Lexington, KY 40546

Online at: www.uky.edu/KPN

Number 1277
WATCH FOR -Green Cloverworm in Large Numbers Spotted in Union County CORN -Diplodia Leaf Streak of Corn SHADE TREES & ORNAMENTALS -Common Summer Caterpillars and Control Considerations

July 19, 2011

HOUSEHOLD -Drain Flies -Foreign Grain Beetles DIAGNOSTIC LAB HIGHLIGHTS INSECT TRAP COUNTS

WATCH FOR Green Cloverworm in Large Numbers Spotted in Union County By Doug Johnson Ms. Amanda Martin an Extension Associate working with the UK Soybean Verification Program, has noticed some unusually large populations of green cloverworms in Union Co. KY. These populations are not yet at economic levels, but they are large enough to bear watching. Producers, consultants and agents are warned to keep an eye on these pests over the next month to six weeks. It is NOT a foregone conclusion that this will be an economically important pest, but should not be ignored. Green cloverworm larvae are slender and light green caterpillars with three pairs of white stripes running the length Figure 1. Green cloverworm of the body. They caterpillar. Note the three pair of have three pairs fleshy legs (prologs) near the center of legs near the of the body. Most other soybean head, three pairs feeding caterpillars have four pair, of fleshy legs near and a few have two pair.

the middle of the body and a single pair of fleshy legs at the tail end. These caterpillars are often parasitized or diseased. Parasitized larvae will have small eggs on their body, often near the head. Diseased larvae may appear watery and have sluggish movement, or be covered with fungal growth. Green cloverworm feed extensively on soybeans. Young larvae skeletonize the undersides of leaves. Older larvae eat all the leaf except the largest veins. Economic thresholds for this pest were developed on wide row (30) beans, which we generally do not use in Ky. However, one can use the soybean defoliation tables that are found in either the KY Integrated Crop Management Manual for Field Crops-Soybeans, IPM-3, found at http://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPM/manuals.htm or the Insecticide Recommendations for Soybeans 2011, ENT-13, found at: http://pest.ca.uky.edu/EXT/Recs/welcomerecs.htm l. These publications are also available through your county extension office. These insects are not difficult to control with insecticides. Any of the products listed in the above insecticide recommendations should be adequate to the job. Like most other insect pest management decision in KY, the more important decision is not what to spray, but IF to spray.

CORN Diplodia Leaf Streak of Corn By Paul Vincelli Diplodia leaf streak of corn is appears to be growing in importance in Kentucky and the Midwest. This disease is caused by the fungus Stenocarpella macrospora. Symptoms of Diplodia leaf streak often appear as oval or cigar-shaped tan lesions on leaves (Figure 2). These lesions appear very similar to those caused by northern leaf blight (Figure 6). However, it is easy to distinguish these two diseases in the field using a hand lens. Stenocarpella macrospora produces very tiny, black fruiting bodies in diseased tissues (Figures 3-5). In order to use a hand lens properly, place the lens very close to ones eye, so as to get the best possible view. If you do this, you can see the black fruiting bodies of Stenocarpella macrospora. In contrast, spores of the northern leaf blight fungus are produced directly on the dead leaf tissue, rather than in fruiting bodies. This sporulation gives the northern leaf blight lesions a grayish-green, fuzzy appearance to the naked eye (Figure 6). Furthermore, upon inspection with a hand lens, northern leaf blight sporulation has the look of 3-5 day-old whiskers on the face of an unshaven man (Figure 7). Northern leaf blight sporulation is therefore very distinct from the look of the tiny, black fruiting bodies of Stenocarpella macrospora (Figure 3). Of course, you can always have suspect cases evaluated through the UK plant diagnostic laboratories by contacting your county Extension agent. Stenocarpella macrospora can attack not only the leaves, but it can also cause stalk rot and ear rot. Stenocarpella macrospora is related to, but distinct from, Stenocarpella maydis. Stenocarpella maydis is by far the most common cause of Diplodia ear rot and Diplodia stalk rot in Kentucky. However, for several years now we have been on the watch for Stenocarpella macrospora causing stalk rot and ear rot in Kentucky.

Stenocarpella macrospora survives in infested corn residue, just like Stenocarpella maydis. Therefore, where this disease is present, crop rotation will help to reduce disease risk. To my knowledge, no fungicides are labeled for control of this disease. Diplodia leaf streak is certainly a disease to be on the watch for, especially since it can attack not only the leaves, but also the stalk and the ear.

Figure 2. Symptoms of Diplodia leaf streak on corn leaf (Paul Bachi photo).

Figure 3. Close-up of Diplodia leaf streak of corn, showing black fungal fruiting bodies called "pycnidia". These are visible with a hand lens (Courtesy Pioneer Hi-Bred).

Figure 4. Close-up of fruiting body (called a "pycnidium") of Stenocarpella macrospora (Photo by Paul Bachi).

