THE 23 AUXILIARY VERBS

1. Twelve (12) verbs, when used as auxiliary verbs, combine with the base form only (“base form” =

infinitive minus “to”; for example: to go = infinitive; go = base form).

will would may do

shall should might does

can could must did

OK: I will go. You can go. He should go. We may go. They do go.

Not OK: I will going. You can gone. He should goes. We may went. They do going.

2. Seven (7) verbs, when used as auxiliary verbs, combine with present participles (base form plus

ing: for example, going ) OR past participles (I have walked. I have gone.)

am is are was were be been

OK: I am going. He is going. He is gone. You are going. You are gone. She was going. She was gone.

We were going. We were gone. They will be going. They will be gone. It has been going. It has been

gone.

Not OK: I am go. I am went. He is goes. He was wenting. She will be goning.

Note: Been is the past participle of to be. But, none of the 7 verbs above combines with been. In fact,

only three auxiliaries combine with been: have, has, had. One of these three is always immediately in front

of been (for example: I have been sick. He has been sick. I had been sick.), except in the negative and

interrogative (for example: I have not been sick. (negative) Has he been sick? (interrogative)). Also

Note: Been cannot stand alone. For example: Not OK: I been here two years. OK: I have been here

two years. Not OK: I been living here two years. OK: I have been living here two years.

3. Four (4) verbs, when used as auxiliary verbs, combine with past participles only.

have has had being

OK: I have gone. He has gone. I had gone. I was being robbed.

I have chased. He has chased. I had chased. I was being chased.

Not OK: I have go. I have going. He has go. He has going. I had go . I had going. I was being rob. I

was being robbing.

I have chase. I have chasing. He has chase. He has chasing. I had chase. I had chasing. I was being

chase. I was being chasing.

Note: Being works best in the continuous form of passive voice, simple present and simple past only. For

example: I am being chased (simple present). I was being chased (simple past). Not OK: I will be being

chased. I have been being chased. I had been being chased. I will have been being chased. I am being

tired = Not OK. I am tired = OK. I was being lost = Not OK. I was lost = OK.

4. Of the 23 “auxiliaries,” nine (9) are auxiliary verbs ONLY.

will shall can would should could may might must

OK: I will go. I shall go. I can go. I would go. I should go. I could go. I may go. I might go. I must go.

Not OK: I will here. I shall there. I can this. I would that. I should him. I could her. I may them. I might it.

I must us.

Note: Many times every day you might hear people say: I do. She will. He does. We might. You should.

They might. I must. It could. It seems like the auxiliary verb is being used as a principal verb, but the

principal verb is not expressed. The examples above occur only in response to questions. Do you like

candy? Yes, I do (like candy). No, I don’t (like candy). Will she come here? Yes, she will (come here). No,

she won’t (come here). Does he study English? Yes, he does (study English). No, he doesn’t (study

English).

5. Of the 23 “auxiliaries,” fourteen (14) are auxiliary verbs OR principal verbs.

do does did am is are was were

be being been have has had

OK: Auxiliary Principal

I do not like cats. I do my homework.

He does like cats.* He does a good job.

Did you eat?** You did the laundry.

I am reading. I am poor.

She is not listening. She isn’t rich.

It was running. It was sunny.

We were robbed. We were in New York

They will be kissed. They will be here at noon.

I have been studying. I have been sick.

I have talked to her. I have some money.

He has driven a car. He has a new car.

 You had fallen down. You had a cold.

She was being prepared. She was being polite.

*He does like cats. I do like cats. I did like cats. These sentences are in the emphatic form, and they are

used only in the simple present and simple past; they are usually responses to statements or questions.

For example: (1) John doesn’t like cats. Yes, he does like cats. John doesn’t like cats, does he? Yes, he

does like cats. (2) You don’t like cats. Yes, I do like cats. You don’t like cats, do you? Yes, I do like

cats. (3) She didn’t like cats. Yes, she did like cats. She didn’t like cats, did she? Yes, she did like

cats. BUT: If the principal verb is a form of to be , do-does-did is unnecessary. OK: He is rich. Yes, he is.

No, he isn’t. He is rich, isn’t he? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t. ALSO: If there is an auxiliary, do-does-did is

unnecessary. OK: She isn’t working. Yes, she is working. She isn’t working, is she? Yes, she is working.

**In the interrogative and the negative, do, does, and did are auxiliaries for the simple present and simple

past--they are not emphatic. They are not used when the principal verb is a form of to be or when there is

an auxiliary verb. For example (principal verb is a form of to be) : He is sick. Interrogative = Is he sick?

Negative = He isn’t sick.

For example (an auxiliary verb): I am talking. Interrogative = Am I talking? Negative = I am not talking.

I. SIMPLE TENSES

A. Simple present = base form: I work. OR base form + -s: He works. She works. It works. OR
base form + -es : I watch / she watches; I study / he studies
1. A general truth.
The sky is blue.
2. A typical activity.
I always brush after I eat.
Bob watches TV every night.
Sara works 5 days a week.
3. A statement of something existing at the time of speaking.
I hear the train coming.
I smell smoke.
4. A scheduled event or activity.
My plane leaves at 8:30 tomorrow.

B. Simple past = base form + -ed for regular verbs : I worked yesterday. The simple past for
irregular verbs varies : He ate lunch at noon. (irregular verb)
1. An activity begun and completed at a particular time in the past.
I went to work yesterday morning.
2. Commonly used with “after” and “before” clauses.
After Bob ate dinner, he drove to CEC.
The students arrived in class before the teacher.
3. “Used to” = past habits (used to + base form)
I used to ride horses when I was a kid.
C. Simple future = will + base form: I will work tomorrow. He will eat dinner later. OR am / is /
are + (going to + base form): I am going to work tomorrow. She is going to eat dinner at Al’s
Restaurant. We are going to study Unit 1 tonight.
1. A future event or activity.
Our break will begin at 8:10.
I will study later.
I’m going to study later.
2. Use will (not: going to) to volunteer.
A. Wait a second. I will help you with that sofa. If you try to move it by yourself,
your back will be out for a week.
3. Use going to (not: will) with a preconceived plan.
I’m going to mow my lawn tomorrow.

D. Present perfect = have + past participle : I have worked. I have eaten. OR has + past
participle: She has worked. She has eaten.
1. An activity that began in the past and continues into the present , often using “since, ”
“since...ago,” or “for”:
“since” = a particular time: I have / She has studied English since 1997.
“since...ago” = a particular time: I’ve / She’s studied English since 5 years ago.
“for” = a duration of time: I’ve / She’s studied English for 5 years.
2. A repeated activity.
I have / He has gone to ESL class every day this week.
3. An activity that occurred at an unspecified time in the past.
A. Have you ever visited New York? B. No, but I have visited New Orleans.
4. An activity in a time clause (e.g., when..., while..., after...) that ends before the main
clause activity begins.
I will go to the movie after I have studied Unit 1.

E. Past perfect = had + past participle : I had worked. She had eaten.
An activity in the past that ended before another activity in the past.
e.g. They had already gone to Lab by the time I arrived.

