Further Pure 1 Revision Topic 4: Roots of Quadratic and Cubic Equations

The OCR syllabus says that candidates should: (a) use the relations between the symmetric functions of the roots of polynomial equations and the coefficients (for equations of degree 2 or 3 only); (b) use a given simple substitution to obtain an equation whose roots are related in a simple way to those of the original equation.

Section 1: Quadratic Equations

Consider the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 . Suppose that its roots are denoted and . It is possible to show that
b a c * the product of the roots is = . a

* the sum of the roots is + =

Example: Suppose that in the equation, 2 x 2 5 x + 7 = 0 , the roots are called and . Then b 5 = 2.5 ; the sum of the roots is + = = a 2 c 7 the product of the roots is = = = 3.5 . a 2 It is also possible to calculate the values of other quantities involving the roots, such as: 4 + 4 = 4( + ) = 4(2.5) = 10 ; 2 + 2 : this can be found using the result that ( + ) = 2 + 2 + 2 .
2

Therefore, 2 + 2 = ( +
2

) 2 2

So: 2 + 2 = ( 2.5 ) 2 3.5 = -0.75. 1 1 + , 2 2 are called symmetric functions. This is because if you swap and over, the function remains the same. Note: Functions such as 4 + 4 , 2 + 2 ,

Section 1.1 Forming new quadratic equations

Most questions ask you to find a new equation whose roots are related to the roots of an initial equation. One way to do this is to use the fact that any quadratic equation can be written as: x 2 (sum of roots)x + (product of roots) = 0 .

Worked examination question: (AQA 2003) The roots of the quadratic equation x 2 + 3x 2 = 0 are and . a) Write down the values of + and . b) Without solving the equation, find the value of (i) (ii)
1

2
3 2 .

3 2

c) Determine a quadratic equation with integer coefficients which has roots 3 3 2 and . 2 Solution: a) In the quadratic equation x 2 + 3 x 2 = 0 , the values of a, b and c are a=1 b=3 c = -2 So:
b 3 = = 3 a 1 c 2 = 2 . the product of the roots is = = a 1

the sum of the roots is + =

b) (i) Notice that But

1 1 2 + 2 + 2 = . 2 2 2

2 + 2 = ( + ) 2 2

(this is a very frequently used result in this topic make sure that you are familiar with it!) So, 2 + 2 = (3) 2 2( 2) = 9 + 4 =13 . Also, 2 2 = () 2 = ( 2) 2 = 4 . Therefore,
1 1 2 + 2 13 + 2 = = 3.25 . = 2 2 2 4
3 3 3 3 (ii) Expanding out the brackets, we get: 2 2 = + 9 . 2
2

= 2 and 2 2 = 4 . But, we already know that

Notice that
3

1 1 + 3 = 3 + = 3 = 3 2 = 4.5 . 3

So,
3 2 3 3 3 9 9 2 = + 2 2 = 2 4.5 + = 4.25 4

3 3 c) If the new roots are 2 and 2 , then * the sum of the new roots is:

 3 2

1 3 3 3 1 + + 2 2 = (3) 3 2 + 2 2 =

= 3 3(3.25 )

= -12.75. * the product of the new roots is

3 2 3 2 = .25 (from above). 4

Therefore the required quadratic equation is:

x 2 (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0

i.e.
x 2 (-12.75) x +(-4.25) = 0 .

Multiplying by 4 to get integer coefficients, we get:

4 x 2 + 51 x - 17 = 0

Worked examination question (AQA 2003) The roots of the quadratic equation x 2 3 x +1 = 0 are and . a) Without solving the equation: (i) Show that 2 + 2 = 7 . (ii) Find the value of 3 + 3 . b) (i) Show that 4 + 4 = ( 2 + 2 ) 2 2() 2 (ii) Hence find the value of 4 + 4 . c) Determine a quadratic equation with integer coefficients which has roots (3 ) and ( 3 ) . Solution: a) The sum of the roots is: + = -b/a = 3 The product of the roots is = 1. (i) So, 2 + 2 = ( + ) 2 2 = (32) 2(1) = 7. (ii) Notice that ( + ) 3 = 3 + 3 2 + 3 2 + 3 . Therefore: 3 + 3 = ( + ) 3 3 2 32 = ( + ) 3 3( + ) So 3 + 3 = (3) 3 3(1)( 3) = 27 9 =18 . (i) ( 2 + 2 ) 2 2() 2 = 4 + 2 2 2 + 4 2 2 2 = 4 + 4 (as required) (ii) So, 4 + 4 = 72 2(1)2 = 47. c) Consider now the new roots (3 ) and ( 3 ) . The sum of these new roots is: (3 ) + ( 3 ) = 3 + 3 ( + ) =18 3 =15 The product of these new roots is: (3 ) ( 3 ) = 3 3 ( 4 + 4 ) + = () 3 ( 4 + 4 ) + = 13 47 + 1 = -45. Therefore the quadratic equation is: b)
x 2 (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0

i.e.

x 2 15 x 45 = 0

Examination question 1 (AQA 2002) a) The roots of the quadratic equation x 2 + 4 x 3 = 0 are and .

