Electric Forces and Electric Fields

CHAPTER OUTLINE
19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 Historical Overview Properties of Electric Charges Insulators and Conductors Coulombs Law Electric Fields Electric Field Lines Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform Electric Field Electric Flux Gausss Law Application of Gausss Law to Symmetric Charge Distributions Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium Context ConnectionThe Atmospheric Electric Field

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q19.1 A neutral atom is one that has no net charge. This means that it has the same number of electrons orbiting the nucleus as it has protons in the nucleus. A negatively charged atom has one or more excess electrons. The clothes dryer rubs dissimilar materials together as it tumbles the clothes. Electrons are transferred from one kind of molecule to another. The charges on pieces of cloth, or on nearby objects charged by induction, can produce strong electric fields that promote the ionization process in the surrounding air that is necessary for a spark to occur. Then you hear or see the sparks.

19.8 19.9 19.10

Q19.2

19.11 19.12

Q19.3

To avoid making a spark. Rubber-soled shoes acquire a charge by friction with the floor and could discharge with a spark, possibly causing an explosion of any flammable material in the oxygenenriched atmosphere. Similarities: A force of gravity is proportional to the product of the intrinsic properties (masses) of two particles, and inversely proportional to the square of the separation distance. An electrical force exhibits the same proportionalities, with charge as the intrinsic property. Differences: The electrical force can either attract or repel, while the gravitational force as described by Newtons law can only attract. The electrical force between elementary particles is vastly stronger than the gravitational force. No. The balloon induces polarization of the molecules in the wall, so that a layer of positive charge exists near the balloon. This is just like the situation in Figure 19.5a, except that the signs of the charges are reversed. The attraction between these charges and the negative charges on the balloon is stronger than the repulsion between the negative charges on the balloon and the negative charges in the polarized molecules (because they are farther from the balloon), so that there is a net attractive force toward the wall. Ionization processes in the air surrounding the balloon provide ions to which excess electrons in the balloon can transfer, reducing the charge on the balloon and eventually causing the attractive force to be insufficient to support the weight of the balloon.

Q19.4

Q19.5

519

520 Q19.6

Electric Forces and Electric Fields

An electric field once established by a positive or negative charge extends in all directions from the charge. Thus, it can exist in empty space if that is what surrounds the charge. There is no material at point A in Figure 19.18(a), so there is no charge, nor is there a force. There would be a force if a charge were present at point A, however. A field does exist at point A. If a charge distribution is small compared to the distance of a field point from it, the charge distribution can be modeled as a single particle with charge equal to the net charge of the distribution. Further, if a charge distribution is spherically symmetric, it will create a field at exterior points just as if all of its charge were a point charge at its center.

Q19.7

Q19.8

r r Both figures are drawn correctly. E1 and E 2 are the electric fields separately created by the point r r r charges q and q in Figure 19.11. The net electric field is the vector sum of E1 and E 2 , shown as E . Figure 19.16 shows only one electric field line at each point away from the charge. At the point location of an object modeled as a point charge, the direction of the field is undefined, and so is its magnitude.
No. Life would be no different if electrons were + charged and protons were charged. Opposite charges would still attract, and like charges would repel. The naming of + and charge is merely a convention. At a point exactly midway between the two charges. In special orientations the force between two dipoles can be zero or a force of repulsion. In general each dipole will exert a torque on the other, tending to align its axis with the field created by the first dipole. After this alignment, each dipole exerts a force of attraction on the other. The negative charge will be drawn to the center of the positively charged ring. Since it will then have velocity, it will continue on, to an equidistant point on the opposite side of the ring. It will then start moving back and arrive again at point P . This periodic motion will continue. If x is much less than a, the motion can be shown from the solution for the electric field to be simple harmonic. The surface must enclose a positive total charge. The net flux through any gaussian surface is zero. We can argue it two ways. Any surface contains zero charge so Gausss law says the total flux is zero. The field is uniform, so the field lines entering one side of the closed surface come out the other side and the net flux is zero. Gausss law cannot tell the different values of the electric field at different points on the surface. When E is an unknown number, then we can say E cos dA = E cos dA . When E x , y , z is an

Q19.9

Q19.10 Q19.11

Q19.12

Q19.13 Q19.14

Q19.15

unknown function, then there is no such simplification. Q19.16

Inject some charge at arbitrary places within a conducting object. Every bit of the charge repels every other bit, so each bit runs away as far as it can, stopping only when it reaches the outer surface of the conductor. If the person is uncharged, the electric field inside the sphere is zero. The interior wall of the shell carries no charge. The person is not harmed by touching this wall. If the person carries a (small) charge q, the electric field inside the sphere is no longer zero. Charge q is induced on the inner wall of the sphere. The person will get a (small) shock when touching the sphere, as all the charge on his body jumps to the metal.

Q19.17

Q19.18

521 r The electric fields outside are identical. The electric fields inside are very different. We have E = 0 everywhere inside the conducting sphere while E decreases gradually as you go below the surface of the sphere with uniform volume charge density.
Chapter 19

Q19.19

There is zero force. The huge charged sheet creates a uniform field. The field can polarize the neutral sheet, creating in effect a film of opposite charge on the near face and a film with an equal amount of like charge on the far face of the neutral sheet. Since the field is uniform, the films of charge feel equal-magnitude forces of attraction and repulsion to the charged sheet. The forces add to zero.

