Memmlers The Human Body in Health and Disease

11th edition

Chapter 7 The Skeleton: Bones and Joints

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The Skeleton
Skeletal system is made up of bones, joints, and supporting connective tissue

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Bones
Several functions To serve as a firm framework for the body To protect delicate structures such as the brain and spinal cord To work as levers to produce movement To store calcium salts To produce blood cells

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Bone Structure
Types of bone (osseous) tissue Compact bone Spongy (cancellous) bone Bone marrow Red marrow Yellow marrow Bone membranes Periosteum Endosteum

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The skeleton.

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The structure of a long bone.

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Compact bone tissue.

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Bone Growth and Repair

Types of bone cells Osteoblasts manufacture the matrix Osteocytes maintain and repair existing bone matrix Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone

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Formation of a Long Bone

Cartilage begins to turn into bone Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends Bones continue to lengthen Bones stop lengthening Bone resorption and formation continues

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Bone Markings
Distinguishing features Projections Head Process Condyle Crest Spine Depressions or holes Foramen Sinus Fossa Meatus
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Bones of the Axial Skeleton

Two main groups of bones Axial skeleton80 bones of the head and trunk Appendicular skeleton126 bones of the extremities

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Framework of the Skull

Cranial bones Facial bones Infant skull

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Framework of the Skull, contd

Cranial bones Frontal Parietal Temporal Ethmoid Sphenoid Occipital

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Framework of the Skull, contd

Facial bones Mandible Maxilla Zygomatic Nasal Lacrimal Palatine Inferior nasal conchae

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Framework of the Skull, contd

Infant skull Anterior fontanel

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The skull. ZOOMING IN What type of joint is between bones of the skull?

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The skull, inferior view. ZOOMING IN What two bones make up each side of the hard palate?

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The skull, sagittal section.

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Framework of the Trunk

Vertebral column Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacral vertebrae (sacrum) Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx) Thorax Sternum Ribs True ribs False ribs Manubrium Clavicular notch Sternal angle Xiphoid process

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Vertebral column, left lateral view. ZOOMING IN From an anterior view, which group(s) of vertebrae form a convex curve? Which group(s) form a concave curve?

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The first two cervical vertebrae.

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Bones of the thorax, anterior view. ZOOMING IN To what bones do the costal cartilages attach?

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Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

Two divisions Upper Lower

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The Upper Division of the Appendicular Skeleton

The shoulder girdle Clavicle (collarbone) Scapula (shoulder blade) Acromion Glenoid cavity Coracoid process

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The Upper Division of the Appendicular Skeleton, contd

The upper extremity Humerus (arm bone) Medial and lateral epicondyles Trochlea Ulna and radius (forearm bones) Distal projection (styloid process) Olecranon Trochlear notch (semilunar notch) Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges (finger bones)

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The shoulder girdle and scapula. ZOOMING IN What does the prefix supra mean? What does the prefix infra mean?
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The Lower Division of the Appendicular Skeleton

The pelvic bones Ilium Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Ischium Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity Pubis Pubic symphysis Acetabulum Obturator foramen

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The pelvic bones. ZOOMING IN What bone is nicknamed the sit bone?
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Comparison of male and female pelvis, anterior view.

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The lower extremity Femur

The Lower Division of the Appendicular Skeleton, cont d

Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Patella Tibia (shin bone) Medial malleolus Fibula Lateral malleolus Tarsal bones Calcaneus (heel bone) Metatarsal bones Phalanges
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The right femur (thigh bone).

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Tibia and fibula of the right leg. ZOOMING IN What is the medial bone of the leg?

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Disorders of Bone
Metabolic diseases Tumors Infections Structural problems

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Metabolic Disorders
Characterized by a lack of normal bone formation or excess loss of bone tissue Osteoporosis Osteopenia Pagets disease (osteitis deformans) Osteomalacia (in children, rickets)

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Tumors
Two types found in bone tissue Benign Malignant Osteosarcomas Chondrosarcomas

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Infection
Two types found in bone tissue Osteomyelitis Inflammation of the bone caused by pyogenic bacteria Tuberculosis Pott disease (tuberculosis of the spine)

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Structural Disorders
Curvatures of the spine Kyphosis (hunchback) Lordosis (swayback) Scoliosis Cleft palate Flatfoot

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Fractures
Types of fractures Closed Open Greenstick Impacted Comminuted Spiral Transverse Oblique

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Skeletal Changes in the Aging

Bones undergo significant changes Loss of calcium salts Decrease in protein Reduction in collagen Loss of height Decrease in chest diameter

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The Joints
Classified by material between adjoining bones and by degree of movement permitted Fibrous Synarthrosis (immovable) Cartilaginous Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) Synovial Diarthrosis (freely movable)

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More About Synovial Joints

Bones are joined by other structures in synovial joints Ligaments Joint capsule Hyaline (articular) cartilage Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus Fat Bursae

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Structure of a synovial joint.

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Types of Synovial Joints

Classified by types of movement they allow Gliding Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball-and-socket

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Question: What type of joint is your elbow? a. hinge joint b. ball-and-socket joint c. saddle joint

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Movement at Synovial Joints

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction Rotation Movements characteristic of forearm and ankle Supination Pronation Inversion Eversion Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion
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Disorders of Joints
Mechanical disorders Dislocation Sprain

Herniated disk Arthritis Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease [DJD]) Rheumatoid arthritis Septic (infectious) arthritis Gout Vertebrae diseases Intervertebral disk disorders Supporting structure abnormalities Abdominopelvic disorders Lumbosacral joint2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Copyright strains

Backache

Arthroscopic examination of the knee.

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End of Presentation nd

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