Without solving the equation, find the value of: 2 + 2 (i) (ii)
2 2 2 2 + + .

b) Determine a quadratic equation with integer coefficients which has roots:

2 2 2 + and 2 + .

Examination question 2 (AQA 2004) a) The quadratic equation 2 x 2 6 x +1 = 0 has roots and . Write down the numerical values of: (i) (ii) + b) Another quadratic equation has roots and . Find the numerical values of: (i)
1 1 1

(ii)

1 1

c) Hence or otherwise find the quadratic equation with roots and , writing your answer in the form x 2 + pq + q = 0 .

Worked examination question (AQA 2004) The roots of the quadratic equation x 2 +(7 + p) x + p = 0 are and . a) Write down the value of + and the value of , in terms of p. b) Find the value of 2 + 2 in terms of p. c) (i) Show that ( ) 2 = p 2 +10 p + 49 . (ii) Given that and differ by 5, find the possible values of p. a)
b (7 + p ) = = 7 p a 1 c p = = = p a 1

+ =

b)

2 + 2 = ( + ) 2 2 = (7 p ) 2 2 p = 49 +14 p + p 2 2 p Therefore, 2 + 2 = 49 +12 p + p 2

c)

(i) (ii)

( ) 2 = 2 + 2 2 = 49 +12 p + p 2 2 p = p 2 +10 p + 49

(as required)

If and differ by 5, then = 5 or -5. ( ) 2 = 25 . So: We therefore get the equation: 25 = p 2 +10 p +49 i.e. p 2 +10 p +24 = 0 so (p + 4)(p + 6) = 0 so p = -4 or p = -6.

Examination question (AQA 2003) The quadratic equation x 2 + px +2 = 0 has roots and . a) Write down the value of . b) Express in terms of p: + (i) 2 + 2 (ii) c) Given that 2 + 2 = 5, find the possible values of p.

Examination question (AQA June 2005) The equation x 2 4 x + 13 = 0 has roots and . (a) (i) Write down the values of + and . (ii) Deduce that 2 + 2 = 10 . (iii) real. (b) Explain why the statement 2 + 2 = 10 implies that and cannot both be

Find in the form p + iq the values of:

(c)

( + i ) + ( + i ) ; (i) ( + i )( + i ) . (ii) Hence find a quadratic equation with roots ( + i ) and ( + i ) .

Examination question (Jan 2005 AQA) The equation x 2 5 x 2 = 0 has roots and . (a) Write down the values of + and . (b) Find the value of 2 + 2 . (c) Find a quadratic equation which has roots 2 and 2 .

1.2

Related roots

Consider the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 . Suppose that its roots are and . Then both and must satisfy the quadratic equation and so in particular a 2 + b + c = 0 . To form a quadratic equation which has roots 3 and 3 , we could let u = 3 . u Then = . 3 Substituting this into equation gives: i.e. or u u a +b + c = 0, 3 3 2 au bu + +c =0 9 3 au 2 + 3bu + 9c = 0 .
2

Note: We could have formed this new quadratic equation using the substitution u = 3x in the original quadratic equation. Worked examination question The roots of the quadratic equation
x 2 5x + 3 = 0

are and . Form a quadratic equation whose roots are + 1 and + 1, giving your answer in the form x 2 + px + q = 0 , where p and q are integers to be determined. Solution: As is a root of the quadratic equation, we have 2 5 + 3 = 0 . Let u = + 1. Then, = u 1. Substituting this into equation gives: (u 1) 2 5(u 1) + 3 = 0 i.e. or u 2 2u + 1 5u + 5 + 3 = 0 u 2 7u + 9 = 0 .

So p = -7 and q = 9.

1.3

Use given substitutions to solve equations

Worked examination question (OCR January 2005) (i) Show that the substitution x = y + 1 transforms the equation x 4 4 x3 + x 2 + 6 x + 2 = 0 to y4 5 y2 + 6 = 0 . (ii) Hence find the exact roots of x 4 4 x3 + x 2 + 6 x + 2 = 0 . Solution: (i) Substituting x = y + 1 into x 4 4 x3 + x 2 + 6 x + 2 = 0 gives: ( y + 1) 4 4( y + 1)3 + ( y + 1) 2 + 6( y + 1) + 2 = 0 . But

( y + 1) 2 = y 2 + 2 y + 1 ( y + 1)3 = y 3 + 3 y 2 + 3 y + 1 and ( y + 1) 4 = y 4 + 4 y 3 + 6 y 2 + 4 y + 1 .

