WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

CHAPTER 5: CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

A : SOAP AND DETERGENT

Learning Outcome: You should be able to: y state what soap is y state what detergent is y describe soap preparation process y describe the cleansing action of soap y describe the cleansing action of detergent y compare and contrast the effectiveness of the cleansing action of soap and detergent. y identify the additives in detergent and their respective functions.

Activity 1 Complete the sentences using the following words: Surface tension, saponification, calcium, sodium, magnesium,potassium, sodium palmitate, sodium hydroxide, fat/oil ,potassium stearate, RCOO-Na+ 1. Soap are.. or salts of long-chain fatty acids. 2. General formula of a soap is .. or .. 3. Examples of soap are . and .. 4. Soap cannot be used in hard water which contains the salt of .. and 5. The process of the production soap is known as . 6. The two materials used to prepare soap are .. and .. 7. When soap dissolved in water, it reduces the of water.

Activity 2 : Preparation of soap A. 50 cm3 of distilled water and two spatulas of table salts (sodium chloride) are added.

B. 25 cm3 of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is added in the same beaker

C. The mixture is boiled and stirred for a few minutes

D. The mixture is boiled slowly while being stirred with a glass rod for 15 minut es E. The observations are recorded in the table provided

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

F. The mixture in the beaker is left to cool down and the resulting white solid is filtered

G. The following tests are carried out on the white solid: a) Touched using a finger b) Some of the white solid is shaken together with water in a test tube. c) Tested with a red litmus paper. H. 5 cm3 of palm oil is poured into a beaker

I. The white solid that is produced is washed with a li ttle water and dried with the filter paper

1 Rearrange the methods for preparation of soap in the correct sequence. Then write your answers in the spaces provided. (i) 5 cm 3 of palm oil is poured into a beaker. (ii) (iii) ..

(iv) .. (v) .. (vi) .. (vii) 2. Name another substance that can be used to replace sodium hydroxide,NaOH solution in the preparation of soap. 3. Why was sodium choride, NaCl used in this activity? 4. Write a word equation for the reaction between palm oil and sodium hydroxide. .. 5. Name two other substances that can be used to rep lace the palm oil in this activity. ..

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Activity 3 Match the questions with the correct answers. 1 2 3 4 5 6 State an example of detergent. What is hard water? Name the additive that removes organic stain. What is the advantage of using detergent as a cleaning agent? Name the three materials used to prepare detergent. State the observations when a little soap is added to hard water. An additive that prevents the fading of color. An additive that reduces the formation of foam . Explain why detergent can be used in hard water.

Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

White precipitate Biological enzyme Sodium perborate Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate Alkylbenzene,sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide Calcium of magnesium salts of detergent are soluble. Works effectively in hard water. Alkyl monoethanolamide Water that contains calcium ion or magnesium ions

7 8 9

Activity 4: Cleansing Action of Soap and Detergent Complete the sentences by using the words in the box below hydrophobic , emulsion, hydrophilic, small droplets ,

surface tension, scrubbing

Soap /detergent reduces the of water. Hence water can wet the cloth thoroughly.

The part of the soap/detergent anion diss olves in grease.

The .. part of the soap/detergent is attracted to the water molecules.

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

The action helps to lift off the grease from the cloth.

The grease is broken into during scrubbing. These droplets remain suspended and separated as an .. due to the repulsio n between the negative charges on the surface

Activity 5 Complete tables with the correct answers. (Refer to page 182 186 from your text book) DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOAP AND DETERGENT SOAP DETERGENT or potassium salts of longchain fatty acids. Sodium salt of.. acid  Sodium laurate ,CH3(CH2)10COONa,  Sodium alkyl sulphate  . palmitate, CH3(CH2)14COONa+


DEFINITION EXAMPLES

Sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate.

.,CH3(CH2)16COOK
+

 Potassium oleate, CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COO K+ PREPARATION  NAME OF METHOD   MATERIALS   



Saponification

 

Sulphonation .. Concentrated sulphuric acid , long chain alcohol, sodium hydroxide. Chemical Equation :
CH3(CH2)10 CH2-O-SO3H + NaOH CH3(CH2)10CH2-0-S+ O3Na + H2O

Palm oil, .