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 19.1 Historical Overview
No problems in this section

Section 19.2 Properties of Electric Charges

*P19.1 (a) The mass of an average neutral hydrogen atom is 1.007 9u. Losing one electron reduces its mass by a negligible amount, to

1.007 9 1.660 10 27 kg 9.11 10 31 kg = 1.67 10 27 kg . Its charge, due to loss of one electron, is 0 1 1.60 10 19 C = +1.60 10 19 C . (b) By similar logic, charge = +1.60 10 19 C mass = 22.99 1.66 10 27 kg 9.11 10 31 kg = 3.82 10 26 kg (c) charge of Cl = 1.60 10 19 C mass = 35.453 1.66 10 27 kg + 9.11 10 31 kg = 5.89 10 26 kg (d) charge of Ca ++ = 2 1.60 10 19 C = +3.20 10 19 C mass = 40.078 1.66 10 27 kg 2 9.11 10 31 kg = 6.65 10 26 kg (e) charge of N 3 = 3 1.60 10 19 C = 4.80 10 19 C mass = 14.007 1.66 10 27

e e

j e

j kg j + 3e9.11 10

31

kg = 2.33 10 26 kg

continued on next page

522

Electric Forces and Electric Fields

(f)

charge of N 4+ = 4 1.60 10 19 C = +6.40 10 19 C mass = 14.007 1.66 10 27 kg 4 9.11 10 31 kg = 2.32 10 26 kg

j e

(g)

We think of a nitrogen nucleus as a seven-times ionized nitrogen atom. charge = 7 1.60 10 19 C = 1.12 10 18 C mass = 14.007 1.66 10 27 kg 7 9.11 10 31 kg = 2.32 10 26 kg

j e

(h)

charge = 1.60 10 19 C mass = 2 1.007 9 + 15.999 1.66 10 27 kg + 9.11 10 31 kg = 2.99 10 26 kg

P19.2

(a)

N=

F 10.0 grams I FG 6.02 10 GH 107.87 grams mol JK H

23

atoms mol

IJ FG 47 electrons IJ = K H atom K

2.62 10 24

(b)

# electrons added = or

Q 1.00 10 3 C = = 6.25 10 15 e 1.60 10 19 C electron

2.38 electrons for every 10 9 already present .

Section 19.3 Insulators and Conductors

No problems in this section

Section 19.4 Coulombs Law

P19.3
If each person has a mass of 70 kg and is (almost) composed of water, then each person contains

N=

F 70 000 grams I FG 6.02 10 GH 18 grams mol JK H e je

23

molecules mol

IJ FG 10 protons IJ = 2.3 10 K H molecule K

28

protons .

With an excess of 1% electrons over protons, each person has a charge q = 0.01 1.6 10 19 C 2.3 10 28 = 3.7 10 7 C . q1 q 2 r2

So

F = ke

e3.7 10 j = e9 10 j
9

7 2

0.6 2

N = 4 10 25 N ~ 10 26 N .

This force is almost enough to lift a weight equal to that of the Earth: Mg = 6 10 24 kg 9.8 m s 2 = 6 10 25 N ~ 10 26 N .

Chapter 19

523

P19.4

r k q q The force on one proton is F = e 1 2 away from the other proton. Its magnitude is r2

e
P19.5

8.99 10 9 N m C 2

10 jFGH 12.610
9

19

15

I J mK
C

= 57.5 N .

F1 = k e

q1 q 2 r
2

e8.99 10

N m 2 C 2 7.00 10 6 C 2.00 10 6 C
2

F2 = k e

q1 q 2 r2

e8.99 10 = f a

N m2

a0.500 mf C je7.00 10 C je 4.00 10 C j = 1.01 N a0.500 mf

2 6 6 2

je

je

j = 0.503 N

Fx = 0.503 cos 60.0+1.01 cos 60.0 = 0.755 N Fy = 0.503 sin 60.01.01 sin 60.0 = 0.436 N r F = 0.755 N $ 0.436 N $ = 0.872 N at an angle of 330 i j

r F1 r F2

FIG. P19.5 *P19.6 r k e q A qB $ i . In the second situation, q A and qB are the same. In the first situation, FA on B ,1 = r12
r r k e q A qB $ FB on A ,2 = FA on B = i r22 r12 F2 k e q A qB = F1 k e q A qB r22 F2 = F1 r12 r22 = 2.62 N

e j
2

FG 13.7 mmIJ H 17.7 mmK

= 1.57 N

r Then FB on A ,2 = 1.57 N to the left . P19.7 (a) The force is one of attraction . The distance r in Coulombs law is the distance between centers. The magnitude of the force is F= k e q1 q 2 r2 = 8.99 10 N m

e12.0 10 Cje18.0 10 Cj = C j a0.300 mf

9 9

2.16 10 5 N .

(b)

The net charge of 6.00 10 9 C will be equally split between the two spheres, or 3.00 10 9 C on each. The force is one of repulsion , and its magnitude is F= k e q1 q 2 r2

= 8.99 10 N m

e3.00 10 Cje3.00 10 Cj = C j a0.300 mf

9 9 2 2

8.99 10 7 N .

524

Electric Forces and Electric Fields

*P19.8

Let the third bead have charge Q and be located distance x from the left end of the rod. This bead will experience a net force given by
r ke 3q Q $ + ke q Q $ . F= i i 2 2 x dx The net force will be zero if 3 1 = x2 dx

b g

bg e j a f

, or d x =

x 3

This gives an equilibrium position of the third bead of x = 0.634d . The equilibrium is stable if the third bead has positive charge .