Figure 7. Close-up of fuzzy sporulation of the northern leaf blight fungus (Setosphaeria turcica), produced directly on leaf lesions. Can be seen with hand lens (Courtesy of Pioneer HiBred).

SHADE TREES & ORNAMENTALS Common Summer Caterpillars and Control Considerations By Lee Townsend

Figure 5. Spores of Stenocarpella macrospora spilled out of a pycnidium (Photo by Paul Bachi).

Figure 8. Walnut caterpillars - these reddish brown larvae will be black when full-grown. Figure 6. Symptoms of northern leaf blight (large tan lesions) and gray leaf spot (small orange-brown lesions) on corn.

Clusters of walnut caterpillars are feeding now on walnut, butternut, hickories, and pecan. Eggs are laid in clusters of 100 or more, resulting in groups of caterpillars that can devour all of the foliage on a limb. Two or three groups of the caterpillars can defoliate trees up to about 10 ft tall. There are two generations each year, most of the damage is caused by the second generation which is active in August.

often have a greater impact on the natural enemies than the pests, which can lead to increased problems.

Figure 9. Hanging silk bag of molting walnut caterpillars.

Figure 11. Fall webworm tent on end of branch.

Walnut caterpillar larvae are covered with long white setae (hairs) and have light stripes running the length of their bodies. They tend to congregate in a group to molt so a silken bag of them can be seen hanging from a branch. When the process is complete, the caterpillars resume feeding leaving a silk sack full of shed hairy skins. Full grown larvae drop to the ground and pupate in the soil. Walnut caterpillars attack small and large trees; they are particularly damaging to isolated trees. Established healthy trees usually can tolerate a couple of years moderate defoliation without serious effects.

Tents of fall webworms will begin to appear on the ends of branches of many shade, fruit and ornamental trees except for evergreens. In Kentucky some of the preferred trees include American elm, maples, hickory, and sweetgum. These inch long hairy caterpillars have pale green to yellow bodies and red of black heads. This insect usually is more abundant during its second generation, which occurs during August and September. Thoughts on caterpillar control: Doing nothing, pruning, or hand picking may be adequate in many situations. New landscape plantings should be protected from excess leaf loss to feeding caterpillars. Even moderate defoliation can make these trees and shrubs susceptible to stress from other pests or unfavorable environmental conditions, or reduce winter hardiness. Established, healthy trees are more able to withstand damage over one or two seasons. Also, their size may make an insecticide application impractical. Tolerating light to moderate caterpillar infestations (10% to 30% defoliation) on healthy, established trees and shrubs gives a chance for natural enemies to provide some control and allows a balance to develop in the landscape.

Figure 10. Wasp positioning to sting small walnut caterpillars.

Natural enemies, including several wasps, will attack caterpillars and play important roles in regulating populations. Insecticide applications

Use of a broad-spectrum insecticide often causes greater or more lasting harm to beneficial insects than is does to plant feeders. Reduced natural control may lead to problems with other pests. Small caterpillars are more susceptible to insecticides than large ones that are nearly mature. Early detection of potentially damaging infestations usually means more effective control and less plant damage. Caterpillars are exposed to insecticides by eating residues on treated foliage or by coming in contact with spray droplets or treated surfaces. For example, Bt insecticides must be ingested to be toxic, simply spraying them on insects will not provide control.

HOUSEHOLD Drain Flies By Lee Townsend

Here are some examples of caterpillar control products and general characteristics:
Active ingredient Organophosphate / Carbamate Acephate Carbaryl Malathion Various Azadiractin Bacillus thuringiensis Spinosad Pyrethroids Bifenthrin Brand name Short residual, relatively broad spectrum Orthene Tree and Shrub Insecticide Sevin, Carbaryl Malathion listed for some caterpillars Relatively selective Azatin, Bon-Neem, Bio-Neem Caterpillar Killer, Dipel, many others Conserve SC, Captain Jacks Dead bug Brew Long residual, relatively broad spectrum TalstarOne, Ortho Max Lawn & Garden Insect Killer Concentrate Tempo Scimitar, Bonide Beetle Killer, Spectracide Triazicide Once & Done Insect Killer Astro, Bonide Eight Insect Control Yard & Garden, many others Bayer 3-in-1 Insect, Disease, & Mite Control

Drain flies, or moth flies, are small, dark winged, non-biting gnats. Their spear tipshaped wings are Figure 12. Drain fly- long legs and spear covered with tip shaped wings with "hairs" are distinctive. scales so the insects can disappear in a cloud of fine dust when swatted or mashed. These nuisance gnats can be found resting on walls or ceilings; they make short hopping flights if disturbed. Drain flies can develop in standing water or in the film that builds up in drain traps and pipes. They can appear after a vacation or period of extended travel, or in rooms where drains and plumbing fixtures are not used very often. The few adults resulting from these small, temporary infestations can be killed easily with a swatter or indoor flying insect spray. However, finding many flies over several weeks usually means an established breeding site. Finding and ending a chronic infestation can be challenging. Groups of eggs are laid on the thin gelatinous surface films that develop in pipes and drains. The elongate, legless larvae feed on this material. Development from egg to adult takes about 10 days at about 70 F. Actual time varies with temperature; development is slower at lower temperatures but can continue through the year indoors. Drain fly larvae can live most anywhere that water accumulates for two weeks or longer. Common indoor sites include the thin slime layer that develops on surfaces in infrequently used toilet bowls and tanks, in sink or floor drains, or drain pans under refrigerators. Sometimes the

