Kayam: Atticbest Limited, Company Reg No: 02894293 - VAT No: 765 0221 50

Laurels Farmhouse, Worstead, North Walsham, Norfolk, NR28 9RW Tel: +44 (0) 1692 536025 Fax: +44
(0) 1692 535456 email: info@kayam.co.uk web: www.kayam.com _______________________________________________________________________________
KAYAM
1. 2. 4. 24. 28. 34. 37. 43. 47. 52. 53.
INDEX BRIEF LOADING SUMMARY SUMMARY OF ANCHOR / BALE RING / MEMBRANE LOADS DESIGN PARAMETERS FABRIC STRUCTIRE CODES AND REGULATIONS STRUCTURAL CALCULATIONS ADDIONAL STRUCTURAL INFORMATION - CONCERT TENT ERECTION PROCEDURE METHOD STATEMENT INTERNAL RIGGING SIDE POLES
_______________________________________________________________________________
Atticbest Limited, Company Reg No: 02894293 - VAT No: 765 0221 50
Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads
Kayam structure modules
Special Structures Lab Ltd. Unit 1A Sheffield Technology Park, 60 Shirland Lane, Sheffield S9 3SP UK Tel. +44 (0) 114 22 11 650 Fax. +44 (0) 114 22 11 651 mailto:ssl@specialstructures.com http://www.specialstructures.com
October 1999
Page 2 of 26
The Kayam Mobile Theatre. Summary of anchor / bale-ring / membrane loads
Figure 1.01 the Kayam mobile theatre in Norway 1997.
1.0
Introduction
This is a summary of data from elsewhere, and is not to be read as a complete proof of the suitability for any particular installation of all existing or as yet unbuilt modules of the Kayam mobile theatre system. Data from the analysis of the following three modules has been used. These modules were selected as other modules (15m middle, 12.5m end & Siam end) are either smaller than these modules or no suitable comparative data was available. Kayam triangle/concert tent module Kayam 20m middle module Kayam 17.5m end module k98 module kmid99 module kend98 module
2.0
Other reference
See elsewhere for the following: Steelwork calculations Anchor tests and predictions Consequences of different permutations of modules. K98 triangle/concert tent membrane analysis Kmid99 20m middle membrane analysis
Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads Kend98 17.5m end membrane analysis Older module calculations Component tests/calculations Installation and service history Description of the Kayam system of structures
3.0
Loads applied
See individual module calculations for details of methods used for computer modelling, load-input and analysis of load-behaviour. The following load cases from previous analyses were re-examined for the purposes of this summary. Worst case output loads were selected visually for further investigation and are marked with an asterix (*).
3.1
K98 triangle/concert tent

Lc01 Lc02 Lc03 wind at 030 wind at 060 wind at 240 *
model 04
35m/s wind
3.2
Kend98 17.5m end

Lc04 wind at 000 Lc05 Lc06 Lc07 Lc08 wind at 045 wind at 090 wind at 135 wind at 180 *
model 03
35m/s wind
3.3
Kmid99 20m middle

Lc04 Lc05 Lc06 wind at 000 wind at 045 wind at 090 *
model 04
35m/s wind
4.0 Assumptions made

All load cases have assumed no effective side pole restraint. The only anchors considered are those at the base of the catenary arches, this is the basis of the first chart showing maximum potential anchor loads. In reality, in addition to the catenary anchors, the Kayam series of structures can be supplemented either partially or entirely by smaller guys secured to the membrane along the line of the side-poles/walls. This is comparable to the traditional method of erecting bigtops. Therefore, in addition to providing a chart showing the maximum potential loads with just the main-catenary anchors secured. We have provided a chart showing the maximum potential loads when side-pole guy anchors have be installed at 2.5m centres along the
perimeter. A nominal minimum of 25kN has been set for catenary anchors where this process generated a small or negative value. 15kN restraint per side-pole has been assumed for the purposes of this chart, obviously this figure is variable in various ways: Stake size may vary. Stakes may be double staked. Soil conditions may vary. Alternatives to stakes may be used. Additional side-poles and anchors may be introduced.
Individual Kayam modules have been examined in isolation. Where modules are joined together, the assumed maximum anchor loads have been simply added together. The particular assembly of Kayam modules shown (a 2 4 6 concert-tent configuration) is not intended to represent any particular installation. It does however cover all possible combinations of modules (except a two-pole kayam structure) and allows extrapolation to any individual installation.
Appendix A input load sectors applied
Figure A.1
Figure A.2
Figure A.3
Appendix B Perimeter loads output from EasyNT

B.1 Kmid99 20m middle
Figure B.1
kayam 20m middle kmid99_04_lc04_000deg 35m/s Statik Result from EASY Statical analysis DATE = 03/12/1999 TIME = 12:03:01 Summary anchor-half bale-ring-half node-type anchor-half anchor-half anchor-half anchor-half
182.38kN max -14.38kN max POINTNO. X-COOR Y-COOR Z-COOR U V W res. (U&W) 99000006 25.17m 0.00m 0.27m -135.90kN 72.61kN 98.30kN 167.73kN 99000007 25.17m 20.00m 0.27m -135.93kN -73.22kN 98.34kN 167.77kN 99000005 -25.17m 20.00m 0.27m 109.77kN -79.83kN 143.66kN 180.80kN 99000001 -25.17m 0.00m 0.27m 110.80kN 80.66kN 144.87kN 182.38kN max 182.38kN

node-type bale-ring-half C bale-ring-half C bale-ring-half C bale-ring-half C bale-ring-half C bale-ring-half C bale-ring-half C bale-ring-half C bale-ring-half C bale-ring-half C bale-ring-half C POINTNO. X-COOR Y-COOR Z-COOR U 99000011 -8.25m 0.00m 15.00m 90120001 -8.21m 0.23m 15.00m 90120002 -8.11m 0.44m 15.00m 90120003 -7.94m 0.61m 15.00m 90120004 -7.73m 0.71m 15.00m 99000012 -7.50m 0.75m 15.00m 90180001 -7.27m 0.71m 15.00m 90180002 -7.06m 0.61m 15.00m 90180003 -6.89m 0.44m 15.00m 90180004 -6.79m 0.23m 15.00m 99000016 -6.75m 0.00m 15.00m

