herriman, 1918
27
a language for the visual era
in the Roman empire, or by inventing a
new language, such as Esperanto at the
end of the 19th century, or by a shared
second language, like English in our
time.
Today however, the language which is
best understood world-wide probably
consists, not of words, but of images.
We live in an increasingly visual
world, in which visual does not simply
mean things we can see, but things
we recognize as having a specifc
meaning. In other words, the visual
has developed into a language of images
pictorial words , which can be read
just like verbal words in sentences.
Moreover, this visual language is
2
lovely language
words divide, images unite
relatively free of the problems posed
by traditional language borders, and
functions as a basic language that can
be used and understood by anyone
anywhere in the world. Of course,
language is never neutral, and this one
is no exception the current universal
visual language refects a modern urban
culture which has spread the world over.
Written language, it must be
remembered, started out as more or less
pictorial scripts. At the root of ancient
Egyptian hieroglyphs and Chinese
characters, for instance, are abstracted
pictures of recognizable things. Scripts,
therefore, may have started as simply
indicating objects: a cows head for
29
a language for the visual era
cattle, an upright rectangle for door.
Over time, these denotative symbols
acquired meanings detached from
their original source until they became
symbols for sounds or concepts in
Chinese, characters are words or word
forms. Our letter A, for instance,
traces back to the frst letter of the
Phoenician alphabet, which once was
the abstracted symbol of a cows head
turn the A upside down, and you can
still see this pictorial root.
So when we speak of a visual language
in our time, built of pictograms and
abstracted symbols, we should
realize it is not the frst. But this
one has been designed as a pictorial
30
lovely language
words divide, images unite
language for specifc purposes from
the start. In earlier centuries there
have been iconographic programs that
worked more or less like a coherent
visual narrative, such as the pictorial
translations of biblical stories and
doctrines which adorn Catholic churches
and chapels. This bible for the illiterate
as these picture stories were called
did not just illustrate the lives of saints
and sinners, but also visualised the
argumentative structure behind the
stories: the way these religious images
were organised and arranged refected
the inner logic of the articles of faith
that guided their content. Christ on
the cross and The Virgin and Child are
iconograms that mean much more than
31
a language for the visual era
what they visually depict. In that sense
they are akin to modern pictograms,
which summarize or symbolize meanings
way beyond their actual appearance.
Such images, however, need to be
interpreted on the basis of a thorough
knowledge of their conceptual content.
To non-believers who have not been
brought up in a Christian culture, a
picture of a bearded man with a stick
carrying a baby across a river means
just that: an old man taking a kid to
the other side. Symbolically, of course,
the image of St. Christopher stands for
carrying the gospel with you through
the river of life and live according to
its principles. Essentially, this relation
32
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Saint Christopher
carrying Christ,
Konrad Witz, c.1435
33
a language for the visual era
between the image and the meaning it
summarizes is not so different from that
of the white arrow on a blue shield that
means this way. At the same time, the
latter sign, the arrow, is fundamentally
different from the depiction of the
saint: the traffc sign does not refer
to a story or argument it is, in other
words, not allegorical or rhetorical
it is simply the visual translation of a
rule. This literalness, or explicitness,
characterizes it as a building block for a
language.
Another age-old sign system, and one
that also works with abstracted symbols
rather than pictorial allegories, is the
signage system developed by gypsies
3
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Gypsy signs, redrawn by
Henry Dreyfuss, from his
Symbol Sourcebook, 1972
kind lady lives here kind woman, tell pitiful story fresh water, safe campsite
if you are sick, theyll care for you doctor here, wont charge free telephone alcohol in this town
keep quiet hold your tongue barking dog here vicious dog here
the sky is the limit trolley stop dangerous drinking water this is not a safe place
35
a language for the visual era
around the world. They may speak
many different languages, but they
can all read the signs which are left
for them by their kinfolk who visited a
place before them. Chalked signs which
warn for aggressive townspeople and
dangerous drinking water, or point to
hospitable persons or safe camping
sites are found along their travel routes.
1

These are, however, not signs that can
be universally understood. Like religious
symbols, they form part of a subculture
and have to be learned to be interpreted
in the right way.
So the question remains: how to design
visual signs which are understood by
everyone, regardless of their language
1
See Henry Dreyfuss,
Symbol Sourcebook,
New York 1972, p.90
3
lovely language
words divide, images unite
or culture or whether they can read or
not? This question has been tackled by
many designers and scholars, amongst
whom a few stand out. Otto Neurath, a
Viennese philosopher and economist,
devised a picture language in the 1920s
to solve the problem. Based on the
visual grammar and syntax developed by
Neurath, graphic artist Gerd Arntz drew
around 4000 symbols and pictograms
which together constitute the visual
thesaurus of ISOTYPE, the International
System Of TYpographic Picture
Education. These symbols are among
the frst modern pictograms, signs that
summarize a category of things in the
context of an action or situation. In 1972,
another seminal scholar in this area,
37
a language for the visual era
Henry Dreyfuss, published a sourcebook
with a vast collection of existing signs
and his own designs, to give an overview
of generally agreed or shared symbols
and their contexts. We have become
so familiar with the work of these
researchers, pioneers and designers,
that we hardly realise the complex
cultural, psychological and perceptual
mechanisms at work behind the
pictograms that today adorn our visual
environment and make it readable.
Modern traffc signs like the arrow
mentioned earlier are among the frst
symbols that were designed with the
specifc aim of unambiguous cross-
cultural understanding. With the growing
3
lovely language
words divide, images unite
A universally recognizable sign,
with text in local language.
Even if you cant read Chinese,
you know it says stop.
39
a language for the visual era
automobile and train traffc at the
start of the 20th century and with
growing speeds the need for such
signs became apparent. Symbols were
developed to organise right of way,
warn for dangerous crossings ahead
or prohibit certain forms of transport
in certain directions. Since the 1920s
these signs were becoming standardised
across the world, also because
motorized traffc made travelling across
borders easier. Ultimately, this resulted
in the 1968 Vienna Convention of Road
Signs and Signals, which made the
eight-sided stop sign into one of the
most universally recognised signs ever
devised.
0
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Today, pictograms, logos and icons on
traffc signs, way fnding, packaging and
printed information are everywhere.
And they are designed to be understood
by anyone, regardless of the readers
language. The whole world can
communicate in this pictographic
language. But with this dissemination,
this lovely language for all spawns more
and more dialects.
Take the sign that we in the west
consider universal, the pictogram for
man. This simple outline of a (male)
human being turns out to be not so
universal when imported in India.
There, the Sikh community interprets
the fgure not as a neutral sign for
1
a language for the visual era
man, but as the depiction of a naked
man. Male Sikhs wear a turban and a
loin cloth that is as naked as they
get outside the strict confnes of their
private bathrooms. So the detailing
of the pictogram changes, in order to
make it neutral once again in the new
cultural context (see p.220).
Small changes that suggest a different
cultural background also appear in
pictograms on packages, the signs
that literally travel around the globe:
the umbrella pictogram that warns to
protect the box against the rain can
change to that of an Asian parasol
without loosing its meaning. It just
shows where it originated.
Such variations are akin to variations
2
lovely language
words divide, images unite
in pronunciation of the same words in
different dialects; we still understand
their meaning, but hear that the one
whos speaking is from another region.
When we have thus learned to
distinguish between a pictograms
basic form and meaning, and its formal
detailing and variations, we can imagine
that we not only can write simple rules
in this visual language, but can use it
for more sophisticated purposes. For
centuries, it has been a characteristic
of the arts both verbal and visual
to quote and paraphrase earlier works
and by doing so vary on the meanings
attached to the older work. Obviously,
this only makes sense when readers
3
a language for the visual era
and viewers observe the reference.
Therefore, such quotation is culturally
biased only those familiar with a
cultures history, symbols and great
works of art will see the connection
and attach meaning to it. For a Muslim,
a crescent moon in any image means
something quite different from what
a non-believer would see in the same
picture.
When artists, designers and indeed
any creatively inclined user of the new
visual media paraphrase pictograms
and logos in order to playfully vary on
the meanings attached to these signs,
it becomes clear that pictographic
signs have evolved into a mature visual

lovely language
words divide, images unite
language. We can not only read them,
we can write with them. Visual language
has grown up; everyone understands
its basics, but individuals vary on it to
compose their own visual poetry.
Max Bruinsma, December 2007
5
a language for the visual era

lovely language
words divide, images unite
Birth of a visual language
The 1920s and 30s saw the beginnings of a new way to communicate in
public space, through new signs and signals in advertising and the arts.
7
a language for the visual era
ViewtoDamsquare,Amsterdam,northside,inthe1920s.Imagesarescarce,buttheyare
graduallyinsinuatingthemselvesintotheurbanfabric.Still,thevisualcompanionsof
advertisingswordsaremostlyillustrative,orevocativeoftheadvertisedproductsorigin,
asinthecigaretteposter.

lovely language
words divide, images unite
Noautomobilesallowedonmorethantwowheels,notequippedforpassengertransportif
anygoodsaretransportedthereon.andVehiclesnotequippedforpassengertransportare
prohibitedtodriveinorthrough,ifanygoodsaretransportedthereon.Toomanywordstobe
readquickly,andonlytheDutchcanreadthem.Asignthatbegstobevisualized.
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a language for the visual era
The new traffc signs 1939
Duringthe1930s,theneedforvisualsignsthatsymbolizedthenewrulesfortraffcbecame
apparent.Asinglesigncouldsummarizesometimeslengthytexts,suchasthesignwiththe
abstractedimageofacaronabluefeld,whichreplacesthistext:Highway,carsonly.Carts,
bicycles,etceterasforbidden.Nostoppinginthemainroad.ThischartofnewDutchtraffc
signsfrom1939alsoshowsagrowinginternationalizationandstandardizationofsigns;the
signsontheleftare,withslightstylisticmoderations,stillused.
50
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Announcement Kurt Schwitters and Theo van Doesburg 1923
Inthe1920sand30s,avant-gardemovementssuchasSurrealism,FuturismandDadacelebrated
theliberationofwords.Ontheonehand,theybecamefreedoftheirmeaninginnonsense
poetryandautomaticwriting,ontheotherhandtheyacquiredamorevisualpresence,like
inthisannouncementforaDadamatineeinTheHague,1923.Lettersfoatlikeautonomous
decorativeelementsthroughthecompositioninwhichtypographicrawmaterialsuchaslinesand
boxesisalsousedtoconstructanabstractedimageofaDutchwindmill.
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a language for the visual era
Inthis1898addressguideformembersoftheDutchAutomobile
ClubANWBweseeearlyexamplesofpictograms,whichserveto
savespaceandenhanceoverview.Thesymbolfortelegraph
-apolewithisolatedwiresattached-isprobablythemost
recognizable.Thesymbolsfortrainandbicyclerepairare
muchtoodetailedforthissmallsize,whilethesymbolfor
hotelcouldbeusedforanylargebuilding.
Het Volk [The People] newspaper 1910
Advertisementpageonwhichonlytwoimagesareprinted.The
otheradsattempttoattractattentionbytypographicmeans.
Ahybridofimageandtypographicsign,thestylizedhandwith
pointingfngeractsasdirectionaldeviceandexclamationmark.
52
lovely language
words divide, images unite
5
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words divide, images unite
Isotype
International System Of TYpographic Picture Education the acronym
Otto Neurath devised for his Vienna method of visual statistics is
programmatic: educate the masses by means of a systematic use of
writing in images.
55
a language for the visual era
Isotype logo
5
lovely language
words divide, images unite
The frst decades of the last century were an
era of radical innovation: the telephone was
becoming a household item; aided by new
technologies, the press reached hitherto
unimaginable masses; trains and automobiles
fostered mobility on a scale never seen
before; and social movements stimulated
better living conditions and a growing political
awareness of the previously voiceless workers.
Those who wanted to keep in touch with this
accelerating society needed information, which
was distributed by newspapers, magazines,
brochures and posters.
Another radical change was the demise of the
old political structures, after the great carnage
of the First World War in Europe. Once great
empires like Germany and Austria fell apart
and became republics, and socialist political
parties obtained an unprecedented following,
especially in the large cities of the time, such
as the Austrian capital, Vienna. There, a social-
democrat city government radically changed
living conditions for the workers by embarking
on a massive housing programme that changed
the face of the city, which was known in the
1920s as Red Vienna. Apart from bettering
material conditions such as housing and hygiene,
the socialists were also keenly interested in
educating the masses. Objective information
i.e. information that was not biased by the
interests of the former ruling classes was a
key factor in providing the common man with the
tools to analyse and criticise the practices of
capitalism and argue their own case.
Against this background, the Viennese
Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum was
founded by the city to provide reliable and
integrated information on the worlds affairs,
and of course to show the successes of socialism
for the betterment of society.
The museums director, Otto Neurath, was a
scientist who frmly believed in the didactic force
of information presented as easily surveyable
visual data. An economist by training, Neurath
was familiar with the results of the relatively new
discipline of pictorial statistics which visually
organized relations between data.
From the second half of the 19th century onward,
pioneers such as the French engineer Charles
Minard, and the Scottish economist William
Playfair had developed new ways to relate data
visually. Minards 1869 rendering of the events
of Napoleons disastrous Russian campaign
from 1812/1813 still counts as exemplary for
Isotype
57
a language for the visual era
visual statistics today. Minard showed an
abstracted map the route Napoleons army
had followed towards and from Moscow on
which he plotted the amount of soldiers involved,
weather conditions and a time line. The image
dramatically conveys the main information, that
the army started out almost half a million strong,
and ended with a mere 10.000 men.
It was such comprehensive visual information
that Neurath wanted to convey, and he
developed his own system for doing so. Neurath
was a member of the Vienna Circle, and he
practised their philosophy of logical-positivism
logical analysis based on empirical facts in
his museum. There, he developed the Vienna
method of presenting information in rationally
organised images. Essentially, Neurath focused
on rendering the correct proportions of his
data at a glance. Many of his contemporaries
indicated amounts and their relations by
varying the size of their symbols. But according
to Neuraths rules, more or less are not
represented by bigger or smaller symbols, but by
more or less symbols, each symbol representing
a specifc number. In this manner, relations can
be read more easily and more exactly. In his
representations, Neurath as it were gives the
ruler, which is absent in most other methods.
As a Marxist-inspired scientist closely
connected to the radical social program of
Red Vienna, Otto Neurath saw that, in an era
of rapid industrial development and expanding
international communication, there would be a
growing need for accessible basic information,
particularly amongst the emancipating workers
class. Together with graphic designer Gerd
Arntz, he developed a set of basic pictograms,
which symbolized central terms from industry,
demographics, politics and economy.
These pictograms were systematically employed
in stylised charts and diagrams, thus spawning
the Vienna method of visual statistics, later
renamed ISOTYPE, International System Of
TYpographic Picture Education. Neuraths
and Arntzs system became an internationally
emulated early example for todays infographics.
Isotype was as much a cultural project as it was
a tool for communicating social and economic
information. Beyond the dissemination of
objective data, Neurath envisioned his system
as a means to cross boundaries of culture
and politics. Texts are much more open to
interpretation than simple images, and they
exclude those who do not master the language
or who cannot read well. Thus Neuraths motto:
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Napoleons campaign in Russia 1812/13,
Charles Minard, 1869
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a language for the visual era
words (which not everyone can read) divide,
images (which can be understood by all) unite.
This idealistic spirit of Isotype also characterizes
many of the eras other movements in the arts,
politics and industry. The 1920s and early
1930s, roughly the period between the two World
Wars, were an era of optimism, despite grave
economic and political problems and conficts.
A better world seemed not only necessary, but
imminent if only the new insights of science and
the new potential of industry would be used for
the betterment of all people instead of enriching
only the powerful few. Following established
modernist principle, the idea was to base society
and its institutions on objective information
and communication, surpassing what
Mondriaan this other modernist icon once
called petty individualism. Individualism was a
dividing force collectivism united the masses
on the basis of their common interest. In this
vein, Neuraths and Arntzs new visual language
for communicating information on society,
politics, economy and industry amounted to a
new instrument of world peace.
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lovely language
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Squares
One is only able to say:
2 is greater than 1
B is greater than A
Circles
One is only able to say:
2 is greater than 1
A is 6/10 of 1
B is 4/10 of 2
Four-sided forms put together
One is now able to say:
2 is twice as great as 1
A is 3/5 of 1
B is 2/5 of 2
A is 3/4 of B
Groups of signs
One is able to say:
Group 2 is twice as great as group 1
Number of men is 3/5 of 1
(number of women 2/5 of 1)
Number of men is 2/5 of 2
(number of women 3/5 of 2)
Number of men in 1 is 3/4 of
number of men in 2
Number of women in 1 is 1/3 of
number of women in 2
Science
Otto Neurath translated complex fgures into images designed to clarify the correct proportions of
the data at a glance. Many of his contemporaries rendered proportions by varying the size of their
symbols. But according to Neuraths Isotype rules, more or less are not represented by bigger or
smaller symbols, but by more or less symbols, each symbol representing a specifc amount. In this
manner, relations can be read more easily and exactly. In his representation, Neurath as it were gives
the ruler, which is absent in the other methods.
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a language for the visual era
Standardisation
Apart from being the acronym of International System Of TYpographic Picture Education, isotype
is also Greek for the same sign. This last meaning summarizes the essence of the system:
standardisation. By developing a standard for the way in which information is represented visually,
Neurath changes a style of illustration into a coherent visual language: he designs a grammar
and syntax, which provide strict rules for making visual texts. Because of this standardisation,
generic symbols (man, for instance) can, by means of small variations or additions (such as a cap or
standardised signs for various industries) acquire a specifc content (worker in the steel industry).
This way also, various data become comparable.
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lovely language
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Simplifcation
Gerd Arntz, commissioned by Otto Neutrath, developed the Isotype visual dictionary, consisting of
over 4000 symbols. The idea was that images can bridge differences of language, are easy to grasp
and, when done well, also nice to look at. The legibility of Isotype is determined by the simplicity of
its symbols. These should be instantly recognizable, without any distracting detail. What counts is
the general idea for common use the precise details are of less importance. Or in Neuraths words:
It is better to remember simplifed images, than to forget exact fgures.
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a language for the visual era
Images
The Isotype symbols were not meant to completely replace words, but to summarize and support the
verbal content of the statistics. Due to this visual summary, less text is needed as well the images
give the grammatical relations, so that the text can be limited to key words instead of sentences.
Important for the overview is the way in which the symbols are employed within the pages grid.
Here too, simplicity rules: horizontal arrangement represents changes in quantities, while vertical
arrangement shows a passage of time or a comparison between various data. An accompanying
illustration (Fhrungsbild) sometimes appears in the background of these infographics to enliven the
composition and to add a geographical or content-related connotation.

lovely language
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5
a language for the visual era

lovely language
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Isotype symbols
Gerd Arntz designed over 4000 Isotype symbols to be used in visual
statistics and infographics. The symbols reproduced on the following
pages are digitally redrawn by Ontwerpwerk from Arntzs original lino-
cuts, with added background colors (original Isotype colours combined
with colors of today) and an occasional touch of white for contrast.
7
a language for the visual era
There is a special sign for worker and a sign for crafts. If it is
necessary for a worker in the crafts industry to be marked off
from other workers, the sign for crafts will be put on his chest.