F. Future perfect = will have + past participle : I will have worked. She will have eaten.
An activity in the future that will end before another activity in the future.
e.g. They will have left Lab by the time I arrive.

PROGRESSIVE TENSES

A. Present progressive = am + (base form + -ing) : I am working. OR is + (base form + -ing) :

She is eating. OR are + (base form + -ing) : We are studying.
1. A planned activity.
Sofia is starting school at CEC tomorrow
2. An activity that is occurring right now.
Jan is watching TV right now.
3. An activity that is in progress, although not actually occurring at the time of speaking.
Sara is learning English at CEC.

B. Past progressive = was + (base form + -ing) : I was working. OR were + (base form + -ing) :
They were eating.
1. A past activity in progress while another activity occurred.
At 6:00 yesterday I was eating dinner.
The phone rang while I was eating.
2. Two past activities in progress at the same time.
While I was answering the phone, my wife was cooking dinner.

C. Future progressive = will be + (base form + -ing): I will be working. He will be eating.
 An activity that will be in progress.
Tomorrow Sam will be studying for the test on Unit 1.

D. Present perfect progressive = have + (base form + -ing): I have been working. OR has +
(base form + -ing): She has been eating.

1. This tense emphasizes the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues
into the present. It often uses time words or phrases. It may be used to refer to
continuing activity that is recent.
He has been painting houses all summer.
I’ve been studying English for 2 years.
2. It may be used to refer to continuing activity that is recent.
He has been going to school at CEC.

E. Past perfect progressive = had + (base form + -ing) : I had been working. He had been
eating.

When the teacher arrived, I had been waiting almost 10 minutes.

He was out of breath because he had been running to catch the bus.

F. Future perfect progressive = will have + (base form + -ing): I will have been working. She
will have been eating.
This tense emphasizes the duration of a continuing activity in the future that ends before
another activity or time in the future.

By 2003 Janet will have been studying English at CEC for 3 years.
By 9:45 tonight I will have been sitting in class for 2 hours and 45 minutes.

VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS, INFINITIVES

1. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A GERUND: 2. VERBS FOLLOWED BY AN

(e.g., I enjoy swimming. NOT I enjoy to INFINITIVE: (e.g., He wants to swim.
swim. NOT I enjoy swim.) NOT He wants swimming. NOT He wants
swim.)
admit
advise decide
appreciate expect
avoid forget
believe have
can’t help hope
choose know how
confess need
consider plan
debate promise
delay wait
deny want
discuss would like
dislike
enjoy
escape 3. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A GERUND
favor OR AN INFINITIVE: (e.g., She begins
feel like swimming. OR She begins to swim.
finish NOT She begins swim.)
 get around to
get out of afford
give attempt
go begin
imagine bother
include choose
keep on continue
know dread
look forward to forget
make hate
mention intend
mind like
miss love
picture hate
postpone neglect
put off regret
protest remember
practice stand
quit start
recall stop
recommend try
regret
remember
resent
resist
risk
stop
succeed in
suggest
take up
work at

Passive Voice

ACTIVE PASSIVE
Simple present:
Sam kicks the ball. The ball is kicked by Sam.
Sam pets the cats. The cats are petted by Sam.
Sam visits me. I am visited by Sam.
Simple past:
Sam kicked the ball. The ball was kicked by Sam.
Sam kicked the cats. The cats were kicked by Sam.
Simple future:
Sam will kick the ball. The ball will be kicked by Sam.
Sam will kick the cats. The cats will be kicked by Sam. (no change)
Present perfect:
Sam has kicked the ball. The ball has been kicked by Sam.
Sam has kicked the cats. The cats have been kicked by Sam.
Past perfect:
Sam had kicked the ball. The ball had been kicked by Sam.
Sam had kicked the cats. The cats had been kicked by Sam. (no change)
Future perfect:
Sam will have kicked the ball. The ball will have been kicked by Sam.
Sam will have kicked the cats. The cats will have been kicked by Sam. (no change)

PROGRESSIVE TENSES (the passive forms of the last 4 tenses below are rarely, if
ever, used)

ACTIVE PASSIVE
Simple present:
Sam is kicking the ball. The ball is being kicked by Sam.
Sam is petting the cats. The cats are being petted by Sam.
Simple
past:
Sam was kicking the ball. The ball was being kicked by Sam.
Sam was kicking the cats. The cats were being kicked by Sam.
Simple future:
Sam will be kicking the ball. The ball will be being kicked by Sam.
Sam will be kicking the cats. The cats will be being kicked by Sam.
Present perfect:
Sam has been kicking the ball. The ball has been being kicked by Sam.
Sam has been kicking the cats. The cats have been being kicked by Sam.
Past perfect:
Sam had been kicking the ball. The ball had been being kicked by Sam.
Sam had been kicking the cats. The cats had been being kicked by Sam.
Future perfect:
Sam will have been kicking the ball. The ball will have been being kicked by Sam.
Sam will have been kicking the cats. The cats will have been being kicked by Sam.

ADVERBS
1. Adverbs tell how (“eagerly”), when (“lately,” “often”), where (“there,” “outside”),
how much (“very,” “too”), and why (“therefore”).

2. Adverbs usually modify verbs, other adverbs, or adjectives.

Bob drives carefully . (“Carefully” modifies the verb “drives.”)
Bob drives very carefully. (“Very” modifies the adverb “carefully.”)
Bob is quite tall. (“Quite” modifies the adjective “tall.”)

3. Adverbs are often “adjective + -ly”:

patient--patiently
careless--carelessly
expensive--expensively
probable--probably
certain--certainly
happy--happily
honest--honestly
 personal--personally
real--really
direct--directly
fair-fairly
serious--seriously

4. But not all adverbs end in –ly:

again, ago, all, almost, also, always, any, anyhow, anymore, anyplace,
anytime, anyway, anywhere, better, best, enough, far, farther, fast, further,
furthest, here, how, inside, just, later, maybe, more, most, much, never,
next, now, often, once, outside, quite, rather, slow (also slowly), so,
some, somehow, sometime, sometimes, somewhat, still, straight, there,
therefore, too, very, well, what, whatever, when, whence, whenever,
where, whereby, wherein, wherever, yet.

5. Not all words that end in -ly are automatically adverbs;

“friendly,” “likely,” “lonely,” and “lovely” are adjectives.
“Early” can be an adjective OR an adverb.

6. “Fast,” “slow,” “quick,” “early,” and “straight” are examples of other

words that can be adjectives AND adverbs, BUT have the same meaning:

Sara walks fast. (adverb) = Sara is a fast walker. (adjective).

The early bus (adjective) = the bus that arrives early (adverb).

7. Most adverbs, like adjectives, can be compared using “more” and “most”:
sharply--more sharply--most sharply. One- syllable adverbs are compared
using “-er” and “-est”: straight--straighter--straightest.

Some adverbs are irregular:

well--better--best,
badly (ill)--worse--worst,
much--more--most,
little--less--least,
far--farther (further)--farthest (furthest).

TRANSITIONAL PHRASES

Transitional words and phrases keep the reader “on track.” They kep the reader
understand the relationship between one idea or statement and subsequent ones.