V 0.09kN 0.05kN 0.25kN -0.23kN 0.05kN 0.00kN -0.35kN -0.40kN -0.29kN -0.32kN -0.24kN 1.48kN 0.03kN -0.18kN -0.12kN -0.30kN -0.31kN 0.00kN -0.02kN -0.24kN -0.08kN 0.96kN total W 0.29kN 0.03kN 0.00kN 0.12kN 0.01kN 0.01kN 0.11kN 0.08kN -0.06kN -0.01kN -0.07kN 0.51kN
node-type bale-ring-half D bale-ring-half D bale-ring-half D bale-ring-half D bale-ring-half D bale-ring-half D bale-ring-half D bale-ring-half D bale-ring-half D bale-ring-half D bale-ring-half D node-type bale-ring-half E bale-ring-half E bale-ring-half E bale-ring-half E bale-ring-half E bale-ring-half E bale-ring-half E bale-ring-half E bale-ring-half E bale-ring-half E bale-ring-half E node-type bale-ring-half F bale-ring-half F bale-ring-half F bale-ring-half F bale-ring-half F bale-ring-half F bale-ring-half F bale-ring-half F bale-ring-half F bale-ring-half F bale-ring-half F
POINTNO. X-COOR Y-COOR Z-COOR U V W 99000021 6.75m 0.00m 15.00m -0.13kN 1.32kN 0.06kN 90260001 6.79m 0.23m 15.00m 0.26kN -0.05kN 0.02kN 90260002 6.89m 0.44m 15.00m -0.05kN -0.03kN 0.02kN 90260003 7.06m 0.61m 15.00m 0.18kN -0.26kN 0.00kN 90260004 7.27m 0.71m 15.00m -0.05kN -0.09kN 0.02kN 99000022 7.50m 0.75m 15.00m -0.01kN -0.29kN 0.00kN 90320001 7.73m 0.71m 15.00m -0.07kN -0.31kN -0.02kN 90320002 7.94m 0.61m 15.00m -0.19kN -0.14kN -0.68kN 90320003 8.11m 0.44m 15.00m -0.27kN -0.19kN 0.00kN 90320004 8.21m 0.23m 15.00m -0.17kN 0.45kN -2.72kN 99000026 8.25m 0.00m 15.00m 3.35kN 1.78kN -11.08kN total -14.38kN POINTNO. X-COOR Y-COOR Z-COOR U V W 99000015 -8.25m 20.00m 15.00m 0.05kN -1.44kN 0.29kN 90160004 -8.21m 19.77m 15.00m -0.11kN 0.17kN 0.05kN 90160003 -8.11m 19.56m 15.00m 0.19kN 0.14kN 0.00kN 90160002 -7.94m 19.39m 15.00m -0.16kN 0.03kN 0.08kN 90160001 -7.73m 19.29m 15.00m -0.05kN 0.17kN 0.03kN 99000014 -7.50m 19.25m 15.00m 0.00kN 0.18kN 0.02kN 90240004 -7.27m 19.29m 15.00m -0.01kN 0.21kN 0.01kN 90240003 -7.06m 19.39m 15.00m -0.64kN -0.23kN 0.10kN 90240002 -6.89m 19.56m 15.00m -0.24kN 0.17kN -0.05kN 90240001 -6.79m 19.77m 15.00m -0.20kN 0.31kN -0.01kN 99000020 -6.75m 20.00m 15.00m -0.26kN -0.95kN -0.08kN total 0.44kN POINTNO. X-COOR Y-COOR Z-COOR U V W 99000025 6.75m 20.00m 15.00m -0.04kN -1.34kN 0.05kN 90300004 6.79m 19.77m 15.00m 0.16kN 0.28kN 0.02kN 90300003 6.89m 19.56m 15.00m 0.07kN 0.02kN 0.02kN 90300002 7.06m 19.39m 15.00m -0.15kN 0.27kN 0.04kN 90300001 7.27m 19.29m 15.00m -0.13kN -0.01kN 0.01kN 99000024 7.50m 19.25m 15.00m -0.01kN 0.20kN 0.00kN 90350001 7.73m 19.29m 15.00m -0.01kN 0.23kN -0.03kN 90350002 7.94m 19.39m 15.00m -0.12kN 0.14kN -0.19kN 90350003 8.11m 19.56m 15.00m -0.20kN 0.15kN 0.00kN 90350004 8.21m 19.77m 15.00m -0.03kN -0.32kN -3.22kN 99000027 8.25m 20.00m 15.00m 3.23kN -1.86kN -10.63kN total -13.93kN
B.2 K98 Triangle/concert tent
Figure B.2
kayam triangle k98_04_lc02_060deg 35m/s Statik Result from EASY Statical analysis DATE = 10/15/1998 TIME = 17:24:19 Summary anchor-half anchor-belt bale-ring-half node-type anchor-half anchor-half anchor-half anchor-half anchor-half anchor-half
43.27kN max 177.02kN max -12.95kN max POINTNO. X-COOR Y-COOR Z-COOR U V W 99000032 23.32m -0.39m 4.50m -16.56kN -0.84kN 99000011 -12.00m 20.00m 4.50m 5.25kN -16.40kN 99000019 -11.32m -20.39m 4.50m 22.94kN 20.03kN 99000007 -12.00m -20.00m 4.50m 6.04kN 29.94kN 99000016 -11.32m 20.39m 4.50m 24.41kN -20.45kN 99000035 23.32m 0.39m 4.50m -30.53kN 11.72kN resultant 21.61kN 22.58kN 40.66kN 40.73kN 42.21kN 43.27kN 43.27kN resultant 165.05kN 168.14kN 177.02kN 177.02kN
13.86kN 14.60kN 26.94kN 26.95kN 27.70kN 28.34kN max
node-type anchor-belt anchor-belt anchor-belt
POINTNO. X-COOR Y-COOR Z-COOR U V W 99000010 -11.66m 20.20m 4.50m 70.24kN -118.63kN 99000033 23.32m 0.00m 4.50m -140.55kN -0.43kN 99000008 -11.66m -20.20m 4.50m 73.27kN 126.94kN
90.74kN 92.29kN 99.26kN max

node-type bale-ring-half G bale-ring-half G bale-ring-half G bale-ring-half G bale-ring-half G bale-ring-half G bale-ring-half G bale-ring-half G bale-ring-half G bale-ring-half G bale-ring-half G bale-ring-half G bale-ring-half G node-type bale-ring-half H bale-ring-half H bale-ring-half H bale-ring-half H bale-ring-half H bale-ring-half H bale-ring-half H bale-ring-half H bale-ring-half H bale-ring-half H bale-ring-half H bale-ring-half H bale-ring-half H node-type bale-ring-half J bale-ring-half J bale-ring-half J bale-ring-half J bale-ring-half J bale-ring-half J bale-ring-half J bale-ring-half J bale-ring-half J bale-ring-half J bale-ring-half J bale-ring-half J bale-ring-half J

W 2.29kN 0.05kN 0.00kN -0.31kN -0.02kN -1.62kN 0.66kN 0.72kN -0.51kN -0.48kN -0.12kN -0.11kN -0.31kN total W -0.26kN -0.27kN 0.22kN 0.06kN 0.10kN 0.03kN 0.43kN -1.09kN -1.23kN 1.10kN 1.49kN 0.02kN -1.73kN total W 0.28kN -1.64kN 1.35kN 1.46kN 0.30kN -0.29kN -0.96kN 0.02kN 1.86kN 0.73kN -0.17kN -0.45kN 1.73kN total 0.02kN 0.01kN 0.02kN -0.01kN 0.12kN -0.06kN 0.00kN -0.02kN -5.40kN -2.40kN -0.47kN -0.54kN -3.49kN -12.22kN 0.39kN -0.09kN 0.00kN -0.17kN -0.01kN -0.45kN -0.05kN -0.01kN 0.01kN -0.09kN -0.01kN -0.06kN -0.05kN -0.59kN 0.39kN -0.10kN 0.02kN 0.00kN -0.04kN 0.05kN -0.17kN -0.01kN -0.17kN -0.07kN -0.01kN -0.37kN -0.17kN -0.65kN
POINTNO. X-COOR Y-COOR Z-COOR U V 99000018 -1.14m -14.51m 15.00m -1.35kN 90280001 -1.21m -14.33m 15.00m 0.41kN 90280002 -1.24m -14.14m 15.00m 0.44kN 90280003 -1.21m -13.95m 15.00m 0.27kN 99000023 0.15m -13.77m 15.00m -0.29kN 99000022 -1.14m -13.77m 15.00m -0.80kN 90290007 0.03m -13.62m 15.00m -0.79kN 90290001 -1.02m -13.62m 15.00m 0.83kN 90290006 -0.12m -13.50m 15.00m 0.48kN 90290002 -0.87m -13.50m 15.00m -0.61kN 90290003 -0.69m -13.43m 15.00m 0.52kN 90290005 -0.30m -13.43m 15.00m -0.55kN 90290004 -0.50m -13.40m 15.00m -0.01kN POINTNO. X-COOR Y-COOR Z-COOR U 99000006 -12.00m -8.25m 15.00m 99000003 -12.00m -6.75m 15.00m 90060003 -11.81m -8.22m 15.00m 90030001 -11.80m -6.77m 15.00m 90060002 -11.63m -8.15m 15.00m 90030002 -11.62m -6.85m 15.00m 90060001 -11.47m -8.03m 15.00m 90030003 -11.47m -6.97m 15.00m 99000004 -11.35m -7.88m 15.00m 90030004 -11.35m -7.12m 15.00m 90030007 -11.27m -7.69m 15.00m 90030005 -11.27m -7.30m 15.00m 90030006 -11.25m -7.50m 15.00m V 1.23kN 0.88kN 0.22kN -0.67kN -0.12kN -0.16kN 0.34kN 0.76kN -0.81kN -0.87kN 0.27kN 0.00kN -0.13kN
POINTNO. X-COOR Y-COOR Z-COOR U V 90400006 11.75m -6.64m 15.00m 0.29kN 90400005 11.77m -6.45m 15.00m -0.24kN 90400007 11.77m -6.84m 15.00m -0.18kN 90400004 11.85m -6.27m 15.00m 1.06kN 99000030 11.85m -7.02m 15.00m -0.39kN 90400003 11.97m -6.11m 15.00m 0.22kN 90400002 12.12m -5.99m 15.00m -1.13kN 90400001 12.30m -5.91m 15.00m 0.76kN 99000029 12.50m -5.89m 15.00m 0.47kN 90420001 12.69m -5.92m 15.00m -0.86kN 90420002 12.87m -5.99m 15.00m 0.43kN 90420003 13.02m -6.11m 15.00m 0.41kN 99000031 13.14m -6.27m 15.00m 0.47kN

node-type bale-ring-half K bale-ring-half K bale-ring-half K bale-ring-half K bale-ring-half K bale-ring-half K bale-ring-half K bale-ring-half K bale-ring-half K bale-ring-half K bale-ring-half K bale-ring-half K bale-ring-half K node-type bale-ring-half L bale-ring-half L bale-ring-half L bale-ring-half L bale-ring-half L bale-ring-half L bale-ring-half L bale-ring-half L bale-ring-half L bale-ring-half L bale-ring-half L bale-ring-half L bale-ring-half L node-type bale-ring-half M bale-ring-half M bale-ring-half M bale-ring-half M bale-ring-half M bale-ring-half M bale-ring-half M bale-ring-half M bale-ring-half M bale-ring-half M bale-ring-half M bale-ring-half M bale-ring-half M

