B P - Petrophysical Reservoir Evaluation

RHUM FIELD
RHUM PETROPHYSICAL RESERVOIR EVALUATION
Simon Kay
July 2002
BP Exploration Operating Company Limited Dyce, Aberdeen E:\BACK UP\SCAN\Petrophysics\Rhum Petrophysical Reservoir Evaluation .doc
MNS Developments v1.0 13/08/2005
RHUM FIELD RHUM PETROPHYSICAL RESERVOIR EVALUATION

SIMON KAY
July 2002
BP Exploration Operating Company Limited Dyce, Aberdeen E:\BACK UP\SCAN\Petrophysics\Rhum Petrophysical Reservoir Evaluation .doc
MNS Developments v1.0 13/08/2005
Rhum Petrophysical Reservoir Evaluation: v1.0 13/08/2005
TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures List of Tables List of Enclosures 1. 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE..................................................................................................... 7 2.1. 2.2. 3. 4. 5. Workscope ........................................................................................................................ 7 Depth Conventions............................................................................................................ 8
FIELD AND WELL DATABASE..................................................................................................... 9 FIELD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ................................................................................ 11 WELL BY WELL EVALUATION ............................................................................................ 13 5.1. 3/29a 4 Review ............................................................................................................ 13 5.1.1. 3/29a 4 Data .................................................................................................. 13 5.1.2. Review of PGL Analysis.................................................................................... 14 5.1.2.1. Environmental Corrections ..................................................................... 14 5.1.2.2. Shale Volume (VSH) .............................................................................. 15 5.1.2.3. Effective Porosity (PHIE) ........................................................................ 15 5.1.2.4. Water Saturation (SW) ........................................................................... 15 5.1.3. MRIL Processing............................................................................................... 15 5.1.4. New Petrophysical Analysis.............................................................................. 16 5.1.4.1. Environmental Corrections ..................................................................... 16 5.1.4.2. Analysis .................................................................................................. 16 5.1.4.3. VSH ........................................................................................................ 16 5.1.4.4. PHIE ....................................................................................................... 18 5.1.4.5. SW .......................................................................................................... 20 3/29a 2 Review ............................................................................................................ 21 5.2.1. New Petrophysical Analysis.............................................................................. 21 5.2.1.1. VSH ........................................................................................................ 21 5.2.1.2. PHIE ....................................................................................................... 21 5.2.1.3. SWE........................................................................................................ 21 5.2.1.4. Lower Reservoir Section ........................................................................ 21
5.2.
6.
LITHOLOGY ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................. 23 6.1. 6.2. Methodology.................................................................................................................... 23 Validation......................................................................................................................... 25
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
PERMEABILITY ANALYSIS........................................................................................................ 27 PRESSURE ANALYSIS AND FREE WATER LEVEL ................................................................ 31 SATURATION-HEIGHT FUNCTIONS ........................................................................................ 35 ZONE AVERAGES ......................................................................................................... 37 RHUM ROCK PROPERTIES.......................................................................................... 38 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................... 39 REFERENCES................................................................................................................ 40