The man is the thing and crafts is his quality. The man is the
root idea and the crafts the addition. Otto Neurath, 1936

lovely language
words divide, images unite
9
a language for the visual era
The sign man has not to give the idea of a special person with
the name XY, but to be representative of the animal man.
Otto Neurath, 1936
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words divide, images unite
They have to be so simple that they may be put in lines
like letters. Otto Neurath, 1936
They are based on our knowledge of the things
themselves, putting weight on whatever seems
important. Otto Neurath, 1936
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a language for the visual era
All pictures are part of a unit; they are using the same language.
Otto Neurath, 1936
At the frst look you see the most important points, at the
second, the less important points, at the third, the details,
at the fourth, nothing more - if you see more, the teaching-
picture is bad. Otto Neurath, 1936
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73
a language for the visual era
7
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Otto Neurath (12-195)
Economist, social scientist, inventor of Isotype
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a language for the visual era
Otto Neurath, 1945
7
lovely language
words divide, images unite
From the 1920s onward, Otto Neurath developed
a visual language for a pictorial statistics
which he interpreted as picture education.
For Neurath, this was central: the images he
used were created with an eye to what they
were intended to achieve: to help specifc
segments of the population to understand
complex relations in information about social
and political issues. Characteristic for Neuraths
Vienna method of constructing statistics,
which after he left Vienna was renamed
ISOTYPE (International System of TYpographic
Picture Education), was the consistent usage of
standardised images of objects in combination
with a carefully argued use of colour.
In developing his visual language, Neurath
employed a number of principles:
- The basic images should speak for themselves
and be used repeatedly, so that they would
become familiar;
- In order to achieve an undisturbed composition,
the basic images should be in black and white
whenever possible;
- Other images should use a limited spectrum of
colours;
- The compositions should be laid out without
perspective, which would distort the basic
images and diminish their legibility;
- The basic images should be easy to combine.
The image for shoe, for instance, would be
combined with that for factory to form the
symbol for shoe factory;
- In quantitative statistics, the basic image
would represent an amount, which was varied
by adding more or less of the basic image. The
image itself would always be at the same size;
- Numbers, other than for years, should be
avoided as much as possible;
- Visual statistics should be readable like a book,
which means from left to right, top to bottom;
- Images representing amounts were used
diachronically and synchronically;
- When analysing developments or
characteristics of countries, geographical maps
were used as background;
- Each chart should tell a story.
Neuraths pictorial statistics are closely
connected to the wissenschaftliche
Weltauffassung (scientifc world view) of the
Wiener Kreiss (Vienna Circle), a famous group
of scientists who saw logical analysis of reality
as the central source of all knowledge. In
this logical-positivist vein, visual statistics
represented empirical accounts of the state
Otto Neurath:
visual statistics as
picture education
77
a language for the visual era
of the world, communicated in clear terms and
by transparent reasoning. For Neurath, who
has been called an enlightener because of
his insistence on experience and rationality as
necessary basis for meaningful statements,
picture education was also connected with
political awareness and a tool for responsible
social action. In addition, he was focused on
communication across boundaries of language
and culture, a reason to characterize him as
internationalist or an early globalist as
well. All this was connected with his underlying
aim of fostering enduring world peace.
In order to achieve these goals, Neurath
consistently argued the case for an
accumulation of knowledge resulting from
the collaboration of scientists of different
disciplines. Not because he believed that science
could be reduced to a single scheme,
but because he wanted to stimulate exchange
and awareness of approaches and results
between the sciences. Hence his reference to
unifed science. Neurath meant unifcation in
terms of orchestration, a concept he thought
would be ftting for a democratic society.
Neurath was keenly interested in the social
development in terms of statistical data;
he was less concerned with individual lives than
with the development of collectives. The lives of
individuals could only be fully understood when
embedded in the context of the group of which
they were a part. The task of statistics was to
enliven dry numbers and facts and present them
in a way that increased insight while pleasing
the eye.
Neuraths work on visual statistics started
with the foundation of the Gesellschafts- und
Wirtschaftsmuseum in Vienna, supported by
the socialist city government in January 1925.
The aim was to develop the museum for the
future, with enlightening pictorial exhibits about
the development of human society and the
forces infuencing it. In this museum, Neurath
developed his method which he later termed the
Vienna method of visual statistics. The content
of these visuals required scientifc knowledge,
but the design of consistent and artistically
valid images demanded a different expertise.
The aesthetic development of Neuraths visual
statistics was greatly stimulated by the German
artist Gerd Arntz, who became a member of
Neuraths central team in 1929.
Marie Reidemeister, Neuraths later wife, was
already part of that team, which was governed
Museumsarenotforexperts,
theyareforthepublic.
OttoNeurath,1936
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Exhibition with visual statistics in the town hall of Vienna, 1927
79
a language for the visual era
In Neuraths Mundaneum offce, Obrechtstraat 267, The Hague, 1939.
Left to right: Marie Reidemeister, Otto Neurath, Josef Scheer, Gerd Arntz
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lovely language
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by a strict division of labour. The scientists
(Neurath and assistants) were responsible for
collecting the data; a second task, performed
by Reidemeister, was to transform this material
into guidelines for the design of the images;
the third task, which fell to Arntz, was to
design the symbols and general lay-out of the
graphics, while a fourth group of assistants was
responsible for the technical realisation and
reproduction.
For Neurath, the idea was not so much that
visual language would replace written words
altogether, but to support it and replace it
whenever images would be more informative
than words. Texts are, for instance, not the best
way to elucidate complex relations in which
quantities and qualities should be combined.
Carefully crafted images are much more
effective than complex texts, especially when
the aim is to reach large parts of society and
give them a clear insight into circumstances,
relations and developments which would
enable them to better participate in political
life. That is why Neurath spoke of picture
education. Images, thus Neurath, are better at
depicting a state of affairs. Didactically,
he maintained, it is better to picture the forest
frst, and then outline the trees. And since
words can be interpreted in a great variety of
ways, and thus easily lead to disparity, Neurath
held that words divide, images unite. In his
view, images are more powerful in bringing
about consensus.
Through his historical studies, Neurath had
become acquainted with Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Since these signs were close to reality, Neurath
believed them to be stronger in communicating
its content. His visual statistics were Neuraths
contemporary analogon for this hieroglyphic
quality. Words and numbers can be quite
precise in giving a detailed account, but
whats he use of that, when no-one really
remembers that precision? Neurath preferred
a memorable image of the gist of information
over the precision of words which would soon
be forgotten. His visual statistics practise the
art of reduction. Visual language, according to
Neurath, served to condense information for
an educational goal: to provide insight, which
the beholder could memorize. It led him and
his collaborators to devise their own visual
language, which demanded a standardisation
of symbols which served as smallest
measurements.
Teachingthroughtheeye
istodaybecomingmore
andmoreimportant.
OttoNeurath,1936
1
a language for the visual era
Next to working on his visual statistics,
Neurath collaborated with the English linguist
and philosopher Charles Kay Ogden, who
had proposed a Basic English to ameliorate
international communication. Basic was
an acronym for British American Scientifc
International Commercial, and comprised
a collection of 850 words that would enable
complete communication. Ogdens acronym
inspired Neurath to fnd his own, with Isotype.
In 1936, Neurath published a booklet about
visual statistics, with a thorough explanation
of its background and system, written in Basic
English.
1
The publication established visual
statistics internationally and Neurath could
hope that, together with Basic English, it would
greatly improve communication world-wide.
Visual statistics brought Neurath around the
world, when interest in the subject soared
in the 1930s. In 1931, the same year he had
been in Amsterdam for the World Congress on
Social Economic Planning, Neurath was invited
to Moscow to organise an institute for visual
statistics there. Isostat, the new institution,
was based on the Vienna Method and aimed at
communicating the results of the frst fve-year
plan to the Soviet population. Neurath, Arntz
and Reidemeister directed 50 to 70 collaborators
during regular visits to Moscow, until 1934, when
the Soviet authorities took matters in their own
hands. The production of the Russian variety of
visual statistics continued and was shown, for
instance, at the USSR pavilion during the World
Exhibitions of 1937 in Paris and 1939 in New York.
In 1934 Neurath emigrated to the Dutch capital
of The Hague due to the rise of Nazism in
Austria, and the fall of the socialist government
of Vienna. With foresight, he had initiated
a foundation for visual statistics in the
Netherlands already in 1932. After his arrival,
Neurath was received by the Dutch Industrial
Relations Institute, but he soon founded his own
organisation. His work was also remarked in
Sweden and England, and in the United States
Rudolph Modley founded a similar institute to
develop the American variant of visual statistics.
Much of Neuraths work on visual statistics
in The Hague was made possible by fnancial
support and commissions for specifc statistics
from the US, and he regularly travelled there.
From behind his typewriter in The Hague,
Neurath continued to stimulate communication
between scientists of all walks, especially
2
lovely language
words divide, images unite
since the Vienna Circle had been dispersed
by the Nazi take over in Austria. In the name
of Unifed Science he organised a number of
international congresses on the state of affairs
in the sciences, for which he personally invited
such prominent scholars as Niels Bohr and
Bertrand Russel. A permanent platform for this
endeavour was the magazine Erkenntnis and
the public response to Neuraths organisational
commitment to congresses in Paris (1935 and
1937), Copenhagen (1936), Chicago (1936),
Cambridge (UK, 1938) and Cambridge (Mass.
USA, 1939) shows that he was quite successful
in his quest to continue the debates of the
Vienna Circle. In 1940, Neurath and Marie
Reidemeister emigrated again to evade the
Nazis, this time to Oxford, where they married.
While Gerd Arntz remained in the Netherlands,
working for the Dutch Foundation for Statistics,
Neurath continued his work on visual statistics
in England and founded the Isotype foundation.
After Neuraths premature death at only 63 years
of age in 1945, Marie Neurath took over the work
and his legacy.
This article is a summarized translation of Otto Neuraths
beeldstatistiek is beeldpedagogiek in: Ferdinand Mertens,
Otto Neurath en de maakbaarheid van de betere samenleving,
SCP-essay, The Hague 2007)
2
Otto Neurath, International Picture Language.
The frst Rules of Isotype. London 1936.
3
a language for the visual era

lovely language
words divide, images unite
Gerd Arntz (1900-19)
Graphic artist and Isotypes design director
5
a language for the visual era
Gerd Arntz draws the symbol unemployed, 1931

lovely language
words divide, images unite
In 1926, Otto Neuraths Gesellschafts- und
Wirstschaftsmuseum takes part in an
international exhibition on the subject of
health, social care and gymnastics in
Dsseldorf, Germany. At the same time, the
young communist Gerd Arntz, a self-styled
artist connected to a group of progressive
artists from Cologne, presents his latest work
there, in which he criticises class society in
wood-cuts such as Mitropa. Although at the
time Arntz is unaware of Neuraths theories,
his style mirrors the Viennese economists
principles of clarity and legibility. Neurath
visits Arntzs exhibition and immediately sees
the potential of this young artist for his own
work. He arranges to meet Arntz in his studio
and invites him to join his team. In 1929, Arntz is
defnitively appointed to the Gesellschafts- und
Wirtschaftsmuseum and moves to Vienna.
Arntz soon becomes involved, not only in
making exhibitions but also in designing the
frst visual statistics to be published in books
or collections of prints. Most notable is the
loose-leaf collection of a hundred infographics
in the Atlas Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft of
1930. Meanwhile, he is extending the range of
basic symbols for what is to become Isotype,
the standardised system for pictorial statistics.
All in all, Arntz will draw some 4000 symbols for
this system, which have become benchmarks
of pictogram design for later generations of
designers. The fnely drawn symbols which
Arntz developed for Isotype are all executed as
linoleum cuts, a technique Arntz introduced to
the museums studio. The precision of the craft
work can be clearly seen in the original linos,
in which the traces of the gouge give the image
an expressive character that has completely
disappeared in the actual print. A symbol, after
all, must be objective and neutral.
Neuraths staff counted between 20 to 25
people at the time, 3 to 6 of which worked in
the drawing department where Arntz acted as
design director. Arntzs designs were transferred
by calqued paper onto the linoleum, cut out and
then sent to the in-house printers. Outlining the
lay-outs and inserting texts and symbols was the
task of assistants, among which were frequently
students of the Bauhaus, where Neurath
occasionally lectured.
In February 1934, the Austrian Nazis oust the
socialist government of Vienna, and Neurath and
Arntz and their families leave the country and
Gerd Arntz,
Isotypes design director
7
a language for the visual era
graphics and visual statistics, followed in 1980
by a more extensive selection of Symbols for
education and statistics in a book by Broos,
published by Mart. Spruijt printers.
Gerd Arntz dies in The Hague in 1988.
This article is based on an unpublished biographic essay by
Peter Arntz, 2007
emigrate to The Hague, the Netherlands, where
Neurath has meanwhile set up an extension
of the Vienna Museum, the Mundaneum
Foundation. By then the museums content
has been evacuated and the collection is later
transported to The Hague as well. For their work
on visual statistics and with the help of Dutch
colleagues, the Austrians establish the Dutch
Foundation for Statistics.
During the war, after Neurath and his partner
Marie Reidemeister have fed to England, Arntz
continues to work for the Dutch Foundation for
Statistics, which initiates several publications
of visual statistics on Prosperity and industry in
the Netherlands. After the war, the foundation
more and more focuses on consumer and market
research, working mainly in commission for
industrial and government clients.
Twelve years with Otto Neurath and another
twenty-fve years with the Dutch Foundation for
Statistics have resulted in a vast body of work
and a great variety of symbols and illustrations.
In 1976 this extended part of Gerd Arntzs oeuvre
is entrusted to The Hagues Municipal Museum,
where Flip Bool and Kees Broos organise a frst
overview in their exhibition Gerd Arntz critical

lovely language
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Mitropa Gerd Arntz 1925
At25,Arntzdepictsthedivisionbetweenrich(againstaclearbackground)andpoor(ina
gloomyenvironment).Withitsfourclasses,theMid-Europetrainsymbolizesclasssociety.
Therailwaysignabovetheleftcarriagesaysstophere,whilethesignontherightsignals
continueon.ThiswasoneofArntzsprintswhichNeurathsawin1926,andwhichconvincedhim
thatthisartist,withhistrimmeddownrealism,wasjustthemanforhim.
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a language for the visual era
Linoleum-cuts and prints of Isotype symbols by Gerd Arntz, 1930s, from the Arntz archive,
now at the Municipal Museum, The Hague. The original linos show the precision of the craft
work in the expressive traces of the gouge. The prints next to them are proofs made by Arntz.
In the symbol for reader, note the modern chair the silhouette of Mies van der Rohes
cantilever chair from 1927. This chair became a symbol for modernism by itself.
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Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft
Bildstatistisches Elementarwerk
The atlas Society and Industry is a loose-leaf collection of visual
statistics printed and published in Leipzig, 1930, and issued by Otto
Neuraths eponymous museum as a showcase for the Vienna method
hence its subtitle: elementary visual statistics. Together, these graphics
in Gerd Arntzs austere design provide an overview of the essential
empirical data of the world. The populations of countries and continents,
world powers and their political and military relations, trade and industry,
the growth of cities and their social structure and workers conditions,
everything is orderly visualized in directly recognizable diagrams. The
atlas is a text book example of the Vienna method of presenting generally
accessible information regardless of language barriers with the aid of
images.
On the following pages a selection of graphics from this collection.
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The Arab world and neighboring countries
TheIslamicArabEmpirearound750ADisrenderedingreen.TheIberianpeninsulaislargely
underMoorishruleandTurkeystillbelongstoEurope.ByzantiumandBaghdadareamongthe
largestcitiesofthetime.Interestingly,Arntzleavesthespherecharacteroftheglobe
intact,andtiltsthemapabit,tofteverythinghewantstoshowinthisgraph.
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Commercial feets of the world
Aparadeoffagsfyingabovethoughshipssymbolizestherampantgrowthofcommercialshipping
atatimewhenGreatBritainstillruledthewaves.Thefags,withtheirrecognizableformsand
clearcolorslendthemselveswellforrenderinginformationinanisotypicalway.
Strikes
Againstthebackgroundofabstractedfactories,workersofallnationsraisetheirfstsunited.
Thischartshowsthevagariesofworkersunrestoverseveralyearsinvariouscountries.
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The development of railways
Interestinginthisimageisthat,withhisstylizedlocomotives,Arntzdepictsnotonlythe
growthofrailwaysoverseveraldecades,butalsothemodernizationofitsrollingstock.
Car ownership in he world
InterestinginthisgraphfromourperspectiveisthatthesteeringwheelsofArntzs
symbolizedcarsareontheright,andnotontheleft,aswouldbethecasefortheUSAat
least.InalargepartofAustria,includingVienna,traffcwasdrivingleftatthetime.
AftertheNazistookoverAustriain1938,thischanged,andnowalsoallofEurope,withthe
exceptionoftheUnitedKingdom,drivesattheright.
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State spending
Oneofthemorecomplexchartsinthiscollection,alsobecauseofthechoicefor4%as
smallestmeasurement.Inanycase,itclarifesthat,almosttenyearsaftertheendofWorld
WarI,Germanyisstillspending36%ofitsnationalincomeonsocialbeneftsandreparations
resultingfromthatwar.AlsoapparentisthelargeshareoftheSovietgovernmentinthe
nationaleconomy,andtheheavyweightofheBritishbureaucracy.
Machinery exports before and after the war
Inafootnote,Neurathissuesasubtlewarningnottomisreadthischart.Itshowsthat,for
instance,GreatBritainhasexportedaboutasmuchheavymachinerybeforetheFirstWorldWar
asitdoesin1928.Theyseemtobemakingmuchmoremoneywiththis,butonlyatfrstglance:
thefactthatthegoldpriceplummetswithathirdduringtheintermittentdecade,indicates
thattheapparentproftshavebeenannihilatedbyinfation.
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Population density in major cities
Densityofpopulationrenderedastheamountofinhabitantspermodernlookinghousingblock.
RemarkableisthefactthatEuropeancitiesaredramaticallydenserthanAmericancities.
SocialhousingwasNeurathsfrstsubjectforvisualstatistics,connectedashewastoViennas
revolutionaryhousingprogram.
New York
Thedevelopmentofaworldmetropolisinanutshell:from25.000inhabitantsto9.5million
withinacenturyandahalf.Togobythechart,NeurathhascountedinNewJerseyandother
urbanareasneighboringNewYork,becausetheoffcialpopulationofNewYorkin1930was
6,930,000.
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Migration in major countries, 1920-27
Chainsofmen,packedwiththeirbelongingstravelbylandandseainandoutofcountries.The
visualorganizationofthischartallowsthereadertoseethatbetween1920and1927about3
millionmorepeopleenteredtheUSAthanemigratedfromit.
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a language for the visual era
Unemployed
Astheiconsforunemployedarerenderedhere,theyconjureuptheimageoflongqueuesin
frontofthewelfareoffce.RemarkableinthischartisthatinFrancethereseemstobeno
unemploymentsince1920.
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Economic activity in the world
Manandindustryinoneimage:theregionsoftheworldareindicatedbythetypicalheadgear
oftheirpopulations,whilethevariousindustriesprimitive,traditionalandmodern
aresymbolizedbysignsforbow-and-arrow,hammerandcogwheelrespectively.