W -0.15kN 1.10kN 0.60kN -0.05kN -0.15kN -0.03kN -0.46kN 1.02kN 2.74kN -1.14kN -1.52kN -0.03kN 1.60kN total W -0.19kN 1.48kN -1.36kN -1.64kN -0.34kN 0.35kN 0.91kN -0.07kN 0.23kN -0.24kN 0.24kN 0.48kN -1.85kN total W 0.22kN 0.05kN 0.07kN 0.38kN 0.36kN -0.75kN -0.73kN -0.24kN 1.55kN 0.30kN 0.00kN -0.24kN -2.30kN total 0.02kN 0.01kN 0.01kN 0.05kN -0.05kN -0.01kN 0.02kN 0.09kN 0.03kN 0.00kN 0.03kN 0.02kN 0.27kN 0.49kN 0.00kN 0.00kN 0.01kN 0.00kN 0.12kN 0.01kN 0.03kN 0.03kN 0.11kN 0.00kN 0.00kN -0.09kN 0.28kN 0.50kN 0.11kN -2.37kN -2.73kN 0.02kN -0.10kN 0.00kN -0.75kN 0.00kN -6.70kN 0.01kN -0.10kN 0.00kN -0.34kN -12.95kN
POINTNO. X-COOR Y-COOR Z-COOR U V 99000014 -12.00m 6.75m 15.00m 1.20kN 99000012 -12.00m 8.25m 15.00m 0.61kN 90140001 -11.81m 8.22m 15.00m 0.50kN 90160007 -11.80m 6.77m 15.00m -0.59kN 90140002 -11.63m 8.15m 15.00m -0.13kN 90160006 -11.62m 6.85m 15.00m -0.13kN 90140003 -11.47m 8.03m 15.00m 0.34kN 90160005 -11.47m 6.97m 15.00m 0.83kN 99000013 -11.35m 7.88m 15.00m 1.02kN 90160004 -11.35m 7.12m 15.00m -0.82kN 90160001 -11.27m 7.69m 15.00m 0.22kN 90160003 -11.27m 7.30m 15.00m 0.02kN 90160002 -11.25m 7.50m 15.00m -0.08kN POINTNO. X-COOR Y-COOR Z-COOR U V 90370002 11.75m 6.64m 15.00m 0.41kN 90370003 11.77m 6.45m 15.00m -0.32kN 90370001 11.77m 6.84m 15.00m -0.16kN 90370004 11.85m 6.27m 15.00m 0.96kN 99000027 11.85m 7.02m 15.00m -0.29kN 90370005 11.97m 6.11m 15.00m 0.28kN 90370006 12.12m 5.99m 15.00m -1.16kN 90370007 12.30m 5.91m 15.00m 0.75kN 99000028 12.50m 5.89m 15.00m 0.55kN 90460001 12.69m 5.92m 15.00m -1.39kN 90460002 12.87m 5.99m 15.00m 0.34kN 90460003 13.02m 6.11m 15.00m 0.39kN 99000034 13.14m 6.27m 15.00m -0.96kN POINTNO. X-COOR Y-COOR Z-COOR U V 90310004 -0.50m 13.40m 15.00m -0.01kN 90310003 -0.69m 13.43m 15.00m 0.50kN 90310005 -0.30m 13.43m 15.00m -0.51kN 90310006 -0.12m 13.50m 15.00m 0.37kN 90310002 -0.87m 13.50m 15.00m -0.63kN 90310001 -1.02m 13.62m 15.00m 0.82kN 90310007 0.03m 13.62m 15.00m -0.91kN 99000024 0.15m 13.77m 15.00m 0.02kN 99000020 -1.14m 13.77m 15.00m -0.88kN 90250003 -1.21m 13.95m 15.00m 0.37kN 90250002 -1.24m 14.14m 15.00m 0.46kN 90250001 -1.21m 14.33m 15.00m 0.34kN 99000017 -1.14m 14.51m 15.00m -1.38kN
B.3 Kend98 17.5m end
Figure B.3
kayam 17.5m end kend98_03_lc06_090deg 35m/s Statik Result from EASY Statical analysis DATE = 03/22/1999TIME = 17:03:45 Summary anchor-end anchor-corner anchor-half bale-ring-half node-type anchor-end anchor-end
106.69kN 163.67kN 123.39kN -33.17kN
max max max max resultant 102.34kN 106.69kN 106.69kN resultant 106.68kN 163.67kN 163.67kN res. (V&W) 75.58kN 123.39kN 123.39kN
POINTNO. X-COOR Y-COOR Z-COOR U V W 99000020 22.67m 7.50m 0.27m -70.55kN -24.91kN 99000018 22.67m -7.50m 0.27m -76.00kN 14.28kN
69.82kN 73.51kN max
node-type anchor-corner anchor-corner
POINTNO. X-COOR Y-COOR Z-COOR U V W 99000017 22.67m -25.17m 0.27m -73.27kN 62.27kN 99000021 22.67m 25.17m 0.27m -115.92kN -96.46kN
46.19kN 63.61kN max
node-type anchor-half anchor-half
POINTNO. X-COOR Y-COOR Z-COOR U V W 99000016 0.00m -25.17m 0.27m 42.33kN 54.51kN 99000022 0.00m 25.17m 0.27m 64.81kN -101.24kN
52.35kN 70.53kN max

node-type bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A bale-ring-half A node-type bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B bale-ring-half B
POINTNO. X-COOR Y-COOR Z-COOR U V W 99000004 0.00m -8.25m 15.00m 2.40kN 0.28kN 0.21kN 90030004 0.12m -8.24m 15.00m 0.81kN 0.41kN -0.02kN 90030003 0.23m -8.22m 15.00m -2.22kN -0.49kN 0.02kN 90030002 0.34m -8.17m 15.00m 0.05kN 0.06kN 0.02kN 90030001 0.44m -8.11m 15.00m 1.53kN 1.40kN 0.01kN 99000003 0.53m -8.03m 15.00m 0.29kN 1.95kN 0.39kN 90060004 0.61m -7.94m 15.00m -1.41kN -1.52kN 0.01kN 90060003 0.67m -7.84m 15.00m -0.07kN -0.05kN 0.01kN 90060002 0.72m -7.73m 15.00m 0.48kN 2.23kN 0.01kN 90060001 0.74m -7.62m 15.00m -0.47kN -0.90kN 0.01kN 99000006 0.75m -7.50m 15.00m -1.49kN -1.49kN -0.15kN 90110008 0.74m -7.37m 15.00m -0.17kN 0.69kN 0.01kN 90110007 0.71m -7.24m 15.00m -0.07kN -0.11kN 0.01kN 90110006 0.65m -7.12m 15.00m -0.83kN 0.96kN -0.01kN 90110005 0.57m -7.02m 15.00m 0.67kN -1.17kN -0.01kN 90110004 0.48m -6.93m 15.00m -1.15kN 0.68kN 0.00kN 90110003 0.38m -6.85m 15.00m 0.85kN -0.51kN -0.23kN 90110002 0.26m -6.80m 15.00m -0.14kN -0.01kN -0.06kN 90110001 0.13m -6.76m 15.00m 0.69kN -0.18kN 0.00kN 99000009 0.00m -6.75m 15.00m 0.07kN 0.48kN -0.27kN total -0.04kN POINTNO. X-COOR Y-COOR Z-COOR U V W 99000023 0.00m 6.75m 15.00m 3.91kN -12.96kN -5.93kN 90350001 0.12m 6.76m 15.00m -0.85kN 0.14kN 0.01kN 90350002 0.23m 6.79m 15.00m 0.47kN 0.42kN 0.01kN 90350003 0.34m 6.83m 15.00m -0.42kN 0.09kN 0.01kN 90350004 0.44m 6.89m 15.00m 0.23kN 0.52kN 0.01kN 90350005 0.53m 6.97m 15.00m -0.37kN -0.46kN -0.23kN 90350006 0.61m 7.06m 15.00m -0.95kN -2.87kN -0.93kN 90350007 0.67m 7.16m 15.00m 0.18kN 0.22kN -0.21kN 90350008 0.71m 7.27m 15.00m -0.41kN -0.48kN 0.02kN 90350009 0.74m 7.38m 15.00m -0.08kN 0.98kN -0.03kN 99000024 0.75m 7.50m 15.00m -0.85kN -1.87kN 0.22kN 90370001 0.74m 7.62m 15.00m 0.15kN -1.72kN 0.01kN 90370002 0.70m 7.73m 15.00m -0.48kN 0.90kN 0.00kN 90370003 0.65m 7.84m 15.00m -0.02kN -0.35kN 0.00kN 90370004 0.59m 7.94m 15.00m -0.38kN 0.15kN 0.00kN 99000025 0.50m 8.03m 15.00m 6.24kN 0.31kN -10.90kN 90390001 0.42m 8.10m 15.00m 0.60kN -0.56kN 0.00kN 90390002 0.32m 8.16m 15.00m 0.66kN 0.23kN -1.65kN 90390003 0.22m 8.21m 15.00m 0.65kN 0.81kN -3.33kN 90390004 0.11m 8.24m 15.00m -2.61kN 0.29kN 0.00kN 99000026 0.00m 8.25m 15.00m 3.74kN 3.45kN -10.25kN total -33.17kN
Appendix C Summarised plans showing load locations

