Table 1.

Common TCP and UDP Ports

TCP

UDP

Port Application Port Application 20 FTP Data 21 FTP Control 53 DNS 69 TFTP 161 SNMP

22 SSH 23 Telnet 25 SMTP 80 HTTP 110 POP3 443 HTTPS

Layer

Function Description

Sample Protocols/Technologies HTTP, Telnet, DNS,DHCP, SNMP, FTP, TFTP, SMTP, POP3, NTP SSL, Shells and Redirectors, MIME

Interfacing between communications software and any 7. applications that need to communicate outside the Application computer. It also define proccess for user authentication. 6. Data representation (define and negotiate data Presentation formats),encryption and decryption. Interhost communication. How to start, control, and end conversations (called session). An application can be notified if some of series of messages are completed. Allow presentation layer to have view of an incoming stream of data. End-to-end connections and reliability,error recovery, and Flow control Three main feature : logical addressing, routing (forwarding), and path determination. IP Address, routing protocols, and routing table belong to this layer Defines how data is formatted for transmission and how

5. Session

NetBIOS, Sockets, RPC

4. Transport

TCP and UDP, SPX, NetBEUI/NBF IPv4, IPv6, IP NAT, IPsec, ICMP, IPX, Routing protocols IEEE 802.2 LLC,

3. Network 2. Data

Link

access to the network is controlled. This layer has been divided by the IEEE 802 standards committee into two sublayers: media access control (MAC) and logical link control (LLC).

Ethernet Family; Token Ring; FDDI, IEEE 802.11 (WLAN, WiFi),ATM, SLIP and PPP

1. Physical

Physical layers Media, signal and binary transmission. Refer to standard technologies (RS-232, of physical characterstics of transmission medium such Full duplex, RJ45, as connector, pins, use of pins, electrical currents, V.35,T1, E1, 10BASEencoding, light modulation, and other rules about T, 100BASE-TX, POTS, physical medium SONET, SDH, DSL, 802.11a/b/g/n, etc

Table 2 - OSI vs TCP/IP Model, and encapsulation at each layers

OSI Layer 7. Application 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport 3. Network 2. Data Link 1. Physical

TCP/IP Layer

Encapsulation Units Data

Encapsulation Proccess Data Data Data TCP/UDP Header IP Header MAC Header IP Header TCP/UDP Header TCP/UDP Header Data Data Data CRC

4. Application

Data Data

3. Transport 2. Internet 1. Network Access

Segments Packets Frames Bits

Transmit into Physical Media (Bit Format)

Talking about encapsulation, bits transmitted from sender over physical media, at the receiving device will deencapsulated from bits into frames, and so on untill arrived at Application layer.

UDP Header

STM-n =STS 3n= OC-3n, oc=51.84 *n, STS= Synchronous Transport Signal.