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The worlds religions
Acomplexgraph,becausetheworldsreligionsarenotequallydividedoverthevarious
races.Ofthenegros,forinstance,75millionadheretoaprimitivecult,25millionare
Mohammedanandanother25millionareChristians.Remarkably,the50million(white)people
withoutsign(i.e.withoutcreed)arecharacterizedasatheists,liberalsandJews.Thisis
mostlikelybecausetheJewsaretoosmallagrouptoindicatewithaseparatesign.
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The worlds ethnicities
Statisticsistheartofsummaryanditmakesgooduseofclichs.Inthiscasebycategorizing
underMongols,renderedasafgureinatypicalChineseattire,alsoKoreans,Japanese
etceteras.Andwhilenegrosandmulattoswearonlytheircurledhair,theotherracesare
characterizedbytheirtypicalheadgear.Addingupthefguresshowsthattheworldcountedless
than2billionpeoplein1930.
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Timeline (1920-2007)
The following pages can be read as a diagram of an accelerating and
thickening information culture. The timeline lists developments from
the 1920s till today which have had their impact on how we communicate
visually and otherwise , in the context of major events through
the years. From Neuraths and Arntzs simple Isotype graphs to the
multimedia environments which symbolize the future of ubiquitous
information. The diagram also shows that when looking back, we are
better able to choose what seems important, but at the same time we
loose detail and colour. The fne maze of todays reality is coloured by our
proximity to the facts. The nearer to our own time, the more detailed this
barcode of history becomes.
The collected facts are a personal choice of the editors.
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1920
The NSDAP raises the Swastika fag.
1923
The frst radio broadcast in the Netherlands.
1925
Mussolini announces he is taking dictatorial powers over Italy.
1928
Mickey Mouse appears on the big screen in Steamboat Willy.
1929
The frst stock exchange crash with world-wide consequences.
1930
Betty Boop premiers in the animated flm Dizzy Dishes.
1932
First Venice Film Festival.
1933
Leni Riefenstahl makes movies commissioned by German propaganda-minister Joseph
Goebbels.
1934
Debut of Donald Duck in Bert Gilletts animated short The Wise Little Hen.
1936
General Francisco Franco starts Spains civil war against the legal republic.
1938
Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia.
1940
Germany invades Holland and Belgium.
1940
Charly Chaplin makes The Great Dictator, mocking the Nazis.
1943
16 Years old Swedish boy Ingvar Kamprad founds IKEA.
1945
Atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki end the Second World War.
1945
Foundation of the United Nations.
1947
Edwin Land frst demonstrates the Polaroid instant camera.
1948
Mahatma Gandhi is murdered.
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1950
Diners Club introduces a generally accessible credit card.
1951
The frst commercial computer in America is the 15.000 kilo Univac.
1955
The frst MacDonalds restaurant opens in Illinois.
1955
Disneyland opens in Anaheim, California.
1956
De NOS (Dutch Broadcasting Organization) starts NTS
(Dutch Television Organization) with news broadcasts three times a week.
1957
John Lennon and Paul McCartney meet.
1959
Fidel Castro and Che Guevara take over Cuba.
1959
The Barbie doll is launched.
1961
Erection of the Berlin Wall.
1962
Nike is founded under the name of BRS (Blue Ribbon Sports).
1962
The frst James Bond movie: Dr. No.
1963
John F. Kennedy is murdered in Dallas.
1962
Andy Warhol paints Marilyn Monroe.
1965
Benetton is founded.
1967
Application for the American patent for the X-Y Position indicator for screen systems
(the computer mouse).
1967
The frst advertisements are broadcast on Dutch TV.
1969
Woodstock festival.
1969
Neil Armstrong is the frst man on the moon
1970
The wave is introduced as Coca-Colas new look for the 1970s.
1971
Philips introduces the frst home-videorecorder.
1971
Ray Tomlinson sends the frst email over a computer network, probably something like
QWERTYUIOP.
1974
US president Richard Nixon resigns after the Watergate scandal.
1975
Rembrandts painting The Night Watch is slashed a dozen times at the Rijksmuseum in
Amsterdam.
1977
Dries van Agt, Minister of Justice in the Den Uyl administration, issues a law that limits
the public screening of porn movies to Dutch theatres with less than 50 seats.
1978
Coca Cola comes to China, the only packaged cold drink allowed in the country.
1979
IBM introduces the personal computer.
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1980
CNN is launched as the frst all news network.
1980
Post-it notes are introduced nationally in the United States.
1981
MTV airs its frst videoclip: The Buggles Video killed the radio star.
1982
Michael Jacksons Thriller sells 20 million albums to become the largest selling record ever.
1982
Diet Coke is introduced.
1983
Compact discs are frst released.
1983
The frst commercially available mobile telephone: the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X.
1984
Apple introduces the Macintosh.
1985
Microsoft introduces Windows.
1986
A radio-active cloud spreads over Europe after the Tsjernobyl-disaster.
1988
Dutch television is expanded with a third broadcasting channel.
1988
Nike introduces the slogan just do it.
1989
The Berlin Wall is dismantled.
1990
Nelson Mandela is freed after 28 years of imprisonment.
1990
The USSR ceases to exist, effectively ending the Cold War.
1991
Tim Berners-Lee develops the World Wide Web.
1991
Operation Desert Storm begins with air strikes against Iraq.
1992
The frst commercial SMS is sent over the Vodafone GSM network.
1992
An Israeli plane crashes into a 12-story building in the Bijlmer, Amsterdam, killing 43 and
injuring many more.
1993
The European Community is renamed European Union.
1993
The Late Show with David Letterman premieres on CBS.
1994
The frst digital camera for the consumer market: the Apple QuickTake 100 camera.
1994
Opening of the tunnel under the English Channel.
1995
Disney makes a completely computer-generated animated movie: Toy Story.
1996
The frst version of the Java programming language is released.
1997
The dvd is introduced.
1997
Princes Diana dies in a car crash in Paris.
1998
Paula Jones accuses U.S. President Bill Clinton of sexual harassment.
1998
Google is founded by students Larry Page en Sergey Brin.
1999
Rene van Mullem starts Marktplaats.nl.
1999
Ad-agency KesselsKramer creates mobile phone company campaign Ik ben Ben.
2000
The second Millennium fails to set off the Y2K-bug.
2000
The explosion of a freworks factory in Enschede, the Netherlands, kills 23 and destroys
a complete neighborhood.
2000
Hillary Rodham Clinton is elected to the United States Senate.
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2001
The iPod is presented.
2001
Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington.
2001
Wikipedia goes online.
2001
A new Dutch law allows same-sex couples to legally marry for the frst time in the world
since the reign of Roman emperor Nero.
2002
The Euro becomes Europes offcial currency.
2002
Pim Fortuyn is murdered.
2002
The International Criminal Court is established in The Hague.
2002
Switzerland joins the United Nations.
2003
Skype is introduced.
2003
Ben becomes T-Mobile Netherlands.
2003
The UK government recognizes British Sign Language as an offcial British language.
2003
Troops from United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Poland invade Iraq.
2004
Theo van Gogh is murdered.
2004
Michael Moore publishes Fahrenheit 9/11.
2004
The European Union expands by 10 members.
2004
Following a 9.5 magnitude Earthquake, giant Tsunamis kill approximately 200.000 people
in a dozen of countries around the Indian Ocean.
2005
Talpa starts broadcasting.
2005
The frst prototype of Airbus A380 is tested with 555 passengers on board.
2005
In national referendums, the French and the Dutch vote against the new European
Constitution.
2006
TPG Post is renamed TNT Post.
2006
Al Gore publishes An inconvenient truth.
2006
The 1 billionth song is purchased from the Apple iTunes Store.
2006
Al Jazeera launches its English language news channel.
2007
Gorilla Bokito escapes from his burrow in Blijdorp Zoo, seriously injuring a female visitor.
2007
HEMA is sold to the British investors Lion Capital.
2007
Live Earth Concerts are held throughout 9 major cities around the world.
2007
Two television news helicopters collide in midair while covering a police chase in
Phoenix, Arizona.
2007
Talpa stops broadcasting.
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infographics
to visual
dialects
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infographics
to visual
dialects
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Renewal Equation,
Katherine McCoy, 1991
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From
infographics
to visual
dialects
In 1991, Katherine McCoy wrote a small
visual essay about the complex relations
between consumption, the environment
and the need for renewable resources
and human action in order to save the
world from pollution. Not a single word
or number was used in this graph which
mimicked the form of a mathematical
formula. Still, the idea that nature and
the things we make out of it are in a
precarious balance and that everything
in this equation is affecting its outcome,
communicates in a crystal-clear fashion.
It should be noted that one reads such
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a visual text in a different way than a
verbal one. If you would try to literally
solve the math in this image by fguring
out how the various variables relate
within the structure of the equation, you
would end up completely puzzled. This
may well be a secret aim of the designer,
but it is not the main point of the image.
What transpires from this image and the
arrangement of the pictorial elements
is that the situation is complex, not how
exactly it is complex. Visual semiotics
work different than verbal semantics
one reads these pictures by association,
not by their logical argumentation.
The same holds true for the most
straightforward infographics, a genre of
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information design that directly stems
from Neuraths and Arntzs Isotype
system. In such graphics, the pictorial
signs themselves contain little objective
information they symbolize categories,
and their meaning resides in their size
and number.
Their form, however, is subjective, as
is apparent when one compares for
instance Arntzs and Modleys versions
of the symbol for unemployed. Although
structurally quite similar, the two signs
express rather different emotional
conditions. The capped head of Arntzs
unemployed worker looks slightly bent,
but actually isnt: the artist moved it a
bit forward, so it looks as if the man has
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Left: Gerd Arntz, 1920s
Right: Rudolf Modley, 1930s
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Left: Gerd Arntz, 1920s
Right: Rudolf Modley, 1930s
lowered his head between his shoulders
a sign of passive acceptance. But his
back is straight, and with his hands in
his pockets, the mans air of passivity
becomes almost defant. Hes idle, but
not crushed. Modleys unemployed, on
the other hand, clearly has his head
bent, as in submission to his fate.
This emotional expression is reinforced
by the bend in his arm, which suggests
a crooked back. This worker is not only
idle, he is devastated, and we see why
in the small illustration at the top of
Modleys graph: the man cannot provide
for his family anymore (see p.146).
One could say that both pictograms
represent two words for the same thing,
stressing slightly different aspects of it.
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Just like the words idle and inactive
are synonyms, but not completely the
same. Another way of describing the
difference between Arnzts and Modleys
pictograms is as dialects or vernacular:
the words are fundamentally the same,
but written and pronounced differently,
whereby one dialect clearly has a more
dramatic ring than the other.
In reading the visual language of
infographics, the emotional associations
we have when looking at pictures
play a signifcant role in interpreting
the information. In Adriana Lins de
Albuquerques graph of the death toll of
the war in Iraq, for instance, the exact
numbers in the statistics are, although
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readable, not the frst information we
digest; what we see is a vast graveyard
(p.148-149). In other words, the fact that
we cannot read the exact amount of
deaths at frst glance is probably the
most important information this graph
communicates: too many dead people.
And the choice in this graph for a woman
holding a baby to symbolize civilians
is of course a strong example of visual
rhetorics. Far from being a neutral sign,
it is a symbol that is meant to provoke an
emotional response.
More and more, it becomes clear that
the visual language of pictograms and
icons is not as objective as its inventors
envisioned it to be. It is a sign that this
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visual language is a language indeed:
it has its dialects and vernaculars, and
one can say things in it that are neither
completely true nor completely false.
But like any other language, this one
too needs a literate audience to be fully
understood.
Take Katsuichi Itos humorous variations
of Chinese characters, in which he has
visualized the meaning of a number
of words in a pictographic manner, by
slightly altering the character itself.
Even those who cannot read Chinese
will recognize the meaning of some of
the characters, for instance umbrella,
or music. But if you dont know the
character blood, you may miss the
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The image of Chinese Characters,
Katsuichi Ito, 1972
Object
Target
Gift
Music
Umbrella
Volume
What
Blood
Wager
Bad Luck
Nail
Hit
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visual pun in Itos version of it and
perhaps take the bleeding character
for a leaking one. Ito symbolizes the
meaning of the whole character by
altering a part of it so it becomes an
illustration of the thing the word refers
to. In this case, there is the additional
association with the historical root of
Japanese and Chinese characters
they have started out as pictograms.
Such intricate combinations of verbal
and pictorial language show what words
and pictures have in common, and
how they differ. We read pictures by
association, and our associations can be
biased by combining the pictures with
words or the other way around.
The words focus the pictures, the
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pictures open up an associative feld
around the words.
When words are absent, one needs
to rigidly organize the visual rhetorics
of an image to warrant its legibility
and unambiguousness. Max Kismans
pictographic illustrations for a Dutch
telecom company show how to do that.
They completely rely on standard ways
of visually expressing how people
communicate with each other. We
look at each other, exchange thoughts
and have conversations. And the
pictogram in which the symbol of a
light bulb connects two heads is easily
readable as having an idea together.
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Max Bruinsma added two dots and a line to
Kismans original pictogram, dramatically
changing its meaning: innovation becomes death.
Four pictograms for website KPN Research, Max Kisman, 2001
1 Expertise groups
2 Support
3 Innovation
4 Consultancy
1 2
3 4
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It is a visual metaphor that comes from
early comic strips think of the weird
inventor Gyro Gearloose in Walt Disneys
Donald Duck , which has become a
globally recognizable icon. Based on
this universal recognisability, one can
abstract the image to its simplest
form, as Kisman does. On this level,
one needs only the slightest change of
detail to completely change the meaning
of the sign, just as adding a simple
horizontal bar to an I changes it into
an L. If one would add two dots and a
line to Kismans abstracted lamp, the
two fgures would be discussing death
instead of having a bright idea.
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Such play with writing and varying
pictographic scripts has become natural
for many in the industrialized and
mediatised world, regardless of culture
or geography. Already in 1953, Marshall
McLuhan, the theorist and advocate of
new media and how these change the
way technological man experiences
the world, stated that the language
of visual form will become the natural
Esperanto at everybodys command.
Like Neurath before him, McLuhan
saw that the exchange of and through
images surpasses language and cultural
borders. McLuhan points to the fact that
every scientist of the world can read and
write in pictograms of scientifc formula
and logistics, and concludes: These
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ideograms transcend national barriers
as easily as Chaplin or Disney and would
seem to have no rivals as the cultural
base for cosmic man.
1
McLuhans summary is that
technological man must betake himself
to visual metaphor in contriving a new
unifed language for the multiverse of
cultures of the entire globe. This may
be a bit old-fashioned English, but it
echoes Neuraths analysis of picture
language as a universal communication
tool, a thought that is exemplifed by
McCoys equation mentioned earlier,
in which she uses the pictograms of
scientifc formula. But to this McLuhan
adds the idea that with the spread of
1
Marshall McLuhan:
Culture Without Literacy,
in: Explorations:
Studies in Culture and
Communications, no. 1,
December 1953, 117-27
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visual communication through globe-
spanning media, the world also becomes
less unifed: a multiverse of cultures,
constantly talking to each other.
Are the vernaculars of this multiversal
visual language still meant to make
us understand each other? Where it
concerns the communication of neutral
or unambiguous information, like in way-
fnding and signage, I think with Neurath
and McLuhan that there are few better
ways of reaching a global audience
regardless of culture and language, than
by means of visual language.
But one could say that this aspect of
visual language, the basic symbols
and pictograms that are designed to
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be universally understood, is only one
side of the language; it represents the
offcial language of pictorial symbols.
Beyond this lingua franca of signs,
there have grown many vernaculars,
which as local dialects address not the
world at large, but a neighborhood of
like minds.
Max Bruinsma, December 2007
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Infographics
More and more, information is being summarized in images. Not primarily
to keep those informed who have a diffculty with reading, as pioneers
Neurath and Arntz envisioned, but nowadays mainly because infographics
can reveal the gist of a message at a glance. For this reason, for instance,
newspapers often use them to summarize the essence of a news item.
But the function of such infographics is not only to inform, but also to
entertain and to grab the attention. Sometimes, the graphic turns into a
vivid depiction of the drama, for instance of the Amsterdam Bijlmer plane
crash (see p.172-173), without caring too much about the factual details of
the event.
Another use of infographics is in visual explanations in manuals and
construction schemes. Here, the exploded view is a classic. In such
graphs, all the parts of a machine or product are shown as single items in
relation to their position within the complete structure. Isotypical of such
graphics is that the parts and the whole can be seen in one view.
The schemes and diagrams of visual statistics and infographics follow
a particular grammar, which guarantees easy legibility of objective
information. Relative scale, perspective, the order of events or steps
in a process, the recognizability of abstracted objects and symbols for
functions - all of this requires thorough organization by a professional
hand, in order to convey the correct information.
But today this visual language of objective data is also used to formulate
subjective messages. Statistics, after all, remain a matter of perspective.
And the choice of data which are compared and contrasted is as important
for the message they communicate as is their representation.

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On Relief, General relief program Rudolf Modley (design director) 1935
TheAmericanRudolfModleywasaninternatOttoNeurathsinViennaintheearly1930s,and
laterintroducedisotypeintheU.S..LikeNeurath,Modleyemployedvariousartists.Theyworked
inthestyleofGerdArntz,butinamoreexpressiveveinthantheirEuropeanpredecessor.In
thisinfographiconAmericanunemploymentandsocialrelief,forinstance,theapronedworkers
backismorecrookedthanthatofArntzsfgure.
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Metropolitan World Atlas Arjen van Susteren, Joost Grootens (graphic design) 2005
Remarkableinthisatlasof101bigcitiesintheworldisthattheyareallrenderedatthe
samescale.Thismakesthemcomparableataglance.Withsuchdataaspopulationdensity,
incomeandamountofcarspercityconvenientlyarrangedascirclediagrams,thesemapsarea
contemporaryinterpretationofisotype.
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IRAQ
IRAQI FORCES
AMERICAN FORCES
COALITION FORCES
POLICE OFFICER
CIVILIAN
EXPLOSIVE DEVICE
HOSTILE FIRE
ACCIDENTAL DEATH
CAR BOMB
MORTAR/GRENADE
U.S. STRIKE
CAUSE UNKNOWN ?
