Wavelet Based Fault Detection, Classification in Transmission Lines with FACTS Controllers

G.Ravi kumar1
Email: goli.ravikumar@yahoo.com

Shaik Abdul Gafoor2

Email: saadgafoor@yahoo.com

S.S.Tulasi Ram3
Email: ramsankara@gmail.com

1, 2. Bapatla Engineering College, Bapatla, India 3. JNTU College of Engineering, Kakinada, India
Abstract-This paper deals with the application of wavelet transforms for the detection, classification and location of faults on Transmission lines with facts. A Global Positioning System synchronizing clock is used to sample three phase voltage and current signals at both the ends of the transmission line over a moving window length of half cycle. The current signals are analyzed with Db1 wavelet to obtain detail coefficients of single decompositions. Fault Indices are calculated based on the sum of local and remote end detail coefficients, and compared with threshold values to detect and classify the faults. The proposed algorithm is tested for different locations and types of faults as well as for various incidence angles and distances with and without flexible alternating current transmission controllers. The algorithm is proved to be efficient and effective in detecting, classifying the faults. This paper presents analytical and simulation results of the application of distance relays for the protection of transmission systems employing flexible alternating current transmission controllers such as the unified power flow controller (UPFC). Index TermsDistance relay, flexible alternating current transmission (FACTS) controllers, power system protection, UPFC, wavelet. I INTRODUCTION Continuing pressure to minimize capital expenditure and the increasing difficulties involved in obtaining transmission rights of way have focused the attention of the utility community on the flexible alternating current transmission (FACTS) concept [7], [8] resulting in the initiation of studies and implementation programmes which are now well underway. Power transfer in most integrated transmission systems is constrained by transient stability, voltage stability, and/or power stability. These constrains limit the full utilization of available transmission corridors. FACTS is a technology that provides the requisite corrections of transmission functionality in order to fully utilize existing transmission systems and, therefore, minimize the gap between the stability and thermal limits. The performance of a power system is affected by faults on transmission lines, which results in interruption of power flow. Quick detection of faults and accurate estimation of fault location, help in faster maintenance and restoration of supply resulting in improved economy and reliability of power supply. When the UPFC is operated as STATCOM, the apparent impedance is influenced by the reactive power injected/absorbed by the STATCOM, which will result in the under reaching or over reaching of distance relay discussed in [10] . Importantly, the impact on the performance of a distance relay is significantly higher when the full UPFC is in operation compared to a system employing only the STATCOM part of the UPFC; this is by virtue of the fact that in the case of the former, there is active and reactive power injected by both STATCOM and SSSC. Wavelet Transform (WT) is an effective tool in analyzing transient voltage and current signals associated with faults both in frequency and time domain. Chul-Hwan Kim, et al [1] have used Wavelet Transforms to detect the high impedance arcing faults. Joe-Air Jiang, et al [2] have used Haar Wavelet to detect dc component for identifying the faulty phases. Distance protection schemes using WT based phasor estimation are reported in [3]&[4]. Due to fast developing communication techniques, it is possible to develop communication-aided high-speed digital protection scheme, which suits the EHV transmission. Better performance can be achieved using two terminal synchronized sampling of signals. Global Position System (GPS) based algorithms with better performance and accuracy have been proposed in [5]&[6]. There is always a need to develop innovative methods for transmission line protection. In this paper, Wavelet Multi Resolution Analysis is used for detection, classification and location of faults on transmission lines. Detail D1 coefficients of current signals at both the ends are used to detect and classify the type of fault. II WAVELET ANALYSIS Wavelet Transform (WT) is an efficient means of analyzing transient currents and voltages. Unlike DFT, WT not only analyzes the signal in frequency bands but also provides nonuniform division of frequency domain, i.e. WT uses short window at high frequencies and long window at low frequencies. This helps to analyze the signal in both frequency and time domains effectively. A set of basis functions called Wavelets, are used to decompose the signal in various frequency bands, which are obtained from a mother wavelet by dilation and translation. Hence the amplitude and incidence of each frequency can be found precisely.