1. Adding ideas: 6. Degrees of certainty:

besides anyhow
for example (e.g.) anyway
for instance certainly
furthermore doubtless
in addition in all likelihood
in fact in all probability
indeed in any case
likewise indeed
moreover perhaps
once more possibly
similarly probably
that is (i.e.) surely
then, too
7. Qualification:
2. As expected:
especially
as a matter of fact frequently
for that matter if
it follows that in case
naturally in general
obviously in particular
of course inasmuch
surely lest
to be sure occasionally
particularly
3. Cause and effect: provided that
specifically
accordingly unless
and so
and that’s why 8. Repetition:
as a consequence
as a result as noted
as might be expected as noted earlier
consequently as we have seen
for this reason besides
hence in any case
since in fact
then in other words
therefore indeed
thus to put it another way
to repeat
4. Contrast:
9. Summary:
at the same time
conversely all in all
despite finally
however in a word
in spite of in brief
nevertheless in conclusion
nonetheless in short
notwithstanding in summary
not at all in summation
on the contrary on the whole
on the other hand therefore
still to conclude
unlike to make a long story short
yet to sum it up
 to summarize
5. Concession:

although
but of course
certainly
doubtless
granted that
of course
though
to be sure
to doubt that
whereas

PARTS OF SPEECH

1. NOUN
A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, idea, or quality.
Examples: John, Mary, boy, girl, children; Pasadena, CEC; classrooms, notebooks; freedom,
intelligence; hope, anger, joy

2. PRONOUN
A pronoun is usually a substitute for a noun. The noun is called the "antecedent" (but an indefinite
pronoun has no antecedent).

Examples:
a. Personal pronouns: I, mine, me; you, yours; he, his, him; she, hers, her; it, its; we, ours, us;
they, theirs, them.
b. Interrogative pronouns: who, whose, whom, which, what
c. Relative pronouns (include): who, who, whose, which, that; whoever, whomever, whichever
d. Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those
e. Indefinite pronouns (include): all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each,
either, everybody, everyone, everything, many, neither, nobody, no one, none, one, others, some,
somebody, someone, such
f. Intensive or reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves

3. VERB
A verb expresses an action or a condition (a state of being).
Examples: Robert will eat the hamburger. (action) Sara is happy. (condition or state of
being)
Robert won’t eat the hamburger. Sara isn’t happy.
Will Robert eat the hamburger? Is Sara happy?

4. ADVERB
An adverb describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb. Adverbs usually tell how (for example:
slowly), when (e.g., lately), where (e.g., there), how much (e.g., very), or why (e.g., therefore).
Example: He always chews his gum loudly.

5. ADJECTIVE
An adjective describes or limits a noun.
Examples: tall, young, pretty, light, blue, new, white (The tall, young, pretty girl is wearing a light
blue dress with her new white shoes.) (NOT: ...a light dress blue with her new shoes white.)
Adjectives and adverbs have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, superlative.
Examples:
Mary has a smart child. Sara has a smarter child. Nancy has the smartest child.
Robert is an intelligent student. William is more intelligent than Robert. Kim is the most intelligent
student.
The red car is expensive. The white car is less expensive. The blue car is the least expensive.
I’m a good painter. She’s a better painter. He’s the best painter.
I’m a bad singer. She’s a worse singer. He’s the worst singer.

6. PREPOSITION
A preposition usually shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another part of a
sentence.
There are many prepositions, including: about, above, across, after, against, along, among,
around, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, beside, besides, by, down,
during, except, from, for, in, inside, into, like, near, next, of, off, on, out, out of, outside, over, past,
round, since, than, through, till, to, toward, towards, under, underneath, unless, until, upon, up,
with, within, without.
Examples: My pencil is under my desk by my foot. Martha drove from LA to NY.

7. CONJUNCTION
A conjunction connects words, phrases, and clauses.
Coordinate conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal value: and, or, nor, but
(and sometimes for). e.g., The dog and the cat are hungry.
Correlative conjunctions occur in pairs: both-and, either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also. e.g.,
Both the fish and the snake are thirsty.
Subordinate conjunctions connect unequal clauses (dependent clauses with independent
clauses). They include: after, although, as, because, before, if, since, than, though, unless, until,
when, where, while. e.g., After they ate, they had dessert.

8. INTERJECTION
An interjection is a word that expresses feeling or emotion; usually it is followed by an
exclamation mark.
Examples: Oh! Ah! Wow! Darn! Gosh! Golly! Gee! Ow! Ouch! Yikes! Holy moly! Yippee!
Hooray! Boo! Whew!

COMMON PHRASAL VERBS I

A. Separable Verbs
You can insert a noun or pronoun after the first word:
For example: “call back”
Noun: Call back John. = OK
Noun: Call John back. = OK
Pronoun: Call him back. = OK
ask in (to invite inside)
ask out (to invite on a date)
back away (to move away)
back down (to move back)
back off (to move back)
break down (to separate into basic parts)
break off (to snap; to cancel)
break in (a baseball glove)
break up (to separate)
bring about (a change)
bring back (the good old days)
bring down (the house)
bring up (the kids)
call back (to return a phone call)
call off (to cancel)
call up (to phone)
check off (to notate)
check out (to investigate)
cheer up (to make happy)
clean off (the countertop)
clean out (the closet)
clean up (the mess)
cross off (to delete)
cross out (to delete)
cross up (to deceive; to trick)
cut back (to diminish)
cut down (to diminish)
cut off (to remove)
cut out (to quit; to excise)
do in (to ruin; to exhaust)
do over (to repeat)
figure out (to solve)
fill in (the blank spaces)
fill out (the application form)
fill up (the tank with gasoline)
finish off (to complete)
get out (the tools)
give back (to return)
give up (to turn over; to surrender)
hand in (your homework)
hand out (the tests to the students)
hand over (all your money)
hang up (your jacket)
keep out (to prevent entry)
keep out of (trouble)
keep up (the good work)
kick out (to remove)
kick out of (to remove)
kill off (all the cockroaches)
leave out (to omit)
let in (to allow entry)
look over (to examine)
look up (a word in the dictionary)
make out (to discern)
make up (to fabricate)
name after (to give the same name to)
name for (to give the same name to)
pass by (to go past without stopping)
pass out (to distribute)
pass over (to hand over)
pay back (the money you borrowed)
pick out (to select)
pick up (the litter; the check)
point out (to show)
point out to (to show)
polish off (to finish)
put away (to remove)
put back (to replace)
put off (to delay)
put on (your shoes)
put out (the dog)
put up (the money)
quiet down (to be quiet)
rip off (to steal; to cheat)
run out (the base hit)
shut down (the assembly line)
shut off (the machine)
shut out (the other team)
shut up (to be quiet)
slow down (to reduce speed)
slow up (to reduce speed)
speed up (to increase speed)
stand up (to intentionally miss an appointment or date with someone)
start up (to start)
take down (to dismantle)
take off (your shoes)
take on (to confront)
take out (the trash)
take over (the organization)
take up (golf)
talk over (to discuss)
tear down (to dismantle)
tear off (a corner of the newspaper)
tear out (a page from your notebook)
tear up (the contract)
throw away (your old socks)
throw out (yesterday’s newspaper)
throw up (the ball)
try on (these shoes - maybe you’ll like them)
try out (this golf club - maybe you’ll like it)
turn down (the offer)
turn in (your homework)
turn off (the lights)
turn on (the lights)
turn out (the lights)
turn up (the volume)
use up (to use completely)
wake up (to awake)
warm up (the car engine)
wear out (to exhaust)
wipe off (the countertop)
wipe out (to annihilate)
write down (this information)
write off (to cancel)
write up (to report someone)

