1

1. RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING USING SWITCHES, FUSE, INDICATOR AND LAMP

AIM: To construct and test basic household wiring using switches, fuse and indicator lamp. COMPONENTS REQUIRED 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Two switches Two Incandescent lamps Wires One wooden board Three clamps

THEORY Every conductor switches and other accessories should be of proper capacity to be capable of carrying the maximum current through it. All conductors should be of copper or aluminium. In power circuit, wiring should be designed for the load which it is supposed to carry. Power sub-circuits should be kept separate from lighting and fan sub- circuits. Wiring should be done on the distribution system with main and branch distribution board at convenient physical and electrical load centre. Wiring should look neat and have good appearance. Wires should pass through a pipe or box and it should not twist or cross. The conductor is carried in a rigid steel conduit confirming to standards or in a porcelain tube.

PROCEDURE ONE LAMP CONTROLLED BY ONE SWITCH 1. The circuit connections are given as per Fig (1). 2. Switch on the 230V, 1-, and 50Hz main supply and close the switch S1 (one way switch type). 3. Now, the lamp will glow and hence the connection of one lamp by one switch is checked.

TWO LAMPS CONTROLLED BY TWO SWITCHES 1. The circuit connections are given as per Fig (2). 2. Switch on the 230V, 1-, and 50Hz main supply and close the switches S1 and S2 (one way switch type). 3. Now, the lamps will glow and hence the connections of two lamps by two switches are checked.

Switch S1 SS1 P

Lamp 60 W

1, 230 V, 50Hz AC supply

N Fig.1 ONE LAMP CONTROLLED BY ONE SWITCH

Switch S1 P

Switch S2

Lamp 60 W

Lamp 60 W

1, 230 V,50Hz AC supply

N Fig. 2 TWO LAMPS CONTROLLED BY TWO SWITCHES

RESULT: Thus the residential house wiring was constructed using switches, fuse, indicator and lamps.

2. FLUORESCENT LAMP WIRING AIM: To construct a fluorescent lamp wiring using necessary components and to test the working of the fluorescent lamp. COMPONENTS REQUIRED 1. Fluorescent tube light frame 1 set ( 40 W, 230 V) 2. Connector (2 way) 1 No. 3. PVC copper cable As required 4. Starter 5. Choke 6. Fluorescent tube TOOLS REQUIRED 1. Wiremans tool kit 1 No. 2. Nose plier 1 No. 3. Hand drilling machine with 6.3 mm drill bit 1 No. 4. Test lamp 1 No.

CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF FLUORESCENT LAMP It consists of fluorescent tube, starter, choke, and two way connectors. They are explained as follows:

(i) FLUORESCENT TUBE The fluorescent tube of length varying from 2 to 4 feet is filled with low pressure argon and a drop of mercury.

(ii) STARTERS There are two types of starters. (1) Glow type (2) Thermal type GLOW TYPE It consists of a pair of bimetal contacts sealed in a small glass bulb filled with argon gas. When supply is given, the whole mains voltage appears between the open contacts producing an arc discharge. The heat from the discharge closes the bimetal contacts, causing the pre-heat current to flow. The closer of contacts extinguishes the arc. The bimetal contacts cool and the contact again opens, make the lamp to strike. A small capacitor fitted between the contact connections outside the glass bulb avoids radio interference. THERMAL TYPE It is also a pair of bimetal contacts, but these are initially closed and not open as in the glow starter. The contacts are sealed in a glass bulb together with a small heater coil. The bulb is filled with a suitable gas to improve the thermal link between the heater coil and the contacts. When supply is given, current flows through the lamp cathodes, the choke and the heater coil in

the starter switch. The heater coil raises the temperature of the bimetal contacts and they separate, intercepting the current through the choke, and the consequent voltage pulse causes the lamp to strike. When the lamp starts, current flows through the starter heater and the bimetal contacts remain open. This form of switch is more complicated than the glow switch, but is useful where a larger preheating time is required. The thermal starter is useful in fluorescent tubular lamps and sodium lamps. (iii) CHOKE COIL: It is an iron cored inductance coil. It has two functions. They are: (a) To provide a very high voltage (many times higher than supply voltage) to start the ionization process in the lamp. (b) To limit the current through the circuit when the tube is operating. (iv) CONDENSER The condenser is provided in the lamp in order to improve the power factor.

WORKING PRINCIPLES OF FLUORESCENT LAMP The fluorescent lamp circuit is given Fig (4). When supply is switched ON, the current heats the filaments initiating emission of electrons. After 1 or 2 seconds, the starter switch gets opened, making the choke to induce a momentary high voltage surge across the two filaments. Due to this, ionization takes place through argon gas. Mercury vapour arc provides a

conducting path between the electrodes. The starter used may be of thermal or glow type whose function is to complete the circuit initially for preheating the filaments and then to open the circuit for inducing high voltage across choke for initiating ionization.