Anchor Load Plan - Metric
Anchor Load Plan - Imperial
Figure C.3
Figure C.4
Figure C.7
Figure C.8
Appendix D Membrane loads output from EasyNT
Figure D.1
Figure D.2
Figure D.3
Laurels Farmhouse, Worstead, North Walsham, Norfolk, NR28 9RW Tel: +44 (0) 1692 536025, Fax: +44 (0) 1692 535456 email: toby@kayam.co.uk web: www.kayam.com
DESIGN STATEMENT DESIGN PARAMETERS ENGINEERS CALCULATIONS
DESIGN PARAMETERS
In the following pages we describe the design parameters that may be used in the design and manufacture of fabric structures, stages and mobiles. In no case must a general description be taken as a design feature of a design or product unless specifically so stated. We accept no responsibility for any mistakes or misunderstandings that may arise from such a general description, and strongly advise that any design criteria be certified for the particular structure specified. In addition to this, all information supplied is strictly confidential and publication or quotation is expressly forbidden. Design Team: Rudi Enos Design for the concepts and layouts. Cameron Holdsworth for structural steelwork and analysis. Clive Embury for membrane analysis. Wind Load All wind loads are calculated with reference to BS 449. In accordance with CP3 Chapter V Part 2 1972. Taking due account of period of exposure. (Quoted design wind speeds are unfactored.) Coefficients to suit. If not specified 42 m/s is an average. Wind loads are varied and factored by amounts determined by size and shape of structure, locational parameters, (open countryside will have a lower factorisation than sheltered inner city sites), and duration of installation. Surface pressures increase by a factor (in relation to the wind speed), that is non linear i.e., logarithmic. Therefore the pressures upon the surface of the structure are much greater than a small increase in the stated wind speed would first suggest. Surface pressures are calculated for walled structures with the walls attached. Dominant openings such as sections of wall left off are not allowed for. Smaller openings such as large doors are catered for in the initial calculations. A major consideration can be uplift. Uplift is often the dominant part of wind loading considerations, as is the effect of suction. Steelwork. Steelwork generally is of latticed type trussing fabricated by coded welders from various circular and rectangular hollow sections. Hot dip galvanising is recommended for all steelwork, but for painted trussing there are normally two coats of etched primer, followed by 3 coats of 2-pack epoxy coating. Structural sections are designed to be prefabricated and transported to site in sections. All steelwork will be designed to BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1985. Aluminium All sections specifically designed and manufactured to the designs of Rudi Enos Design, use high grade engineering alloys anodised to the highest specification, AA 25 = 25 microns. All extrusions define section capacities in accordance with CP118: 1969. The Structural Use of Aluminium. Consulting engineers Our consulting engineers are Cameron Holdsworth, who are covered by professional indemnity insurance. Where the structure is to be installed overseas, local regulations and building codes will be adhered to during the design process. In particular we have associates in Paris, Munich, New York, and Sydney, when international co-operation is required.
DESIGN FACTORS
WIND LOAD All design parameters in this document are calculated with reference to and in consideration of the under mentioned codes, although wind loadings are based upon British Standard - Code of Practice 3 : chapter V: part 2: 1972 and a basic wind speed of 46 m/s - (103 miles per hour), ( REF fig 1 page 8 ). This wind speed is factored to give a design wind speed as follows ( clause 5 pages 9 and 10 ) :1/ Factor S1 :- A topography factor to account for cliffs and escarpments, the effects of hills and the sheltering in valleys - nominally 1.0. 2/ Factor S2 :- A factor to account for ground roughness, building height and size. A factor of 0.91 is used for open countryside with scattered wind breaks, on a structure more than 50m in width or length. ( CP 3 Table 3 . factor S2. p 11 ). 3/ Factor S3 :- A statistical factor. This is taken as 0.77 which is based on the structure being temporary and subject to a wind likely to occur every 2 years. ( CP 3 Fig 2 . factor S3. p 12 ). = 46 divided by .91 divided by .77 = 32.2 metres per second. (72 miles per hour). Roof materials use woven Polyester base cloth (similar to that used in car tyres), with a coating of P.V.C. (Polyvinylchloride), that includes additives for material stabilisation under Ultraviolet (U.V.), Anti Fungoids, special Plasticisers to stop surface 'creep' and Flame Retardant chemical additives. Finally the surface is treated with a coating of either Acrylic high gloss Lacquer, or Fluorine type lacquers of PVDF. Blackout structures require a first coat of black opaque PVC before the final colours are applied. - E&OE. Snow Load In accordance with BS 6399: Part 3 : 1988. Basic snow load So = 0.7 Kn/m2 ( Not always applicable in short term installations, please check specification). Imposed Loads Nominal allowance for lighting plus capacity for point load of (X) KG taken by cable or spreader to a minimum of two trusses. Any intended loading on the structure must (in writing), be cleared with the design office of
Anchorage Ultimately, the success of any temporary installation depends on the effective use of the prevailing ground conditions. The Tentmaster must use his experience and knowledge to ensure the best results for those conditions. The anchorage's will reflect those changing requirements as they arrive.
C o p y r i g h t 19 9 5 R u d i E n o s D es ig n
K A Y A M g r o u n d lo a d in g s
L o a d o n K in g P o le b a s e p la t es = 2 .5 t o n n e s
Lo a d o n c o r n er s id e p o l e b a s e p la t e s = 1 t onne
L o a d o n s i d e p o le ba s e p la t e s = 6 0 0 K g
Tr ip le c a t en a r y s t a ke s m a xim u m lo a d = 3 .5 t o n n e s N o t e d o u b le s t a ke lo a d o n c e n t r e s e a m = 4 t o n n es S t a n d a rd s t a ke 4 0 O D x 15 0 0 m m lo a d = 1.5 t on n e s Tr ip le s t a ke la yo u t u s in g ' T ' s e c t io n s t a ke s L o a d o n c o rn e r s = 5 t o n n e s
Groundwork's. Any temporary installation is affected by the ground conditions and the anchorage's therein. In soft ground conditions extra work may need to be done to restrain the structure. The structure will usually be supported on pad base plates designed to impart a normal bearing pressure of approximately 50 Kn/m2. No particular measures will normally be taken against attack by ground water sulphates in light of the short period for which the building remains on these foundations. For permanent installations strip foundations are often envisaged. We would require a surveyors report on the local ground conditions before giving a final specification.
Computer-Aided System for the Design, Analysis and Manufacture of Pre-Tensioned Fabric Structures.
Fabric structures possess significant structural and architectural advantages over conventional structures. They can be aesthetically pleasing in shape, extremely lightweight, useful for very large spans and well-suited to prefabricated construction techniques. However, fabric structures also present a unique set of design challenges. The shapes of membrane structures cannot be chosen at random. The absence of bending resistance's requires designers to work within the constraints of feasible membrane equilibrium shapes. These shapes are usually complex, doubly curved surfaces which must be pretensioned in such a way to resist applied loading such as wind and snow. A tensile membrane structure is prestressed and stabilised by the counteracting tensions of opposing curvatures of an anticlastic surface (two-directional curvature of opposite sign, as a saddle surface). Where flat profile sheet design is envisaged, the initial prestress is significantly higher due to the need to prevent movement. Special non-linear techniques are necessary for the structural analysis of tension structures, since membranes undergo shape changes under varying load conditions and fabric materials exhibit complex stress-strain response. Computer-based finite element techniques are used to solve these non-linear problems. This specification outlines the methods for our interactive computer-based system we use as a tool to solve the problems of design, analysis and manufacture of pretensioned fabric structures. With our computer expertise we are able to perform the following tasks : a) b) c) d) Visualisation of the structure Form finding to achieve initial equilibrium (a reference configuration) Analysis of structural response due to applied loads Patterning of fabric shapes for manufacture
Fabric structure codes and regulations.