Cyfluthrin Cyhalothrin

Permethrin

t-Fluvalinate with imidacloprid and tebuconazole)

gray, wriggling larvae can be seen swimming in the water. These areas need to be cleaned thoroughly with attention to removing surface films. It can be hard to recognize breeding sites because the larvae are small and easy to overlook. Emergence of the adults may be detected by the use of simple traps. Clear plastic cups with a very light coating of vegetable oil or petroleum jelly can be inverted over drains for several days to catch emerging adults and to identify breeding sites. If sites are not productive, then expand the search. Drain flies can breed outdoors during the summer with adults entering homes through open doors or windows. Low, wet areas where air conditioning units drain, or clogged guttering, are excellent places for these insects to develop. These should be checked if adults do not appear to be emerging from within the house. Control of drain flies should be aimed at eliminating breeding sites. The most effective control method is to clean pipes and traps thoroughly to remove accumulated slime. Regular water movement usually keeps drain flies from breeding. Some commercial cleaning products, such as Vector Bio-5 Drain Cleaner, are labeled to reduce drain fly breeding sites. Do not pour insecticides down drains to kill drain flies.

good quality hand lens is necessary to see this character.

Figure 13. Foreign grain bettle - arrow points to knob.

Foreign grain beetles are frequently problems in new houses, but not normally in association with grain and other stored products. These beetles are one of a group of beetles called "fungus beetles" that feed on the molds and fungi that grow on poorly seasoned lumber or wet plaster and wall board. If they are found infesting stored products, the products generally are moldy or in poor condition. When new homes are built, damp wood is often covered with molds or mildew which attracts the beetles. The beetles may also be attracted to accumulations of sawdust which often occur behind walls as a byproduct of construction. Eggs are laid on this food material and the larvae develop on the surface fungi. The adults usually become a problem in late summer when they move out of wall voids and are attracted to windows and lights. Foreign grain beetles can also be associated with plumbing leaks, condensation problems, or poor ventilation.

Foreign Grain Beetles By Lee Townsend and Mike Potter

The foreign grain beetle is a common pest in Kentucky during mid- to late summer and is often found in tremendous numbers inside buildings. The beetles are very small (about 1/16-inch long) and reddish brown. The key characteristic to look for in identifying the foreign grain beetle is the presence of a slight projection or knob on each front corner of the pronotum. A microscope or

DIAGNOSTIC LAB HIGHLIGHTS By Julie Beale and Paul Bachi Agronomic samples this week have included common rust and Holcus spot on corn; summer black stem on alfalfa; black shank, weather fleck (ozone injury), soreshin (Rhizoctonia), temporary phosphorus deficiency, potassium deficiency, tobacco mosaic virus and manganese toxicity on tobacco. On fruits and vegetables, we have seen Phytophthora root rot on blueberry; black rot on grape; brown rot on peach; fire blight on pear; Fusarium root/stem rot on bean and peanut; gummy stem blight on cantaloupe; Rhizoctonia stem rot on cabbage; smut on sweet corn; anthracnose on cucumber; Pythium root rot on pepper; angular leaf spot on squash; bacterial spot and speck, early blight, buckeye rot, Septoria leaf spot, target spot (Corynespora) and walnut wilt on tomato; and Pythium root rot, Alternaria fruit rot and bacterial fruit blotch on watermelon. On ornamentals and turf, we have seen Cercospora leaf spot on daisy; Rhizoctonia root/stem rot and Botrytis blight on catharanthus; Pythium and Rhizoctonia root rots on passionflower; Rhizoctonia root/stem rot on vinca; Phytophthora crown rot on liriope; bacterial leaf spot on ivy; cedar-quince rust on hawthorn; bacterial leaf spot on cherrylaurel; spot anthracnose and powdery mildew on dogwood; anthracnose on maple, oak and redbud; tip blight on pine; chemical injury on pine and spruce; take-all patch and Pythium root rot on bentgrass; summer patch on bluegrass; and brown patch on fescue. Location

INSECT TRAP COUNTS July 8 - 15 Princeton, KY 40 19 3 0 14 0 Lexington, KY 0 591 1 2 0 0

Black cutworm Armyworm Corn earworm European corn borer Southwestern corn borer Fall armyworm

Graphs of insect trap counts for the 2011 season are available on the IPM web site at http://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPM/ipm.htm. View trap counts for Fulton County, Kentucky at http://ces.ca.uky.edu/fulton/InsectTraps

Note: Trade names are used to simplify the information presented in this newsletter. No endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not named.