Convento,Julleen Ann Marie O.

10/19/22
BIO 001-CHE31S2

Assignment 4.3 on Metabolic Pathways

Research for the meaning of the following terms and submit your assignment online on the date
required;

1.Metabolic pathway
A series of activities or interactions between genes and their byproducts that leads to the
synthesis or modification of a system component that is necessary for a biological system to
function properly.

2.Enzymes
Also called a biological catalyst , an enzyme is usually always a protein. It accelerates a certain
chemical reaction in the cell. The enzyme is continuously employed during the reaction and is
not destroyed. Each enzyme molecule found in a cell is unique and tailored to a particular
chemical reaction.

3.Glycolysis
Nearly all sorts of organisms have evolved a metabolic process and anaerobic energy source
called glycolysis. The process is also known as the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, named for the
key individuals who contributed to its discovery and understanding. Although it serves anaerobic
respiration, which is why it doesn't require oxygen, it also serves as the initial stage in cellular
respiration.

4.inhibitor molecules
An enzyme inhibitor or inhibitor molecules are substances that prevent an enzyme from
normally reacting with a substrate. Depending on how they work, enzyme inhibitors can either
be competitive or non-competitive. It prevents the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex,
preventing the production of products. Depending on the specific impact of the inhibitor being
utilized, inhibition of enzymes may be either reversible or irreversible.

5.activator molecules
The chemicals known as activator molecules attach to enzymes and boost their activity. In
contrast to enzyme inhibitors, they. These compounds frequently have a role in the allosteric
modulation of enzymes that govern metabolism.

6.glycolysis
Nearly all sorts of organisms have evolved a metabolic process and anaerobic energy source
called glycolysis. The process is also known as the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, named for the
key individuals who contributed to its discovery and understanding. Although it serves anaerobic
respiration, which is why it doesn't require oxygen, it also serves as the initial stage in cellular
respiration.
7.catabolic pathways
Catabolism is the part of metabolism that breaks down large, complicated molecules into
smaller ones, producing energy in the process. Catabolism is a series of degradative chemical
reactions that breaks down complex molecules into smaller units, typically releasing energy in
the process. Energy is released as a result of the metabolism's destructive branch. The
existence of every living cell depends on energy. The sum of all the basic processes necessary
for a living thing to survive is called metabolism.

8.anabolic pathways
Energy must be supplied to anabolic pathways in order to create complex molecules from
simpler ones. One illustration is the production of sugar from CO2. Creating big proteins from
amino acid building blocks and creating new DNA strands from nucleic acid building pieces are
two further examples. These continual metabolic processes, which are essential to cellular
survival, require ATP as well as the high-energy molecules NADH (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate).

9.Starvation
The maintenance of life is seriously threatened by starvation, and recycling of proteins is
thought to be a key defense mechanism for cells as well as an effective means to obtain energy
and ensure survival by recycling amino acids for protein synthesis.

10.metabolites
Metabolites are the byproducts and intermediates of cellular metabolism. They include
endogenous substances such as amino acids, lipids, sugars, organic acids, etc. that are
regularly generated in the anabolism or catabolism process. Numerous roles for metabolites
include energy conversion, signaling, epigenetic control, and cofactor action.

11.substrates
A chemical that an enzyme reacts with is known as a substrate. The enzyme's active site, or the
location where weak bonds can form between two molecules, is loaded with a substrate. When
an enzyme complex with a substrate forms, the enzyme's pressures on the substrate drive it to
react and produce the planned reaction's product. The conformational change, or shape
change, of the enzyme is brought on by the bonds that develop between the substrate and
enzyme.

12.products
In general, biological products are huge, complex molecules and fall under a broad range of
goods. These products are frequently more challenging to define than small molecule
medications and may be created through biotechnology in a living system, such as a bacterium,
plant cell, or animal cell.
13.degradative
By using biotic (biodegradability) or abiotic methods, degradation is the process by which a
chemical compound is broken down into smaller molecules (hydrolysis, photolysis or
oxidization). Half-lives are utilized as indicators of a chemical substance's stability and
persistence in the environment. The time it takes for a compound's quantity to be degraded by
half is known as its half-life .

14.cofactors
Cofactors are crucial components of biological reactions. Cofactors give enzymes the ability to
function at their peak catalytic efficiency or endurance. They are typically present as tiny organic
molecules or metal ions. Coenzymes, a term used to describe a subclass of cofactors, are
formed in part from water-soluble B vitamins.

15.biosynthesis
The process of creating complex products from simpler components through cellular chemical
processes is known as biosynthesis. Synthesis is the act of making or creating something, and
the prefix bio- refers to life or living things. When these two words are combined, you have a
living thing making something. These processes, also referred to as anabolic reactions, involve
the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones that already exist inside (or are produced
by) the organism.