COMMON PHRASAL VERBS II

B. Inseparable Verbs
You cannot insert a noun or pronoun after the first word:
For example: “look for”
John looked for Mary. = OK
John looked Mary for. = Not OK
John looked for her. = OK
John looked her for. = Not OK
*break down (to stop working)
call on (to visit)
*catch up (to overtake)
catch up to (to overtake)
catch up with (to overtake)
check back with (to report to)
*check in (at a motel)
check in with (to notify)
check into (a motel)
check out of (a motel)
come across (to discover)
*come back (to return)
*come over (to visit)
*come through (to succeed)
*come to (to regain consciousness)
cut down on (to reduce use of)
cut in (to insert yourself into a line of people)
do without (to have none of)
*drop back (to move back)
drop by (to visit)
*drop in (to visit)
drop in on (to visit)
*drop out (to quit)
drop out of (school; sight)
*drop over (to visit)
fool around with (to
get along with (your coworkers)
*get back (move away from)
get in (the car)
get into (trouble; the car)
get off (the bus)
get off of (the bus)
get on (the bus)
get out of (the bus)
get over (the problem; the fence)
*get through (to finish)
get through with (to finish)
*get up (to wake up; to get out of bed)
*go back (to return)
*go on (to continue)
go over (to review)
*grow up (to mature)
*hang on (or you might fall off)
*hush up (to be quiet)
*keep on (to continue)
keep up with (to maintain progress with)
*let up (to ease off)
*lie down (to recline)
*listen up (to listen)
look after (to take care of)
look for (to search)
look into (to analyze)
*look out (the window)
*move away (to distance oneself)
move away from (to distance oneself)
*move back (to retreat)
move back to (to return)
move into (your new home)
*move out (to relocate)
move out of (your former apartment and move into your new apartment)
*pass away (to die)
*pass on (to die)
put up (or shut up)
put up with (to tolerate)
run across (to meet)
run into (to meet)
run out (the clock)
run out of (time; money)
*sit down (to sit)
*show up (to appear)
*stand up (to stand)
*stand out (to excel)
*stand up (to stand)
stay out of (trouble; jail)
take after (to mimic)
*take off (to depart)
talk about (to discuss)
*tear out of (to leave quickly)
think about (to consider; to ruminate; to cogitate)
*throw up (to vomit)
*turn in (to go to bed)
*turn out (to appear)
*turn up (to appear)
wait on (to serve)
*warm down (after exercising)
*warm up (before exercising)
watch out for (snakes)
*work out (to exercise)
work with (to help)

* = phrasal verb is not followed by an object (noun or pronoun)

SPELLING RULES

1. For a single syllable word, ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel –
double the consonant:
swim; swimmer; swimming
rob, robber, robbed, robbing

2. For a single syllable word, ending in a single consonant preceded by two vowels – do
NOT double the consonant:
meet, meeting
pair, paired, pairing
3. For a multiple syllable word, ending in a single consonant preceded by a single
vowel, if stress is on last syllable, double the consonant:
prefer, preferred, preferring

4. For most words, add -s to the singular form to make it plural:

cat, cats; bell, bells; rose, roses

5. If a word ends in vowel + o, usually add -s to form the plural:

monkey, monkeys (BUT money, moneys, OR monies). If a word ends in a consonant +
o, sometimes add -s:
piano, pianos
OR sometimes add -es:
potato, potatoes
OR sometimes add either:
zero, zeros, zeroes

6. If a word ends in f or fe, sometimes add -s to make it plural:

roof, roofs
OR sometimes change f or fe to -ves:
half, halves; wife, wives

OR sometimes add either:

scarf, scarfs, scarves

7. Add -es to the singular form when it ends in s, ss, ch, sh, x, z, or zz:
bus, buses
kiss, kisses
church, churches
bush, bushes
ax, axes
waltz, waltzes
fizz, fizzes

8. Drop the final -e if a suffix* begins with a vowel:

desire, desiring, desirable

9. Keep the final -e if a suffix begins with a consonant:

care + full = careful
complete + ly = completely
excite + ment = excitement

10. For a word that ends in a consonant + y, change the -y to -i for most suffixes:
pony, ponies
deny, denies
denied

11. If a word ends in -ay, -ey, -oy, form the plural by simply adding -s:
ray, rays
valley, valleys
toy, toys
12. Sometimes you change -ie to -y before -ing:
die, died, dying
lie, lied, lying

13. The sound of “shun” has several different spellings:

solution, occasion, mission, musician, Dalmatian, crucifixion

14. The following prefixes** give negative meaning to the original word:
unhappy
invisible
illegal
impolite
irregular
*A suffix is a word ending. It changes the part of speech of the word, but does not
change the meaning of the original (“root”) word entirely: see, seeing;
act, actor
beauty, beautiful
equip, equipment
** A prefix is a word beginning. It changes the meaning of the original (“root”) word:
review
preview
foresee
coworker
Singular, Plural of some words

alumna, alumnae
alumnus, alumni
analysis, analyses
auditorium, auditoriums
bacterium, bacteria
box, boxes
child, children
crisis, crises
crisis, crises
deer, deer/deers
fish, fish/fishes
foot, feet
fungo, fungoes
goose, geese
house, houses
man, men
milk, –
mother-in-law, mothers-in-law
mouse, mice
ox, oxen
–, pants
–, people
physics, –
–, scissors
sheep, –
sock, socks/sox
tooth, teeth
woman, women

PUNCTUATION MARKS

Punctuation marks on a page are similar to signs on a road. They guide you and direct
you.
1. A period ( . ) ends a declarative or imperative sentence.
I live in Pasadena. They don’t live in Pasadena.
Listen to me. Don’t drink and drive. Please come here. Eat your vegetables.

2. A question mark ( ? ) ends an interrogative sentence.

Do you live in Pasadena? Don’t you like chocolate ice cream?

3. An exclamation mark ( ! ) ends an exclamatory sentence (a sentence that contains a

lot of emotion).
Help! Stop! Don’t call me again!

4. A comma ( , ) separates items in a list.

I like coffee, soda, milk, and tea. Sara, Maria, Robert and Steven will eat
lunch.

5. A semicolon separates equal parts of a sentence.

Mary is at home; Bob is at school.
Give me a hamburger, with onions and lettuce; a coke, with a straw; and fries,
with ketchup.

6. A colon ( : ) usually precedes a list.

Bring these things with you: a book, a pencil, and a dictionary.

7. A dash ( – ) usually indicates a break in thought.

I’ll have a hot dog with mustard – no, make that ketchup.