All tented structures are designed to comply with the publication issued by the Home Office/Scottish Home and Health Department - Guide to Fire Precautions in Existing Places of Entertainment and Like Premises - ISBN 0 11 340907 9 which has a section on tented structures. The following codes, guides, and standards have been referred to and considered during the design of the 'KAYAM'.
British BS 8118 : The Structural Use of Aluminium BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1985 Structural Steelwork BS 5438 : Tests 2A and 2B : Specifications for durably flame retarded fabric BS 476 : Part 7 : Fire Considerations for Solid Sheet Materials BS 5588 Fire Precautions in the Design, Construction and use of Buildings, Part 6: Code of Practice for Places of Assembly, 1991 HMSO Guide to Fire Precautions in Existing Places of Entertainment and Like Premises Home Office Manual of Safety Requirements in Theatres and other Places of Public Entertainment,1934;The Institution of Structural Engineers Publication, Safety Considerations for the Design and Erection of Demountable Grandstands; The Health and Safety Commission; Guide to Health Safety and Welfare at Pop Concerts and other Similar Events; The Home Office/The Scottish Office Guide to Fire Precautions in Existing Places of Entertainment and Like Premises; The Home Office/The Scottish Office Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds; The Building Regulations 1990 Building Standards (Scotland) Regulations 1990 Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994; The
Fabric structure codes and regulations - contd. NORTH AMERICA Standard Building Code (SBC) Basic Building Code (BOCA) Uniform Building Code (UBC) National Building Code of Canada (NBC) National Fire Protection Association No 102 (NFPA 102) Ref fastest mile wind speed of 70 mph
GERMAN DIN 4112 Code of Practice - Temporary Structures
DIN 1055 Part 4 : Design Loads of Buildings DIN 83330 DIN 3051 DIN 4114 Synthetic Material for Ropes Steel wire ropes Steel Structures - Guidelines
PVC/POLYESTER STRUCTURAL FABRICS

These materials use a woven Polyester base cloth, (similar to that used in car tyres), with a coating of P.V.C. (Polyvinylchloride), that includes additives for material stabilisation under Ultraviolet (U.V.), Anti Fungoids, special Plasticisers to stop surface 'creep', and Flame Retardants, although the Chlorine in PVC naturally inhibits spread of flame. Finally the surface is treated with a coating of either Acrylic high gloss Lacquer, or Fluorine type lacquers of PVDF. These are available in several commercial varieties of which the best is probably Teflon. The lacquers help to provide a degree of 'self cleaning'. The base cloth (scrim) is coated on both sides with a flexible coating which includes chemicals to reduce the effect of fading in sunlight (UV stability), and to stop the PVC coating from work hardening. The light fastness usually meets DIN 54004 and these materials can operate in temperatures down to -30 degrees Celsius. In addition to all this the compounds are biocidally treated to combat bacteria. If left in damp conditions or where the effects of temperature or carbon deposits could affect the fabric, the cloth will require treatment to inhibit the effect of wicking. The anti-fungoid treatment on structure grade fabrics provides this inhibition where tarpaulin fabrics will not. Structure grade fabrics will normally have a surface coating of acrylic high gloss lacquer to provide the smooth attractive finish that cheaper materials don't have. This lacquer is sometimes provided from compounds of acrylic and flourine to provide increased protection for permanently installed buildings. Flourpolymer coatings (PVDF) are more difficult to RF weld and sometimes need to be stripped off where the weld is due to be made. Blackout structures require a first coat of black opaque P.V.C. on the base cloth before the final colours are applied.
Fabric Technical data:
Specification of Fabric Used:
FR 700 Universal - PVC coated polyester fabric. Colour = Mid blue outside and dark blue inside with yellow webbing's. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Base fabric of High Tenacity Branded Polyester. PVC coated on both sides High gloss lacquer surface Dirt repellent Easy to clean Dimensionally stable Resistant to cold up to -30 degrees Celsius Flame retardant (see below) Mildew inhibitant biocidally treated Weather resistant Good resistance against ultra-violet rays Light fast colours (DIN 60 001)
(DIN 53 361)
(DIN 54 004)
Yarn Weave Ends/picks Basecloth weight Weight Thickness Tensile strength Elongation at break Tear resistance Adhesion Flex-resistance
dtex. 1100 x 1 (DIN 53 830) L 1/1 (DIN 61 101) 9/9 warp/weft/cm (DIN 53 853) approx. 210 g/sq. m (DIN 53 854) approx. 690 g/sq. m (DIN 53 352) approx. 0.57 mm (DIN 53 353) approx. 300/300 daN/5 cm (DIN 53 354) warp 19% weft 25% (DIN 53 354) approx. 30/30 daN (DIN 53 363) approx. 10 daN/5cm (DIN 53 357) no cracking after 300,000 flexes (DIN 53 359 Form A)
Flame retardancy British Standard 5438 Parts 2a & 2b, British Standard 5867 TYPE B, Italian Class 2, French Classement M 2, German DIN 4 102-B1, California Fire Marshal spec NFPA 701, small and large scale E&OE
SAMPLE
HALF
SECTIONS
OF
KAYAM
T h e f a b u lo u s K a y a m t h e a t r e t e n t
S iz e s f r o m 4 0 m x 4 0 m t o 6 0 m x 9 5 m
C o p y r i g h t 19 9 5 R u d i E n o s D e s i g n
STRUCTURAL CALCULATIONS Please note that in event of any omissions or errors please refer to hand written text as this is only a guide for easier reading. KAYAM FABRIC & SUPPORTS CALCULATIONS This temporary structure is intended to be rapidly erectable & demountable in a wide range of locations although, due to the nature of its usage, generally near the centre of large towns. In the interests of keeping the building manageable it will be checked for mid range design wind speeds in the UK but will be detailed with attachments for additional anchorage's where conditions dictate their necessity. The shaping of the structure is a great improvement from the generally flat surfaces generally predominant in traditional circus tents although the form is something of a compromise between that to allow extendibility and full double curvature. At this stage it is not intended that the structure be subjected to full snow loads. WIND LOADS Using Manchester/Sheffield as a basis. V+45m/s Topography factor - normal S1 = 1
Membranes are inherently good at local load redistribution through changes in geometry. Therefore adopt class B building size factor throughout. For environment around erection site take category 12 and average height = 10m. S2 = 0.74 S3 =
Duration of exposure - as the structure is temporary and unlikely to be in any location for longer than 2 months. 0.77 Appendix C
. . . Vs = 45 x 0.74 x 0.77 = 25 m/s 2 2 q = kVs = 0.613 x 29 x 1l-3 = 0.383 kN/m
Simplistically treat as approximating to a pitched roof.

roof angle = 30
0
Using table 8 for guidance generally there should be little wind pressure but suctions with C of 0.4 on the leeward sloping faces. (Wind angle of 30 degree values do not apply as roof 'pitched' to Cpi = -0.4 all forces faces). Small doors - no dominant openings Cpi = 0.2 for wind from direction A. Central area subject to a suction of
(0.2 - -0.4) x 0.38 = 0.25 kN/m
2
Span 40m. Rise 7m say Fabric alone

To = Wl = 0.23 x 40 = 6.6 kN/m Se 8x7 T=
2 2
((
23 x 40 2
)
2
+ 6.6
)
1
= 8.0 kN/m
2
plus prestress of 2 kN/m
With an F of S of 6, strength required =

10 x 6 x 5 = 300 doN/5cm < 300 doN/5cm . ..
700 gms fabric OK however webbing reinforcement will assist in this critical location.
2 3 1 3
For pole and ties to central webbing assume resisted by side poles and stays with remaining
tension of half central bay concentrated here and that this load is resisted by fabric and boundary catenary.
7 x 10 x 2 = 46.7 kN at webbing capacity of 120 kN i.e. F of S = 2.6 3 t= 46.7 cos 20 = 43.9 kN cos 45 x 2 cos 45
2
side pole force =

43.9 x 2(cos 45) - 46.7 sin 20 = 27.9 kN
check pole 79mm od x 9mm wall

r = J = (do - di ) = 24.8mm A (do - di )
4 4 2 2
le = 4500 = 181 actual length centre to centre fixing slightly less so say ok r 24.8
BS 5950 Pont 1 1985 table 27a. actual stress

27.903 = 25 N/mm 1099
2
c.f. allowable of 57 N/mm
Check boundary catenary, conservatively ignore concentration to webbing.