SUICIDE BOMB
Samarra
Tikrit
Mosul
Basra
Tal Afar
Kirkuk
Najaf
Baquba
Balad
Falluja
Ramadi
Karbala
Baghdad
Hawijah
Baiji
Northern Iraq
Anbar Province
Maysan Province
Ulwiya
Miqdadiya
Saadiya
Uja
Nasiriya
Dujail
Taquaddum
Haqlaniya
Haditha
Karmah
As Siniya Hi t
Iskandariya
Diwaniya
Mashru
Jan. 22 Jan. 18
Jan. 24
Jan. 12 Jan. 14
Jan. 22 Jan. 22 Jan. 22
Jan. 30
Jan. 13
Jan. 26 Jan. 26 Jan. 25
Jan. 27
Jan. 1
Jan. 1 Jan. 2
Jan. 3
Jan. 2
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Jan. 2
Jan. 1
Jan. 1
Jan. 2
Jan. 4
Jan. 2 Jan. 2
Jan. 2
Jan. 1
Jan. 1
Jan. 1
Jan. 2
Jan. 2
Jan. 1
Jan. 2
Jan. 5
Jan. 2
Jan. 31
Jan. 3
Jan. 4 Jan. 3
Jan. 5
Jan. 4
Jan. 3
Jan. 4
Jan. 4
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
Jan. 4
Jan. 4
Jan. 4
Jan. 4 Jan. 4
Jan. 5
Jan. 4
Jan. 5
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Jan. 5
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Jan. 7 Jan. 5
Jan. 6 Jan. 6
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Jan. 7
Jan. 29
Jan. 25
Jan. 9 Jan. 9
Jan. 17
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Jan. 15
Jan. 24 Jan. 29
Jan. 15
Jan. 15
Jan. 7
Jan. 7
Jan. 9
Jan. 17
Jan. 31
Jan. 11
Jan. 8
Jan. 7
Jan. 7
Jan. 27
Jan. 28
Jan. 7 Jan. 8 Jan. 9
Jan. 9
Jan. 11
Jan. 14
Jan. 17
Jan. 15
Jan. 15
Jan. 14
Jan. 15
Jan. 21
Jan. 24
Jan. 21
Jan. 16
Jan. 17
Jan. 19
Jan. 21
Jan. 18
Jan. 31
Jan. 18
Jan. 18 Jan. 18
Jan. 19
Jan. 19
Jan. 21
Jan. 20
Jan. 20
Jan. 21
Jan. 31
Jan. 22
Jan. 23
Jan. 26
Jan. 26
Jan. 23
Jan. 21
Jan. 20
Jan. 21
Jan. 5
Jan. 21
Jan. 21
Jan. 28
Jan. 28
Jan. 23 Jan. 18
Jan. 22
Jan. 18
Jan. 30
Jan. 23
Jan. 23
Jan. 23
Jan. 24 Jan. 24
Jan. 26
Jan. 28 Jan. 27
Jan. 29 Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 28
Jan. 25
Jan. 26
Jan. 27
Jan. 28
Jan. 28 Jan. 29
Jan. 30
Jan. 31
Jan. 30
Jan. 28
Jan. 28
Jan. 27 Jan. 28
Jan. 28
Jan. 28 Jan. 28
Jan. 28
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 18 Jan. 18
Jan. 23
Jan. 2
Jan. 20
Jan. 13
Jan. 2
Jan. 16 ? Jan. 16 ?
Jan. 28
Jan. 26
Jan. 9 ?
Jan. 31
Jan. 26
Jan. 31
Jan. 30
Jan. 22
Jan. 16
Jan. 14 Jan. 10 Jan. 13 Jan. 18 Jan. 20 ?
Jan. 16
These 15 deaths were reported by American
and Iraqi authorities, but the locations and
circumstances were not released.
Jan. 9 Jan. 9
Jan. 7 Jan. 18
Jan. 18 Jan. 27 Jan. 31
Jan. 16 ?
Jan. 11
Jan. 25 Jan. 25 Jan. 25
Jan. 29 Jan. 29 Jan. 30 Jan. 30
Jan. 23 Jan. 23 Jan. 23
Jan. 20
Jan. 20 Jan. 21 Jan. 21
Jan. 24
Jan. 27 Jan. 27 Jan. 27
Jan. 8 Jan. 8 Jan. 8 Jan. 8 Jan. 9 Jan. 8
Jan. 16 Jan. 15 Jan. 16 ?
Jan. 18
Jan. 23 Jan. 23 Jan. 23 Jan. 23 Jan. 23 Jan. 23
Jan. 27 Jan. 27 Jan. 26
Jan. 16
Jan. 13
31 Days in Iraq Adriana Lins de Albuquerque, Alicia Cheng (graphic design) 2006and2007
AmoreorlessisotypicalwayofvisualizingthecarnagethattakesplaceinIraq.The
somewhatclutteredlay-outprioritizesdramaticeffectoverclarityofcontent.
TheinfographicgivesanoverviewofonemonthinIraq:thenumbersofdead,specifed
accordingtomilitaryandciviliancasualtiesandrelatedtotheplaceanddateofthe
incident.TheNewYorkTimes,whichpublishedtheinfographic,wrote:Itisoureffort
toseetheisolatedreportsinabroadercontextandvisuallydepictthecontinuinghuman
costoftheIraqwar.
1
lovely language
words divide, images unite
IRAQ
Mosul
Basra
Tal Afar
Kirkuk
Najaf
Baquba
Falluja
Ramadi
Karbala
Hilla
Rutba
ANBAR PROVINCE
MAYSAN PROVINCE
Baghdad
Hawija
Khalis
Kharma
Ishaqi
Habbaniya
Baiji
Riyadh Tuz Kurmato
Dibis
Diwaniya
Kut
Mahaweel
SOUTH OF BAGHDAD
NORTH OF
BAGHDAD
SALAHUDDIN PROVINCE
Kifl
Tallil
Mussayab
Dujail
Dhuluiya
Iskandariya
Jurf al Sakhar
Qaim
Samarra
Balad
Jan. 20
29
Jan. 26
27
Jan. 20
12
Jan. 27
13
Jan. 29
Jan. 21
Jan. 25
Jan. 22 Jan. 21
Jan. 15
Jan. 1
40
Jan. 17
30
Jan. 17
15
Jan. 18
Jan. 17
Jan. 18
Jan. 18 Jan. 18
26
Jan. 26
15
Jan. 25
26
Jan. 17
Jan. 7 Jan. 6
Jan. 1
Jan. 1
Jan. 4
Jan. 2
Jan. 2
Jan. 1
Jan. 2 Jan. 2
Jan. 7
Jan. 7
Jan. 2 Jan. 2 Jan. 2
Jan. 4
Jan. 4 Jan. 5
Jan. 4
Jan. 5
Jan. 14
Jan. 6
Jan. 6
Jan. 8
Jan. 16
Jan. 17
Jan. 16
Jan. 16
Jan. 21
Jan. 25
Jan. 7 Jan. 8
Jan. 8
Jan. 13
Jan. 14
Jan. 18
Jan. 8
Jan. 9
Jan. 12
Jan. 12
Jan. 11
Jan. 8
Jan. 12
Jan. 6
Jan. 20
Jan. 24
Jan. 25 Jan. 27 Jan. 25
Jan. 26
Jan. 27
Jan. 14
Jan. 7 Jan. 8 Jan. 7
Jan. 30
Jan. 7
Jan. 11
Jan. 14
Jan. 14
Jan. 11
Jan. 12
Jan. 24
Jan. 20 Jan. 22 Jan. 15
Jan. 15 Jan. 20 Jan. 19
Jan. 25 Jan. 29 Jan. 31
Jan. 30
Jan. 27 Jan. 23
Jan. 21
Jan. 8
Jan. 14 Jan. 14
Jan. 13
Jan. 15
Jan. 8
Jan. 9
Jan. 14
Jan. 10
Jan. 13
Jan. 14
Jan. 14
Jan. 20
Jan. 23
Jan. 15 Jan. 24
Jan. 23
Jan. 20
Jan. 16
Jan. 24 Jan. 23
Jan. 23 Jan. 25
Jan. 29 Jan. 31 Jan. 31
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 18 Jan. 18
Jan. 25
Jan. 7
Jan. 23
Jan. 29
Jan. 24
Jan. 27
Jan. 25
Jan. 9
Jan. 20
Jan. 14
Jan. 21
Jan. 27
Jan. 28
Jan. 25
Jan. 20
Jan. 25
Jan. 26
Jan. 7 Jan. 17 Jan. 22 Jan. 10 Jan. 30
Jan. 10 Jan. 9 Jan. 1
Jan. 5
Jan. 12 Jan. 14
Jan. 17
Jan. 25
Jan. 28
Jan. 30 Jan. 31 Jan. 31 Jan. 31
Jan. 28 Jan. 28 Jan. 28
Jan. 16 Jan. 6
Jan. 7
Jan. 16 Jan. 15
Jan. 18
Jan. 13 Jan. 10
Jan. 17 Jan. 16
Jan. 20
Jan. 25
Jan. 20
Jan. 18
Jan. 20
Jan. 18
Jan. 18
Jan. 23 Jan. 26
Jan. 15
Jan. 25
Jan. 19
Jan. 22 Jan. 22
Jan. 15
Jan. 3
Jan. 7 Jan. 23
Jan. 28
Jan. 6 Jan. 10 Jan. 10 Jan. 22
Jan. 4 Jan. 3
Jan. 7 Jan. 19
Jan. 7 Jan. 7 Jan. 11
Jan. 30
Jan. 18 Jan. 14 Jan. 13 Jan. 15
Jan. 19 Jan. 23 Jan. 27
Jan. 17
Jan. 26 Jan. 21 Jan. 28 Jan. 28
Jan. 31
Jan. 3
Jan. 28
16
Jan. 3
27
Jan. 4
47
Jan. 12
37
Jan. 7
17
Jan. 13
31
Jan. 14
40
Jan. 25
40
Jan. 24
17
Jan. 24
33
Jan. 27
40
Jan. 30
21
Jan. 8
25
Jan. 9
40
Jan. 12
Jan. 4
Jan. 20 Jan. 20
Jan. 20 Jan. 10
11
Jan. 2
45
Jan. 10
60
Jan. 16
70
Jan. 4
13
Jan. 5 Jan. 9 Jan. 19
Jan. 31
Jan. 21
Jan. 25
Jan. 19
Jan. 31
Jan. 9
Jan. 19
Jan. 27
Jan. 16 Jan. 8
Jan. 30
16
Jan. 30
23
Jan. 30
13
Jan. 16
15
Jan. 30
17
Jan. 29
15
Jan. 15
Jan. 21
Jan. 21
Jan. 22
29
Jan. 22
88
Jan. 28
Jan. 31
Jan. 16 Jan. 26
Jan. 20 Jan. 31 Jan. 13 Jan. 31 Jan. 5 Jan. 14
Jan. 28
Jan. 26 Jan. 22 Jan. 22
Jan. 28
29
Jan. 21 Jan. 20 Jan. 20
Jan. 7 Jan. 7 Jan. 6
47
Jan. 2 Jan. 9 Jan. 15
11
Jan. 22
14
Jan. 11
Jan. 5 Jan. 5 Jan. 13
Jan. 18 Jan. 18 Jan. 17
Jan. 4 Jan. 10 Jan. 6
Jan. 14
Jan. 20 Jan. 23 Jan. 20 Jan. 20 Jan. 27
Jan. 17
Jan. 6 Jan. 13 Jan. 14
Jan. 17
Jan. 16
25
Jan. 20
Jan. 7
Jan. 31
12
Jan. 29
Jan. 28
Jan. 16
Jan. 21
Jan. 28
Jan. 6
Jan. 21
I RAQI FORCES AMERI CAN FORCES OTHER COALI TI ON FORCES POLI CE OFFI CER CI VI LI AN
I MPROVI SED EXPLOSI VE DEVI CE
HOSTI LE FI RE
ACCI DENTAL DEATH
DECAPI TATED/ STRANGLED CAR BOMB MORTAR/ GRENADE
SUI CI DE BOMB
19
from infographics to visual dialects
Design in the creative economy
Premsela Dutch design foundation, Bureau Mijksenaar (graphic design) 2005
InthisstatisticaloverviewofdesignscontributiontotheDutcheconomy,Mijksenaaremulates
NeurathsandArntzsmethodandclarity.Aswithhispredecessors,herealsorecognizability
prevailsoverrealismwhereitconcernstheformofthesymbols:althoughmostdesignerstoday
workwithcomputers,theyareherestilldepictedbytheirarchetypalinstrument,thepencil.
4,800
product design 13,900
spatial design
visual communication
each figure represents 1000 designers
27,400
There are 46,100 designers in the Netherlands working in the following areas:
150
lovely language
words divide, images unite
air transport 2.6 billion euro
design 2.6 billion euro
petroleum industry 2.1 billion euro
each dot is 0.1 billion
Design is on a par
with the petroleum
industry (excluding
mineral extraction)
and the air
transport industry.
In 2001, these two
industries realised
a total value added
of 2.1 billion
and 2.6 billion
respectively.
Value added in the Dutch economy
151
from infographics to visual dialects
EU Standards Kadri-Mitt, Margo Niit, Rain Saavel, Anu Vahtra (design). From: Annelys de Vet
(ed.), Subjective atlas of the European Union from an Estonian point of view, Estonia 2004
TworatherdifferentviewsofEurope,usingthesameinfographicalmethod:thegeographically
arrangedcirclesontheleftrepresentthepopulationsoftheEuropeanUnionscountries.The
generalshapeofEuropeisrecognizable.Thecirclesontherightrepresentnationalincomeper
inhabitant.Allofasudden,LuxembourgbecomestheEUslargestcountry,andtheUKissmaller
thanIreland.Afneexampleofperceptionmanagementininfographics.
3D 3"
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the NetherIands
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Luxembourg
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lap based on eaoh nenber state's OLP per oapita
[|dea for new Euro coins: the size of each countrv's coin derived fron the level of the countrv's GOP]
EU standards EU standards
lap based on square kiloneters per oountry
152
lovely language
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What if? Itay Lahav (design). From: Annelys de Vet (ed.), Subjectieve Atlas van
Nederland, with students of the Design Academy, Eindhoven, Netherlands 2005
IsraelidesignstudentItayLahavprojectsthemapofhisdividedhomelandontothatofthe
Netherlands.Mappingasculturalcommentary:thecomparisonenablestheDutchreadertoget
adramaticperspectiveonthesmallgeographicalscaleoftheIsraeli-Palestineconfict.
Imagine,whatif...iswhatLahavsaystohisDutchfriends.
153
from infographics to visual dialects
Annual report the city of The Hague Toko (graphic design) 2004
Statisticsanddiagramsarenecessaryinannualreports,butvisuallyoftenalsoratherdull.
Togivetheir2004annualreportmoreprestige,theCityofTheHagueaskeddesignstudioToko
foranartisticapproach.Tokotookthisinvitationliterallyandexecutedthestatisticsas
silk-screenedabstractgeometricartworks.
15
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155
from infographics to visual dialects

15
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Monopolartige Produktionen Alice Creischer, Andreas Siekmann 2005
CreischerandSiekmannupdatedanIsotypechartfromNeurathsandArntzs1930Atlas(below):
whoaregoverningtheworldmarketsnow?Whoownsthemostpatentsongenes?Whohasthemost
softwarecopyrights?DespitethesimilaritywithNeurathsandArntzcharts,thisinfographic
isweakintermsofeasycomparisonofdataandrelativeamounts.Rather,itgivesastrong
imageofthegrowingentanglementbetweenscientifcresearch,accesstobasematerialsand
business.
Monopoly-like production in European countries
and the USSR (Page 5 from Gesellschaft und
Wirtschaft) Otto Neurath 1930
Monopoliesarethecornerstonesofimperialistic
capitalism,andinsightinthecountriesthatcontrol
theworldproductionofrawmaterialsis,intheeyesof
socialistsNeurathandArntz,essentialforclassstruggle.
157
from infographics to visual dialects
Pawns, trustees, and the invisible Hand Andreas Siekmann 2005
ArtistSiekmannusesinfographicstoexpresshiscriticalstancetowardspoliticsandeconomy.
AlthoughheusestheaestheticsofIsotype,inhisaccountoftheeconomicalandpolitical
eventsleadinguptotheunifcationofEast-andWestGermanyandtheconversionoftheGDR
MarktotheDeutschmark,heprovidesanillustratednarrativeratherthananobjectivevisual
statistic.Forthosewhoarenotintimatelyfamiliarwiththefowofeventsof1990,thecharts
areincomprehensiblewithoutreferringtotheextendedtextsthataccompanythem.
15
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Diamonds were a girls best friend Nigel Holmes 1982
TheAmericangraphicdesignerNigelHolmeswasinspiredbyNeurathsideasaboutvisual
statisticsandArntzsabstractedimagery,buthisinterpretationoftheseideaswas
considerablylessmodernistandaustere.Ofcourseavisualstatisticshouldbeclear,correct,
consistentandattractive,butHolmesplacesmuchmoreemphasisontheentertainmentvalueof
infographics.Therebyhehasexertedahugeinfuenceonnewspaperdesign.Inthisinfographic
forTimeMagazine,Holmesgivesacomictwisttoaseriousgraphofdiamondprices,usinga
checkeredgraphpaperastextureforthegirlsfshnetstockings.
159
from infographics to visual dialects
The Federal
governments
total income
for 2000
is projected to be
$1.9 trillion
Individual
income tax
$899.7 billion
The tax levied on your salary and any other
income you have, such as profits made on
investments or interest earned on savings. Its
a progressive tax, which means that the
higher your income the greater percentage of
it youll pay to the government. Tax rates range
from 15% to 39.6%.
Excise tax
$69.9 billion
Estate and
gift tax
$27.0 billion
Customs duty
$18.4 billion
Miscellaneous
receipts
$42.1 billion
A tax on goods such as tobacco and alcohol.
Estate tax is levied on property at the time
of death. Gift tax is due on large gifts.
Corporate
income tax
$189.4 billion
Social
insurance tax
(FICA)
$636.5 billion
A tax on corporate income.
Rates range from15% to 38%.
The Social Security and Medicare tax, which
is withheld from your salary. The rate is 15%:
half is paid by you and half by your employer.
The self-employed pay the full 15% of their
income themselves.
47.8%
10.1%
33.8%
3.7%
A tax on certain imports coming into the U.S.
Money that may be received from holding accounts, or
rent from government-owned property. In 2000, this also
includes money from tobacco legislation.
Federal
Income
Where does the
governments money
come from?
I would like to electrocute everyone who
uses the word fair in connection with
income tax policies. WILLIAM F. BUCKLEY
Nearly $4 trillion passes through electronic
banking networks every day.
In 1997, the total number of people
employed by the U.S. Federal government
was 4,261,000.
Source: 1999 Budget of the United States
Government (Office of Management
and BudgetOMB)
The weight of the U.S. Budget for fiscal
year 2000: 40 pounds
Are U.S. Government statistics accurate?
According to the Economist, we are
pretty accurate. The magazine has consis-
tently ranked the U.S. sixth or
lower in statistical quality, compared to
other industrialized nations.
Federal income and federal expenses (from: Understanding USA) Nigel Holmes 1999
JustlikeNeurathdidforEuropeandtheworldinhis1930Atlas,thebasicsocialand
economicdataoftheUnitedStatesareexplainedbyvisualmeansinRichardSaulWurmansbook
UnderstandingUSA.Inthisinfographicthethicknessofthelinesrepresentsthepercentual
contributionofvarioussocialsectorstoUncleSamsfederalincome.Thepictogramsillustrate
thedifferentsectors,butnot,asusuallyinisotype,theirshare.
10
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Interest on the
National Debt
$215.2 billion
National
defense
$274.1 billion
International affairs $16.1 billion
Education $63.4 billion
General science, Energy, Environment, and Agriculture $56.1 billion
Transportation $46.4 billion
General government and Administration of Justice $42.0 billion
Medicare
$216.6 billion
From this income,
two kinds of payment
must be made:
Funds to
low-income
earners
$274.6 billion
Social security
$408.6 billion
Health
$152.3 billion
Veterans benefits $44.0 billion
So,
in 2000,
the U.S.
will spend
$1.8
trillion
Mandatory
spending
$1.3
trillion
Discretionary
spending
$0.5
trillion
The governments
income in 2000 is
$1.9 trillion.