Wavelet Transform is defined as a sequence of a function {h(n)}(low pass filter) and {g(n)}(high pass filter). The scaling function (t) and wavelet (t) are defined by the following equations (t) = 2 h (n) (2t-n) (t) = 2 g (n) (2t-n) Where g(n) = (-1)n h(1-n) A sequence of {h(n)} defines a Wavelet Transform. There are many types of wavelets such as Haar, Daubachies, and Symlet etc. The selection of mother wavelet is based on the type of application. In the following section a novel method of detection and classification of faults using Multi Resolution Analysis of the transient currents associated with the fault is discussed. IV. DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION TRANSMISSION LINE FAULTS OF

Fig-3: Variation of fault index for an LG fault on Phase A of transmission line

The types of faults considered in the analysis are L-G, L-L-G, L-L, L-L-L, faults. The simulations show that fault inception angle has a considerable effect on the phase current samples and therefore also on Wavelet transform output of post-fault signals. As the waves are periodic, it is sufficient to study the effect of inception angle in the range of 00 to 1800. Fig-4: Variation of fault index for an LLG fault on PhaseABG of transmission line

Fig-5: Variation of fault index for an LLLG fault on Phase ABCG of transmission line II. UPFC AND TRANSMISSION SYSTEM MODEL In this study, SimPowerSystem toolbox in Matlab 7.4 is used to model the 138-kV parallel transmission system with UPFC installed in the middle of one transmission line [9]. The system built with this tool is shown in Fig. 1. Two 200-km parallel 138kV transmission lines terminated in two 6500-MVAshort-circuit levels (SCLs) sources and the angle difference is 20 . The 160MVA UPFC is installed in the middle of the second transmission line. The simulation time step length is 0.02 ms. The UPFC consists of two 48-pulse voltage source inverters .The first inverter known as STATCOM connects into the transmission system through a 15 kV/138 kV /Y shunt transformer, and injects or consumes reactive power to the transmission system to regulate the voltage at the connecting point; another inverter known as static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) connects into the system through a 15 kV/22 kV Y/Y series transformer to inject an almost sinusoidal voltage of variable magnitude and angle, in series with the transmission line to regulate the power flow through the transmission line.

Fig-2: Flowchart for transmission line fault classification The three phase currents of both the end terminal are analyzed with DB1 mother wavelet to obtain the detail coefficients (D1L) over a moving window of half cycle length. These D1 L coefficients are then transmitted to the remote end. The detail coefficients received from the bus1 and bus2 subtracted to obtain effective D1 coefficients (D1E). The Fault Index (If1) of each phase is then calculated as If1 = D1E .Figure2 shows the flowchart for transmission line fault classification and detection based on the threshold value of fault index. Figure 3,4,5 and 6 shows the variation of fault index for various type of faults with different distances and 30 degrees fault inception angles.

Figure 1: Transmission system with UPFC

There are three modes of operation of the UPFC; first is when only the shunt voltage source inverter is connected to the UPFC system and it operates as STATCOM alone; the second is only when the series part is connected to the system and it operates as SSSC and thirdly when both parts work together it operates as the full UPFC system. When it operates on the STATCOM mode, the main function is to regulate the connecting point voltage by injecting or absorbing reactive power into/from power system. When the UPFC is operated as STATCOM, the apparent impedance influenced by the reactive power injected/absorbed by the STATCOM, which will result in the under reaching or over reaching of distance relay described in [10]. A. DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE FAULTS WITH STATCOM The fault analysis based on the waveforms of Variation of fault index at different locations for an LG, LL, LLG and LLLG faults on transmission line with STATCOM at 30 degree fault inception angle. Fig 6,7,8,9 and 10 shows the variation of fault index LG,LLG,LLLG faults on transmission line with STATCOM

Fig-8: Variation of fault index for an LLLG fault on Phase ABCG with STATCOM B. DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE FAULTS WITH SSSC When SSSC part of the UPFC consumes active power. The apparent resistance will increase and when SSSC consumes reactive power; the apparent reactance will increase for a phase-phase fault, there is a tendency for the distance relay to under reach and also for the earth fault relay maloperate [10]. In this paper describe the detection and classification of the faults after inserting the SSSC of UPFC. Fig 9,10,11 and 12 shows the variation of fault index LG,LL,LLG,LLLG faults on transmission line with SSSC of UPFC.