To = (8+2) x 13.3 = 49kN 8 x 4.5
2
T = 49 + (10 x 13.3) = 82.6 kN 2
This is still within the ultimate capacity of the 12T webbing used here, and in practice a large proportion of the tension will be taken by the central webbing to the pole-stay arrangement. Using the same assumption as before
F of S in webbing = 82.6
(3 x = 4.4) 120
-1
Each side pole fixing, generally at 5m centres but potentially at 2.5m centres, also takes a high proportion of the total tension in the field. For these assume
2 3
load over 5m width, single stay.
Force in stay = 2.50 cos 20 = 44 kN 3 cos 45 Force in pole = 44 cos 45 - 2.50 sin 20 = 19.9 kN 3
Suction on central leeward side panel which initially has a slight inward curve only, must be taken by panel bowing upward between boundary catenary and lowest effective hoops around masts. In this instance, wind induced tensions are not additive to prestress so conservatively discount the latter. From load elongation curves for this fabric an elongation of 3% can be accommodated within permissible tensions. Over 10m span with 3% elongation. R sin =5 20 . 2 R = 10300
360
R = 12.3 by trial & error. I.C. rise = 12.3 - 11.24 = 1.06 M

2 . . . t = 0.23 x 10 = 2.7kN/m 8 x 1.06
t = (2.7 + (5 x 0.23) ) = 2.2kN/m
1 2
(Actual billowing will be less than this as % elongation used exceeds that caused by calculated tension.) To estimate the effect of this concentration of uplift on hoop, lowest effective hoop approximates to 5m radius Hoop tension taking load on 5m of fabric resisted by 1m of hoop.
T= R = 0.23 x 5 2 2
x5 = kN/m
x 6 x 5 daN/5cm = 270 daN/5cm
Load on main poles will be a maximum under prestress and self weight and will generally be reduced under wind uplift.
SW. 25 x 25 x 1.4 x 0.7 = 612 kg shape factor Say 10 kN to allow for fittings etc.
prestress, take an average of 1kN/m around the base at 20 degrees 90 x 1 sin 20 = 30.8 kN
Which is equivalent to 30.8 = 6.5 kN/m 1.5
in fabric around rim of 1.5m ring. Total pole compression = 10 + 30.8 = 40.8 kN try 170od, 5mm wall
ry = J = (do - di ) = 58.4mm 2 2 16 (do - di ) A le = 15000 = 256 v 58.4 practically, actual length between connections will be less
4 4
BS9950 part 1 1985 table 27a