Includes federal grants for state
welfare programs, federal low-
income housing programs and
funds for community and regional
development in at-risk areas.
Provides income security to 48
million aged and disabled people.
This is the single largest federal
program, representing over22% of
our entire budget.
Finances and provides health care
services; aids disease prevention;
supports research and training.
The amount paid by the federal
government to service our $5.7 trillion
debt. This is offset by interest collections
from the public and interest received by
government trust funds (such as
Includes conventional forces, atomic
energy defense, and other defense-related
activities. Spending has decreased (in real
terms) for most of the 1990s but will
increase in 2000 to meet challenges of
peace-keeping and terrorism.
Provides universal health
insurance to nearly 40 million
aged and disabled.
%
Includes subsidies to elementary, secondary and higher education, and research.
Includes space flight (NASA:$650 million), high-tech research, and subsidies
Includes grants to states for subways and buses, water and air transport,
Includes salaries of the President, the executive branch, legislators and judges.
But
Payments
to mandatory
entitlement
programs
to farmers and environmental conservation.
and subsidies to AMTRAK.
the Social Security Trust Fund). Net interest
is very sensitive to interest rates and the
amount of debt outstanding. Because rates
are low, interest paid is expected to
decrease about 5% from the 1999 level.
Mandatory spending is
money the government
spends automatically
unless the President and
Congress change the
laws that govern it.
Discretionary spending is money the
President and Congress must decide
how to spend each year.
Discretionary
service payments
leaving about
$115 billion
over what was
taken in as taxes.
This is the
projected surplus.
. . .
1
2
Numbers may not add up due to rounding
Source: 1999 Budget of the United States
Government (OMB)
From time to time youll hear the phrases
on-budget and off-budget. The
law requires that revenues and expenses of
two federal programs, Social Security and
the Postal Service, be excluded from bud-
get totalsin other words they are catego-
rized as off-budget.
In order to to satisfy this legal requirement,
the budget displays on-budget, off-budget,
and unified totals.The unified budget is the
most useful indicator of how much the
government must borrow. Usually the
deficit is reported from the unified
budget. The off-budget deficit looks larger
than the on-budget deficit because Social
Security is running a surplus.
Federal
Expenses
Where does the money go?
The law sets the first Monday in February
as the Presidents deadline for
submitting his proposed budget to
Congress for the next fiscal year.
The U.S. governments scal year begins
on 1 October.
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
www.cbpp.org
The Center is a nonpartisan research group
that analyzes government policies and pro-
grams that primarily affect those in the low
to moderate income range. Their site con-
tains many timely reports.
11
from infographics to visual dialects
World population is over six
billion. The population of the
United States is about four and
a half percent of the total world
population.
Are you Hispanic?
Out of 1,000 U.S. citizens, 110 say
they are of Hispanic origin. That
means they can be any race and
they or their ancestors are from a
Spanish-speaking countryCuba,
Mexico, Puerto Rico, Spain, etc.
Hispanics are included in the big
diagram at left. If they were pulled
out, they would form the multiracial
group below.
United States
Population
Age & Race
Who lives here?
H
is
p
a
n
ic
(a
ll
a
g
e
s
)
6 Black Hispanic
100 White Hispanic
1 Native American
Hispanic
3 Asian
Hispanic
Number of children in the popula-
tion is at a record high at 70 million.
But as a percentage of the popula-
tion, children have dropped from 32
percent in 1980 to 29 percent in 1997.
Meanwhile, the population over age
65 has steadily increased both in
numbers and as a percent of the pop-
ulation, now representing 13 percent
of U.S. citizens.
How many is 270 million people?
There are nearly 270 million people
in the U.S. If you listed all of their
names in a phone book, youd need
614,000 pagesa stack of phone
books almost 75 feet high.
O
v
e
r
6
5
y
e
a
rs
o
ld
1
8
to
6
5
y
e
a
rs
o
ld
U
n
d
e
r
1
8
y
e
a
rs
o
ld
One thousand equals 270 million.
Suppose that the entire population of the
United States is represented by just 1,000
people. If those 1,000 people were divided
in proportion to the entire population, how
would the major demographic
categories compare?
50
25
0
75
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1998
Year
P
e
o
p
l
e
(
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
s
)
Under 18
years old
Under 18
years old
Over 65
years old
New arrivals.
Less than eight percent of Americans were born
outside the U.S.
Deck the halls.
Of the over 192 million households celebrating
Christmas, less than 49 percent celebrate with real
trees and more than 51 percent celebrate with
articial trees.
Music makers.
More than 20 million Americans play the piano,
but only a little more than one million play the
saxophone.
This diagram shows 1,000 people representing
the U.S. population divided into three major
age groups and arranged by race.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Key
Asian or Pacific Islander
38 per 1,000
White
827 per 1,000
Native American
9 per 1,000
Black
126 per 1,000
Income. Current Population Survey.
Census Bureau. U.S.
www.census.gov/hhes/www/income.html
Census Bureau, on a periodic basis, issues
detailed reports that examine all aspects
and income in the United States.
Estimates of Population. Census Bureau.
U.S.
www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/
popest.html
The Population Estimates Program pro-
duces monthly national population
estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic
origin for the United States.
Demographic snapshots - Becoming President (from: Understanding USA)
Reed Agnew, Don Moyer 1999
HowtobecomepresidentoftheUnitedStates?InthisinfographicfromUnderstandingUSA,this
issummarizedinclassicisotypicalmanner,inawaythatatthesametimeprovidesanoverview
andcontainsawealthofdetailsfortheattentivereaderofimages.Note,forinstance,the
mud-throwingbetweensteps20and21,thedistributionofwhiteandblack,andtheonlywoman
appearinginthisimage(step16).
12
lovely language
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
OHIO
PA
Becoming
President
How do you get to the
White House?
8 Eat rubber chicken. Fund-raising dinners
will nourish your campaign. Get out and meet
people. Impress them with your wit and
wisdom. Listen to their concerns.
9 Distinguish yourself from your same-
party opponents. Until you emerge as your
partys chosen candidate, youve got to aunt
your issues. Separate yourself from the herd.
Later you can move to the middle of the road.
10 Win some state primaries to show
your voter appeal. A good showing is vital
to nancial support. The New Hampshire pri-
mary is the rst and the most visible. Its tiny,
but the press loves to cover it. In recent years,
it is rare for a candidate to become president
without rst winning in New Hampshire. In
fact, in the last 40 years only Bill Clinton did
not carry the New Hampshire primary.
11 Cash Uncle Sams check. Candidates
who receive many small contributions from
many people qualify for matching federal
funds. The money keeps coming until you
gain less than 10 percent of the popular vote
in two consecutive primaries and fail to win
20 percent in a subsequent primary.
Presidential Trivia
Of the 42 presidents
19 were born in New York, Ohio,
or Virginia
21 had fathers who were farmers
or planters
1 had a father who was president
1 had a grandfather who was
president
18 had 6 or more brothers
and sisters
13 were the rst-born in
their families
41 were married
1 was divorced
6 were childless
1 had 15 children
One step at a time.
Reaching the White House is a long trip.
It may take years. Basically, youve got to
convince millions of voters that you know
how to run a big, rambunctious country like
the United States.
Source: Larry Elowitz, Introduction to Government, 1992
This list highlights some of the key steps
along the path to the presidency.
1 Raise a few million. To demonstrate that
you have broad national appeal, youve got to
raise at least $5,000 from small contributors
(contributions of $250 or less) in at least 20
different statesthats $100,000 and its the
bare minimum to get started as a candidate.
Youll need every penny.
2 Take a stand that will appeal to both the
public and people who are active in your
political party.
3 Hire some help. Get a handler to make
you look good. Professionals are available to
help you package yourself so that youll have
maximum appeal. Hire a spin-doctor to pack-
age you for the media and help you put the
most positive spin on everything that hap-
pens. Its vital that you seem credible and
attractive to the print and broadcast media.
Special consultants can help.
4 Declare your candidacy early enough
to become a household name before the rst
primary. Some candidates now become visi-
ble more than 15 months before Election Day.
5 Buy opinion polls to nd out what
the public thinks of you, your issues, and
your opponents. Make changes to increase
your appeal.
6 Keep good records. Youve got to be
able to show where all your campaign contri-
butions came from if you expect to receive
matching federal campaign funds. Each can-
didate must turn in periodic reports to the
Federal Election Commission to detail both
income and expenditures.
7 Win in a straw poll. Straw polls are
trial elections that state parties use for fund-
raising and publicity. The results of these
elections dont count, but if you make a good
showing, youll get lots of positive publicity.
The Iowa caucus is typically the rst and
most visible straw poll.
12 Make news. Stage events. Get yourself
on TV nightly. With millions of voters watch-
ing TV, exposure is great for your campaign.
13 Secure your partys endorsement.
Win enough primaries and demonstrate
public support in opinion polls, and youll
have the endorsement locked up before you
get to the national convention.
14 Unify the party. Youll need the support
of your former opponents to nish the race.
Make peace and pull the party together.
15 Craft a viable party platform. Choose
issues that everyone loves and no one hates.
Its harder than it sounds. Be prepared to
make some compromises. Move to the middle
of the road. Politically, Americans are largely
similar. No extreme candidate can win. If you
supported extreme positions to win attention
early in the campaign, its time to shift to a
more moderate position. Make exciting
promises.
16 Choose a running mate who can pull in
extra votes, level out platform imbalances,
and keep feet out of mouth.
17 Escape mainstream media. Find ways
to talk directly to the voters. Appear on MTV
or a talk show to avoid distortion of your ideas
by news commentators or editors.
18 Debate. Demonstrate your ability to think
on your feet and show voters that you are t
to be a president.
19 Get out the vote any way you can.
Stimulate volunteer efforts. Mailings, phone
calls, and ads are expensive. And priceless.
Meet the voters face to face. Do it while the
cameras are rolling.
20 Return favors. Support your partys local
candidates loyally if you expect party support
to keep you aoat. Visit the cities and states
where local elections are close to give your
partys candidates a boost. Help them and
theyll help you.
21 Sling mud but wear Teon. Disparage
your opponents record and values carefully.
Negative campaigning can backre. Be
prepared to counter low blows directed
your way.
22 Target swing states. Dont waste time
in states where youre likely to lose or where
you have a strong lead. Go to the undecided
states where electoral votes are plentiful and
hit hard.
23 Dont stop running until the last vote
is cast. Your ofcial presidential campaign
ends on Election Daythe Tuesday after the
rst Monday in November. Dont plan any
time off until the race is over.
24 Get to work. The race was the easy part.
Now its time to make good on your promises
so that four years from now, you can win the
race all over again.
6 were in their 40s when they
took ofce
26 were in their 50s when they
took ofce
9 were in their 60s when they
took ofce
1 was in his 70s when he
took ofce
8 died in ofce
4 were assassinated
30 were college graduates
27 had military service
26 were lawyers
15 served as vice president
15 served as senators
19 served as representatives
16 served as state governors
13 were Democrats
17 were Republicans
1 was elected for a fourth term
1 was elected for a third term
14 were elected for a second term
9 who succeeded to the presidency
were subsequently elected in
their own right
2 were impeached
1 resigned
Code of Federal Regulations.
Government Printing Ofce.
U.S.
www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/
The Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR) is a codica-
tion of the general and
permanent rules published in
the Federal Register by the
Executive departments and
agencies of the Federal
Government.
13
from infographics to visual dialects
Every year, between
1991 and 2002,
was warmer than
the annual average for
the previous 30 years
0.29
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
0.15
0.19
0.26
0.38
0.24
0.43
0.59
0.34
0.29
0.44
0.57
Global warming
Increase in average annual global
temperature
19912002
compared with average for
19611990
degrees centigrade
Ronne-Filchner Ice Shelf
1998: iceberg broke away
Larsen Ice Shelf
February 1995: iceberg the
size of Luxembourg broke away
March 2002: total collapse of
ice shelf
Wordie Ice Shelf
Since 1966: more than
500 sq miles (1,300 sq km)
of ice shelf has disappeared
Ross Ice Shelf
March 2002: iceberg measuring
4,250 sq miles (11,000 sq km)
broke away
Pine Island Glacier
March 2001: large iceberg
broke away
Antarctic Peninsula
Annual mean temperature
has increased by 2.5C
over 50 years
The Antarctic
Average temperatures
in parts of the Antarctic
are increasing, and this is
believed to have caused partial
or total disintegration of some
ice shelves in recent years.
MALAYSIA
THAILAND
EGYPT
ARGENTINA
INDIA
C H I N A
U S A
INDONESIA
BRAZIL
PAKISTAN
R U S S I A
BANGLADESH
JAPAN
NIGERIA
MEXICO
GERMANY
IRAN
TURKEY
FRANCE
UNITED
KINGDOM
ITALY
UKRAINE
SOUTH
KOREA
SOUTH
AFRICA
COLOMBIA
SPAIN
POLAND
ALGERIA
CANADA
MOROCCO
PERU
UZBEKISTAN
VENEZUELA
NORTH
KOREA
ROMANIA
SAUDI
ARABIA
AUSTRALIA
SY
R
IA
KAZAKHSTAN
NETHERLANDS
C
H
IL
E
ZIMBABWE
CUBA
GREECE
BELGIUM
CZECH
REPUBLIC
BELARUS
P
O
R
TU
G
A
L
HUNGARY
AZER.
AUSTRIA
BULGARIA
SWITZ
Hong Kong
ISRAEL
LIBYA
SLO
DENMARK FINLAND
JORDAN
NORWAY
B-H
SINGAPORE
IRELAND
LEBANON
OMAN
UAE
KUWAIT
EST
QATAR
TURK.
VIETNAM
TAIWAN
PHILIPPINES
SWEDEN
YUGOS.
NEW ZEALAND
TUNISIA
CRO
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
ECUADOR
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
BAHRAIN
REST OF THE WORLD
SLOVENIA
IRAQ
Increasing energy use causes
greater emissions of greenhouse
gases of which the most
important is carbon dioxide (CO2).
The destruction of forests (see
pages 3637) means less CO2 is
absorbed by trees.
If the current increase in
average temperatures continues, it
will cause major climate change,
reducing rainfall in some areas
and increasing it in others. This
will affect natural habitats
worldwide, and will probably lead
to the extinction of many species.
There is also the risk of the Arctic
and Antarctic ice caps melting,
which would cause sea levels to
rise, flooding small islands and
low-lying coastal areas.
The fact that there have always
been large temperature
fluctuations over long time
periods is used by some
governments as an excuse for
inaction.
34 Copyright Myriad Editions Limited 35
World temperatures appear to be rising, but
whether this is a result of the greenhouse
effect remains controversial.
Climate Change
15 and over
10.0 14.9
5.0 9.9
Greenhouse gases
Countries shares of world carbon dioxide
emissions
2000
countries emitting 0.1% or more
of world total
World total: 22.7 billion tonnes a year
Annual emissions of CO2
per person
2000
tonnes
under 5
= 0.1%
= 1%
State of the world Atlas Dan Smith 2003
ThisoverviewusessimilarvisualstatisticalmethodsasNeurathsandArntzsAtlas.The
distortions,whichresultfromrepresentingcountriesaccordingtotheirinfuenceonclimate
changeortheirpopulations,insteadofthewayweareusedto,areinteresting.Althoughin
termsofpopulationsomecountriesaremuchsmallerorbiggerthantheiractualgeographical
size,theoverallformoftheworldmapremainsrecognizableinthisrepresentation.
1
lovely language
words divide, images unite
C.A.R
ARGENTINA
U S A
B R A Z I L NIGERIA
MEXICO
GERMANY
FRANCE
UNITED
KINGDOM
ITALY
COLOMBIA
SPAIN
ALGERIA
CANADA
MOROCCO
PERU
VENEZUELA
G
H
A
N
A
CTE
DIVOIRE
NETHERLANDS
C
H
IL
E
CAMEROON
ECUADOR
MALI
GUATEMALA
NIGER
CUBA
BELGIUM
P
O
R
TU
G
A
L
SENEGAL
TUNISIA
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
CHAD
HAITI
GUIN.
AUSTRIA
SWITZ
HONDURAS
B
E
N
IN
EL SALVADOR
PARAGUAY
LIBYA NICARAGUA
DENMARK
SIERRA LEONE
T O
G
O
COSTA RICA
PUERTO RICO
BAHAMAS
IRELAND
LIBERIA
URUGUAY CONGO
EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
PANAMA
MAURITANIA
JAMAICA
GAMBIA
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
GABON
G-BISSAU
GUYANA
CAPE
VERDE
LUX
GUADELOUPE
SURINAME
MALTA
MARTINIQUE
B-F
BOLIVIA
EGYPT
I N D I A
C H I N A
I N D O N E S I A
PAKISTAN
R U S S I A
B
A
N
G
L
A
D
E
S
H
JAPAN
P
H
IL
IP
P
IN
E
S
IRAN
TURKEY
ETHIOPIA
T
H
A
IL
A
N
D
B
U
R
M
A
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF
CONGO
UKRAINE
SOUTH
KOREA
SOUTH
AFRICA
POLAND
TANZANIA
S
U
D
A
N
KENYA
UZBEKISTAN
UGANDA
I
R
A
Q
NEPAL
A
F
G
H
A
N
IS
TA
N
NORTH
KOREA ROMANIA
SAUDI
ARABIA
YEMEN
AUSTRALIA
SRI LANKA
MOZAMBIQUE
SYRIA
MADAGASCAR
KAZAKHSTAN
ANGOLA
CAMBODIA
ZIMBABWE
ZAM
GREECE
YUGOS.
CZECH
REP.
BELARUS
HUNGARY
SOMALIA
S
W
E
D
E
N
R
A
ZER
.
BULGARIA
Hong Kong
B
ISRAEL
TAJIKISTAN
LAOS
SLO
GEORGIA
JORDAN
FIN
L
A
N
D
KYRGYZSTAN
PAPUA
NEW
GUINEA
CRO
NORWAY
MOL
B-H
SINGAPORE
ERITREA
NEW ZEALAND
ARMENIA
LEB
PALESTINE
AUTH.
ALBANIA
OMAN
U.A.E
MONGOLIA
LAT
LESOTHO
M
KUWAIT
NAMIBIA
BOTSWANA
EST
MAURITIUS
SWAZILAND
FIJI
SOLOMON
ISLANDS
CYPRUS
EAST TIMOR
COMOROS
REUNION
BAHRAIN
DJIBOUTI
QATAR
Macao
BRUNEI
REST OF THE WORLD
MALAWI
TURKMEN.
V
IE
T
N
A
M
BHUTAN
LITH
M
A
L
A
Y
S
IA
S
Every
1.25 seconds
a new baby
is born
in India.
Future populations
Percentage of population
by age-range
2000 and 2050
60 years and over
40 59 years
20 29 years
up to 19 years
The worlds population doubled in
the second half of the 20th
century, passing 6 billion at the
start of the 21st. The rate of
growth has slowed, especially in
the two most populous countries
China and India but on
current trends the total will top
9 billion in 2050, with Africa and
parts of the Middle East growing
fastest.