P19.9

(a)

k e2 F = e 2 = 8.99 10 9 N m 2 C 2 r

1.60 10 j e0.529 10 e

19 10

= 8.22 10 8 N

(b)

We have F =

mv 2 from which r
Fr = m 8.22 10 8 N 0.529 10 10 m 9.11 10
31

v=

kg

j=

2.19 10 6 m s .

Section 19.5 Electric Fields

P19.10

For equilibrium, or Thus,

r r Fe = Fg r qE = mg $ . j

e j

r mg $. E= j q

(a)

9.11 10 31 kg 9.80 m s 2 r mg $= $ = 5.58 10 11 N C $ E= j j j 19 q C 1.60 10

e e

je

(b)

1.67 10 27 kg 9.80 m s 2 r mg $= $= E= j j q 1.60 10 19 C

je

e1.02 10

j NC$

Chapter 19

525

P19.11

The point is designated in the sketch. The magnitudes of the electric fields, E1 , (due to the 2.50 10 6 C charge) and E 2 (due to the 6.00 10 6 C charge) are E1 = ke q r
2

r E2

r E1

e8.99 10 = e8.99 10 =

N m 2 C 2 2.50 10 6 C d
2

je

j j

(1)

FIG. P19.11

E2 =

keq r
2

N m 2 C 2 6.00 10 6 C
2

je ad + 1.00 mf

(2)

Equate the right sides of (1) and (2) to get or which yields or

ad + 1.00 mf
d = 1.82 m

= 2.40d 2

d + 1.00 m = 1.55d

d = 0.392 m .

The negative value for d is unsatisfactory because that locates a point between the charges where both fields are in the same direction. Thus,
* P19.12

d = 1.82 m to the left of the 2.50 C charge .

k eQ
2

The first charge creates at the origin field

a Suppose the total field at the origin is to the right. Then q must be negative:

to the right.

+Q x = 0

q x

FIG. P19.12

2k Q k eQ $ k e q $ = e $ i+ i i 2 2 a a2 3a

a fe j
e j

q = 9Q .

In the alternative, the total field at the origin is to the left:

k eQ $ k e q $ 2 k eQ $ i + 2 i = 2 i a2 a 9a

e j

q = +27Q .

P19.13

(a)

8.99 10 9 3.00 10 9 r k e q1 E1 = 2 $ = j 2 r1 0.100

e j e

je

j e $jj = e2.70 10
je j e

j NC$

r E2
r E

8.99 10 6.00 10 r ke q2 E2 = 2 $ = i i i $ = 5.99 10 2 N C $ 2 r2 0.300 r r r E = E 2 + E 1 = 5.99 10 2 N C $ 2.70 10 3 N C $ i j

e j e e

je

r E1

j e

FIG. P19.13

(b)

r r F = qE = 5.00 10 9 C 599 $ 2 700 $ N C i j

je

r F = 3.00 10 6 $ 13.5 10 6 $ N = i j

j e3.00 $i 13.5 $jj N

526

Electric Forces and Electric Fields

P19.14

(a)

E=

keq r2

Ex = 0

e8.99 10 je2.00 10 j = 14 400 N C a1.12f and E = 2b14 400g sin 26.6 = 1.29 10
9 6 2
y

r E

r E

NC

so (b)

r E = 1.29 10 4 $ N C . j

FIG. P19.14

r r F = qE = 3.00 10 6 1.29 10 4 $ = 3.86 10 2 $ N j j

je

P19.15

(a)

r k q k q k q $ $ $ E = e 2 1 r1 + e 2 2 r2 + e 2 3 r3 r1 r2 r3

j k b 2 q g $ k b3 q g $ i+ = ei cos 45.0+ $j sin 45.0j + k b4qg $j

e e e

a2

2a 2

a2

r k q k q k q E = 3.06 e2 $ + 5.06 e2 $ = 5.91 e2 at 58.8 i j a a a

(b)

r r k q2 F = qE = 5.91 e 2 at 58.8 a

P19.16

The electric field at any point x is E=

a f ax af cx a afh ex a j
ke q
2

ke q

k e q 4ax
2

2 2

When x is much, much greater than a, we find E

4a k e q x3

b g f j

P19.17

E=

8.99 10 9 22.0 10 6 ke Q l l k e l k eQ = = = 0.290 0.140 + 0.290 d l+d d l+d d l+d

e b g a f a f a f a
k e dq x2

fa

je

r E = 1.59 10 6 N C , directed toward the rod. P19.18

E=

FIG. P19.17

, where dq = 0 dx

E = ke 0

dx 1 = ke 0 2 x x0 x

FG IJ H K
2

=
x0

ke 0 x0
6

The direction is $ or left for 0 > 0 i

P19.19

E=

ex

k e xQ
2

+ a2

32

e8.99 10 je75.0 10 jx = 6.74 10 x ex + 0.100 j ex + 0.010 0j

9 5 2 32 2

32

(a) (b)

At x = 0.010 0 m , At x = 0.050 0 m ,

r E = 6.64 10 6 $ N C = 6.64$ MN C i i r E = 2.41 10 7 $ N C = 24.1$ MN C i i

continued on next page

Chapter 19

527

(c)

At x = 0.300 m ,

r E = 6.40 10 6 $ N C = 6.40 $ MN C i i r E = 6.64 10 5 $ N C = 0.664$ MN C i i

(d)
*P19.20

At x = 1.00 m , k e Qx
2

E=

ex

+ a2

32

For a maximum,

dE = Qk e dx a

LM MM ex N
.