actual stress = 40.8t3 x4 = 15.7 N/mm 2 2 T1 (170 - 160 )
2
c.f. allowable 28 N/mm With regard to slenderness limits extensive past use of pole sections has proved satisfactory - subject to SW + Wind only.
Laurels Farmhouse, Worstead, North Walsham, Norfolk, NR28 9RW Tel: +44 (0) 1692 536025, Fax: +44 (0) 1692 535456 email: info@kayam.co.uk web: www.kayam.com
Additional Structural Information - Concert Tent
Our ref.; 81015/SCH/LD Date ; 17 July 1998. FAO. Mr. R. Abel Laurels Farm, Worsted, Norfolk, NR28 9RW.
Dear Sir, Ref Kayam middle We can confirm that the Kayam middle triangle has been stressed for a 35m/sec wind speed and will be suitable as an addition to the Kayam system. The system has the following membrane stresses. * (one sheet attached) These are within the range values of a Type 1 material and webbing. We have not recalculated the Kayam system within our new software, but we do not foresee any problems with computability between the elements. Yours faithfully,
Stuart Holdsworth
* SSL Sheffield data
ref 81015/SCH/LD.
1 of 1 attached
Laurels Farmhouse, Worstead, North Walsham, Norfolk, NR28 9RW Tel: +44 (0) 1692 536025, Fax: +44 (0) 1692 535456 email: toby@kayam.co.uk web: www.kayam.com
ERECTION PROCEDURE METHOD STATEMENT
ERECTION PROCEDURE;
Overview The 'KAYAM' The structure described is a mechanically tensioned membrane structure, of modern design with the use of synthetic fibre webbing's, (rated at 12 tonnes breaking strain) to reinforce the plane of the roof running down the seams. Modern tents usually have some form of bridgework for the main supports or 'King Poles' as they are known. These bridges or 'booms' as they are called when they move up and down with the tent roof, are to move the King Poles out of the performing area. On the 50 metre x 95 metre KAYAM, this is achieved by the use of high capacity webbing's forming a catenary belt that travels up and down with the bale rings and roof. The KAYAM is reinforced with so many different webbing's and strip's of fabric, that even if the panels were removed, the structure would still stand! The KAYAM has panels stitched or radio frequency welded together, which radiate from a central suspension point out to the side points. This equates to the Centre or King Pole out to the outside pole or side pole. To accept wind load and to tension the roof membrane, this type of structure traditionally distributes its surface load down heavily reinforced webbing's and or cables to either a rim band or eaves band, down the section lacings. This type of construction utilises the strength of the webbing's to provide massive strength down the seams, and is now being employed across the world for some of the largest mechanically tensioned structures ever built. The Roof Depending on its size, a tent may not have one piece roofs, and in order to extend the usability of most modern tents they are modular in some form or other. This allows sections to be added or taken away to change the shape and size of the roof. The structure the roof may be broken down into more or less sections to ease transportation, movement and erection The roof is an engineered and mechanically tensioned structural component, which is made up of shaped and seamed fabric sections, which when joined make up the three dimensional shape of the roof. These are combined with reinforcement strips and/or webbing's to ensure performance under load, and these loads include pre-tension, applied wind and snow loads, (although snow is not normally encountered with temporary structures), and durability during the erection and dismantling procedure. Deflection Membranes distribute an applied load through the deflection of the surface. Due to the flexibility of this 'skin', the movement is greater than on rigid structures. For this reason, (among others), objects inside the membrane should be kept away from the inside of the surface by double the amount of movement, which can be as much as 500 millimetres. Therefore the clearance usually allowed is a maximum of one metre. Permission must be obtained from the operators to place objects closer than this figure to the inner surface of the structure. If the wind is gusting the membrane will move in and out. On the membrane this gives quite large shape changes and this can cause problems with ground anchors as the constant tightening and slackening of the membrane 'pulls' on the stakes and gradually works them loose. If the membrane can be restrained and kept taught then the load on the ground anchors will remain (more or less), constant and there will be no loosening.
The Poles The KAYAM has the poles moved away from their central position, and guyed out with the use of webbing's and reinforcement's, which then lift at the central point where the pole would have been. This is a technique used to move the poles out of the performance area. The poles and the side poles are positioned around the perimeter of the tent. These poles can be made out of many different and varied materials. The poles not only lift and support the tent but have to be strong enough to avoid movement and whip, and to provide shape and stability to the tent or membrane roof. The main poles, (or King Poles), have special significance on the KAYAM. As they provide the only support inside the side pole line, they are designed and constructed to high specifications. Nearly 18 metres high (60 feet), they are 500 millimetres square and weigh almost two tonnes each in site configuration. Manufactured from CHS (circular hollow
section) tubes of 76 millimetres and 50 millimetres diameter, and finished with a coating of hot dipped galvanised zinc, they sit on massive, 1 metre square base plates.
Anchorages Despite a shipping weight in excess of 28 tonnes, the shape resulting from the sheer size of this structure provides extreme suction over the surface. This will result in a negative load in most situations. Due to the variability of the wind direction, the anchors will be at maximum loading at different points around the structure. As the wind forces are usually non uniform, highly localised areas of stress result. Consequently, each part of the structures anchorage must have the capacity to carry higher loads than it's own local forces. This may result in a significantly higher loading capacity on the anchors than the total uplift of the membrane.
SAFE MOVEMENT OF THE STRUCTURE Many temporary structures are erected for use either directly or indirectly by the public. Government publications warn of the publics right to safety without need of special care. Many who use these structures will be preoccupied with other tasks, and will not make allowances for hazards. If a brace or side guy is capable of tripping someone, then it surely will trip them! The answer is to use adequate erection and signing off methods to look for those points that may cause problems in use. The erector must use a system, either as approved by Rudi Enos Design or a system devised by themselves that allows the structure to be erected without imposing undue strains on the structure itself, during the process of erection. Erection techniques must be followed to allow the structure to be assembled without damage to its own fabric, (meant in the literal term), or the site, or other people working nearby. During erection the structure may not be stable itself, and may need measures to stabilise it. At this time, workers and riggers who are not directly working on the structure must be kept aware of progress and not allowed under the working area. If members are being hoisted from the ground, at least one person should ensure that (for instance), a passer by does not walk across the erection area. Unauthorised access to the working area is to be discouraged in any case. Plans and diagrams for the structure should be available at all times. Test certificates or any other documentation should be copied and kept with the plans. Access equipment or rigging must be checked to ensure that no damage has taken place since the last installation. Protective clothing, (hard hats, boots, overalls, safety harness etc.), should be supplied where necessary. Where possible, the structure should be assembled at ground level and then hoisted into place. The safe use of ladders, working platforms, and powered equipment is covered by HSE publications and does not need repeating here. All bolts or spring fasteners must be in good working order and well maintained. Spare fasteners should be carried in case of shortages.
Loading and handling
The Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 cover lifting and loading operations that may result in injury. Under these regulations the employer is required to avoid the need for loading or moving equipment manually if possible. If the equipment must be loaded manually, any risk ensuing must be kept to the minimum. In addition to this, all equipment should be loaded in a way that the load will not move in transit, or be damaged by its own weight. The members of the structure will have a longer life span if they are properly looked after, and will give the client more confidence in the product, by looking in better condition. In general, common sense will govern the loading and unloading of this structure, but it is worth mentioning that mobile and temporary structures usually have more damage inflicted by the erection, dismantling and transport phases of their life, than during the use period, so care must be taken.
Other references;
The Construction (Lifting Operations) Regulations 1961 Lifting Plant and Equipment (Records of Tests and Examination) Regulations 1992
SITING The siting of all temporary structures involves common sense most of all. Good access, safe fire exits, solid ground for siting, the ability to service the units, these are all criteria for safe installation. Other questions are; is it suitable for the intended use?, is it well drained?, is it level?, does it have good access roads?, are there secondary exits for emergency vehicles?. Installers must insure that a reasonable distance be kept from nearby buildings or fences to restrict the potential spread of fire, and that there is nothing hazardous underground that can be affected by groundwork's or stakes. Choosing the site for your event is the hardest part of the planning. Don't persuade yourself that it is suitable if it isn't. The right combination of usability, convenience, access, drainage, and soil conditions, have to be there before confirming the site. Artificial roadways may be required in muddy weather. If soft soil conditions are encountered, timber spars may be used to spread the point loadings at ground level, but will slow down the whole procedure of moving the structure, so extra time must be allowed when weather conditions are poor.
OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES The KAYAM has been designed and manufactured to at least the accepted industry standards now in use. As with any one-off structure, the success of the unit is dependant upon it's installation and operation. If the structure is handled properly during transport, erection and dismantling, it's life span will be increased, it will look better and more professional, and the resulting installations will be safer for all concerned. It has always been a common preconception that under British law, a person is innocent until proved guilty. This is not necessarily the case, as under present legislation, (Ref. The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974); if an accident occurs, an employer can be automatically guilty of an offence (even if he/she were not present), unless they can show that consistent and reasonable work methods were in place to prevent accidents. This manual forms a simple method statement for the contractor and should be issued to new or temporary staff. In the event and construction industry, there are still many companies (or employers), that do not take the modern techniques of safety planning seriously. Companies must by law have safe working methods, and with the publication in recent years of new regulations to reduce unacceptable risk, they must now practise those methods. Many excuses are heard, such as "I haven't time", or "Those regulations are for large companies", or "We haven't got time on site to fill in forms". It is self evident that if business is about achieving an objective with the least fuss and the least effort, no one will look for more work if they don't have to. We must also put aside the question of whether it is right to impose ever stricter legislation upon an industry (or industries), that has a very good safety record. The fact is some of these 'new regulations' are not new at all, but are being enforced for the first time, and managers and employers are forced to adopt new ways. It is for each employer or manager to be responsible for his or her company's safety policy. The intention of this manual is to help provide the framework to make that task easier.
General Notes on erection
This manual is designed to cover the erection and maintenance of the KAYAM (Type B2). The main concern for all is the possibility of damage to the King Poles and (to a lesser extent), to the fabric during movement. Due to the King Poles carrying the main structure, they are of necessity stronger, and therefore heavier than other similar looking units. These are each eighteen metres in height and provide support for the rest of the structure. The roof apex is assembled at ground level and fully laced before raising aloft. This leaves three main areas of importance: 1./ The structure as specified forms a fairly good wing profile, so uplift in high winds will be severe. Ground anchors will need to be checked on a daily basis to ensure stability. 2./ There is a high risk of damage at all times during transhipment of the structure. If care is taken, then the risk is minimised, if not, damage will certainly ensue. 3./ When the roof is being raised, there is a period when the structure is not in full control, so high winds may require delays in hoisting.
METHOD STATEMENT;
The following method statement is for a KAYAM structure, The method used of hoisting the tent fastened to the trussed steelwork, has one over riding advantage for it. This is that it is inherently more stable due to the framework providing a stiffening effect and reducing the clear spans of the fabric membrane compared to other KAYAMs. The disadvantages are that the framework is bulkier to move and takes a greater amount of time to erect. These types of tents last longer than full tension tents, despite the fact that the tent has to go up in that and only that configuration. The tent described is effectively a five pole in line pole tent, accept in this case the ridge bar has been replaced by the saddle membrane, and where the pole would be on each end there is a space caused by moving the King Poles away from that lifting point. This removes the poles from the centre of the performing area, allowing a clearer and better view for the audience. The other distinguishing feature on the KAYAM is the height of the side walls. At least 4.5m (14 foot 9 inches), high side walls are used. This allows the roof to start at a much greater height, and gives better internal clearance for stages or the rear of sloping grandstand seats.
Section one
Marking out First you must mark out the site to the arrangement on the site layout plan, checking that the ten King Poles are square to each other and not twisted. The King Poles themselves need to be laid out with the bottom of the poles pinned to the bases, which form a hinge. The end poles then face each other as they are laid out. Once the poles have been laid out, the winches, bale rings and rigging can be installed, at the same time that the main guys are being attached and fastened to the ground anchors. Ground anchors can be strengthened by reinforcing the main stake with three others as per drawing No xxx. The lifting cables are given a 'start' to help the poles lift, by taking the cables over a set of crossed poles, which are usually 4m high. In fact these are usually two side poles, which have been shackled together or welded together with a hinge. These 'A' poles are positioned near the base of the poles that require lifting first. Obviously, if they were placed half way between the poles, as the poles weigh the same amount it would not be known which set of poles would lift first. The tent master must inspect the whole site, including tightness of ropes on main guys, and checking that stakes have gone all the way into the ground. Section Two Hoist poles one and two Once all guys, winches, bale rings and lifting cables have been checked, and the immediate area cleared of unneeded people, the first pair of King poles can be hoisted. this is done using either hand powered mechanical reduction winches, such as barrel winches or Tirfors or through the use of electric motors. If barrel winches are used they must have a ratchet, (a one way catch), or a worm drive action to stop them from releasing the cable unless this is desired. This safety feature is not always found on barrel winches, so this must be checked.
If Tirfors are used, the cables must be checked to ensure that they have no spidering or spaghetti effect on the cable. Although this sounds funny it is in fact extremely dangerous if it gets stuck inside the Tirfor, as you would not be able to lift the tent up or down. For this reason lifting systems must be devised to allow the cable to be replaced while the tent is in the air. During the hoisting process, the Tentmaster should stand back to get a clear view of the lifting process. With a good field of view, the Tentmaster can see potential problems before they happen. A man must be placed by each back guy to ensure the correct tying off. The cables must be kept free for the whole time the poles are in the air, to make sure the cables don't snag anywhere. At this stage the poles are in a hazardous condition. This is acceptable practice provided there are no better ways of achieving the operation. Remember the dictat "Safety at work requires the reduction of unacceptable risk". The obvious answer to this is that some risk is acceptable, if in control. At this point in the erection period, the first pair of poles upright, kept aloft by the side guys, the rear guys, and the lifting cables to the other two poles. Section Three Hoist poles three and four If the winches were to be kept turning, once the rear guys became tight, the other pair of poles would lift off the ground. This is to be avoided, as the time taken to check the guys is never wasted. If the poles are raised approximately one metre from the ground, the stakes holding the load opposite the second pair of poles should have a special check to see if they have 'pulled' under the load of hoisting the weight. Hoist the remaining poles Once they have been checked and made safe, the other pairs of poles can be raised, two by two. When the poles are 1-2 metres (3-6 feet), from being tight, all the poles will sway if allowed, as there is very little other than their own weight holding them upright until the cables go tight. This is the point where the Tentmaster needs four or five pairs of eyes! A set of temporary guys will be needed to support each set of poles until the final set are raised. Once raised, the Tentmaster should walk around the site checking that the poles are plumb (upright), and that the main guys are adequately tied off and secure. Section Four Assemble at ground level At this point the fabric sections are assembled and positioned between the King Poles The ten winches are attached to the bale rings which lift the apex and it is raised half a metre (18 inches). The rolled fabric sections can then be rolled onto the ground and spread out. The side poles should be laid out around the perimeter of the tent. The sections can then be laced to the bale rings and tied off. All sections can now be laced. The lacing safety fitting's should be checked, and the rain flaps tied down. At this point, the roof can be lifted Section Five Stand on side poles Starting at a lacing facing away from the direction of wind, stand the side poles up. The lacing side poles should have two extra guys called cross guys which tie out at forty five degrees to the lacing. These are to stop radial twist in the roof, and keep the alignment of the lacing where it should be. When all the side poles are in, the rim of the tent should have no looseness or sagging at any point. Section Six Raise the roof The Tentmaster should stand back to watch the roof being hoisted to make sure that the necks don't snag anywhere on the poles, or that the roof is twisted in any place. Raise the roof to 95% of its intended height. Section Seven
Dressing Out The KAYAM can now be 'dressed out'. A simple eyeball check is all that is needed to ensure that the roof is pulled out in a regular manner. To check if the roof is 'regular', stand on one axis (long or short), and look carefully down the tent. The seams of tent should be in line from one end of the tent to the other. With no wrinkling in the roof, or pulls or creases, (in other words, the roof is pulled out 'flat'), and the main seams in line, the tent has to be well dressed. It is imperative that the bale ring's are lifted to the same height in respect of the membrane roof and each other. Section Eight Pretension The roof can be well dressed and yet not tight enough! Unless the structure is new and requires stretching, the roof should sit in it's intended shape without too much tension in the plane of the roof. It is necessary to pretension the roof (prior to it being tensioned by wind loads), to tension radially as well as down the seams. This means that the rim and the quarter band must have some tension in them running round the surface of the roof. At this stage the roof must be raised up the poles the last amount to it's intended height. The side guys should be adjusted to keep the Rim taut, with just a small amount of looseness somewhere around the Rim. Section Nine Signing Off The final inspection or 'Signing Off', is important to the operating company, to the client, and to the general public, (who expect and have a legal right to safety), but most of all to the Tentmaster, who can not only sleep at nights, but establishes the routine of check once, then check again. A general check of the main guy's, the side guy's, and the rigging of the tent, in conjunction with a visual check of the stakes at all points, will suffice. This 'Walking Round' should be second nature to the Tentmaster. As the client is responsible for the structure during the event, they should accompany the Tentmaster, if possible, on his/her final inspection and sign off the unit with the Tentmaster to comply with the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994;
Stakes and Staking. The average mobile structure is invariably held down with a higher level of force than it is held up. Proven many times by analysis, each side guy is capable of having a greater load placed upon it than the stake can carry in soft ground. This basic fact proves what all Tentmasters have known for many years;- which is: in bad weather put extra stakes in. Staking is the single most important variable to the erection of a marquee/mobile structure, Soft ground conditions, changeable weather patterns, has it rained recently or not?, all make a tremendous difference to the load bearing capabilities of the ground anchor, and the tent master must use his/her discretion on this point more than any other. There are varying thoughts on what angle and distance from the tent the stakes should be inserted at. The answer to both of these is generally as follows :1 The angle of the stake, in other words it's position. The stake should be perpendicular to the line of pull. The line of pull should be not less than 45 degrees each, if there is a 2.2 metre (7 foot) side pole, then the stake should be 7 foot from the bottom of the pole. Even at this you have to half the included angle between the pitch of the roof and the perpendicular side pole, and if a straight line is taken down the slope of the roof the stake should always be closer to the wall than where such a line would meet the ground. 2 If the stake is placed too close to the side wall of the tent, the rope will be pulling up more than across the head of the stake and this will reduce its effectiveness. 3 If the stake is too far from the side wall of the tent then it will be pulling out but not down. Obviously stakes should never be inclined towards the tent, as the results of this would be obvious. KAYAM stakes have been shown to have an average pull out figure of 1.2 - 1.4 tonnes with a potential maximum of in excess of 2 tonnes, when used with a diameter of 45-50 millimetres (1.7-2 inches), with a length of 1.5-1.7 metres (5-6 feet). In any case stakes driven most of the way in, should, (even in soft ground), hold down with a force of at least .9 tonnes, and once again in severe weather conditions or soft soil conditions two stakes would then be required for each side guy not just one.
Ground Anchors are perhaps the most critical point of installation and the factor of safety in respect of staking must be extremely high, perhaps 2 or 3, in order to provide the maximum amount of safety under any form of building code.
Laurels Farmhouse, Worstead, North Walsham, Norfolk, NR28 9RW Tel: +44 (0) 1692 536025, Fax: +44 (0) 1692 535456 email: info@kayam.co.uk web: www.kayam.com _______________________________________________________________________________
Internal Rigging
The KAYAM poles can hold a direct download of up to 500kg each. However any lateral load does need separate consideration and any additional loading will affect the structural calculations for the tent. Trussing spanning masts should be on short slings, not close-coupled. Our crew on site will be happy to help and advise on any rigging, but please obtain prior approval for any loads from both ourselves and, if necessary, the LA officer responsible for the safety of structures. If seperate engineeers calculations are required these can be provided but are at the hirers expense.
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Laurels Farmhouse, Worstead, North Walsham, Norfolk, NR28 9RW Tel: +44 (0) 1692 536025, Fax: +44 (0) 1692 535456 email: richard@kayam.co.uk web: www.kayam.com _______________________________________________________________________________ KAYAM SIDE POLES Unlike sidepoles on many conventional tents, the KAYAM sidepoles are manufactured with provision for positive fixing at both top and base. Fixing of the top of the pole to the fabric of the tent is by means of bolt and nylock nut, making it impossible for correctly installed KAYAM sidepoles to dislocate and fall in normal use. These should always be installed and checked. At their base, sidepoles have detachable, hinged plates. These plates have holes to accept locating pins, driven through the hole into the ground . KAYAM sidepole function may be considered similar to quarter pole function in conventional tents and, unless serious uplift of the entire structure is considered likely, it is preferable to omit the locating pins from sidepole bases to allow easy and rapid adjustment of the tension of the structure in adverse conditions. This is considered acceptable and to offer no risk on a correctly erected tent, given that; - Sidepoles cannot become dislocated at their top. - With the tent tensioned in normal use, the downward pressure on each side pole is typically no less than 10kn. With most ground conditions this is adequate to ensure that sidepoles will not become dislocated at their base in normal use. - Tension in both tent fabric and side guys is regularly monitored while the tent is in use. In soft ground conditions it may be preferable to omit both plate and pins, and to over-tension side guys so that the base of the sidepole sinks into the ground slightly and thus achieves positive location. Equally on some hard surfaces, base plates may act as skids and adequate location of sidepole bases may again be best achieved by omission of base plates. On some exposed sites, or in any conditions where serious uplift may be expected, both base plates and pins should be used in any part of the tent likely to be affected. It is the duty of the tentmaster on site to determine whether sidepole plates and pins should be used in each installation, and to ensure that sidepole bases cannot become dislocated in normal use. Positive and adequate location of sidepoles should be regularly checked and affirmed. In extreme conditions, should any uplift of the fabric cause the sidepole bases to dislocate, then evacuation procedures should be initiated unless immediate remedy can be effected. (However. in these circumstances, it could be expected that other factors causing this lack of tension in the fabric might already have lead the tentmaster to consider the tent unsafe.)
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Laurels Farmhouse, Worstead, North Walsham, Norfolk, NR28 9RW Tel: +44 (0) 1692 536025 Fax: +44