CHEMICAL EQUATION

Chemical Equation :
(RCO)3(C3H5O3) (s) + 3NaOH) (aq) 3RCOONA (aq) + C3H5(OH)3 (aq)




WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL  

Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

From.. resources. Animal fats examples cows and goats, vegetable oils palm oil, olive oil and coconut oil. Effective cleaners in both soft and .. water.  Synthetic resources such as petroleum.

EFFECTIVENESS

Soaps are effective cleaners in soft water.

FORMATION OF SCUM IN HARD WATER

 

Hard water contains calcium or magnesium ions. These ions react with soap to form an insoluble precipitate known as ..

 

Detergents do not form scum with hard water. They form soluble substances with calcium or ions.

EFFECT TO ENVIRONMENT

Soaps are .. and do not cause any pollution.

Detergents are ... Detergents give thick foam that kill aquatic lives

ACTIVITY 6 : Additives in Detergent And Their Functions Complete the table below with the correct answer.

Type of additive Biological enzyme

Example Amylase, protease, cellulases and lipase Sodium perborate

Function.

To convert stains into colorless substances.

Optical whitener

Fluorescent dyes To enhance the cleaning efficiency of detergent by soften ing the water Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) To prevent the dirt particles removed from redepositing onto cleaned fabrics.

Builder

Filler

Sodium sulphate, sodium silicate.

Foam control agent

To add fragrance to both the detergent and fabrics.

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

Activity 7 : Cleansing Action Of Soap And Detergent (Refer to page 184 and 185 from your text book to answer the following questions ) 1 The statement below is about soap and detergent. The cleaning action of a detergent is more effective than soap in hard water.

You have two socks stained with oil. Describe briefly the experimental procedure, observations and conclusions to prove the above statement, by using substances such as soap, detergent and hard water.

Procedure of the experiment: .. .. .. . . Observations: . . Conclusions: . 2 The following equation shows a reaction in the preparation of soap in a laboratory. Palm oil + Concentrated sodium hydroxide sodium palmitate(soap) + glycerol

boil
a) What is the name of this reaction? b) What is the homologous series of palm oil? .. c) Complete the anion part of the soa p particle in the space provided
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

3 What alkali should he use?

Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

A pupil wants to prepare potassium palmitate soap.

. 4 Figure 2.1 shows part of the washing action of detergent particle on grease stained cloth.

i)

State the part of a detergent particle that is soluble in grease. ..

ii)

Based on figure 2.1 explain the washing ac tion of detergent particles on greasy stains. ..

B .FOOD ADDITIVES
:Learning Outcomes: You should be able to y State the types if food additives and their examples. y State the functions of each type of food additives. y Justify the use of food additives. y Describe the effects of food additives on health and the environment.

ACTIVITY 8 1. A food additive is a natural or synthetic substance which is added to food

to_________________

or ____________________its appearance, ________________ or ____________________ 2. Complete the chart. Types of additives

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

3. Complete the following table. Type of food additive. State the function

Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

Give two examples Salt, vinegar, benzoic acid.

To slow down the growth of microorganisms so that food can be kept for longer periods of time. To prevent oxidation that causes rancid fats and brown fruits To improve the taste of food and restore taste loss due to processing. To prevent emulsion from separating out To thicken food To add or restore the color in food to enhance Its visual appeal.

Vitamins C and E

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using food additives? ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

5. Figure 5.6 shows a part of the label of a tin of baked beans. a) State the food additives present in the food.

Baked beans in tomato sauce Ingredients: Beans, sugar, tomato puree, salt and spice, permitted modified starch.

b) To which type of food additives does each of the ingredients mentioned in (a) belong Food additives present in baked beans in tomato sauce Type of food additives

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

6. Sugar is used as food preservative as well as for sweetening. Patients with medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus or obesity must be wary of their intake of sugar . a) i) Name one artificial sweetener that can replace sugar. ii) Name one natural sweetener that can replace sugar. b) Artificial food colorings are used i n some processed foods. Suggest two reasons for using food coloring.

.. ..

C: MEDICINE
Learning Outcome You should be able to: y State examples of traditional medicines y State the types of modern medicines and their examples. y State the functions of each type of modern medicines y Describe the possible side effects of using modern and traditional medicines y Describe the correct usage of modern and traditional medicines.

ACTIVITY 9 Traditional medicines Complete the table below using the words in the box.