8. A hyphen ( - ) separates syllables to make a word easier to read.

co-ordinate re-elect pray-er
A hyphen also separates syllables when it’s necessary to continue a word on the
follow-
ing line.

9. Parentheses ( ) or a pair of dashes contain extra information.

John (my brother) is coming to the party.
John – my brother – is coming to the party.

10. An ellipsis (...) shows that information is missing or deleted.

“To be or not...the question.” (“To be or not to be. That is the question.”)

11. Quotation marks (“ ”) enclose the exact words of a person.

Maria said, “Where are the keys?”
12. An apostrophe ( ’ ) is a substitute for a letter or letters (in a contraction).
isn’t = is not can’t = cannot don’t = do not I’ll = I will I’m = I am He’s sick.
= He is sick.
Bob’s rich. = Bob is rich. What’s new? = What is new? They’ve worked. =
They have worked.
’99 = 1999
An apostrophe also shows possession.
This is Sara’s book. (Don’t say: This is the book of Sara.) Where is the dog’s
dish?
14. Begin all sentences with a capital letter (i.e., capitalize the first word in all
sentences) and end all sentences with a punctuation mark. =
Capitalize the first word in a sentence and finish the sentence with a punctuation
mark.

MATHEMATICAl OPERATIONS

Remember what each sign signifies:

+ means plus, or and, or added to: 2 + 3 = 5 reads: 2 plus 3 is 5, or 2 and 3 is 5, or 2

plus 3 equals 5, or 3 added to 2 is 5, or 2 plus 3 is 5.
– means minus, or less, or subtracted from: 6 – 4 = 2 reads: 6 minus 4 is 2, or 6 less 4
is 2, or 4 subtracted from 6 is 2, or 6 minus 4 equals 2.
x means times, or multiplied by: 2 x 3 = 6 reads: 2 times 3 is 6, or 2 multiplied by 3 is 6,
or 2 times 3 equals 6.
÷ means divided by, or goes into: 8 ÷ 2 = 4 reads: 8 divided by 2 is 4, or 2 goes into 8 4
times, or 8 divided by 2 equals 4.

1. Addition means to add. Add 2 and 2 and you get 4. 2 + 2 = 4 (2 PLUS 2 is 4) or (2

AND 2 is 4)

2. Subtraction means to subtract. Subtract 4 from 9 and you get 5. 9 - 4 = 5 (9

MINUS 4 is 5)

3. Multiplication means to multiply. Multiply 3 by 4 and you get 12. 4 X 3 = 12 (4

TIMES 3 is 12)

4. Division means to divide. Divide 18 by 6 and you get 3. 18 ÷ 6 = 3 (18 DIVIDED BY

6 is 3)

5. = is the equals sign (say is or are or equal or equals)

+ is the plus sign (say plus or and)
- or – is the minus sign (say minus, or subtracted from: 4 subtracted from 9 is 5)
X or x is the times sign (say times, or multiplied by: 3 multiplied by 4 is 12)
÷ is the division sign (say divided by,or goes into: 6 goes into 18 three times)
. is the decimal point or decimal or point (say point: 3.7 = 3 POINT 7, NOT 3
decimal point 7,
NOT 3 decimal 7)

6. Fractions (e.g., 1/5) and Decimals (e.g., 0.2)

 1/5 = one-fifth = .2 = two-tenths
1/4 = one-fourth = .25 = 25 hundredths
1/3 = one-third = .33 = 33 hundredths
1/2 = one-half = .5 = five-tenths
2/3 = two-thirds
3/4 = three-fourths
1 1/2 = one and a half OR one and one-half = 1.5 = one point five

TITLES

Mr. = Mister = man (married, single, divorced, widowed)

Mrs. (say Miss-uz) = woman (married, divorced, widowed)
Ms. (say Mizz) = woman (married, single, divorced, widowed)
Miss = woman (single) or girl
Master = boy

TIME
1. What time is it? I don’t know.
What time is it? It’s 7 o’clock.

2. Do you have the time? No, I don’t.

Do you have the time? Yes, it’s 7 o’clock.

3. Do you know what time it is? No, I don’t.

Do you know what time it is? Yes, it’s 7 o’clock.

4. It’s noon. = It’s 12 pm. = It’s 12:00 pm. = It’s high noon.

5. It’s midnight. = It’s 12 am. = It’s 12:00 am.

6. It’s 7 o’clock. = It’s 7:00.

7. am = before noon. It’s 7 am. = It’s 7 in the morning.

8. pm = after noon. It’s 7 pm. = It’s 7 in the evening.

9. How to tell time

The easy way: number of complete hours + number of minutes 7 hours +11 minutes =
7:11
(Do not say 7 hours :11 minutes. Say the numbers only: 7:11)
The hard way: number of minutes + a word + the number of hours
11 past 7 OR 11 after 7 = 7:11
. Say past or after when the minute hand points between 0 and 30 minutes. Say to, of, till, until,
or before when the minute hand points between 30 and 60 minutes.

DIRECTIONS

- Excuse me. How do I get to Targit from CEC?

- Take Colorado Boulevard west to Lake Avenue. Targit is on the north side of Colorado about 2
blocks past Lake.

- Pardon me. Do you know where Targit is?

- Yes. Go west on Colorado Boulevard past Lake Avenue. It’s about 2 blocks after Lake, on the
north side of Colorado.
 ...................................................
•San Francisco N
NW NE
•LA •Phoenix W E
SW SE
•San Diego S

San Francisco is north of Los Angeles.

San Diego is south of Los Angeles.
Phoenix is east of Los Angeles.
Los Angeles is west of Phoenix.
Phoenix is northeast of San Diego.
Phoenix is southeast of San Francisco.
San Diego is southwest of Phoenix.
San Francisco is northwest of Phoenix.
......................................
Union 88 • • Barco

Foss • • Moonbucks

Union 88 is on the northwest corner of the intersection.

Barco is on the northeast corner of the intersection.
Foss is on the southwest corner of the intersection.
Moonbucks is on the southeast corner of the intersection.
................................................
How do I get to the main office?
Go straight ahead. = It’s straight ahead.
Go down the hall and turn left. = Go down the hall and make a left.
Go past the library and turn right. = Go past the library and make a right.
Turn left at the end of the hall. = Make a left at the end of the hall.

MEASURES

12 inches = 1 foot 8 ounces = 1 cup

3 feet = 1 yard 2 cups = 1 pint
5,280 feet = 1 mile 2 pints = 1 quart
16 ounces = 1 pound 4 quarts = 1 gallon
2,000 pounds = 1 ton 1 gallon of water = 8 pounds
1 acre = 208.7 feet per side

MONEY

$ = dollar sign
¢ = cent sign
$1 = $1.00 = one dollar
50¢ = 50 cents = $ .50 = half a dollar = a half dollar
$1.50 = a dollar fifty = one fifty =one and a half dollars $1.50¢ 150¢
1¢ = a penny 5¢ = a nickel 10¢ = a dime 25¢ = a quarter
TO BE

SIMPLE PRESENT
Singular Plural
1. Affirmative
I am here. We are here. 1st person
You are here. You are here. 2nd person
He is here. They are here. 3rd person
She is here. They are here. 3rd person
It is here. They are here. 3rd person

2. Negative (no contraction)

I am not here. We are not here.
You are not here. You are not here.
He is not here. They are not here.
She is not here. They are not here.
It is not here. They are not here.