1
2

+ a2

32

OP =0 ex + a j PQP
3x 2
2 2 52

x 2 + a 2 3 x 2 = 0 or x =

Substituting into the expression for E gives

E=

e aj
3 2

k eQa

2 32

k eQ
3
3 2

2 k eQ 3 3a

Q . 6 3 0 a 2

P19.21

Due to symmetry where so that,

Ey = dE y = 0 , and Ex = dE sin = k e dq = ds = rd , Ex = ke k sin d = e cos r 0 r

dq sin r2

2k e r

FIG. P19.21

where

q L and r = . L
2 k e q
2

Thus, Solving,

Ex =

2 8.99 10 9 N m 2 C 2 7.50 10 6 C
2

je a0.140 mf j

Ex = 2.16 10 7 N C .

r Since the rod has a negative charge, E = 2.16 10 7 $ N C = 21.6 $ MN C . i i

528

Electric Forces and Electric Fields

P19.22

(a)

The electric field at point P due to each element of length dx, is k dq dE = 2 e 2 and is directed along the line joining the element to x +y point P. By symmetry,

r dE

Ex = dE x = 0 E = Ey = dEy = dE cos
l2

and since

dq = dx ,
cos =

where

y x2 + y2

.
FIG. P19.22

Therefore,

E = 2 k e y

ze
0

dx x +y
2 2 32

2 k e sin 0 . y 2k e . y

(b)

For a bar of infinite length,

0 = 90

and

Ey =

P19.23

(a)

The whole surface area of the cylinder is A = 2 r 2 + 2 rL = 2 r r + L .

Q = A = 15.0 10 9 C m 2 2 0.025 0 m 0.025 0 m + 0.060 0 m = 2.00 10 10 C

a f

e e

j b

(b)

For the curved lateral surface only, A = 2 rL .

Q = A = 15.0 10 9 C m 2 2 0.025 0 m 0.060 0 m = 1.41 10 10 C

j b

ga

(c)

Q = V = r 2 L = 500 10 9 C m 3 0.025 0 m

j b

g b0.060 0 mg =
2

5.89 10 11 C

Section 19.6 Electric Field Lines

*P19.24

(a) (b)

q1 6 1 = = q 2 18 3 q1 is negative, q 2 is positive

P19.25

FIG. P19.25

Chapter 19

529

P19.26

(a)

The electric field has the general appearance shown. It is zero at the center , where (by symmetry) one can see that the three charges individually produce fields that cancel out. In addition to the center of the triangle, the electric field lines in the second figure to the right indicate three other points near the middle of each leg of the triangle where E = 0 , but they are more difficult to find mathematically.

(b)

You may need to review vector addition in Chapter One. The electric field at point P can be found by adding the electric field r r r vectors due to each of the two lower point charges: E = E1 + E 2 .
r q $ The electric field from a point charge is E = k e 2 r . r r E2 r E1

As shown in the solution figure at right,

r q E1 = k e 2 to the right and upward at 60 a r q E 2 = k e 2 to the left and upward at 60 a FIG. P19.26

r r r q q E = E1 + E 2 = k e 2 cos 60 $ + sin 60 $ + cos 60 $ + sin 60 $ = k e 2 2 sin 60 $ i j i j j a a q = 1.73 k e 2 $ j a

j e

Section 19.7 Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform Electric Field

P19.27 (a) (b) (c) a= qE 1.60 10 19 640 = = 6.13 10 10 m s 2 27 m 1.67 10 1.20 10 6 = 6.13 10 10 t

a f

v f = vi + at x f xi = K= 1 vi + v f t 2

t = 1.95 10 5 s

xf =

1 1.20 10 6 1.95 10 5 = 11.7 m 2

je

(d)

1 1 mv 2 = 1.67 10 27 kg 1.20 10 6 m s 2 2

je

= 1.20 10 15 J

530

Electric Forces and Electric Fields

P19.28

The required electric field will be in the direction of motion . Work done = K so, which becomes and 1 Fd = mvi2 (since the final velocity = 0 ) 2 eEd = K E= K . ed

P19.29

(a)

t=

0.050 0 x = = 1.11 10 7 s = 111 ns v x 4.50 10 5

(b)

19 9.60 10 3 qE 1.602 10 ay = = = 9.21 10 11 m s 2 m 1.67 10 27

je

y f yi = v yi t + (c)

1 ayt 2 : 2

yf =

1 9.21 10 11 1.11 10 7 2

je

= 5.68 10 3 m = 5.68 mm

v x = 4.50 10 5 m s

v yf = v yi + a y t = 9.21 10 11 1.11 10 7 = 1.02 10 5 m s

je

Section 19.8 Electric Flux

P19.30 P19.31 E = EA cos = 2.00 10 4 N C 18.0 m 2 cos 10.0 = 355 kN m 2 C E = EA cos 5.20 10 5 = E 0.126 cos 0 A = r 2 = 0.200

je

= 0.126 m 2

E = 4.14 10 6 N C = 4.14 MN C

Section 19.9 Gausss Law

P19.32 (a) E= k eQ r2 : 8.90 10 2 =

e8.99 10 jQ a0.750f
9 2

r But Q is negative since E points inward. (b)

Q = 5.57 10 8 C = 55.7 nC

The negative charge has a spherically symmetric charge distribution, concentric with the spherical shell.