1. TESTING OF CHOKE Check the choke for its short and open with a test lamp as shown in Fig (1) and record the results and compare with the following table.

S.No. 1 2 3

STATE OF THE LAMP GLOW

CONDITION OF THE CHOKE

Normal glow Dim No glow

Internal short circuit in choke Good working condition of the choke Open circuit in the choke

2. TESTING OF STARTER To test the starter, connect the starter with a series test lamp as shown in the Fig.(2) Observe the flickering of the lamp which indicates the good condition of the starter. If there is no flickering in the test lamp the starter is defective.

3. TESTING OF FLUORESCENT TUBE To test the filament on both sides of the fluorescent tube for its continuity, make the connection as shown in the Fig (3). If the tube is in good condition, the lamp will glow normally. If the lamp is not glowing the tube is burnt out. Discard the fluorescent tube, if there is open or fused filament in either side of the tube. 4. ASSEMBLING OF FLUORESCENT LAMP Assemble the following four fluorescent lamp parts, follow the circuit given in Fig (4). 1. Fluorescent lamp frame 2. Choke 3. Starter 4. Two-way Connector Fix up the Fluorescent tube in the connector fixed at the two ends of the frame. 5. TESTING OF FLUORESCENT LAMP Connect the Fluorescent Lamp to a 230V, 1-, 50 Hz AC supply. Now, the lamp will glow. If not, check for loose contact/ connection.

10

TEST LAMP 100W/240V L

1 230 Volt, 50Hz A.C Supply

CHOKE 40W

N Fig.1 TEST CIRCUIT FOR CHECKING

STARTER

1 230 Volt, 50Hz A.C Supply

L TEST LAMP 40W, 240V

Fig.2 TESTING OF STARTER

11

TEST LAMP100W, 240V P

1 230 Volt, 50Hz A.C Supply

N

Fig.3 TESTING OF TUBE

Fig.4 FLUORESCENT LAMP

RESULT: Thus the fluorescent lamp wiring was constructed and tested.

12

3. STAIRCASE WIRING AIM To control one lamp from two two-way switches in staircase light wiring. COMPONENTS REQUIRED 1. One lamp 2. Two two-way switches TOOLS REQUIRED 1. Clamps 2. PVC pipes THEORY One light point is to be controlled by two switches placed at two different places so that the light can be switched ON and OFF by either switch. This type of control of lamps is often used in staircase lighting, where it is necessary that the person going up the stairs should be able to switch ON and after reaching upstairs should be able to switch OFF the lamp. OPERATION The staircase light wiring is shown in the Fig (1). Two numbers of two way switches are used for staircase light wiring. Two-way Switches have a central terminal. Central terminal of the first switch is connected to the upper terminal of the second switch.

13

Similarly, the central terminal of second switch is connected to the lower terminal of the first switch. When the switch 1 is in ON condition and the switch 2 is in OFF condition, the lamp will not glow and vice-versa. When both the switches are either ON or OFF, the lamp will glow. Therefore, the lamp is controlled from two different switches.

14

Switch 1 P

Switch 2

Lamp 60 W

1,230 V,50Hz AC supply

N Fig.1 STAIRCASE WIRING

RESULT:
Thus the staircase wiring was constructed and tested.

15

4. CALIBRATION OF VOLTMETER AND AMMETER

AIM: To calibrate the given voltmeter and ammeter using standard meters and to draw the graph between percentage error and test meter readings.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO

APPARATUS

TYPE

RANGE

QUANTITY

1 2 3 4 5 6

Standard Voltmeter DPST Switch Lamp Load Standard Ammeter Test Ammeter Test Voltmeter

MI MI

(0-300V) (0-10A) (0-10A) (0-300V)

1 1 1 1 1 1

MI
MI

PRECAUTIONS: 1. DPST switch in open position. 2. Switches of lamp load in off position.

FORMULA USED: % Error =(Std Meter Reading Test Meter Reading) X 100 Std Meter Reading

16

THEORY: The measuring process is one in which the property of an object or system under consideration is compared to an accepted standard unit. Ammeters are connected in series in the circuit whose current is to be measured. Calibration is necessary to check whether the error is present in the meter by comparing it with a standard meter and to calculate the percentage error. Voltmeters are connected in parallel with the circuit whose voltage is to be measured.

PROCEDURE: 1.Calibration of Voltmeter: a. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (1). b. Switch on the 1, 230V, 50Hz AC supply. c. Set the input voltage to some value , say 50V, by using the auto transformer. d. Note down the value of voltage in both standard and test meters and enter the value in Table (1). e. Calculate the % error by using the formula. f. Increase the voltage in steps of 50V and repeat the steps from d to e.