3. Negative (contraction: pronoun + verb)

I’m not here. We’re not here.
You’re not here. You’re not here.
He’s not here. They’re not here.
She’s not here. They’re not here.
It’s not here. They’re not here.

4. Negative (contraction: verb + “not”)

I amn’t here. We aren’t here.
You aren’t here. You aren’t here.
He isn’t here. They aren’t here.
She isn’t here. They aren’t here.
It isn’t here. They aren’t here.

5. Interrogative (affirmative)
Am I here? Are we here?
Are you here? Are you here?
Is he here? Are they here?
Is she here? Are they here?
Is it here? Are they here?

6. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
*Aren’t I here? Aren’t we here?
Aren’t you here? Aren’t you here?
Isn’t he here? Aren’t they here?
Isn’t she here? Aren’t they here?
Isn’t it here? Aren’t they here?
*”Aren’t I here?” for negative, BUT “Am I here?” for positive; “Amn’t I here?” is WRONG, because "amn't"
is never used in English.

SIMPLE PAST
7. Affirmative
I was here. We were here.
You were here. You were here.
He was here. They were here.
She was here. They were here.
It was here. They were here.

Singular Plural
8. Negative (no contraction)
I was not here. We were not here.
You were not here. You were not here.
He was not here. They were not here.
She was not here. They were not here.
It was not here. They were not here.

9. Negative (contraction: verb + “not”) Note: in past tense, you can’t contract pronoun and verb: I’as
I wasn’t here. We weren’t here.
You weren’t here. You weren’t here.
He wasn’t here. They weren’t here.
She wasn’t here. They weren’t here.
It wasn’t here. They weren’t here.

10. Interrogative (affirmative)

Was I here? Were we here?
Were you here? Were you here?
Was he here? Were they here?
Was she here? Were they here?
Was it here? Were they here?

SIMPLE FUTURE

11. Affirmative (no contraction)

I will be here. We will be here.
You will be here. You will be here.
He will be here. They will be here.
She will be here. They will be here.
It will be here. They will be here.

12. Affirmative (contraction)

I’ll be here. We’ll be here.
You’ll be here. You’ll be here.
He’ll be here. They’ll be here.
She’ll be here. They’ll be here.
It’ll be here. They’ll be here.

13. Negative (no contraction)

I will not be here. We will not be here.
You will not be here. You will not be here.
He will not be here. They will not be here.
She will not be here. They will not be here.
It will not be here. They will not be here.

14. Negative (contraction)

I won’t be here. We won’t be here.
You won’t be here. You won’t be here.
He won’t be here. They won’t be here.
She won’t be here. They won’t be here.
It won’t be here. They won’t be here.

15. Interrogative (affirmative)

Will I be here? Will we be here?
Will you be here? Will you be here?
Will he be here? Will they be here?
Will she be here? Will they be here?
Will it be here? Will they be here?

TO EAT

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Singular Plural

1. Affirmative (no contraction)

I eat here. We eat here. 1st person
You eat here. You eat here. 2nd person
He eats here. They eat here. 3rd person
She eats here. They eat here. 3rd person
It eats here. They eat here. 3rd person

2. Negative (no contraction)

I do not eat here. We do not eat here.
You do not eat here. You do not eat here.
He does not eat here. They do not eat here.
She does not eat here. They do not eat here.
It does not eat here. They do not eat here.

3. Negative (contraction: auxiliary + not)

I don’t eat here. We don’t eat here.
You don’t eat here. You don’t eat here.
He doesn’t eat here. They don’t eat here.
She doesn’t eat here. They don’t eat here.
It doesn’t eat here. They don’t eat here.

4. Interrogative (affirmative)
Do I eat here? Do we eat here?
Do you eat here? Do you eat here?
Does he eat here? Do they eat here?
Does she eat here? Do they eat here?
Does it eat here? Do they eat here?

5. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Don’t I eat here? Don’t we eat here?
Don’t you eat here? Don’t you eat here?
Doesn’t he eat here? Don’t they eat here?
Doesn’t she eat here? Don’t they eat here?
Doesn’t it eat here? Don’t they eat here?

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

6. Affirmative (no contraction)

I ate here. We ate here.
You ate here. You ate here.
He ate here. They ate here.
She ate here. They ate here.
It ate here. They ate here.

7. Negative (no contraction)

I did not eat here. We did not eat here.
You did not eat here. You did not eat here.
He did not eat here. They did not eat here.
She did not eat here. They did not eat here.
It did not eat here. They did not eat here.

8. Negative (contraction: auxiliary + not)

I didn’t eat here. We didn’t eat here.
You didn’t eat here. You didn’t eat here.
He didn’t eat here. They didn’t eat here.
She didn’t eat here. They didn’t eat here.
It didn’t eat here. They didn’t eat here.

9. Interrogative (affirmative)
Did I eat here? Did we eat here?
Did you eat here? Did you eat here?
Did he eat here? Did they eat here?
Did she eat here? Did they eat here?
Did it eat here? Did they eat here?
10. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Didn't I eat here? Didn’t we eat here?
Didn’t you eat here? Didn’t you eat here?
Didn’t he eat here? Didn’t they eat here?
Didn’t she eat here? Didn’t they eat here?
Didn’t it eat here? Didn’t they eat here?

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

11. Affirmative (no contraction)

I will eat here. We will eat here.
You will eat here. You will eat here.
He will eat here. They will eat here.
She will eat here. They will eat here.
It will eat here. They will eat here.

12. Affirmative (contraction: pronoun + auxiliary)

I’ll eat here. We’ll eat here.
You’ll eat here. You’ll eat here.
He’ll eat here. They’ll eat here.
She’ll eat here. They’ll eat here.
It’ll eat here. They’ll eat here.

13. Negative (no contraction)

I will not eat here. We will not eat here.
You will not eat here. You will not eat here.
He will not eat here. They will not eat here.
She will not eat here. They will not eat here.
It will not eat here. They will not eat here.

14. Negative (contraction: pronoun + will)

I’ll not eat here. We’ll not eat here.
You’ll not eat here. You’ll not eat here.
He’ll not eat here. They’ll not eat here.
She’ll not eat here. They’ll not eat here.
It’ll not eat here. They’ll not eat here.

15. Negative (contraction: will + not = won’t)

I won’t eat here. We won’t eat here.
You won’t eat here. You won’ t eat here.
He won’t eat here. They won’t eat here.
She won’t eat here. They won’t eat here.
It won’t eat here. They won’t eat here.

16. Interrogative (affirmative)

Will I eat here? Will we eat here?
Will you eat here? Will you eat here?
Will he eat here? Will they eat here?
Will she eat here? Will they eat here?
Will it eat here? Will they eat here?

17. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Won’t I eat here? Won’t we eat here?
Won’t you eat here? Won’t you eat here?
Won’t he eat here? Won’t they eat here
Won’t she eat here? Won’t they eat here?
Won’t it eat here? Won’t they eat here?

