OHT 7.

OHT 7.2 Requirements Definition

Waterfall Model
Design Coding Systems Tests Installation & conversion Operation & Maintenance

Analysis

Software development methodologies: - The software development life cycle (SDLC) model - The prototyping model - The spiral model - The object-oriented model Factors affecting intensity of SQA activities Verification, validation and qualification Development and quality plans for small and for internal projects A model for SQA defect removal effectiveness and cost
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OHT 7.3

OHT 7.4

REQUIREMENTS DETERMINATION BY CUSTOMER PROTOTYPE DESIGN PROTOTYPE IMPLEMENTATION PROTOTYPE EVALUATION BY CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS FULFILLED ? YES SYSTEM TESTS AND ACCEPTANCE TESTS SYSTEM CONVERSION SYSTEM OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
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Prototyping V SDLC
Advantages of Prototyping
Shorter development process Savings of development resources Better fit to customer requirements Reduced risk of failure Easier & faster user comprehension

NO

REQUIREMENTS FOR CORRECTIONS, CHANGES AND ADDITIONS

Disadvantages of Prototyping
Diminished flexibility & adaptability to changes Reduced preparation for instances of failure More difficult to manage
Galin, SQA from theory to implementation Pearson Education Limited 2004

OHT 7.5

OHT 7.6

Source: After Boehm 1988 ( 1988 IEEE)

Galin, SQA from theory to implementation Pearson Education Limited 2004 Galin, SQA from theory to implementation

Source: After Boehm 1998 ( 1988 IEEE)

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OHT 7.7

OHT 7.8

Project factors: Projects magnitude Project's technical complexity and difficulty Extent of reusable software components Severity of failure outcomes if the project fails Team factors: The professional qualification of the team members Team acquaintance with the project and its experience in the area Availability of staff members that can professionally support the team Familiarity with the team members, in other words, the percentage of new staff members in the team
Galin, SQA from theory to implementation Pearson Education Limited 2004 Galin, SQA from theory to implementation Pearson Education Limited 2004

OHT 7.9

OHT 7.10

Verification The process of evaluating a system or component to determine whether the products of a given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase

The models quantitative results:

Validation - The process of evaluating a system or component during or at the end of the development process to determine whether it satisfies specified requirements Qualification - The process used to determine whether a system or component is suitable for operational use
IEEE Std 610.12-1990 (IEEE 1990)
Galin, SQA from theory to implementation Pearson Education Limited 2004 Galin, SQA from theory to implementation Pearson Education Limited 2004

a. The SQA plans total effectiveness in removing project defects b. The total costs of removal of project defects

OHT 7.11

OHT 7.12

Data
Defect origin distribution
consistent

The model
Assumed linear & sequential (waterfall) New defects introduced at each phase Review & test SQA activities are filters Filtering efficiency is consistent Incoming defects are sum of earlier non-removed defects Average cost of defect removal is same for all phases Cost for each QA activity is (# defects removed) * (relative cost of removal) Remaining defects will be detected by customer

Defect removal effectiveness

Each quality assurance activity filters a certain % of defects

Cost of defect removal

Varies by development phase
Galin, SQA from theory to implementation Pearson Education Limited 2004

Galin, SQA from theory to implementation

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OHT 7.13

OHT 7.14

Software development phase Requirement specification Design Unit coding Integration coding Documentation System testing Operation
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Average % of defects originating in phase 15% 35% 30% 10% 10% ---------

Average relative defect removal cost 1 2.5 6.5 16 40 40 110

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Quality assurance activity

Specification requirement review Design inspection Design review Code inspection Unit test Integration tests Documentation review System test Opertion phase detection
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Defects removal effectiveness for standard SQA plan 50% ----50% ----50% 50% 50% 50% 100%

Defects removal effectiveness for comprehensive SQA plan 60% 70% 60% 70% 40% 60% 60% 60% 100%
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OHT 7.15

OHT 7.16

Defect removal phase

Defect Average relative defect removal cost removal {cost unit} effectiveness Defect origination phase Req Des --1 2.6 6.4 6.4 16 44 Uni ----1 2.5 2.5 6.2 17 Int ------1 1 2.5 6.9 2.5 6.9 Doc ------ POD = Phase Originated Defects PD = Passed Defects (from former phase or former quality assurance activity) %FE = % of Filtering Effectiveness (also termed % screening effectiveness) RD = Removed Defects CDR = Cost of Defect Removal TRC = Total Removal Cost. TRC = RD x CDR.

Requirement specification (Req) Design (Des) Unit coding (Uni) Integration (Int) System documentation (Doc) System testing / Acceptance testing (Sys) Opertion by customer (after release)
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50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 100%

1 2.5 6.5 16 16 40 110

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OHT 7.17
Slide 7.12a relates to updated section 7.4
Req, specification (POD=15)

Ddoc ID PD RD RDRC Ddoc

Dint

Duni Ddes Dreq Total

15 7.5 7.5 1 15 7.5 7.5 %FE=50 7.5 TRC > 7.5 cu

Dint

Duni Ddes Dreq Total

35 17.5 17.5 1 7.5 3.8 3.7 2.5 42.5 21.3 21.3 %FE=50 21.2 TRC > 26.8 cu

Ddoc ID PD RD RDRC
10 5 5 1

Dint
5 2.5 2.5 1

Duni
7.5 3.8 3.7 2.5

Ddes Dreq Total

4.4 2.2 2.2 6.4 1.0 0.5 0.5 16 27.9 14.0 14.0 %FE=50 13.9 TRC > 38.9 cu

ID PD RD RDRC Ddoc Dint

ID PD RD RDRC Ddoc ID PD RD RDRC Dint

10 5 5 1

30 15 15 1

17.5 8.8 8.7 2.6

3.8 1.9 1.9 6.5

51.3 25.7 25.7 %FE=50 25.6 TRC > 50 cu

ID PD RD RDRC

5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5 1.2 1.3 2.5

3.8 1.9 1.9 6.2

2.2 1.1 1.1 1.6

0.5 0.3 0.2 40

14.0 7.0 7.0 %FE=50 7.0 TRC > 50.9 cu

Duni Ddes Dreq Total

15 7.5 7.5 2.5 8.8 4.4 4.4 6.4 1.9 1.0 0.9 1.6 35.7 17.9 17.9 %FE=50 17.8 TRC > 66.3 cu

Ddoc ID PD RD RDRC
2.5 0 2.5 6.9

Dint
1.2 0 1.2 6.9

Duni Ddes Dreq Total

1.9 0 1.9 17 1.1 0 1.1 44 0.3 0 0.3 110 7.0 0 %FE=50 7.0 TRC > 139.2 cu

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Operation by System tests customer (POD=0) (POD=0)

Duni Ddes Dreq Total

Ddoc

Dint

Duni Ddes Dreq Total

Integration tests (POD=10)

Unit tests (POD=30)

Documentation reviews (POD=10)

Design (POD=35)