As population growth slows and
even declines in the richer
countries, the average age rises.
Then, the economically active
must support not only themselves
but a rising number of older
people. The result is a looming
welfare crisis.
26 Copyright Myriad Editions Limited 27
As countries get richer, the population grows
more slowly.
Population
3% increase or more
2% 2.9% increase
1% 1.9% increase
under 1% increase
decrease
Population size
Countries share of world population
Population change
Rate of annual change
2002
= 0.1%
= 0.01%
= 1%
Brazil
7%
17%
32%
44%
4%
13%
28%
55%
20%
26%
29%
25%
8%
18%
35%
39%
18%
27%
29%
26%
16%
26%
29%
29%
6%
17%
31%
46%
2050
28%
27%
24%
21%
2050
20%
26%
27%
27%
2050
20%
26%
27%
27%
2050
8%
20%
33%
39%
2050
35%
24%
23%
18%
2050
32%
25%
23%
20%
2050
26%
23%
25%
26%
2000
Egypt
2000
India
2000
Nigeria
2000
Russia
2000
UK
2000
USA
2000
07 Population CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
15
from infographics to visual dialects
1
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Point of view Edgar Walthert 2007
Aninstallation,whichexposesthemanipulativequalitiesofdiagrams.Fromeveryanglethis
statisticlooksdifferent:seenfromoneangle,redisthedominantcolour,butfromanother
angleblueoranothercolourprevails.Thedataremainthesametheblocksandtheir
respectivepositionsdonotchange,butthewaythisdiagramisreadis,literally,dependent
ontheobserverspointofview.Agraphiclessonindistrustingseeminglyobjectivedata.
17
from infographics to visual dialects
User manuals (from: Open Here) Paul Mijksenaar, Piet Westendorp 1999
Usermanualsandexplodedviewsareanunderestimatedbutimportantcategoryofinformation
design.ThebookOpenHereshowshowitsdone,andwhereitoftengoeswrong.Whatcountsis
thebalanceofabstractionandrecognisability,thecomposition,thedesignandplacementof
symbolsandtypography,theorchestrationoflines,arrowsandothervisualconnections,and
aboveallthelogicalorganizationofstepsinaneffcientlay-out.Issues,whichhavebeen
studiedalreadybyNeurathandArntz,andwhichstilldeterminewhetheramanualworksor
merelydeepenstheusersfrustration.
1
lovely language
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19
from infographics to visual dialects
170
lovely language
words divide, images unite
171
from infographics to visual dialects
1 2
4
3
5
172
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Newspaper infographics
Howdopeoplebestreceiveinformation?and:Howdowesellnewspapers?USATodaysart
directorSamWardansweredtobothquestions:Infographics.Thesecontemporarysuccessors
totheoldvisualstatisticssummarizethenewsinnewspapersandmagazinesinanattractive
andvisualway.TheinfuenceofIsotypeisapparent,butoneoftenalsonotesthattheartists
arebetterversedindrawingadramaticimagethaninthecorrecttranslationofdataintoits
symbolicrepresentation.Compareandcontrast,forinstance,theinfographicsoftheAmsterdam
plaincrashin1992.Essentialinthechainofeventsleadinguptothedisasteristhatthe
crippledplanehadtomakeanextraturnoverAmsterdambeforeitwasclearedtoland.Itwas
aturntoomany.Thecentralimageontheleftgivesthemostaccurateaccount.Forreasonsof
aesthetics,lazinessorignorance,someothergraphicsonlydepictoneturn,andinonecase
theTurkishnewspaper,topleftcompletelymisrepresenttheevent.
1 Trkiye 10.07.1992
2 De Volkskrant 10.06.1992
3 Rotterdams Dagblad 10.05.1992
4 NRCHandelsblad 01.21.1999
5 De Telegraaf 10.05.1992
6 El Pais 10.06.1992
7 Algemeen Dagblad 10.06.1992
8 De Courant 10.06.1992
6 7
8
173
from infographics to visual dialects
17
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Pictograms
Pictograms are the words of a visual language. Neurath and Arntz were
among the frst to understand that, in the right context, an abstracted
image is easier to read than a row of words. Today, pictograms can be seen
everywhere there are people with too little time or attention for reading
lengthy texts, or where various languages are spoken - in airports, at
international events such as the Olympic Games, or on packages.
Neurath and Arntz are pioneers in developing concise pictograms for basic
concepts, but their work has been greatly expanded by other designers.
Apart from designers like Henry Dreyfuss, who have given erudite
overviews of existing symbols and who perfected them or added to them,
many designers have given new directions by tackling limited assignments
in depth. Otl Aicher is one of them: with his set of pictograms devoted to
the Olympic sports, he set a standard for designing pictograms for man
in action in general. And the set of pictograms which was developed by
the AIGA for use in public transportation has become a gauging point for
designing pictograms in public space.
Another pioneering area was that of the graphic user interface, which
needs pictograms to indicate functions and properties of computer
applications and digital objects. Susan Kare was a pioneer here, who
designed many of the pictograms that we now consider integral parts of
the natural environment of the computer.
As with any language, one has to learn how to read and write pictograms.
But with the growing spread of pictograms in every thinkable visual
communication environment, designers can increasingly rely on
the ability of users to recognize and understand them. And they are
increasingly making their own versions of them - spawning pictographic
styles and dialects. While some take the abstraction, inherent in
pictogram design, to a more decorative level, others return to a more
realistic approach towards depicting the human fgure. Corporeal human
silhouettes as in pictograms by Gert Dumbar or Ruedi Baur indicate that
designers take a step back from the technologically inspired aesthetics
of their predecessors. And that they feel free to interpret the models that
have been frmly established by now.
175
from infographics to visual dialects
Olympic Games Munich Otl Aicher 1972
Sincetheirpublication,Aicherspictogramsareseenasstandardreference,notonlyin
thefeldofsports,butfordesigningpictogramsingeneral.Hiscombinationsoflinesand
volumeswithinagridwhichallowshorizontal,verticalanddiagonallines,remindsofArntzs
abstraction,butalsoofthemethodthatHenryBeckdevelopedinthe1930sformappingthe
LondonUnderground.
17
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177
from infographics to visual dialects
Left: Olympic Games Munich Otl Aicher 1972
Right: Olympic Games Barcelona Josep Maria Trias 1992
AcomparisonbetweenOtlAichersandJosepMariaTriasssymbolsforwrestlingshowsthat
TriasisclearlyinspiredbythestructureofAichersexample,butthathisinterpretation
ismuchmoredramaticanddecorativethantheGermandesignersradicalreductionism.Triass
almostcalligraphicbrushstrokesmakethefgurelooklikeaChinesecharacterratherthana
pictogram.Perhapswecanrecognizethesesymbolsonlybecausewehavebecomesofamiliarwith
theirmodel,Aicherspictogramsofabstractedpeopleinaction.
17
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179
from infographics to visual dialects
Left: Olympic Games Munich Otl Aicher 1972
Right: Olympic Games Mexico Lance Wyman 1968
Twowaysofsymbolizingasportsgenre:bythetypicalpostureofthesportsperson,asAicher
did,orbytheirtypicalattribute,inthiscasetheboxinggloveinWymansOlympicseries.
Aichersapproachhasbeenadoptedmorewidely,becauseitdoesnthavetocompromiseitselfin
caseasporthasnocharacteristictoollikeaball.What,forinstance,wouldbetheattribute
ofswimmers,orrunners?
10
lovely language
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11
from infographics to visual dialects
Passenger symbols for public space AIGA (Roger Cook, Don Shanovski) 1974/1979
ByinvitationoftheU.S.DepartmentofTransportation,theAmericangraphicdesigners
associationAIGAdevelopedasetof50generallyusedpictograms.Theideawastosetan
internationalstandard,andtherebyavoidconfusion.Thesetservesasgaugingpointfor
designerswhentheymaketheirownpictograms,whichthusspeakthesamelanguage,even
iftheyvaryindetailing,colourandstyle.
12
lovely language
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13
from infographics to visual dialects
Stairs
Baggage drop-off
Arrivals hall
Public transport
information
Airport Business
Point
Information
No passport
control
Lift
Baggage service Baggage trolleys
Nothing
to declare
Cash & change
EU
Mail box /
Postal services
Baby care
Baggage storage Baggage lockers
Showers
Airport Goods
to declare
Customs
Departures
Passport control Baggage belt(s) Odd size baggage
Transfer
No dogs
Hotel
Baby changing
One piece of hand
baggage only
Place coat in
basket
Place laptop in
basket separately
Place fluids in
basket separately
Coins etc. in
basket
Postal services
& telephone
Panorama-
terrace
Buses Taxi
Toilets Gentlemen Ladies Toilets
Telephone
Information Offices
No food
Mobile & portable
rental
Baby room Baggage control
Food / Coffeebar Restaurants Bars Porter
No entrance
Dangerous
goods
Metal objects
Walk way
Yellow (operational) Grey (instructions, staff and crews)
First aid
Bars & restaurants
Meeting point
Baggage storage & lockers
Lost and found
Hotel
information
Hotel
reservation
Cash machine
Group meeting room
Conference room
Info-finder
Arrivals Departures
Parking 1
Parking 2
Extra pictograms
Meditation
Offices
Video surveillance
No smoking
Basket for keys,
coins etc.
Place baggage
flat on belt
Airline lounge(s)
Casino
Baggage trolleys
Disabled
(passage)
Train HST
Self-service
check-in
Arrivals hall /
Exit
Sightseeing tour
Communication
centre
Blue (commercial)
Toilet
Check-in
Shops /
Shopping centre
Lift
Walkway ends
Shopping centre & restaurants
Toilet & baby changing Disabled
assistance
Disabled (wheelchairs)
No baggage trolleys
Baggage trolleys
instruction
Disabled
(wheelchairs)
Parking 1 Parking 2 Parking 3
Parking 57
Parking 7
Parking 30 Parking 9
Baggage pick-up Baggage drop-off
Parking 40
Heavy baggage
Car Bus Taxi
Highway
Bus stop
Car rental Heavy traffic
Commercial area Hotel Walk way
Gas station
with LPG
Parking Parking garage
Parking 3
A4 highway A9 highway
Lounge(s) /
Holland Boulevard
Top Level
Smoking area
Massage
No baggage trolleys
Childrens corner
Lift
Lift
Comfort seats
Train tickets
Tax & VAT refund
Shopping centre & Food /
Coffee Bar
Ticket desk
Disabled
Car rental
Trains
Please help us mind
your valuables
Unaccompanied
baggage reclaim
Parking
Hotel shuttle Buses and hotel shuttle
Arrivals and
departures
Holland Tourist
Information
Bars & restaurants
No mobile phone
Ramp up
Ramp down
Leave baggage
behind
Transfer Air-Rail
Parking pay terminals
Foot shower
non-EU No mobiles,
please
Pay attention
Museum
No sharp objects No wheelchairs No heavy baggage No baggage over 40 kg
Hamburger French fries Ice cream
Communication Zone
Monitor
clusterstrolleys
Self-service
helpdesk
Seal & go Prints digital
photos
Passport
Selfscan
Worldwide
Baggage Service
Hearing aid
telecoil
Business cards Photocopy ID Photo
Take your
number here
Wheel clamp
WiFi ZONE
No drinking water
Welcome intercom
A-company
eventdesk
Conference
centre
No photography No food No sleeping
Place shoes
Blue (roads) Anthracite (facilities)
1
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Stairs
Baggage drop-off
Arrivals hall
Public transport
information
Airport Business
Point
Information
No passport
control
Lift
Baggage service Baggage trolleys
Nothing
to declare
Cash & change
EU
Mail box /
Postal services
Baby care
Baggage storage Baggage lockers
Showers
Airport Goods
to declare
Customs
Departures
Passport control Baggage belt(s) Odd size baggage
Transfer
No dogs
Hotel
Baby changing
One piece of hand
baggage only
Place coat in
basket
Place laptop in
basket separately
Place fluids in
basket separately
Coins etc. in
basket
Postal services
& telephone
Panorama-
terrace
Buses Taxi
Toilets Gentlemen Ladies Toilets
Telephone
Information Offices
No food
Mobile & portable
rental
Baby room Baggage control
Food / Coffeebar Restaurants Bars Porter
No entrance
Dangerous
goods
Metal objects
Walk way
Yellow (operational) Grey (instructions, staff and crews)
First aid
Bars & restaurants
Meeting point
Baggage storage & lockers
Lost and found
Hotel
information
Hotel
reservation
Cash machine
Group meeting room
Conference room
Info-finder
Arrivals Departures
Parking 1
Parking 2
Extra pictograms
Meditation
Offices
Video surveillance
No smoking
Basket for keys,
coins etc.
Place baggage
flat on belt
Airline lounge(s)
Casino
Baggage trolleys
Disabled
(passage)
Train HST
Self-service
check-in
Arrivals hall /
Exit
Sightseeing tour
Communication
centre
Blue (commercial)
Toilet
Check-in
Shops /
Shopping centre
Lift
Walkway ends
Shopping centre & restaurants
Toilet & baby changing Disabled
assistance
Disabled (wheelchairs)
No baggage trolleys
Baggage trolleys
instruction
Disabled
(wheelchairs)
Parking 1 Parking 2 Parking 3
Parking 57
Parking 7
Parking 30 Parking 9
Baggage pick-up Baggage drop-off
Parking 40
Heavy baggage
Car Bus Taxi
Highway
Bus stop
Car rental Heavy traffic
Commercial area Hotel Walk way
Gas station
with LPG
Parking Parking garage
Parking 3
A4 highway A9 highway
Lounge(s) /
Holland Boulevard
Top Level
Smoking area
Massage
No baggage trolleys
Childrens corner
Lift
Lift
Comfort seats
Train tickets
Tax & VAT refund
Shopping centre & Food /
Coffee Bar
Ticket desk
Disabled
Car rental
Trains
Please help us mind
your valuables
Unaccompanied
baggage reclaim
Parking
Hotel shuttle Buses and hotel shuttle
Arrivals and
departures
Holland Tourist
Information
Bars & restaurants
No mobile phone
Ramp up
Ramp down
Leave baggage
behind
Transfer Air-Rail
Parking pay terminals
Foot shower
non-EU No mobiles,
please
Pay attention
Museum
No sharp objects No wheelchairs No heavy baggage No baggage over 40 kg
Hamburger French fries Ice cream
Communication Zone
Monitor
clusterstrolleys
Self-service
helpdesk
Seal & go Prints digital
photos
Passport
Selfscan
Worldwide
Baggage Service
Hearing aid
telecoil
Business cards Photocopy ID Photo
Take your
number here
Wheel clamp
WiFi ZONE
No drinking water
Welcome intercom
A-company
eventdesk
Conference
centre
No photography No food No sleeping
Place shoes
Blue (roads) Anthracite (facilities)
Schiphol Airport Bureau Mijksenaar 1991/2001
BureauMijksenaarswayfndingforthevastandcomplexspacesofAmsterdamSchipholAirport
isinternationallyacknowledgedasbeingexemplary.Together,thecleartypography,thecolour
codes,thedesignoftheilluminatedsignsandtheirplacementformasystem,whichbrings
orderintochaosfortravellers.Mijksenaarsdesign,editinganddetailingofvariationsof
well-knownpictogramsmakethemseamlesslyftintothesystem.
15
from infographics to visual dialects
Stairs
Baggage drop-off
Arrivals hall
Public transport
information
Airport Business
Point
Information
No passport
control
Lift
Baggage service Baggage trolleys
Nothing
to declare
Cash & change
EU
Mail box /
Postal services
Baby care
Baggage storage Baggage lockers
Showers
Airport Goods
to declare
Customs
Departures
Passport control Baggage belt(s) Odd size baggage
Transfer
No dogs
Hotel
Baby changing
One piece of hand
baggage only
Place coat in
basket
Place laptop in
basket separately
Place fluids in
basket separately
Coins etc. in
basket
Postal services
& telephone
Panorama-
terrace
Buses Taxi
Toilets Gentlemen Ladies Toilets
Telephone
Information Offices
No food
Mobile & portable
rental
Baby room Baggage control
Food / Coffeebar Restaurants Bars Porter
No entrance
Dangerous
goods
Metal objects
Walk way
Yellow (operational) Grey (instructions, staff and crews)
First aid
Bars & restaurants
Meeting point
Baggage storage & lockers
Lost and found
Hotel
information
Hotel
reservation
Cash machine
Group meeting room
Conference room
Info-finder
Arrivals Departures
Parking 1
Parking 2
Extra pictograms
Meditation
Offices
Video surveillance
No smoking
Basket for keys,
coins etc.
Place baggage
flat on belt
Airline lounge(s)
Casino
Baggage trolleys
Disabled
(passage)
Train HST
Self-service
check-in
Arrivals hall /
Exit
Sightseeing tour
Communication
centre
Blue (commercial)
Toilet
Check-in
Shops /
Shopping centre
Lift
Walkway ends
Shopping centre & restaurants
Toilet & baby changing Disabled
assistance
Disabled (wheelchairs)
No baggage trolleys
Baggage trolleys
instruction
Disabled
(wheelchairs)
Parking 1 Parking 2 Parking 3
Parking 57
Parking 7
Parking 30 Parking 9
Baggage pick-up Baggage drop-off
Parking 40
Heavy baggage
Car Bus Taxi
Highway
Bus stop
Car rental Heavy traffic
Commercial area Hotel Walk way
Gas station
with LPG
Parking Parking garage
Parking 3
A4 highway A9 highway
Lounge(s) /
Holland Boulevard
Top Level
Smoking area
Massage
No baggage trolleys
Childrens corner
Lift
Lift
Comfort seats
Train tickets
Tax & VAT refund
Shopping centre & Food /
Coffee Bar
Ticket desk
Disabled
Car rental
Trains
Please help us mind
your valuables
Unaccompanied
baggage reclaim
Parking
Hotel shuttle Buses and hotel shuttle
Arrivals and
departures
Holland Tourist
Information
Bars & restaurants
No mobile phone
Ramp up
Ramp down
Leave baggage
behind
Transfer Air-Rail
Parking pay terminals
Foot shower
non-EU No mobiles,
please
Pay attention
Museum
No sharp objects No wheelchairs No heavy baggage No baggage over 40 kg
Hamburger French fries Ice cream
Communication Zone
Monitor
clusterstrolleys
Self-service
helpdesk
Seal & go Prints digital
photos
Passport
Selfscan
Worldwide
Baggage Service
Hearing aid
telecoil
Business cards Photocopy ID Photo
Take your
number here
Wheel clamp
WiFi ZONE
No drinking water
Welcome intercom
A-company
eventdesk
Conference
centre
No photography No food No sleeping
Place shoes
Blue (roads) Anthracite (facilities)
1
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Stairs
Baggage drop-off
Arrivals hall
Public transport
information
Airport Business
Point
Information
No passport
control
Lift
Baggage service Baggage trolleys
Nothing
to declare
Cash & change
EU
Mail box /
Postal services
Baby care
Baggage storage Baggage lockers
Showers
Airport Goods
to declare
Customs
Departures
Passport control Baggage belt(s) Odd size baggage
Transfer
No dogs
Hotel
Baby changing
One piece of hand
baggage only
Place coat in
basket
Place laptop in
basket separately
Place fluids in
basket separately
Coins etc. in
basket
Postal services
& telephone
Panorama-
terrace
Buses Taxi
Toilets Gentlemen Ladies Toilets
Telephone
Information Offices
No food
Mobile & portable
rental
Baby room Baggage control
Food / Coffeebar Restaurants Bars Porter
No entrance
Dangerous
goods
Metal objects
Walk way
Yellow (operational) Grey (instructions, staff and crews)
First aid
Bars & restaurants
Meeting point
Baggage storage & lockers
Lost and found
Hotel
information
Hotel
reservation
Cash machine
Group meeting room
Conference room
Info-finder
Arrivals Departures
Parking 1
Parking 2
Extra pictograms
Meditation
Offices
Video surveillance
No smoking
Basket for keys,
coins etc.