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

1. Affirmative (no contraction)

I have eaten here. We have eaten here.
You have eaten here. You have eaten here.
He has eaten here. They have eaten here.
She has eaten here. They have eaten here.
It has eaten here. They have eaten here.

2. Affirmative (contraction: pronoun + auxiliary)

I’ve eaten here. We’ve eaten here.
You’ve eaten here. You’ve eaten here.
He’s eaten here. They’ve eaten here.
She’s eaten here. They’ve eaten here.
It’s eaten here. They’ve eaten here.

3. Negative (no contraction)

I have not eaten here. We have not eaten here.
You have not eaten here. You have not eaten here.
He has not eaten here. They have not eaten here.
She has not eaten here. They have not eaten here.
It has not eaten here. They have not eaten here.

4. Negative (contraction: pronoun + auxiliary)

I’ve not eaten here. We’ve not eaten here.
You’ve not eaten here. You’ve not eaten here.
He’s not eaten here. They’ve not eaten here.
She’s not eaten here. They’ve not eaten here.
It’s not eaten here. They’ve not eaten here.

5. Negative (contraction: auxiliary + not)

I haven’t eaten here. We haven’t eaten here.
You haven’t eaten here. You haven’t eaten here.
He hasn’t eaten here. They haven’t eaten here.
She hasn’t eaten here. They haven’t eaten here.
It hasn’t eaten here. They haven’t eaten here.

6. Interrogative (affirmative)
Have I eaten here? Have we eaten here?
Have you eaten here? Have you eaten here?
Has he eaten here? Have they eaten here?
Has she eaten here? Have they eaten here?
Has it eaten here? Have they eaten here?

7. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Haven’t I eaten here? Haven’t we eaten here?
Haven’t you eaten here? Haven’t you eaten here?
Hasn’t he eaten here? Haven’t they eaten here?
Hasn’t she eaten here? Haven’t they eaten here?
Hasn’t it eaten here? Haven’t they eaten here?

PAST PERFECT TENSE

8. Affirmative (no contraction)

I had eaten here. We had eaten here.
You had eaten here. You had eaten here.
He had eaten here. They had eaten here.
She had eaten here. They had eaten here.
It had eaten here. They had eaten here.

9. Affirmative (contraction: pronoun + auxiliary)

I’d eaten here. We’d eaten here.
You’d eaten here. You’d eaten here.
He’d eaten here. They’d eaten here.
She’d eaten here. They’d eaten here.
It’d eaten here. They’d eaten here.
10. Negative (no contraction)
I had not eaten here. We had not eaten here.
You had not eaten here. You had not eaten here.
He had not eaten here. They had not eaten here.
She had not eaten here. They had not eaten here.
It had not eaten here. They had not eaten here.

11. Negative (contraction: pronoun + auxiliary)

I’d not eaten here. We’d not eaten here.
You’d not eaten here. You’d not eaten here.
He’d not eaten here. They’d not eaten here.
She’d not eaten here. They’d not eaten here.
It’d not eaten here. They’d not eaten here.

12. Negative (contraction: auxiliary + not)

I hadn’t eaten here. We hadn’t eaten here.
You hadn’t eaten here. You hadn’t eaten here.
He hadn’t eaten here. They hadn’t eaten here.
She hadn’t eaten here. They hadn’t eaten here.
It hadn’t eaten here. They hadn’t eaten here.

13. Interrogative (affirmative)

Had I eaten here? Had we eaten here?
Had you eaten here? Had you eaten here?
Had he eaten here? Had they eaten here?
Had she eaten here? Had they eaten here?
Had it eaten here? Had they eaten here?

14. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Hadn’t I eaten here? Hadn’t we eaten here?
Hadn’t you eaten here? Hadn’t you eaten here?
Hadn’t he eaten here? Hadn’t they eaten here?
Hadn’t she eaten here? Hadn’t they eaten here?
Hadn’t it eaten here? Hadn’t they eaten here?
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

15. Affirmative (no contraction)

I will have eaten here. We will have eaten here.
You will have eaten here. You will have eaten here.
He will have eaten here. They will have eaten here.
She will have eaten here. They will have eaten here.
It will have eaten here. They will have eaten here.

16. Affirmative (contraction: pronoun + auxiliary)

I’ll have eaten here. We’ll have eaten here.
You’ll have eaten here. You’ll have eaten here.
He’ll have eaten here. They’ll have eaten here.
She’ll have eaten here. They’ll have eaten here.
It’ll have eaten here. They’ll have eaten here.

17. Negative (no contraction)

I will not have eaten here. We will not have eaten here.
You will not have eaten here. You will not have eaten
He will not have eaten here. They will not have eaten
She will not have eaten here. They will not have eaten
It will not have eaten here. They will not have eaten here.

18. Negative (contraction: will + not)

I won’t have eaten here. We won’t have eaten here.
You won’t have eaten here. You won’t have eaten here.
He won’t have eaten here. They won’t have eaten here.
She won’t have eaten here. They won’t have eaten here.
It won’t have eaten here. They won’t have eaten here.

19. Interrogative (affirmative)

Will I have eaten here? Will we have eaten here?
Will you have eaten here? Will you have eaten here?
Will he have eaten here? Will they have eaten here?
Will she have eaten here? Will they have eaten here?
Will it have eaten here? Will they have eaten here?

20. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Won’t I have eaten here? Won’t we have eaten here?
Won’t you have eaten here? Won’t you have eaten here?
Won’t he have eaten here? Won’t they have eaten here?
Won’t she have eaten here? Won’t they have eaten here?
Won’t it have eaten here? Won’t they have eaten here?

TO PLAY

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

1. Affirmative (no contraction)

I play here. We play here. 1st person
You play here. You play here. 2nd person
He plays here. They play here. 3rd person
She plays here. They play here. 3rd person
It plays here. They play here. 3rd person

2. Negative (no contraction)

I do not play here. We do not play here.
You do not play here. You do not play here.
He does not play here. They do not play here.
She does not play here. They do not play here.
It does not play here. They do not play here.

3. Negative (contraction: auxiliary + not)

I don’t play here. We don’t play here.
You don’t play here. You don’t play here.
He doesn’t play here. They don’t play here.
She doesn’t play here. They don’t play here.
It doesn’t play here. They don’t play here.

4. Interrogative (affirmative)
Do I play here? Do we play here?
Do you play here? Do you play here?
Does he play here? Do they play here?
Does she play here? Do they play here?
Does it play here? Do they play here?

5. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Don’t I play here? Don’t we play here?
Don’t you play here? Don’t you play here?
Doesn’t he play here? Don’t they play here?
Doesn’t she play here? Don’t they play here?
Doesn’t it play here? Don’t they play here?

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

6. Affirmative (no contraction)

I played here. We played here.
You played here. You played here.
He played here. They played here.
She played here. They played here.
It played here. They played here.

7. Negative (no contraction)

I did not play here. We did not play here.
You did not play here. You did not play here.
He did not play here. They did not play here.
She did not play here. They did not play here.
It did not play here. They did not play here.