(0) 1692 535456 email: info@kayam.co.uk web: www.kayam.com _______________________________________________________________________________

1. 2. 4. 24. 28. 34. 37. 43. 47. 52. 53.

Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads

Kayam structure modules

Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads

Kayam structure modules

The Kayam Mobile Theatre. Summary of anchor / bale-ring / membrane loads

Figure 1.01 the Kayam mobile theatre in Norway 1997.

Kayam structure modules

K98 triangle/concert tent

Kend98 17.5m end

Kmid99 20m middle

4.0 Assumptions made

Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads

Kayam structure modules

Appendix A input load sectors applied

Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads

Kayam structure modules

Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads

Kayam structure modules

Appendix B Perimeter loads output from EasyNT

Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads

Kayam structure modules

Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads

Kayam structure modules

B.2 K98 Triangle/concert tent

13.86kN 14.60kN 26.94kN 26.95kN 27.70kN 28.34kN max

node-type anchor-belt anchor-belt anchor-belt

90.74kN 92.29kN 99.26kN max

Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads

Kayam structure modules

Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads

Kayam structure modules

Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads

Kayam structure modules

B.3 Kend98 17.5m end

106.69kN 163.67kN 123.39kN -33.17kN

69.82kN 73.51kN max

node-type anchor-corner anchor-corner

46.19kN 63.61kN max

node-type anchor-half anchor-half

52.35kN 70.53kN max

Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads

Kayam structure modules

Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads

Kayam structure modules

Appendix C Summarised plans showing load locations

Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads

Kayam structure modules

Anchor Load Plan - Imperial

Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads

Kayam structure modules

Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads

Kayam structure modules

Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads

Kayam structure modules

Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads

Kayam structure modules

Summary of anchor/bale-ring loads

Kayam structure modules

Appendix D Membrane loads output from EasyNT