Page 1
List of Figures Figure 1.1. Figure 1.2. Figure 2.1. Figure 4.1. Figure 4.2. Figure 5.1. Figure 5.2. Figure 6.1. Figure 6.2. Figure 6.3. Figure 6.4. Figure 6.5. Figure 6.6. Figure 6.7. Figure 7.1. Figure 7.2. Figure 7.3. Figure 8.1. Figure 8.2. Figure 8.3. Figure 9.1. 3/29 2 Rhum Well Summary Reservoir Section ................................................ 5 3/29a 4 Rhum Well Summary Reservoir Section .............................................. 6 Rhum Field Location Map.......................................................................................... 8 3/29a 4: Temperature Gradient used in Log Analysis ....................................... 11 Rhum Field Formation Pressures........................................................................... 12 GR Response Histograms ....................................................................................... 17 3/29a 4 Core Porosity vs Log Density Crossplot in the Gas Leg ..................... 19 GR vs Depth Plot: 3/29 2 & 3/29a 4. .................................................................. 24 RHOB vs Depth Plot: 3/29 2 & 3/29a 4.............................................................. 24 Crossplot RHO_MAA vs U_MAA: 3/29a 4 Reservoir ...................................... 24 Crossplot PHIT vs RHO_MAA: 3/29 2 and 3/29a 4 Reservoir...................... 24 RHOB Histogram: 3/29 2 & 3/29a 4. .................................................................. 25 RHO_MAA vs VSH Cross Plot: 3/29 2 & 3/29a 4.............................................. 25 3/29a 4 UMR2 Zone Log Resolution .................................................................... 26 3/29 2 Poroperm Relationship.............................................................................. 28 3/29a 4 Poroperm Relationship............................................................................ 29 3/29a 4 Log Permeability Compared with Core Permeability ........................... 30 3/29a 4: RCI and FMT Formation Pressure Plot ................................................. 32 Rhum Field Formation Pressure Plot ..................................................................... 33 Well Corellation in True Vertical Depth Indicating FWL Position in Reservoir.. 34 3/29a 4 Sw Height Functions............................................................................. 36
List of Tables Table 3.1. Rhum Field Data............................................................................................................. 9 Table 3.2. Data Availability Rhum Area Wells Loaded to Geolog .............................................. 10 Table 3.3. Rhum Sand Reservoir Zone Tops................................................................................ 10 Table 5.1. Well 3/29a 4 Log Data Summary for Zones of Interest............................................. 13 Table 5.2. Well 3/29a 4 Test Data.............................................................................................. 14 Table 5.3. CNC Log Environmental Correction Parameters ......................................................... 15 Table 5.4. Log Analysis Constants................................................................................................ 18 Table 5.5. 3/29a 4 DST1B Water Analysis................................................................................. 20 Table 5.6. 3/29a 4 RW from Core Brine Extracts....................................................................... 21 Table 6.1. Comparison of Core vs Log Defined Sands................................................................. 25 Table 8.1. Rhum Formation Pressure Data................................................................................... 31 Table 9.1. Saturation-Height Functions Derived from Air-brine Capillary Pressure Measurements. ........................................................................................................................................................ 35 Table 10.1. 3/29-2 Reservoir Properties ....................................................................................... 37 Table 10.2. 3/29a-4 Reservoir Properties ..................................................................................... 37 List of Enclosures 1. 3/29a 4 Detailed CPI, 1:500 2. 3/29a 4 Simplified CPI, 1:500 3. 3/29 2 CPI, 1:500
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APPENDICES A1. Geolog Database Structure A2. Core Data Listings A3. SCAL Results
Page 3