Place baggage
flat on belt
Airline lounge(s)
Casino
Baggage trolleys
Disabled
(passage)
Train HST
Self-service
check-in
Arrivals hall /
Exit
Sightseeing tour
Communication
centre
Blue (commercial)
Toilet
Check-in
Shops /
Shopping centre
Lift
Walkway ends
Shopping centre & restaurants
Toilet & baby changing Disabled
assistance
Disabled (wheelchairs)
No baggage trolleys
Baggage trolleys
instruction
Disabled
(wheelchairs)
Parking 1 Parking 2 Parking 3
Parking 57
Parking 7
Parking 30 Parking 9
Baggage pick-up Baggage drop-off
Parking 40
Heavy baggage
Car Bus Taxi
Highway
Bus stop
Car rental Heavy traffic
Commercial area Hotel Walk way
Gas station
with LPG
Parking Parking garage
Parking 3
A4 highway A9 highway
Lounge(s) /
Holland Boulevard
Top Level
Smoking area
Massage
No baggage trolleys
Childrens corner
Lift
Lift
Comfort seats
Train tickets
Tax & VAT refund
Shopping centre & Food /
Coffee Bar
Ticket desk
Disabled
Car rental
Trains
Please help us mind
your valuables
Unaccompanied
baggage reclaim
Parking
Hotel shuttle Buses and hotel shuttle
Arrivals and
departures
Holland Tourist
Information
Bars & restaurants
No mobile phone
Ramp up
Ramp down
Leave baggage
behind
Transfer Air-Rail
Parking pay terminals
Foot shower
non-EU No mobiles,
please
Pay attention
Museum
No sharp objects No wheelchairs No heavy baggage No baggage over 40 kg
Hamburger French fries Ice cream
Communication Zone
Monitor
clusterstrolleys
Self-service
helpdesk
Seal & go Prints digital
photos
Passport
Selfscan
Worldwide
Baggage Service
Hearing aid
telecoil
Business cards Photocopy ID Photo
Take your
number here
Wheel clamp
WiFi ZONE
No drinking water
Welcome intercom
A-company
eventdesk
Conference
centre
No photography No food No sleeping
Place shoes
Blue (roads) Anthracite (facilities)
17
from infographics to visual dialects
Itwasoncethoughtthatvisual
languagecoulddevelopintoaformof
visualEsperanto.Wehavenowarrived
atapointwherevisuallanguageis
nolongerasubstituteforverbal
language,buthasbecomeashorthand
forthosewhoarefamiliarwithit,
whouseitwhenthereisnotimeor
spaceforreading.
PaulMijksenaar,2002
Dsseldorf Airport MetaDesign / Erik Spiekermann 1996
AfteramajorfreinApril1996,DsseldorfAirportconcludedthatthe17deadand150injured
causedbythedisasterwereinparttoblametothebadsignagetoemergencyexits.MetaDesign
reorganizedthewayfnding,routingandhousestyle.Therounded-offformsofSpiekermannsFF
Infofontarethereferenceforthesetofpictograms,whichharksbacktoAichersOlympic
pictograms.Inthisway,theiconsandtextsjointogetherrecognizably.
190
lovely language
words divide, images unite
191
from infographics to visual dialects
Kln-Bonn Airport Intgral Ruedi Baur & Associs 2003
SoSimplewasthedesignersmottofordevelopingthesignageforthisairport,which
specializesincheapandtransitfights.Cheerfulcoloursandeasy-goingroundedpictograms,
togetherwiththefontSimpleKlnBonn(design:Norm,Zrich),formafexiblehousestylewhich
wantstoimparteaseandholidayfun.Remarkablearethepeopleintheseotherwiseroundand
abstractpictograms:almostcorporealcontours.
192
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193
from infographics to visual dialects
illustratie 2.3
Dutch Railway Company Bureau Mijksenaar 1999
SincetheDutchRailwaysareacompanymainlyoperatingintheNetherlands,
wordscanbeusedmorefreelyinthewayfndingforDutchrailwaystationsthanin
pictogramsforinternationalenvironmentssuchasairports.Themaincolouristhat
ofthecompanyandthedetailingftstheoverallhousestyle.
19
lovely language
words divide, images unite
illustratie 2.3
195
from infographics to visual dialects
1 Dsseldorf Airport Erik Spiekermann 1996
2 Schiphol Airport Bureau Mijksenaar 1991/2001
3 Kln-Bonn Airport Ruedi Baur 2003
Public space AIGA 1974/1979
5 Dutch Railway Company Bureau Mijksenaar 1999
19
lovely language
words divide, images unite
1 2
3 4
5
Variationsonanarchetype.Edgyor
rounded-off,abstractorcorporeal,
theuniversalpictogramsformaleand
femaleremainstructurallythesame
infourofthesigns.OnlyMijksenaar,
inasignfortheDutchRailways,
usesapurelytypographicversion,
theabbreviationfortheEnglishword
watercloset,thetermusedinmost
Europeancountries,translatedinDutch
-andEnglish-astoilet.
197
from infographics to visual dialects
Thestronglinesoftheoffcersbelt
accentuateauthorityinallbutoneof
thepictograms.There,inthedesignof
RuediBaur,therealisticsilhouetteof
thecustomsoffcerbecomesasfriendly
asthatofapostman,carryingasoftly
roundedenvelope.
1 2
3 4
5
19
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Themajorityfollowthestandardtop-
view,butMijksenaarintroducesinhis
pictogramforSchipholaslightformof
perspectiveincombiningtop-andside
viewsoftheplane,showingboththe
wingsandthetailfn.Baurgoeseven
further,andreliesontheabilityof
airpassengerstoreadperspectiveand
notmistakehispictogramforthatofa
machinewithtwotailfnsandnowings.
1 2
3 4
5
199
from infographics to visual dialects
Icons for the Macintosh Apple Computer Susan Kare 1983-1986
ArthistorianSusanKaredevelopedtheiconsforthenewgraphicuserinterfaceoftheApple
Macintoshcomputer,whichwaslaunchedin1984.Hersymbolshavemeanwhilebecomesofamiliar,
usedandimitated,thatfewrealiseanymorehowinnovativethese30x30pixelmasterpieces
oncewere.AscomputericonographerKarehasalsodesignediconsforWindows,IBMandother
companies,settingthestandardforicondesign.
200
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words divide, images unite
201
from infographics to visual dialects
Pictograms for Gorenje washing machine Silvija Cerne 2004
Becausemoreandmorehouseholdappliancesworkwithcomputer-controlledoperation,moreand
moreappliancesfeaturegraphicuserinterfacesandpictograms.ForSlovenianfrmGorenjes
touchscreenwashingmachineinterfaces,SilvijaCernedesignedanewsetofpictograms.They
areinpartbasedonstandardtextilesymbols,partlyvariationsoficonsfromotherfelds
(play/pause),andpartlynewdesignsaltogether.
202
lovely language
words divide, images unite
203
from infographics to visual dialects
Westeinde Hospital, The Hague Studio Dumbar 1980
Despitetheirhighdegreeofabstraction,thissetofpictogramsisslightlymoreillustrative
thanusual.Thatistheconsequenceofthechoicetoreferinalmosteverysymboltothe
outlineofthehumanbody,orhead,andthusnottoisolatetheheart,thelungs,etcetera.
Withthehospitalsconsent,Dumbarspictogramshavebeenofferedfreelyfornon-commercial
applications,andareusedthroughouttheworld.
20
lovely language
words divide, images unite
205
from infographics to visual dialects
20
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Gert and Derk Dumbar have designed a basic set of pictograms to be
used in areas, where aid organizations provide basic relief to refugees
and victims of natural or man-made disasters. Smooth communication is
essential in such areas and under such conditions, and at the same time
very hard to achieve. Helpers and the people they have come to assist
may not speak the same language, people in remote areas may not be
able to read, and displaced people are often quite distracted as well. The
pictograms presented here are a research project, aimed at developing a
basic set of pictograms that can be understood regardless of language,
culture or education, to be used by relief agencies wherever there is a
need to quickly organize an infrastructure for receiving and directing large
masses of people seeking refuge.
A Safe Place
Pictograms for disaster areas
Gert and Derk Dumbar, 2007
207
from infographics to visual dialects
20
lovely language
words divide, images unite
209
from infographics to visual dialects
210
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Visual language
In our times, the visual culture of abstracted images, pictograms, logos
and stylized brand typographies has grown into a visual language, which
can be understood world-wide. When Milton Glazer designed the now
famous I NY logo in 1973, he was acknowledging this fact; that one can
write in pictographic symbols like one writes verbal language. Since then,
a globe-spanning culture has grown that combines letters and pictorial
symbols in verbal-visual words. The enormous spread of emoticons and
other more or less pictorial abbreviations in SMS and online messages
is stimulated by technologies that provide both designers and non-
professionals with ever more sophisticated means to combine and
manipulate scanned images and a plethora of different fonts, dingbats
and small typographic and pictographic animations. The streets of any
major city in the world have changed from architectural spaces into four-
dimensional verbal-visual texts.
With this global dissemination, there also emerge local dialects, which
can hardly be understood outside their own context. Beyond the local
variations of, for instance, internationally standardized signs such
as the umbrella symbol that warns to keep packages dry, pictograms
and symbols are being varied and interpreted in order to communicate
personal messages in stead of objective information. Pippo Lionnis
variations on the arch-pictogram for man are a case in point. His version
of the biblical story of the creation of man and the universe consists of a
mere dozen of symbols. It not only summarizes the story quite accurately,
but adds a rather deeply philosophical level to it by depicting man as
pondering himself in the context of the cosmos. One could argue whether
Lionni states that man created himself in other words, formulated
his own vision of the world , or more orthodox, that he resembles God.
But regardless of the interpretation, it is striking how much conceptual
content is acutely suggested by so few symbols.
Obviously, for someone not familiar with Christian mythology and
symbolics, Lionnis concise visual essay will be considerably less
meaningful. This said, should we conclude that we are back where we
211
from infographics to visual dialects
began, in a new Babel, this time with images that we can misunderstand?
Visual language, once designed by idealist modernists for universal
objective communication, is increasingly used to formulate subjective
opinions or to write visual poetry. Globalization the result of modernist
production methods is confronted with cultural boundaries. Still,
the growing idiosyncrasy in visual dialects is also a sign of a grown-up
language, in which one can express things which not everyone can or
wants to understand.
212
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Creation Pippo Lionni 2002
213
from infographics to visual dialects
London
Tokyo
The Street Lars Arrhenius 2004(animationflm)
Ananimation,presentingapictographicversionofeverydayevents.Arrheniuseyeforthe
smallabsurditiesofWesternpost-industrialcivilizationisakintoJacquesTatiscinema.In
Arrheniusanimationssoundplaysanimportantroletoo.Thecharactersinthismoviebehave
likethepictogramsthatrepresentthem:inatwo-dimensionalway,followingtheirdaily
routineswitharemarkablecivilobedience.
21
lovely language
words divide, images unite
217
from infographics to visual dialects
Corporate alphabet Koert van Mensvoort, Arnoud van den Heuvel 2007
Analphabetconsistingoflettersfromwell-knownlogos,whichwerecognizeaspartofour
visualcultureataglance.Thatwecanunderstandandexplainalloftheseimagesisamiracle
intheeyesofthemakersofthisalphabet.Ourbrainsareflledwithanunfathomableamount
ofimages,whichwecanassociatewitheachotherorwithabstractconceptstoacquirenew
meaning.MansvisualpotentialisaCabinetofCuriositiesinourheads.
21
lovely language
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219
from infographics to visual dialects
Left: Public information sign for toilet India unknown designer and year
Right: Public information sign for toilet USA AIGA 1974
Thepictogramformanismeantasaneutralsign;itliterallydepictsamanwithoutproperties,
withoutidentifyingdetails.Youcouldalsodescribehimasnotawoman,becausethisishowhe
ismostoftenused,asindicationonthedoorofthemensroom.Somepeoplehaveaproblemwith
thislackofdetailing:themanisnaked.InSikhcultureinIndiaeverymanwearsaturbanand
aloincloth.Depictedinthisway,inthiscultureheisagainaneutralsymbol.
220
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Label people Mieke Gerritzen 2000
Fashionlabelsareasafetyskin,existentialclothinginwhichattitudebecomescultural
identity.Gerritzenchargedtheneutralsymbolsformanandwomanintobrandedpeople,who
borrowtheiridentityfromtheirclothesashieldagainstinsecurityanddoubt.Theuniversal
symbolsformanandwomanbecomespecifcbythebrandstheyarewearing.
221
from infographics to visual dialects
Love story Pippo Lionni 2002
Withnomorethanthesimplestofpictograms,whichhevariesandarrangesintosmallvisual
essays,designerLionnicommentsontheworldandthefactsoflife,ashetitleshisbooks.
Inthisvisualstory,weseehowtwoloversthinkpassedeachotherand,wheninsightstrikes,
canfallofftheirchairinsurprise.
222
lovely language
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Mindless Pippo Lionni 2002
Thetitleofthispictogram,whichtellsacrystalclearstorywithatinyvariationofthe
well-knowniconman,isactuallysuperfuous.
223
from infographics to visual dialects
Poppi font Martin Friedl 2003
DuringavisittoEgyptFriedlsawancienthieroglyphsintheiroriginalsetting.Healso
witnessedhowdiffcultitwastocommunicatewithlocalswithoutacommonalphabet.This
dualexperienceledtheyoungdesignertoanisotypicalproject:todevelopacomprehensive
imagebasedlanguageencompassingallareasofeverydaylife,allowingforcommunicationbeyond
linguisticbarriers.
22
lovely language
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Race signs Chaz Maviyane-Davies 2000
Theuniversallyrecognizabletoiletmanacquiresaquitedifferentmeaninginthis
illustrationforaSouthAfricanmagazinebytheadditionoftwovisualelementsfromChristian
iconography.Nowitnotonlystatesthatblackandwhiteareseparated,butalsothatoneis
thedevilandtheotherasaint.Inthisway,thedesignerchangesneutralinformationintoa
chargedimageofracialprejudicefromawhiteperspective.
225
from infographics to visual dialects
In the beginning God created heaven and earth.
Am Anfung schuf Gott Himmel und Erde.
Au commencement, Dieu cra les cieux et la terre.
Nel principio Dio cre i cieli e la terra.
En el principio cre Dios los Cielos y la tierra.
And the earth was without form and void
Und die Erde war wst und leer,
Or la terre tait vide et vague,
La terra era informe e vuota,
Y la tierra estaba desordenada y vacia
and the deep was covered in darkness
und es war fnster in der Tiefe,
les tnbres couvraient labme
le tenebre coprivano la faccia dellabisso
y las tinieblas estaban sobre la faz del abismo
and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters.
und der Geist Gottes schwebte auf dem Wasser.
un vent de Dieu tournoyait sur les eaux.
e lo Spirito di Dio aleggiava sulla superfcie delle acque.
y el Espritu de Dios fotaba sobre la faz de las aguas.
And God said, Let there be light,
Und Gott sprach: Es werde Licht.
Dieu dit: Que la lumire soit.
Dio disse: Sia luce!
Y dijo Dios: Sea la luz;
and there was light.
Und es ward Licht.
Et la lumire fut.
E luce fu.
y fue la luz.
The Creation
Die Schpfung
La cration
La creazione
La creacin
22
lovely language
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Genesis Juli Gudehus 1997(frstandlastpage)
ThestoryofcreationfromthefrstbookoftheBible
translatedinfvelanguagesandinpictograms.Gudehusused
internationallyrecognizablepictograms,butalsowell-known
commerciallogostorenderforaandfauna.Withthat,her
pictographicalbibletranslationbecomesawittycultural
critiqueaswell:theanimalsandplantsfrombrandlogosare
asnaturaltousasGodscreation.
227
from infographics to visual dialects
And after the evening and morning there came the ffth day.
Da ward aus Abend und Morgen der fnfte Tag.
Il y eut un soir et il y eut un matin: cinquime jour.
Fu sera, poi fu mattina: quinto giorno.
Y fue la tarde y la maana el dia quinto.
And God said, Let the land produce living creatures.
Und Gott sprach: Die Erde bringe hervor lebendiges Getier.
Dieu dit: Que la terre produise des tres vivants.
Poi Dio disse: Produca la terra animali viventi.
Luego dijo Dios: Produzca la tierra seres vivientes.
And it was so.
Und es geschah so.
Et it en fut ainsi.
E cosi fu.
Y fue asi.
God made the wild animals,
Und Gott machte die Tiere des Feldes
Dieu ft les btes sauvages selon leur espce,
Dio fece gli animali selvatici della terra,
E hizo Dios animales de la tierra
the livestock and all the creatures that move along the ground according to their kinds.
und das Vieh und alles Gewrm, ein jedes nach seiner Art.
les bestiaux selon leur espce et toutes les bestioles du sol selon leur espce.
il bestiame e tutti i rettili della terra secondo le loro specie.
y ganado y todo animal que se arrastra sobre la tierra segn su especie.
And God saw that it was good.
Und Gott sah, dass es gut war.
Et Dieu vit que cela tait bon.
Dio vide che questo era buono.
Y vio Dios que era bueno.
22
lovely language
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229
from infographics to visual dialects
When thE worLd was siMplER
tHan toDAy, Quoting soMe-
body meanT paYing Homage.
now, fOr REASOnS WHicH
keeP AMazing me, iT Becomes
VIoLatiNG woRds. Its aS iF
lEtters Are ExErting maGic
aGAiN, Just lIKE PhOtOs onCe
diD, wHEn SeIZing THEm
Was equal to ThieviNG SOULS.
Max Bruinsma, 2005. Font: Capitalis Pirata, design: Roland Henss. http://www.plazm.com/
Capitalis Pirata Roland Henss 1997
Logosareheavilyguardedproperty,andiftheyconsistoflettersinaparticulartypography,
likeCocaColas,theselettersrepresentthesoulofthebrand.Eachletterinthistextis
ownedbyacompany.ThefontwasstolentogetherbygraphicdesignerRolandHenss,whowas
forbiddentouseMcDonaldsM.Therefore,thisletteriscoveredbyasternlegalnotice.The
text,writtenbyMaxBruinsmaforthisfont,associatescopyrightinfringementwithancient
fearsthattakingaphotoofsomeonemeantstealinghissoul.
230
lovely language
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Embrace Max Kisman 2005
Thisimageisactuallyunreadablewithoutknowledgeofthevisuallanguageofpictograms.