Chapter 19

531

P19.33

(a)

With very small, all points on the hemisphere are nearly at a distance R from the charge, so the field everywhere on the kQ curved surface is e 2 radially outward (normal to the R surface). Therefore, the flux is this field strength times the area of half a sphere: r r curved = E dA = Elocal A hemisphere
curved = k e

FG H

Q R2

IJ FG 1 4 R IJ = 1 Qa2 f = K H 2 K 4
2 0

+Q 2 0

FIG. P19.33

(b)

The closed surface encloses zero charge so Gausss law gives curved + flat = 0 or flat = curved = Q . 2 0

P19.34

E =

qin 170 10 6 C = = 1.92 10 7 N m 2 C 0 8.85 10 12 C 2 N m 2

(a)

b g

E one face

1.92 10 7 N m 2 C 1 E = 6 6

b g

E one face

= 3.20 MN m 2 C

(b) (c)

E = 19.2 MN m 2 C
The answer to (a) would change because the flux through each face of the cube would not be equal with an asymmetric charge distribution. The sides of the cube nearer the charge would have more flux and the ones further away would have less. The answer to (b) would remain the same, since the overall flux would remain the same.

Section 19.10 Application of Gausss Law to Symmetric Charge Distributions

P19.35

(a)

E=

k eQr a3

= 0

(b)

E=

k eQr a3

e8.99 10 je26.0 10 ja0.100f = a0.400f

9

365 kN C

(c)

E=

k eQ r2

e8.99 10 je26.0 10 j = = a0.400f

9

1.46 MN C

(d)

E=

k eQ r2

e8.99 10 je26.0 10 j = = a0.600f

9

649 kN C

The direction for each electric field is radially outward .

532

Electric Forces and Electric Fields

*P19.36

F IJ = qFG Q A IJ mg = qE = qG H2 K H 2 K
0 0

12 0.01 9.8 Q 2 0 mg 2 8.85 10 = = = 2.48 C m 2 A q 0.7 10 6

ja fa f

P19.37

(a)

2k E= e r

3.60 10 =

2 8.99 10 9 Q 2.40 0.190

jb

Q = +9.13 10 7 C = +913 nC

(b)
P19.38

r E= 0 r E= 0 k eQ r2

(a)

(b)
P19.39

E=

e8.99 10 je32.0 10 j = 7.19 MN C = a0.200f

9

r E = 7.19 MN C radially outward

If is positive, the field must be radially outward. Choose as the gaussian surface a cylinder of length L and radius r, contained inside the charged rod. Its volume is r 2 L and it encloses charge r 2 L . Because the charge distribution is long, no electric flux passes r r through the r r circular end caps; E dA = EdA cos 90.0 = 0 . The curved surface has E dA = EdA cos 0 , and E must be the same strength everywhere over the curved surface.
r r q Gausss law, E dA = , 0

FIG. P19.39

becomes

Curved Surface

dA =

r 2 L
0

Now the lateral surface area of the cylinder is 2 rL :

E 2 r L =

b g

r 2 L
0

Thus,

r E=

r
2 0

radially away from the cylinder axis . 3Q 4 a 3

*P19.40

The charge density is determined by Q = (a)

4 3 a 3

The flux is that created by the enclosed charge within radius r:

E =

qin 4 r 3 4 r 3 3Q Qr 3 = = = 3 0 0 3 0 4 a 3 0 a 3 Q . Note that the answers to parts (a) and (b) agree at r = a . 0

(b)

E =

continued on next page

Chapter 19

533

(c)

E Q 0

a
FIG. P19.40(c)

P19.41
.

The distance between centers is 2 5.90 10 15 m . Each produces a field as if it were a point charge at its center, and each feels a force as if all its charge were a point at its center. F= k e q1 q 2 r2 = 8.99 10 N m

a46f e1.60 10 Cj C j e2 5.90 10 mj

2

19

15

= 3.50 10 3 N = 3.50 kN

Section 19.11 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium

P19.42

EdA = E 2 rl =

b g

qin 0

E=

2 0 r

qin l

2 0 r

(a) (b)

r = 3.00 cm r = 10.0 cm

r E= 0 r E= r E=

2 8.85 10 12 0.100 30.0 10 9

e e

30.0 10 9

ja

f=

5 400 N C , outward

(c)

r = 100 cm

2 8.85 10 12 1.00

= ja f

540 N C , outward

P19.43

The fields are equal. The Equation 19.25 E = different from Equation 19.24 E =

conductor
0

for the field outside the aluminum looks

insulator
2 0

for the field around glass. But its charge will spread out Q . The glass carries charge 2A

to cover both sides of the aluminum plate, so the density is conductor = only on area A, with insulator =

Q Q the same in magnitude, and both are . The two fields are A 2 A 0 perpendicular to the plates, vertically upward if Q is positive.

534

Electric Forces and Electric Fields

P19.44

(a)

E=

= 8.00 10 4 8.85 10 12 = 7.08 10 7 C m 2

je

= 708 nC m 2 , positive on one face and negative on the other.

(b)

Q A

Q = A = 7.08 10 7 0.500

ja

Q = 1.77 10 7 C = 177 nC , positive on one face and negative on the other.

P19.45

(a)

r E= 0

(b)

8.99 10 9 8.00 10 6 k eQ E= 2 = = 7.99 10 7 N C 2 r 0.030 0

je

r E = 79.9 MN C radially outward

(c)

r E= 0

(d)

8.99 10 9 4.00 10 6 k eQ E= 2 = = 7.34 10 6 N C 2 r 0.070 0

je

r E = 7.34 MN C radially outward

P19.46

The electric field on the surface of a conductor varies inversely with the radius of curvature of the surface. Thus, the field is most intense where the radius of curvature is smallest and vice-versa. The local charge density and the electric field intensity are related by E= (a)

or

=0 E .

Where the radius of curvature is the greatest,

=0 Emin = 8.85 10 12 C 2 N m 2 2.80 10 4 N C = 248 nC m 2 .

