Grade 10 Science Unit 2 Chemistry

Physical and Chemical Properties - Physical and Chemical Change

Science Perspectives - Section 5.1 Pages 175- 178 All substances have mass, and therefore, substances are composed of atoms. The atoms and their composition within a substance determine the chemical and physical properties of the substance. Substances can be classified according to atoms assemblycalled Classification of Matter: All matter falls into one of three categories: Elements Compounds Mixtures. Further, mixtures can be classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous. We can determine the category by physical or chemical processes. If we have a sample of matter and find a physical process such as evaporation, magnets or colour to separate it, the sample is a mixture. If the sample is a mixture of solids and liquids (e.g., sand and water) or two or more liquids that do not mix (e.g., oil and vinegar), the mixture is heterogeneous. Otherwise the sample is a homogeneous mixture. If a physical process will NOT separate the sample, the sample is a pure substance. If a chemical process such as combustion or oxidation breaks the substance down to its constituent atoms, the substance is a compound (e.g., salt, sugar, water). Otherwise the substance is an element (e.g., copper penny, aluminum foil). Compounds are made up of a combination of atoms or molecules, while elements are made up of single type of atoms. Properties All substances have properties that can be used to identify them. For example we can identify a person by their face, their voice, height, finger prints, DNA, etc. The more properties we can identify, the better we know the person. Matter has propertiesand there are many of them. There are two basic types of properties associated with matter: physical properties and chemical properties. Physical properties are a description of a substance that does not involve forming a new substance. Physical properties are readily observable, and they include colour, size, luster, density, taste, solubility, melting point, physical state and smell. Chemical properties are only observable during a chemical reaction. Chemical property is a description of what a substance does as it changes into one or more new substance(s). For example, you might not know if sulfur is combustible unless you tried to burn it. Examples of physical properties - Colour, smell, freezing point, boiling point, melting point, infrared spectrum, attraction (paramagnetic) or repulsion (diamagnetic) to magnets, opacity, viscosity and density. NOTE: Measuring these properties will not alter the basic nature of the substance.

Examples of chemical properties - Heat of combustion, reactivity with water, pH and electromotive force. Change Matter undergoes change all of the time. Some changes are minor, like an increase in temperature. Other changes are violent or drastic, like the combustion (burning) of a piece of wood. Change also has two categories: Physical Change and Chemical Change. The factor distinguishing one category form the other is whether or not a particular change results in the production of a new substance. Physical change is a change that does NOT result in the production of a new substance. If you melt a block of ice, you still have H2O at the end of the change. If you break a bottle, you still have glass. Painting a piece of wood will not make it stop being wood. Some common examples of physical changes are melting, freezing, condensing, breaking, crushing, cutting, and bending. Chemical change (chemical reactions) is a change that results in the production of another substance. When you burn a log in a fireplace, you are carrying out a chemical reaction that releases carbon. When you light your Bunsen burner in lab, you are carrying out a chemical reaction that produces water and carbon dioxide. Common examples of chemical changes are digestion, respiration, photosynthesis, burning and decomposition.

Properties of Matter
Chemistry and the study of matter is a quantitative subject (i.e., measurements and calculations are key). Matter can be defined as "anything that has mass and volume." In a laboratory activity, you will collect data (e.g., mass and volume). Thus, it is important to understand what you are measuring. For example, mass and volume give density. Note: Weight and Mass are different. Inertia - The ability of an object to resist changes in its motion. Change could be speed or direction. If you are riding in a car that stops suddenly, you continue to move forward because of your inertia. When a car makes a sharp turn, you might feel yourself moving to one side due to your inertia. Mass - The amount of matter an object contains. For example, 10.0 grams of gold would contain twice as many gold atoms as 5.0 grams of gold. Mass does not refer to size. The International Scientific (SI) unit for mass is the kilogram (kg). Conservation of Mass - One of the laws of chemistry is the Law of Conservation of Mass. The law states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in an ordinary chemical reaction. Mass and energy can be converted into one another form, but in any chemical reaction, the mass of the products will be equal to the mass of the reactants. Volume - The amount of space that an object takes up. When you buy a two-liter bottle of soda, the soda takes up two liters of space. The volume of liquids can be measured using graduated cylinders, beakers and flasks. The volume of regularly shaped objects is determined with a metre stick. Objects that have an irregular shape are often measured through what is called "the water displacement method" (i.e., volume of the object is determined by how much water it displaces). Volume is measured in milliliters (ml) or cubic centimeters (cm3). Note: 1 ml = 1 cm3.

Density - The amount of matter in a given unit of volume. Density is a measure of how tightly atoms are packed in a substance. The statement Ice is less dense than water means that water molecules are more tightly packed when in the liquid state. Density can be measured in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). The formula for determining density is:

Density = Mass / Volume D=m/V

Weight - A measure of the force of gravitational attraction between two objects, one of which is usually the earth. The weight of a certain object can change as it moves closer or further away from the earth. On the moon, objects weigh about 1/6th of what they weigh on earth. Mass, on the other hand, does not change with location. To gain or lose mass an object must gain or lose atoms. The Mole - We do not measure the mass or volume of individual atoms or molecules. Molecules are so small that a single drop of water contains billions and billions of molecules. Yet, molecules are grouped. This grouping is a moles. The mass of one water molecule may be difficult to measure, but it is possible to measure the mass of one mole of water molecules. One mole of water has a mass of 18.0 grams. Changes in Matter - Physical and Chemical Change Identify the type of change Event Melting ice Baking Burning paper Breaking glass Metal rusting Cutting copper wire Tearing Paper Decomposition of old leaves Painting wood Physical / Chemical Reason

HOMEWORK Page 178 Questions 1-10

Answer Sheet Identify the type of change Event Melting ice Baking Burning paper Breaking glass Metal rusting Cutting copper wire Tearing Paper Decomposition of old leaves Painting wood Physical / Chemical P C C P C P P C P Reason No new product New product produced New product produced No new product New product produced No new product No new product New product produced No new product