Simplybyoutlininghands,legs,headsandbreastsaremarkablydetailedimageiscreatedof
anintimateembrace,andthemirroringcontoursofnose,mouthandchinmergeintoanintense
kiss.JustlikeArntzdidatthestartofthepreviouscentury,Kismanusesthecolourcontrast
toexciteourvisualimagination.
231
from infographics to visual dialects
Wahrheit
OtW-Buch-HSM.Druck 25.05.2007 23:11 Uhr Page 12
Ost trifft West Yang Liu 2007
TheChinese-GermandesignerYangLiuusedapictographicvisuallanguagetocompareand
contrasttheculturesofEastandWest.Byslightlybutsignifcantlyvaryingoneorafew
elementsinpairsofimages,thedesignersucceedsinconjuringupfundamentaldifferences
betweenhowpeopleexperiencetheworldinthetwocultures,ChinaandEurope.Wesaywhat
wethink,butaChinesemaysayappleandthinkpear.AccordingtothecaptionWahrheit
(truth),forLiuthisdoesnotnecessarilyimplythattheChinesearelying,butthatour
conceptsoftruthdiffer.
232
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Wahrheit
OtW-Buch-HSM.Druck 25.05.2007 23:11 Uhr Page 12
233
from infographics to visual dialects
Ich
OtW-Buch-HSM.Druck 25.05.2007 23:11 Uhr Page 16
Neu angekommen
OtW-Buch-HSM.Druck 25.05.2007 23:11 Uhr Page 70
23
lovely language
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Chef
OtW-Buch-HSM.Druck 25.05.2007 23:11 Uhr Page 72
Transport
OtW-Buch-HSM.Druck 25.05.2007 23:11 Uhr Page 56
235
from infographics to visual dialects
Kapitaal Ton Meijdam, Thom Snels, Bla Zsigmond 2003(typographicflm)
Thisanimatedflmshowstowhatextentoururbanenvironmentisdefnedbygraphicsigns,
typographiesandicons.InthiswalkthroughBredasinnercity,everythingthatisnotasign
isblackenedout.Still,thecityremainsrecognizable.Anincisivecommentaryonhowthesigns
ofcapitaldescribeourenvironment.
23
lovely language
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237
from infographics to visual dialects
Beautiful World Mieke Gerritzen 2006(typoflm)
Thisflmisaboutthevisuallanguageofsigns,codesandtrends.Itcontainstextsonly,which
becomeimagebyvirtueofthetypography:quotesbywell-knownandlesser-knownthinkerswho
areshapingourviewoftheworld.Ittellsaboutglobalizationandshowsthattheworldis
dumbingdownbecausepracticallyeverythinghasbecomelinkedtoeconomicinterests.Aflmto
readortypographytolookat.
23
lovely language
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Nextpage:fragmentsfromBeautifulWorld.
239
from infographics to visual dialects
22
lovely language
words divide, images unite
People Charles Sandison 2003(randomprojection)
TheFinishartistSandisonanswersthegrowingvisualculture,whichseemstoengulfthe
cultureofwords,byturningthetide:inhiswork,imagesbecomewordsagain.Indynamic
installations,heprojectsstringsofwordsontospaces,whichtherebyliterallybecome
described.Ontheotherhand,thesepulsatingwordsthreadtogetherintheeyeofthebeholder
tobecomeanimageagain.Aprovisionalendpointofinformationculture:wordandimage
mergingseamlessly.
23
from infographics to visual dialects
2
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Fabrica
Fabrica is the visual research & development lab of the Italian clothing
brand Benetton. Initiated in 1994 by the companys owner, Luciano
Benetton, and his controversial art director, Oliviero Toscani, the lab
not only develops new campaigns for Benetton and for non-proft
organizations such as Amnesty International, but also researches todays
visual culture in experimental projects and publications. Each year, a
number of young and talented designers are invited to spend a period of
time at Fabricas austere building near Venice, designed by the Japanese
architect Tadao Ando. On the following pages are some experimental
works by Fabrica participants, who use the icons and signs of todays
commercial visual languages to critically comment on that same culture.
25
from infographics to visual dialects
Chokolate Frederico Duarte (from:Diversity,Fabrica,2005)
2
lovely language
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27
from infographics to visual dialects
The internets Black holes Fabrica 2005
Thewholeworldismeanwhileconnectedbyanintricatenetworkofinternetconnections,which
allowsustocommunicatefreelyandglobally.Butinafewplacesthisfreeexchangeisblocked
bythegovernment,forinstanceinTunisia.TheorganizationReporterswithoutborderswasof
courseinfuriatedwhenhereofallplacesaUNconferenceontheInformationSocietywasheld.
Toprotest,theycommissionedthisworldmap.
Way out Andreas Rd Skilhagen (from:Diversity,Fabrica,2005)
2
lovely language
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29
from infographics to visual dialects
WC Gabriele Riva (from:WantedCreativity,Fabrica,2003)
BysymbolizingthefastfoodandlongdrinkcharacterofdesignasWC,usingfragmentsfrom
theMcDonaldsandCocaColalogos,thedesignersimultaneouslysummarizeshiscritiqueand
playfullycallsforachangeforthebetter:Wanted,creativity!
250
lovely language
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251
from infographics to visual dialects
Language differences Francois Prost (from:Diversity,Fabrica,2005)
252
lovely language
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Religions Francois Prost (from:Diversity,Fabrica,2005)
253
from infographics to visual dialects
Faces Paolo Palma (from:WantedCreativity,Fabrica,2000)
ThevariousversionsofPaoloPalmasfacehisfacialdesignsconfrontuswithourownpreferences
andpreconceptions.Weimmediatelyinterpretfacesassympatheticorunappealing,beautifulordull,
dumborintriguing.Weprojectcharactersandcontextsontofaces,andpretendtoinstinctivelyknow
whothepersonconnectedtoafaceis.Artistsorworker?Petitbourgeoisorterrorist?Liberalor
orthodox?Onefacecanhavemanyexpressions,whichareallreadableasclearlyaspictogramsare.In
thatsense,afaceisasmuchinformationdesignasitistheexpressionofapersonality.
25
lovely language
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255
from infographics to visual dialects
25
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Exhibition
The exhibition Lovely Language - words divide, images unite was shown
at the Centraal Museum Utrecht, The Netherlands, from November 25th,
2007, till February 10th, 2008. The images on the following pages give an
overview of the exhibition.
257
exhibition
Left: the scientist Otto Neurath.
Right: the artist and graphic
designer Gerd Arntz.
Centre: the visual language
Isotype Arntz and Neurath
developed together.
The colourful wallpapers left
and right can be read as a
diagram of an accelerating and
thickening information culture;
the nearer to our own time, the
more detailed this barcode of
history becomes.
Two-dimensional user manuals
and spatial human models
which explain how our body
functions.
Exhibition A Safe Place from
Gert and Derk Dumbar.
A great variety of visual dialects:
glasses that all say fragile and
umbrellas to keep packages dry.
Visual language, once designed
by idealist modernists
for universal objective
communication, is increasingly
used to formulate subjective
opinions or to write visual poetry.
272
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Personalize this book
Since this book is about visual language and how this language has become
not only legible as information tool for people around the world, but also a
means of expression in which one can write ones own views, we provide
space for the reader, here. For your notes and remarks, but also your own
visual vernacular.
If you want to share your views in verbal or pictorial language with the
editors of this book, please scan them and send them to:
editors@culturecatalysts.org
273
personalize this book
27
lovely language
words divide, images unite
275
personalize this book
27
lovely language
words divide, images unite
277
personalize this book
27
lovely language
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279
personalize this book
20
lovely language
words divide, images unite
21
personalize this book
22
lovely language
words divide, images unite
23
personalize this book
2
lovely language
words divide, images unite
25
personalize this book
2
lovely language
words divide, images unite
27
personalize this book
Listed here is a selection of books concerning
pictogram design and the visual culture of
information design, which have guided the
research for Lovely Language. Regrettably,
most of the books on Neurath and Arntz are out
of print, but you may fnd them in specialized
libraries, antiquarian and used books shops.
Rayan Abdullah, Roger Hbner, Pictograms, icons and
signs, a guide to information graphics, 2006
ISBN 978 0 500 28635 7, Thames and Hudson, London
Marion Ackermann, Piktogramme - Die Einsamkeit der
Zeichen, 2006
ISBN 978 3422066748, Deutscher Kunstverlag,
Mnchen/Berlin
Otl Aicher, Martin Krampen, Zeichensysteme der visuellen
Kommunikation: Handbuch fr Designer,
Architekten, Planer, Organisatoren, 1977
ISBN 978 3874225656, Alexander Koch
Erwin K. Bauer, Frank Hartmann, Bildersprache, Otto
Neurath Visualisierungen, 2006
ISBN 978 3708900001, WUV Universittsverlag, Vienna
Uli Bohnen, Kees Vollemans, Gerd Arntz: Politieke prenten
tussen twee oorlogen, 1973
ISBN 90 6168 063 8, SUN Nijmegen
Flip Bool, Kees Broos, Gerd Arntz, Kritische grafek en
beeldstatistiek, 1976
ISBN 978 9061681137, Gemeentemuseum The Hague,
The Hague
Kees Broos, Gerd Arntz: De tijd onder het mes: hout en
linoleumsneden 1920 - 1970, 1988
ISBN 9061682908, SUN Nijmegen
Kees Broos, Symbolen voor onderwijs en statistiek:
1928-1965 Wenen-Moskou-Den Haag, 1979
ISBN 90 70115 08 5, Mart Spruijt, Amsterdam
Hartmut Brckner, Designing Information, 2004
ISBN 978 3897572232, Hauschild, Bremen
Colors magazine, 1000 Signs, 2004
ISBN 3 8228 3135 2, Taschen, Cologne
Henry Dreyfuss, Symbol Sourcebook, 1972
ISBN 0 442 21806 0, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
Michael Evamy, World Without Words, 2003
ISBN 0 8230 5934 0, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York
Fabrica, Fabrica 10, From Chaos to Order and Back, 2004
ISBN 978 883703011, Electa, Milan
Nigel Holmes, Designers guide to creating charts and
diagrams, 1984
ISBN 0 8230 1315 4, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York
Pippo Lionni, Facts of life 2, 2001
ISBN 978 1856692564, Laurence King Publishing, London
Yang Liu, Ost Trifft West, 2007
ISBN 978 3 87439 733 9, Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz,
Mainz
Otto Neurath, Modern man in the making, 1939
Knopf, New York
Literature
2
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Otto Neurath, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft, 1930
Bibliographisches Institut ag, Leipzig
Ferdinand Mertens, Otto Neurath, en de maakbaarheid
van de betere samenleving, The Hague, 2007
ISBN 978 90 5260 262 2, Aksant, Amsterdam, Sociaal
Cultureel Planbureau, The Hague
Paul Mijksenaar, De vorm zal u toegeworpen worden, 1996
ISBN 90 6450 224 2, Uitgeverij 010, Rotterdam
Paul Mijksenaar, Piet Westendorp, Open here, The art of
instructional design, 1999
ISBN 978 1556709623, Joost Elffers Books, New York
Otto Neurath, Basic by ISOTYPE, 1937
Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, London
Otto Neurath, International picture language, the frst
rules of Isotype, 1936
Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, London
Otto Neurath, Modern man in the making, 1939, Knopf,
New York
Otto Neurath, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft, 1930, Leipzig
Edward Tufte, The Visual Display of Quantitative
Information, 2001
ISBN 978 0961392147, Graphics Press, Connecticut
Michael Twyman, Graphic communication through
ISOTYPE, 1975
ISBN 978 0704901471, University of Reading
www.affchemuseum.nl
www.aiga.com
www.annelysdevet.nl
www.arnoudvandenheuvel.nl
www.edwardtufte.com
www.fabrica.it
www.fickr.com
www.geheugenvannederland.nl
www.gerdarntz.org
www.informationdesign.org
www.infosthetics.com
www.integral.ruedi-baur.com
www.kare.com
www.koert.com
www.lionni.com
www.maxbruinsma.nl
www.maxkisman.com
www.mijksenaar.com
www.museumdebeyerd.nl
www.nigelholmes.com
www.olympic-museum.de
www.ontwerpwerk.nl
www.sandberg.nl
www.spiekermann.com
www.understandingusa.com
www.visualcomplexity.com
29
Photocredits
All pictograms of umbrellas shown in this
book come from Die Hieroglyphen von
Heute, Hans-Rudolf Lutz, 1997.
The Isotypes from Gerd Arntz (pages 67-68)
are digitally redrawn by Ontwerpwerk.
Page 13; Photo by Robaard/Theuwkens
Page 33; Collection Kunstmuseum Basel
Page 35; Illustration scanned from the
Symbol Sourcebook, Henry Dreyfuss, 1972
Page 48; Collection Archive Amsterdam
Page 49; Collection Archive Engelfriet
www.engelfriet.net
Page 51; Collection Archive Rotterdam
Page 52; Collection Archive ANWB
Page 53; Collection Koninklijke Bibliotheek,
The Hague, kranten.kb.nl
Page 59; Scanned from The Visual Display of
Quantitative Information, Edward Tufte, 2001
(collection Bibliothque de lcole Nationale des
Ponts et Chauses, Paris)
Page 61; Illustration redrawn from International
Picture Language, Otto Neurath, 1936
Pages 64, 95-113, 157; Scans from Gesellschaft
und Wirtschaft, Otto Neurath, 1930, collection
Gemeentemuseum The Hague
Pages 76, 79, 80, 86; Collection Peter Arntz
Page 89; Scanned from Gerd Arntz, De tijd onder
het mes, 1988
Pages 90, 91; Collection Gemeentemuseum
The Hague, photos by Max Bruinsma
Page 135; Illustration scanned from
Pictogram Design, Yukio Ota, 1987
Page 159; Illustration scanned from Designers
guide to creating charts and diagrams,
Nigel Holmes, 1984
Page 167; Photo by Max Bruinsma
Page 172, 173; Infographics scanned from
newspapers from the Foundation Archive
Paul Mijksenaar
Pages 176-178, 180; 1976 by ERCO Leuchten GmbH
Pages 179, 181; Collection International Olympic
Committee
Pages 188, 189; Photo by Mijksenaar
Page 220; Illustration redrawn from World Without
Words, Michael Evamy, 2003
Page 214; Photo by Wallyg from www.fickr.com
Page 215; Photo by Cunaldo from www.fickr.com
Pages 240, 241; Illustration scanned from the
invitation for the screening of Beautiful World
in the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, 2006
Pages 242, 243, 258-271; Photos by Roel Stevens
Page 291;Photo by Menno Wigmore
290
lovely language
words divide, images unite
From left to right:
Laura van Uitert,
Ed Annink,
Max Bruinsma
Lovely Language is based on research by
Laura van Uitert for her graduation project in
2006. If she hadnt done this, we would never
have made this book or the exhibition. But the
most important was Utrecht Manifest, which
challenged me, as an intendant, to compose a
program for an exhibition for the second edition
of this biennale for socially involved design.
Since 1983, I had been searching for the right
context for an exhibition and a publication about
Gerd Arntz and Otto Neurath.
Special thanks to Peter Arntz, for providing us
lots of information about his fathers work and
ideals with a great deal of enthusiasm, and the
Gemeentemuseum of The Hague, for opening
their Gerd Arntz archive for our research, and
of course, to all the designers and artists who
loaned their work and allowed us to use it for the
exhibition and this book.
Ed Annink, December 2007
291
Lovely Language - words divide, images unite
was exhibited in the Centraal Museum Utrecht, The
Netherlands, from November 25th, 2007 till February 11th,
2008. The exhibition was part of Utrecht Manifest, edition
2007, for which Ed Annink was the intendant. This book is
based on the exhibition.
Publisher Veenman Publishers, Rotterdam
Editor Ed Annink
Text Max Bruinsma
Research and editorial assistance Laura van Uitert
Translations Hebzibah Kousbroek (introduction),
Max Bruinsma
Design exhibition and book Ontwerpwerk, The Hague
Production Veenman Publishers / Sebastiaan Hanekroot
Printing Veenman Drukkers
Print run 3.500
This publication was generously supported by
Mondriaan Foundation, Amsterdam
Acknowledgements
Peter Arntz, Lars Arrhenius, De Beyerd, Mijksenaar,
Silvija Cerne, Alicia Cheng, Gert and Derk Dumbar,
Ethnologue, Martin Friedl, Gemeentearchief Amsterdam,
Gemeentearchief Rotterdam, Gemeentemuseum The
Hague, Mieke Gerritzen, Joost Grootens, Juli Gudehus,
Arnoud van den Heuvel, Intgral Ruedi Baur and Associs,
Susan Kare, Max Kisman, Pippo Lionni, Yang Liu,
Hans-Rudolf Lutz, Chaz Maviyane-Davies, Ton Meijdam,
Koert van Mensvoort, Ferdinand Mertens, Myriad Editions,
Charles Sandison, Andreas Siekmann, Social and Cultural
Planning Offce of the Netherlands, Erik Spiekermann,
Toko, Annelys de Vet, Edgar Walthert, Westeinde Hospital,
Piet Westendorp, Richard Saul Wurman.
Publisher
Veenman Publishers / Gijs Stork
Sevillaweg 140
3047 AL Rotterdam- NL
t. +31 10 245 3333
f. +31 10 245 3344
info@veenmanpublishers.com
www.veenmanpublishers.com

Distribution
D.A.P.
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New York, NY 10013, USA
t. + 1 212 627 1999
dap@dapinc.com

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Belgium
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orders@exhibitionsinternational.be
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vice versa Vertrieb
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www.vice-versa-vertrieb.de
Colophon
292
lovely language
words divide, images unite
Edition
2007
293
29
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words divide, images unite
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words
divide
images
unite
lovely
language
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Ed Annink
Max Bruinsma
The world speaks in about 7000 tongues, and countless
dialects. For centuries, people have tried to overcome
this tower of Babel. For instance by propagating
one language or by making a new language, such
as Esperanto. But the language which today is best
understood world-wide does not consist of words, but
of images. A universal visual language was the ideal of
two Modernists: the social scientist and philosopher
Otto Neurath (1882-1945) and graphic designer Gerd
Arntz (1900-1988). In Vienna, from the 1920s onward,
they developed more than 4000 icons, which together
formed Isotype: a visual language in which important
information on society, politics, economy and industry
could be summarized, also for those who could not read
well. Thus Neuraths motto: words (which not everyone
can read) divide, images (which can be understood by
all) unite. Nowadays, the whole world communicates in
images. But with its dissemination, this lovely language
for all spawns more and more dialects. Visual language
has grown up; everyone understands its basics, but
individuals vary on it to write their own visual poetry.
This book aims at providing material for the discussion
about visual communication tomorrow. Are the generic
guidelines of Otto Neurath and Gerd Arntz still valid?
Or have they become embedded into a visual language
that by now goes well beyond their project? And what
is the future role of designers and communicators in
using and expanding this language?
VP
words
divide
images
unite
lovely
language
Laser Proof LLaaseerr PPrroooof
Isotype pictograms
Gerd Arntz, 1930s
Pictogram for the Olympic Games
in Munich, Otl Aicher, 1972
People
Charles Sandison, 2003
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E
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Label people
Mieke Gerritzen, 2000