(b) Where the radius of curvature is the smallest,

je

=0 Emax = 8.85 10 12 C 2 N m 2 5.60 10 4 N C = 496 nC m 2 .

P19.47

je

(a)

Inside surface: consider a cylindrical surface within the metal. Since E inside the conducting shell is zero, the total charge inside the gaussian surface must be zero, so the inside charge/length = . 0 = l + qin Outside surface: qout = 2l + l so The total charge on the metal cylinder is so the outside charge/length is
e

qin = l 2l = qin + qout 3 .

(b)

E=

2 k e 3 r

b g = 6k =
r

3 radially outward 2 0 r

Chapter 19

535

*P19.48

(a)

Consider a gaussian surface in the shape of a rectangular box with two faces perpendicular to the direction of the field. It encloses some charge, so the net flux out of the box is nonzero. The field must be stronger on one side than on the other. It cannot be uniform in magnitude. Now the volume contains no charge. The net flux out of the box is zero. The flux entering is equal to the flux exiting. The field magnitude is uniform.

+ + + +

+ + +

(b)

FIG. P19.48(a) P19.49

(a)

The charge density on each of the surfaces (upper and lower) of the plate is:

8 1 q 1 4.00 10 C = = 8.00 10 8 C m 2 = 80.0 nC m 2 . 2 A 2 0.500 m 2

FG IJ H K

(b)

r 8.00 10 8 C m 2 $ $ E= k= k= 0 8.85 10 12 C 2 N m 2 r E= $ b9.04 kN Cgk

FG IJ F H K GH

I JK

$ b9.04 kN Cgk

(c)

Section 19.12 Context ConnectionThe Atmospheric Electric Field

P19.50

(a)

r E= toward a negative charge. 0

= E 0 = 120 N C 8.85 10 12 C 2 N m 2 = 1.06 10 9 C m 2

(b) Q = A = 4 R 2 = 1.06 10 9 C m 2 4 6.37 10 6 m
5.42 10 5 C

ge

j e

FG 1 electron IJ = H 1.6 10 C K
19

jLNM e

j OQP =
2

5.42 10 5 C

3.38 10 24 excess electrons

P19.51

Consider as a gaussian surface a box with horizontal area A, lying between 500 and 600 m elevation.

r r q E dA = : 0

b+120 N CgA + b100 N CgA = Aa100 mf

0

b20 N Cge8.85 10 =

12

C 2 N m2

100 m

j=

1.77 10 12 C m3

The charge is positive , to produce the net outward flux of electric field.

536

Electric Forces and Electric Fields

P19.52

(a)

The Moon would feel a force away from Earth of magnitude

F=

k e q1 q 2 r2

= 8.99 10 9 N m 2 C 2

F e5 10 Cje1.37 10 jGG H e3.84 10 mj

5 8 2

j IJ = JK

4.18 10 3 N .

(b)

The gravitational force is Gm1 m 2 r

2

F=

e6.67 10

11

N m 2 kg 2 5.98 10 24 kg 7.36 10 22 kg

je

je

e3.84 10 mj
8

F = 1.99 10 20 N toward Earth. Thus, the electric force is weaker by 1.99 10 20 N = 4.77 10 16 times and in the opposite direction . 4.18 10 3 N

Additional Problems
*P19.53

The two given charges exert equal-size forces of attraction on each other. If a third charge, positive or negative, were placed between them they could not be in equilibrium. If the third charge were at a point x > 15 cm , it would exert a stronger force on the 45 C than on the 12 C , and could not produce equilibrium for both. Thus the third charge must be at x = d < 0 . Its equilibrium requires k e q 12 C d
2

d q

x=0 12 C

15 cm x + 45 C

FIG. P19.53

g = k qb45 Cg a15 cm + df
e

FG 15 cm + d IJ H d K
d = 16.0 cm .

45 = 3.75 12

15 cm + d = 1.94d

The third charge is at x = 16.0 cm . The equilibrium of the 12 C requires k e q 12 C

g = k b45 Cg12 C a16.0 cmf a15 cmf

e 2 2

q = 51.3 C .

All six individual forces are now equal in magnitude, so we have equilibrium as required, and this is the only solution.

Chapter 19

537

P19.54

From the free-body diagram shown,

Fy = 0 :
So From or

T cos 15.0 = 1.96 10 2 N . T = 2.03 10 2 N .

r T

Fx = 0 , we have
E

r qE
r Fg = 0.019 6 N FIG. P19.54

qE = T sin 15.0
2

T sin 15.0 e 2.03 10 q= =

N sin 15.0

1.00 10 3 N C

= 5.25 10 6 C = 5.25 C .

P19.55

F=

k e q1 q 2 r
2

:
9

tan =

15.0 60.0
6 2

= 14.0
r F3 r F2 r r Fnet F1 FIG. P19.55
= 2.35 N

e8.99 10 je10.0 10 j F = a0.150f e8.99 10 je10.0 10 j F = a0.600f e8.99 10 je10.0 10 j F = a0.619f

1 2 9 3 2 9 2 2

= 40.0 N

6 2

= 2.50 N

6 2

Fx = F3 F2 cos 14.0 = 2.50 2.35 cos 14.0 = 4.78 N Fy = F1 F2 sin 14.0 = 40.0 2.35 sin 14.0 = 40.6 N Fnet = Fx2 + Fy2 = tan = Fy Fx
= 40.6 4.78

a4.78f + a40.6f
2

= 40.9 N

= 263

538

Electric Forces and Electric Fields

P19.56

FIG. P19.56(a):

d cos 30.0 = 15.0 cm, d= 15.0 cm cos 30.0

or
FIG. P19.56(b):