Fig-9: Variation of fault index for an LG fault on Phase A with SSSC

Fig-6: Variation of fault index for an LG fault on Phase B with STATCOM Fig-10: Variation of fault index for an LL fault on Phase AB with SSSC

Fig-7: Variation of fault index for an LLG fault on Phase BCG with STATCOM Fig-11: Variation of fault index for an LLG fault on Phase ABG with SSSC

It is observed that the fault index of faulty phase is large compared to those of healthy phases. Thus the number of faulty phases is determined by comparing the Fault Index (If1) with a Fault Threshold (Th1). If the fault involves two phases, If1 alone can discrimination between LL and LLG faults. IV CONCLUSIONS This paper presents a detailed model of a transmission system employing UPFC.Wavelet based multiresolution analysis approach can be successfully applied for effective detection and classification of faults in transmission lines with without flexible alternating current transmission controllers at various distances with different fault inception angle are studied. Fault detection and classification can be accomplished within a half a cycle using detail coefficients of currents at both the ends. The proposed protection scheme is found to be fast, reliable and accurate for various types of faults on transmission lines, at different locations and with variations in incidence angles.

Fig-12: Variation of fault index for an LLLG fault on Phase ABCG with SSSC C. DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION TRANSMISSION LINE FAULTS WITH UPFC OF

The fault analysis based on the waveforms of Variation of fault index at different locations for an LG, LL, LLG and LLLG faults on transmission line with UPFC at 30 degree fault inception angle. The UPFC location is maintained at centre of the transmission line. Fig 13,14 and 15 shows the variation of fault index LG, LLG,LLLG faults on transmission line with UPFC.

REFERENCES
[1] Chul-Hwan Kim, Hyun Kim, Young-Hun Ko, Sung-Hyun Byun, Raj K. Aggarwal, AllanT. Johns, A Novel FaultDetection Technique of High-Impedance Arcing Faults in Transmission Lines Using the Wavelet Transform, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.17 No.4, October 2002, pp. 921-929. [2] Joe-Air Jiang, Ping-Lin Fan, Ching-Shan Chen, Chi-Shan Yu, Jin-Yi Sheu, A Fault Detection and Faulted Phase Selection Approach for Transmission Lines with Haar Wavelet Transform, Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition 2003, IEEE PES, 7-12, September 2003, Vol.1, pp.285-289.

Fig-13: Variation of fault index for an LG fault on Phase AG with UPFC

[3] Feng Liang, B. Jeyasura, Transmission Line Distance Protection Using Wavelet Transform Algorithm. IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.19, No.2 April 2004, pp. 545-553. [4] A.H. Osman, O.P. Malik, Transmission Line distance Protection Based on Wavelet Transform, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.19, No.2, April 2004, pp.515-523. [5] H. Y. Li, S. Potts, A New Type of Differential Feeder Protection Relay Using the Global Positioning System for Data Synchronization, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.12. No.3, July 1997, pp.1090-1099.

Fig-14: Variation of fault index for an LLG fault on Phase ABG with UPFC

[6] Joe-Air Jiang, Ping-Lin Fan, Ching-ShanChen,Chin_Wen Liu, A New Protection Scheme for Fault Detection ,Direction Discrimination, Classification, and Location in Transmission Lines, IEEE trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.18. No.1, January 2003, pp. 34-42. [7] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems. New York: IEEE Press, 2000 [8] Y. H. Song and A. T. Johns, Flexible AC Transmission Systems. New York: IEEE Press,1999. [9] G. Sybille and L.-H. Hoang, Digital simulation of power systems and power electronics using the MATLAB/simulink power system blockset, in Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Soc. WinterMeeting, vol. 4, Jan. 4,2000, pp. 29732981.

Fig-15: Variation of fault index for an LLLG fault on Phase ABCG with UPFC

[10] Xiaoyao Zhou, Haifeng Wang, R. K. Aggarwal, and Phil Beaumont, Performance Evaluation of a Distance Relay as Applied to a Transmission System With UPFC IEEE transactions on power delivery,vol.21,No.3,July 2006. BIBLIOGRAPHY Goli Ravikumar graduated from Andhra University College of Engineering,Visakhapatnam, India in 1993 and received M.Tech from Jawaharlal Nehru Technology university college of Engineering, India in 2007. Presently he is pursuing Ph.D degree in Fuzzy-wavelet based Transmission line protection with FACTS controllers.

Shaik Abdul Gafoor graduated from Regional Engineering College, Warangal, India in 1989 and received M.Tech from Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India in 1991. . He obtained his Ph.D degree from National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India in 2008. He is currently working as Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, at Bapatla Engineering College ,India. His areas of interest are Power System Stability, Power System Protection, and HVDC Transmission. S.S.Tulasi Ram received B. Tech, M.Tech and PhD degrees in Electrical Engineering from JNTU College of Engineering, Kakinada. Presently working as professor and Head of the Department in Electrical and Electronics Engineering department in the same college. His areas of interest include high voltage engineering, Power system analysis and control.