Therefore we get: ( y 4 + 4 y 3 + 6 y 2 + 4 y + 1) 4( y 3 + 3 y 2 + 3 y + 1) + ( y 2 + 2 y + 1) + 6( y + 1) + 2 = 0 . This simplifies to give y4 5 y2 + 6 = 0 (ii) The equation y 4 5 y 2 + 6 = 0 is a quadratic equation in y2. It can be factorised: ( y 2 2)( y 2 3) = 0 Therefore either y 2 = 2 or y 2 = 3 So y = 2 or y = 3 As x = y + 1, the exact roots of the original equation are x = 1 2 or x = 1 3 . Examination question (June 2004 AQA) The roots of the cubic equation x3 + 9 x 2 + 27 x + 35 = 0 are , and . a) Use the substitution x = y 3 to show that the cubic equation which has roots + 3 , + 3 and + 3 is: y3 + 8 = 0 . b) (i) Find the three roots of y 3 + 8 = 0 , giving each root in the form a + ib. (ii) Hence or otherwise find the roots of the equation x3 + 9 x 2 + 27 x + 35 = 0 .

Section 2: Roots of Cubic Equations

Consider the cubic equation ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0 . Suppose that its roots are denoted , and . It is possible to show that b * the sum of the roots is + + = a c * the sum of pairs of products of roots is + + = a d * the product of all 3 roots is = . a Note: Result is sometimes abbreviated to

= a , i.e.

is used to abbreviate the sum of c i.e.

the roots. Likewise result above is sometimes abbreviated to widely accepted shorthand for + + .

= a ,

is the

Worked examination question (AQA January 2006) The cubic equation x3 + px 2 + qx + r = 0 , where p, q and r are real, has roots , and . (a) Given that + + = 4 and 2 + 2 + 2 = 20 find the values of p and q. (b) Given further that one root is 3 + i, find the value of r. Solution: a) The sum of the roots is given by the formula + + = So here we have: Also, ( + + ) 2 = ( + + )( + + ) = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 Therefore, 2 + 2 + 2 = ( + + ) 2 2 2 2 So 2 + 2 + 2 = (4) 2 20 = 4 Hence + + = 2 . Using the formula + + = q 1 q = -1. 2 = c , we therefore get: a 4= p , i.e. p = -4. 1 b . a

i.e.

b) If one of the roots is 3 + i, then, since the coefficients of the equation are real, a second root must be its complex conjugate 3 i. The sum of all 3 roots is 4, so (3 + i ) + (3 i ) + = 4 So = -2. So the product of all 3 roots is = (3 + i )(3 i )( 2) = (9 i 2 )( 2) = 20 (as i2 = -1). d r But, since = , we must have 20 = . So r = 20. a 1 Examination question (OCR June 2004) (i) Given that , and are roots of the equation x3 5 x + 1 = 0 , write down the values of , and . (ii) Hence find the values of a) b) c)

2 + 2 + 2 3 + 3 + 3 4 + 4 + 4

(Hint: begin by expanding ( + + ) )

2

(Hint: begin by expanding ( + + ) )

3

(Hint: begin by expanding ( + + ) )

4

Worked examination question (June 2005 AQA): The cubic equation x3 11x 150 = 0 has roots , and . a) Write down the value of + + . b) (i) Explain why 3 = 11 + 150 .

Hence or otherwise show that 3 + 3 + 3 = 450 . c) Given that = -3 + 4i, write down the other non-real root and find the third real root . d) Show that (3 4i )3 + (3 + 4i )3 = 234 . (ii) Solution: b + + = . Here b = 0, so + + = 0 . a b) (i) is a root of the equation x3 11x 150 = 0 , i.e. 3 11 150 = 0 . If we rearrange this we get 3 = 11 + 150 . a) (ii) As and are also roots, then 3 = 11 + 150 and 3 = 11 + 150 . Therefore 3 + 3 + 3 = 11 + 150 + 11 + 150 + 11 + 150 . This gives 3 + 3 + 3 = 11( + + ) + 450 = 450 (since + + = 0 ) c) As the cubic equation has real roots, the complex conjugate of -3 + 4i must also be a root. So = -3 4i. To find the third root, we can use + + = 0 : (3 + 4i ) + (3 4i ) + = 0 , i.e. = 6. d) Substituting into 3 + 3 + 3 = 450 , we get (3 + 4i )3 + ( 3 4i )3 + 63 = 450

But, (3 + 4i )3 = (3 4i )3 and (3 4i )3 = (3 + 4i )3 , so (3 4i )3 (3 + 4i )3 + 216 = 450 . Rearranging this gives: (3 4i )3 + (3 + 4i )3 = 234 Examination question (AQA January 2005) The cubic equation x3 + px 2 + qx + 30 = 0 , where p and q are real, has a root = 1 + 2i. a) Write down the other non-real root, , of the equation. b) Find: ; (i) (ii) the third root, , of the equation. c) Hence, or otherwise, find the values of p and q.

If we are given the values of a) the sums of the roots, b) the sum of pairs of products and c) the product of all the roots, then we can form the corresponding cubic equation: x3 -(sum of roots)x 2 + (sum of products of pairs)x (product of roots) = 0 Examination question (OCR January 2005): It is given that , and are three numbers such that + + = 3, 2 + 2 + 2 = 19 and = 1. Find + + , (i) (ii) a cubic equation with roots , and ; (iii) exact values for , and .