= sin 1 = sin 1
Fq mg

FG d IJ H 50.0 cm K F 15.0 cm I = 20.3 GH 50.0 cmacos 30.0f JK

(1)

FIG. P19.56(a)

= tan

or
FIG. P19.56(c):

Fq = mg tan 20.3 Fq = 2 F cos 30.0 Fq = 2

r Fq

r r Fg = mg

LM k q MN a0.300 mf
e 2 e 2 2

OP cos 30.0 PQ

(2)

FIG. P19.56(b)

Combining equations (1) and (2), 2

LM k q OP cos 30.0 = mg tan 20.3 NM a0.300 mf QP

2 2

q2 = q2 =

e2.00 10 kg je9.80 m s ja0.300 mf tan 20.3 2e8.99 10 N m C j cos 30.0

3 9 2 2

mg 0.300 m tan 20.3 2 k e cos 30.0

r F

r Fq

r F

FIG. P19.56(c)

q = 4.20 10 14 C 2 = 2.05 10 7 C = 0.205 C

P19.57

Charge ke

Q resides on each block, which repel as point charges: 2

Q 2 Q 2

e je j = kbL L g F= L k bL L g b100 N mga0.100 mf = Q = 2L = 2a0.400 mf k e8.99 10 N m C j

2 i i e 9 2 2

26.7 C

Chapter 19

539

P19.58

Q Charge resides on each block, which repel as point charges: 2 Solving for Q,

F=

ke

e je j = kbL L g . L
Q 2 Q 2 2 i

Q = 2L

k L Li ke

Observing the spring extension gives a way of measuring the charge. If L is large compared to Li , the 3 charge is proportional to L to the power. The charge is proportional to the spring constant to the 2 1 power. We demonstrate dimensional correctness by evaluating the units of the right hand side: 2

F N mC I mG H m N m JK
2 2

12

= C.

P19.59

(a)

From the 2Q charge we have Combining these we find From the Q charge we have Combining these we find 2 k eQ 2
r2

Fe T2 sin 2 = 0 and mg T2 cos 2 = 0 . Fe T sin 2 = 2 = tan 2 . mg T2 cos 2 Fe = T1 sin 1 = 0 and mg T1 cos 1 = 0 . Fe T sin 1 = 1 = tan 1 or 2 = 1 . mg T1 cos 1

FIG. P19.59

(b)

Fe =

k e 2QQ r2

If we assume is small then

tan

r 2 . l

Substitute expressions for Fe and tan into either equation found in part (a) and solve for r.
Fe 2k Q 2 1 4k eQ 2 l r = tan then e 2 and solving for r we find r mg mg mg 2l r

F I GH JK

F GH

I JK

13

P19.60

At an equilibrium position, the net force on the charge Q is zero. The equilibrium position can be located by determining the angle corresponding to equilibrium. In terms of lengths s, attractive force 1 a 3 , and r, shown in Figure P19.60, the charge at the origin exerts an 2
k eQq
1 2

es +

a 3

The other two charges exert equal repulsive forces of magnitude of the two repulsive forces add, balancing the attractive force,
continued on next page

k eQq r2

. The horizontal components

540

Electric Forces and Electric Fields

Fnet

LM 2 cos = k Qq M r es + NM
e

1
1 2

OP P=0 3j P Q
2

From Figure P19.60

r=

1 2

sin

s=

1 a cot 2

The equilibrium condition, in terms of , is

Fnet

FG 4 IJ k QqFG 2 cos sin = H a K GH e

2
e

I JJ = 0 . 3 + cot j K
1
2

Thus the equilibrium value of satisfies

2 cos sin 2

3 + cot

=1.

One method for solving for is to tabulate the left side. To three significant figures a value of corresponding to equilibrium is 81.7. The distance from the vertical side of the triangle to the equilibrium position is s= 1 a cot 81.7 = 0.072 9 a . 2 2 cos sin 2

60 70 80 90 81 81.5 81.7

3 + cot

FIG. P19.60

4 2.654 1.226 0 1.091 1.024 0.997

A second zero-field point is on the negative side of the x-axis, where = 9.16 and s = 3.10 a .
P19.61

(a)

Zero contribution from the same face due to symmetry, opposite face contributes 4

FG k q sin IJ where Hr K
e 2

r=

FG s IJ + FG s IJ H 2K H 2K
2

+ s 2 = 1.5 s = 1.22s keq s

2

sin =

s r

E=4

k e qs r
3

a1.22f

= 2.18

keq s2
FIG. P19.61

(b)

$ The direction is the k direction.

Chapter 19

541

P19.62

Consider the field due to a single sheet and let E+ and E represent the fields due to the positive and negative sheets. The field at any distance from each sheet has a magnitude given by Equation 19.24: E+ = E = (a)

2 0

To the left of the positive sheet, E+ is directed toward the left and E toward the right and the net field over this r region is E = 0 . In the region between the sheets, E+ and E are both directed toward the right and the net field is
r E= to the right . 0

(b)

FIG. P19.62

(c)
P19.63

r To the right of the negative sheet, E+ and E are again oppositely directed and E = 0 .

The magnitude of the field due to the each sheet given by Equation 19.24 is E= (a)

2 0

directed perpendicular to the sheet.