Lemon grass, lemon, garlic, aloe vera , ginseng , tongkat ali, ginger , quinine, Centella asiatica(pegaga), misai kucing, hempedu bumi,selasih,
Plant Uses/function For preventing flu attack or asthma attack. For reducing high blood pressure. For treating stomach pain due to win d in stomach For supplying heat energy to keep the body warm. For treating itchy skin For treating burns on the skin. For treating boils or abscesses on the skin For preventing flu attack For treating skin diseases For treating malaria For preventing muscle cramps As tonic to improve the overall health of human beings For increasing energy, endurance and reducing fatigue Has antibacterial and antifungal properties For treating coughs

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

As a tonic for after birth and general health To increase male libido To treat gout, diabetes and rheumatism To treat diarrhoe,fever and diabetes To treat coughs colds and bronchitis. To treat depression and for longevity

Activity 10

: Modern Medicines

Complete the table below for classification of modern medicines and its function. (Please refer to page 198 201 from your text book) Type of modern drug s
y Aspirin

Examples To relieve pain

Uses

a) Analgesic

y Paracetamol y Codeine y Penicillin

.
To treat headache and cough To cure bacterial diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) and pneumonia.

b) ..

y Streptomycin y Stimulants : examples amphetamine, dextroamphetamine methylphenidate y Antidepressant :examples tranquilizers, y barbiturates y Antipsychotic

To reduce fatigue and elevate mood.

Psychotherapeutic drugs

To calm down a person and reduce tension and anxiety .. ..

Activity 11 : Modern Medicines and Its Side Effects State one side effect for the following drugs Type of modern drug Side effect Aspirin Paracetamol Codeine Penicillin Streptomycin Amphetamine

10

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Activity 12 Answer the following questions.

Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

1. Codeine, insulin, streptomycin and tranquilizer are examples of modern medicine. Which of the examples is used to a) Treat diabetes mellitus? . b) Treat pneumonia . c) Calm down the patient. . d) Relieve headache. . 2. Antibiotic is a group of medicine u sed to kill and prevent the growth of bacteria. a) Name a disease that can be treated by antibiotic. .. b) State two examples of antibiotic .. c) Describe a good practice of taking antibiotic. . d) Explain your answer in ( c ) .. 3. Aspirin is an example of analgesic. a) What is an analgesic? b) Normally aspirin is not prescribed to two groups of patient . Name the groups. c) Explain your answer in (b) d) Give another example of analgesic.

4. What is the use of insulin? ..

11

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

5. State two differences between traditional medicines and modern medicines.

6. Penicillin and streptomycin are the examples of antibiotics. a) What is the function of an antibiotic?

b) Why are penicillin and streptomycin given by injection and not taken orally? . Activity 13 1. Psychotherapeutic medicines can be classified into stimulant, antidepressant and antipsychotic. For each group in the classification, a) State its function b) Give one example c) Give one side effect. Psychotherapeutic medicines Stimulant Function Example Side effect

Antidepressant

antipsychotic

2. Suggest one proper way to manage each of the following chemicals. Chemicals Detergent Proper management

Food additives

Medicines

12

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

3. Figure 3.1 shows a part of the label of a tin of sardines.

Taiping sardines Ingredients: Fish, tomato sauce, salt, xanthan gum. Figure 3.1 List all the food additives used in the sardines. 4. To which type of food additives does each of the ingredient s mentioned in (a) belong? . .

Activity 14 1 a) Diagram 1.1 shows a ginger plant. Ginger can be used a s a traditional medicine.

i) Which of the parts P, Q, R or S is used as the main source of medicine? Mark (  ) for your answer in the box provided in Diagram 1.1 ii) What illness can be cured by using ginger?

iii) How is ginger used to treat the illness in 1 (a) (ii)?

13

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

b)

Chapter 5 : Chemicals For Consumers

Table 1.1 shows the functions of three types of medicine. Functions Prevents pain Kills or prevents the reproduction of bacteria. Changes the emotions and behavior of the patient. Table 1.1 Type of medicine X: .

Z: .

i) Complete Table 1.1 to show which medicines have the functions given in the table.

ii) What is the side effect of medicine of type X if it is used by a child of less t han 2 ..

years?

iii) A patient treated by medicine of type Y must complete all the supply given by the doctor in order to make sure all the bacteria are killed . What will happen if not all the bacte ria is killed? . iv) Tranquilizer is an example of medicine of type Z. Give one change that might happen to a patients emotions when treated using this medicine. .

14