17

2.Calibration of Ammeter:

a. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (2). b. Switch on the 1, 230V, 50Hz AC supply. c. Set the load current to some value, say 2A, by using the variable resistive load. d. Note down the value of load current in both standard and test meters and enter the value in Table (2). e. Calculate the % error by using the formula. f. Increase the load current in steps of 2A and repeat the steps from d to e.

18

P
D P S T S W I T C H

10 A
FUSE

TEST METER V V

STD
METER

230V, 1, 50Hz,AC

Supply

V (0-300) V
MI (0-300) V MI

NL

Auto Transformer
230V / (0-270V) Fig (1). Calibration of Voltmeter. Fig (1)

19

10 A
FUSE

(0-10) A, MI A

230V,1, 50Hz,AC Supply

D P S T S W I T C H NL

TEST METER

STD METER A (0-10) A MI

V (0-300) V MI

RESISTIVE LOAD

Auto Transformer
230V / (0-270V)

Fig (1) Fig (2). Calibration of Ammeter

20

TABLE(1): Calibration of Voltmeter:

S. No 1 2 3 4 Test Meter Reading (Volts) Standard Meter Reading (Volts) % Error

TABLE(2): Calibration of Ammeter:

S. No 1 2 3 4

Test Meter Reading (Amps)

Standard Meter Reading (Amps)

% Error

21

MODEL GRAPH:

% Error Test Meter Reading (V)

Fig (3).Calibration of Voltmeter

% Error Test Meter Reading (A)

Fig (4).Calibration of Ammeter

RESULT: The given voltmeter and ammeter were calibrated using the standard meters and the graphs were drawn.

22

5. MEASUREMENT OF POWER USING WATTMETER

AIM: To conduct the experiment on Measurement of Power using Wattmeter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO

APPARATUS

TYPE

RANGE

QUANTITY

1 2 3

Wattmeter DPST Switch Lamp Load

UPF -

300 V, 15A -

1 1 1

PRECAUTIONS: 1. DPST switch in open position. 2. Switches of lamp load in off position.

THEORY:

Wattmeter is a device which is used to measure the power in AC circuits directly. i.e. Wattmeter gives the direct indication of power and there is no need for multiplying two readings as in the case when voltmeter and ammeter is used.

23

PROCEDURE: 1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (1) 2. Switch on the 1, 230V, 50Hz AC main supply and close the DPST switch. 3. Switch on the Lamps one by one and note down the corresponding wattmeter readings in the Table.

24

Fig(1). Circuit Diagram for Measurement of Power using Watt meter

25

TABLE:

S.No 1 2 3 4 . .

Load Connected (Watts) 40W 60W 100W . . .

Measuring Power in watts using Wattmeter

RESULT:
The power was measured using wattmeter.

26

6. MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USING SINGLE

PHASE ENERGY METER
AIM: To conduct the experiment on measurement of energy using single-phase energy meter. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO

APPARATUS

TYPE

RANGE

QUANTITY

1 2 3 4

Energy meter DPST Switch Stop Clock Lamp Load

Induction -

1 -

1 1 1 1

PRECAUTIONS: 1. DPST switch in open position. 2. Switches of lamp load in off position.

FORMULA USED: Measuring Energy in KWH = N/K

Where, N= Number of revolutions 15 sec.hu K= Energy meter constant. (Rev/KWH)

27

THEORY: Induction type Energy Meter are universally used for measurement of energy in domestic and industrial a.c. circuits. Induction type of meters possess lower friction and higher torque ratio/weight ratio. And their also inexpensive and accurate and retain their accuracy over a wide range of loads and temperature conditions.

PROCEDURE: 1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (1). 2. 3. Note down the energy meter constant in the Table. Switch on the 1, 230V, 50Hz AC main supply and close the DPST switch. 4. Set the load current to 2A and note down the corresponding time for 5 revolutions in the Table. 5. Calculate the number of revolutions for 15sec and enter the corresponding values in the Table. 6. 7. Calculate the energy using the formula. Increase the current in steps of 1A and repeat the steps from 5 to 6.

28

VARIABLE RESISTIVE LOAD

Fig(1) Circuit Diagram for Measurement of Energy using Energy meter

29

TABLE:

Energy meter constant (K) =

Rev/ KWH

S.No

Load Current (Amps)

Time for 5 revolutions (T) (sec)

Number of Revolutions for 15sec N = (5/ T) x 15

Measuring Energy in KWH = N/K

1 2 3 4 5

RESULT: The Energy was measured using Energy meter.