In the region to the left of the pair of sheets, both fields are directed toward the left and the net field is
r E= to the left . 0

FIG. P19.63

(b)

In the region between the sheets, the fields due to the individual sheets are oppositely directed and the net field is r E= 0 . In the region to the right of the pair of sheets, both fields are directed toward the right and the net field is
r E= to the right . 0

(c)

542

Electric Forces and Electric Fields

P19.64

r dE =

F k dq G + a0.150 mf G H
e 2 x =0

r E=

all charge

0. 400 m r dE = k e

I k e xi$ + 0.150 m$jjdx J= x + a0.150 mf J K x + a0.150 mf e x$i + 0.150 m$jjdx x + a0.150 mf

$ j xi + 0.150 m$
2 e 2 2 2 32 2 2 3 2 0. 400 m 0. 400 m 2 2 2 2

r dE

FIG. P19.64

r E = ke

OP a0.150 mf$jx + PP x + a0.150 mf a0.150 mf x + a0.150 mf Q r $a 2.34 6.67 f m + $a6.24 0f m E = e8.99 10 N m C je35.0 10 C mj i j r $ $ E = e 1.36 i + 1.96 $j 10 N C = e 1.36 i + 1.96 $ j kN C j j
$ +i
2 0 0 9 2 2 9 1 3

LM MM N

P19.65

(a)

r r q E dA = E 4 r 2 = in 0

For r < a , so For a < r < b and c < r , So For b r c , (b)

qin = E=

FG 4 r IJ H3 K
3

r . 3 0
FIG. P19.65

qin = Q . E= Q . 4 r 2 0

E = 0 , since E = 0 inside a conductor.

Let q1 = induced charge on the inner surface of the hollow sphere. Since E = 0 inside the conductor, the total charge enclosed by a spherical surface of radius b r c must be zero. Therefore, q1 + Q = 0 and q1 4 b Q . 4 b 2

1 =

Let q 2 = induced charge on the outside surface of the hollow sphere. Since the hollow sphere is uncharged, we require q1 + q 2 = 0 and

2 =

q1 4 c

Q . 4 c 2

Chapter 19

543

P19.66

The field on the axis of the ring is calculated in Example 19.5,

The force experienced by a charge q placed along the axis of the ring is

and when x << a , this becomes This expression for the force is in the form of Hookes law, with an effective spring constant of

ex + a j LM x F = k Qq MM ex + a j N F k Qq IJ x F = G Ha K
2

E = Ex =

k e xQ

2 3 2

2 3 2

OP PP Q

k=

k eQq a3

Since = 2 f = P19.67

k , we have m

f=

1 2

k eQq ma 3

The resultant field within the cavity is the superposition of two r fields, one E + due to a uniform sphere of positive charge of r radius 2a, and the other E due to a sphere of negative charge of radius a centered within the cavity. 4 r 3 = 4 r 2 E+ 3 0

r r1 r a r r

F GH

I JK

so

r r r r $ E+ = r= 3 0 3 0 r r1 r $ r1 = E = r1 . 3 0 3 0

4 r13 = 4 r12 E 3 0

F GH

I JK

so

b g

r r r Since r = a + r1 ,

3 0 r r r r r r r r r a a a $ E = E+ + E = + = = 0$ + i j. 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0

r E =

r r r a

b g

FIG. P19.67

Thus, and

Ex = 0 Ey =

a
3 0

at all points within the cavity.

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P19.2

(a) 2.62 10 24 electrons; (b) 2.38 electrons for every 10 9 already present 57.5 N away from the other proton

P19.6 P19.8

1.57 N to the left 0.634d , stable if the third bead has positive charge

P19.4

544

Electric Forces and Electric Fields

P19.10

(a) 5.58 10 11 N C $ ; j (b) 1.02 10 7 N C $ j

P19.42

(a) 0; (b) 5 400 N/C, outward; (c) 540 N/C, outward (a) 708 nC m 2 and 708 nC m 2 ; (b) 177 nC and 177 nC (a) 248 nC m 2 ; (b) 496 nC m 2 (a) If the volume charge density is nonzero, the field cannot be uniform in magnitude. (b) The field must be uniform in magnitude. (a) negative, 1.06 10 9 C m 2 ; (b) 5.42 10 5 C , 3.38 10 24 excess electrons

P19.12 P19.14

9Q and +27Q
r (a) E = 1.29 10 4 $ N C ; j 2 $ (b) 3.86 10 j N

P19.44

P19.46 P19.48

P19.16 P19.18 P19.20 P19.22 P19.24

see the solution

ke 0 , The direction is $ or left for 0 > 0 i x0

see the solution (a) see the solution; (b) see the solution 1 (a) ; (b) q1 is negative and q 2 is positive 3
P19.52 P19.50

(a) away from Earth, 4.18 10 3 N ; (b) the electric force is weaker by 4.77 10 16 times and in the opposite direction

P19.26

q (a) at the center; (b) 1.73 k e 2 $ j a K in the direction of motion, ed

355 kN m 2 C (a) 55.7 nC ; (b) negative, spherically symmetric, and concentric with the shell (a) 3.20 MN m C ; (b) 19.2 MN m C ; (c) see the solution
2 2

P19.54 P19.56

5. 25 C 0. 205 C 2L

P19.28 P19.30 P19.32

P19.58 P19.60 P19.62

k L Li ke

0.072 9 a (a) 0; (b)

P19.34

to the right; (c) 0

P19.36 P19.38 P19.40

2.48 C m 2
(a) 0; (b) 7.19 MN C radially outward
(a) P19.64 P19.66

e1.36$i + 1.96$jj kN C
see the solution

Qr 3 Q ; (b) ; (c) see the solution 0 0 a 3