8. Negative (contraction: auxiliary + not)

I didn’t play here. We didn’t play here.
You didn’t play here. You didn’t play here.
He didn’t play here. They didn’t play here.
She didn’t play here. They didn’t play here.
It didn’t play here. They didn’t play here.

9. Interrogative (affirmative)
Did I play here? Did we play here?
Did you play here? Did you play here?
Did he play here? Did they play here?
Did she play here? Did they play here?
Did it play here? Did they play here?

10. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Didn’t I play here? Didn’t we play here?
Didn’t you play here? Didn’t you play here?
Didn’t he play here? Didn’t they play here?
Didn’t she play here? Didn’t they play here?
Didn’t it play here? Didn’t they play here?

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

11. Affirmative (no contraction)

I will play here. We will play here.
You will play here. You will play here.
He will play here. They will play here.
She will play here. They will play here.
It will play here. They will play here.

12. Affirmative (contraction: pronoun + auxiliary)

I’ll play here. We’ll play here.
You’ll play here. You’ll play here.
He’ll play here. They’ll play here.
She’ll play here. They’ll play here.
It’ll play here. They’ll play here.

13. Negative (no contraction)

I will not play here. We will not play here.
You will not play here. You will not play here.
He will not play here. They will not play here.
She will not play here. They will not play here.
It will not play here. They will not play here.

14. Negative (contraction: pronoun + will)

I’ll not play here. We’ll not play here.
You’ll not play here. You’ll not play here.
He’ll not play here. They’ll not play here.
She’ll not play here. They’ll not play here.
It’ll not play here. They’ll not play here.

15. Negative (contraction: will + not = won’t)

I won’t play here. We won’t play here.
You won’t play here. You won’ t play here.
He won’t play here. They won’t play here.
She won’t play here. They won’t play here.
It won’t play here. They won’t play here.

16. Interrogative (affirmative)

Will I play here? Will we play here?
Will you play here? Will you play here?
Will he play here? Will they play here?
Will she play here? Will they play here?
Will it play here? Will they play here?

17. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Won’t I play here? Won’t we play here?
Won’t you play here? Won’t you play here?
Won’t he play here? Won’t they play here?
Won’t she play here? Won’t they play here?
Won’t it play here? Won’t they play here?

TO PLAY (3 perfect tenses) (regular verb)

Copyright 1999 by Mike Carlson (PCC)
For explanations and examples of these tenses, see separate page.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Singular Plural
1. Affirmative (no contraction)
I have played here. We have played here.
You have played here. You have played here.
He has played here. They have played here. She has played here. They have played here.
It has played here. They have played here.

2. Affirmative (contraction: pronoun + auxiliary)

I’ve played here. We’ve played here.
You’ve played here. You’ve played here.
He’s played here. They’ve played here.
She’s played here. They’ve played here.
It’s played here. They’ve played here.

3. Negative (no contraction)

I have not played here. We have not played here.
You have not played here. You have not played here.
He has not played here. They have not played here.
She has not played here. They have not played here.
It has not played here. They have not played here.

4. Negative (contraction: pronoun + auxiliary)

I’ve not played here. We’ve not played here.
You’ve not played here. You’ve not played here.
He’s not played here. They’ve not played here.
She’s not played here. They’ve not played here.
It’s not played here. They’ve not played here.
5. Negative (contraction: auxiliary + not)
I haven’t played here. We haven’t played here.
You haven’t played here. You haven’t played here.
He hasn’t played here. They haven’t played here.
She hasn’t played here. They haven’t played here.
It hasn’t played here. They haven’t played here.
6. Interrogative (affirmative)
Have I played here? Have we played here?
Have you played here? Have you played here?
Has he played here? Have they played here?
Has she played here? Have they played here?
Has it played here? Have they played here?

7. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Haven’t I played here? Haven’t we played here?
Haven’t you played here? Haven’t you played here?
Hasn’t he played here? Haven’t they played here?
Hasn’t she played here? Haven’t they played here?
Hasn’t it played here? Haven’t they played here?

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Singular Plural
8. Affirmative (no contraction)
I had played here. We had played here.
You had played here. You had played here.
He had played here. They had played here.
She had played here. They had played here.
It had played here. They had played here.

9. Affirmative (contraction: pronoun + auxiliary)

I’d played here. We’d played here.
You’d played here. You’d played here.
He’d played here. They’d played here.
She’d played here. They’d played here.
It’d played here. They’d played here.

10. Negative (no contraction)

I had not played here. We had not played here.
You had not played here. You had not played here.
He had not played here. They had not played here.
She had not played here. They had not played here.
It had not played here. They had not played here.

11. Negative (contraction: pronoun + auxiliary)

I’d not played here. We’d not played here.
You’d not played here. You’d not played here.
He’d not played here. They’d not played here.
She’d not played here. They’d not played here.
It’d not played here. They’d not played here.

12. Negative (contraction: auxiliary + not)

I hadn’t played here. We hadn’t played here.
You hadn’t played here. You hadn’t played here.
He hadn’t played here. They hadn’t played here.
She hadn’t played here. They hadn’t played here.
It hadn’t played here. They hadn’t played here.

13. Interrogative (affirmative)

Had I played here? Had I played here?
Had I played here? Had I played here?
Had I played here? Had I played here?
Had I played here? Had I played here?
Had I played here? Had I played here?
14. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Hadn’t I played here? Hadn’t we played here?
Hadn’t you played here? Hadn’t you played here?
Hadn’t he played here? Hadn’t they played here?
Hadn’t she played here? Hadn’t they played here?
Hadn’t it played here? Hadn’t they played here?
TO PLAY (continued) Copyright 1999 by M. Carlson

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Singular Plural
15. Affirmative (no contraction)
I will have played here. We will have played here.
You will have played here. You will have played here.
He will have played here. They will have played here.
She will have played here. They will have played here.
It will have played here. They will have played here.

16. Affirmative (contraction: pronoun + auxiliary)

I’ll have played here. We’ll have played here.
You’ll have played here. You’ll have played here.
He’ll have played here. They’ll have played here.
She’ll have played here. They’ll have played here.
It’ll have played here. They’ll have played here.

17. Negative (no contraction)

I will not have played here. We will not have played
here.
You will not have played here.You will not have played here.
He will not have played here. They will not have played here.
She will not have played here.They will not have played here.
It will not have played here. They will not have played here.
18. Negative (contraction: will + not = won’t)
I won’t have played here. We won’t have played here.
You won’t have played here. You won’ t have played
here.
He won’t have played here. They won’t have played here.
She won’t have played here. They won’t have played
here.
It won’t have played here. They won’t have played here.
19. Interrogative (affirmative)
Will I have played here? Will we have played here?
Will you have played here? Will you have played here?
Will he have played here? Will they have played here?
Will she have played here? Will they have played here?
Will it have played here? Will they have played here?
20. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Won’t I have played here? Won’t we have played here?
Won’t you have played here? Won’t you have played
here?
Won’t he have played here? Won’t they have played
here?
Won’t she have played here? Won’t they have played here?
Won’t it have played here? Won’t they have played
here?