1.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Rhum Field contains high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) dry gas in late Jurassic thinly-bedded turbidite sands. The sands are informally named as the Rhum Sand and belong to the J74 to J62 sequences. The field has only three well control points: 3/29 1, 3/29 2 and 3/29a 4. 3/29 1 encountered sands below Cretaceous mudstones that are of inferred late Jurassic age but cannot be dated conclusively. The well took a gas kick, was not logged across the reservoir, and was terminated 3 metres into the sand. In 3/29 2 the entire 148-metre gross thickness Rhum Sand reservoir was gas-bearing. The well was not tested because suitable HPHT test equipment was not developed at the time of drilling (1977). Only two valid Repeat Formation Tester (RFT) pressure points were obtained. A single 14-metre core was cut in a thinly-interbedded sand interval. A basic gamma ray-density-resistivity-sonic log suite was obtained. Core indicated that the reservoir was a thinly-bedded turbidite sequence. 3/29a 4, drilled in 2000, encountered 191 metres of gross Rhum reservoir, drilled through a gas-water contact, and was successfully tested. 93 metres of core were cut, out of 191 metres of reservoir (nearly half the entire reservoir sequence). In order to resolve and quantify reservoir quality in the thinly-bedded sequence, a comprehensive suite of log and pressure data was acquired. This report details log analysis incorporating special core analysis (SCAL) data from 3/29a 4 and includes a re-analysis of 3/29 2. The selected logging program was largely successful in 3/29a 4 and did improve thin sand definition. It is important to have a range of logging tools to address separate but related aspects of reservoir quality. Thus the best tool for determining gas saturation and sand volume overall was the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Log (MRIL); while individual thin bed quality was best measured by high-resolution density logs, and the 3D Explorer Induction Log (3DEX) tensor resistivity tool. It was difficult to get an accurate measure of water saturation from log and core data. Core saturation data in 3/29a 4 indicated very low water saturations in the gas leg. Although the direct core saturation data agreed with the MRIL saturations, other indicators (log SW and capillary pressure data) suggest higher water saturations in the gas leg. Core saturation data should be reviewed. Special core analysis of 3/29a 4 core provided refined Archie parameter values, porosity and permeability data corrected for reservoir pressure and overburden, confirmation of formation water resistivity and saturation-height data. Very thin, cm-scale, sand beds were seen in core that are not detectable on logs but are likely to contribute to production. Reliable pressure data were obtained that define gas and water gradients and a free water level (FWL) at 4745mTVDSS. The FWL indicated by formation pressure and core data is consistent with the log data. Given the HPHT nature of the gas volume, even low permeability sands are likely to contribute to production. Net sand is therefore defined as equivalent to gross sand. Extensive core indicates that the reservoir is either fine to medium-grained sand or shale and a simple sand flag was devised to describe net, based on matrix density and shale volume. Rhum Sand reservoir quality is variable, being generally moderate but ranging from poor to good (Summary Figures 1 and 2). The highest porosity and permeability was seen in the Upper Reservoir (UR) zone of 3/29 2, with 100% net-to-gross (NTG) averaging 16.4 porosity units (PU) and 255 millidarcies (mD) (zonal averages) in a 3.4m thick sand, but the same sand in 3/29a 4 is only 1m thick with 50% NTG, less than 1 PU and 0.1 mD. The Upper Main Reservoir (UMR) zone ranges in porosity between 3.8 and 11.4 PU, permeability 0.5 to 12 mD and NTG 4 to 96%. Individual beds in the UMR exhibit Darcy-scale permeability. Despite the variability between reservoir zones, the total net reservoir thickness is similar in both wells, being 108m in 3/29 2 and 95m in 3/29a 4.
Page 4
Figure 1.1. 3/29 2 Rhum Well Summary Reservoir Section

3/29 2 Reservoir Properties
Zone
DRHO -0.4 BS 6 6 0 IN CALI IN GR 16 0.45 16 1.95 G/C3 NPHI V/V RHOB G/C3 DT US/F 0.1 -0.15 ILD 2.95 0.2 40 0.2 OHMM SFLU OHMM 200 200
Gross, m
Net, m
NTG, %
Porosity, %
Arith. Perm., mD
Geom. Perm., mD
Reservoir
UR
TVDSS
METRES METRES
3.4 29.2 19.4 20.9 50.5
3.4 28.0 12.7 19.1 44.4
100 96 65 91 88
16.4 11.2 11.4 7.4 2.8
669 250 85 14 4
255 9 11 1 0.1
Depth
Zone
CORE 10 0.3 0.3 IN CPOR V/V PHIE V/V 0 NET 0 10 0 1 METRES SWE V/V 0 1 0 0 1
PHIE V/V BVW V/V VSH V/V 0 K 0 0.1 1 0.1 MD 10000 CKHA MD 10000
UMR1 UMR2 UMR3 LMR
GAPI 200 140
4510 4515 4520 4525 4530 4535 4507 4540 4511 4545
4480 4485 4490 4495
KCF
31
4500
4505 4510 4515 4520 4525 4530 4535 4540 4545
UR IRS
20
Averages on total sand flag
4550
4555 4560 4532 4565 4570 4575 4580 4585 4590 4561 4595
Top Main Rhum Reservoir Reservoir not flow tested
UMR1
29
4550
4555 4560 4565 4570 4575 4580 4585 4590 4595
UMR2
19
4600
4605 4610
4580 4615 4620
UMR3
21 4601
4625 4630 4635 4640 4645
4600
4605 4610 4615 4620 4625 4630 4635 4640 4645
4650
4655
LMR
50
4660 4665 4670 4675 4680 4685
FWL below base reservoir at 4745 mTVDSS
Page 5
Figure 1.2. 3/29a 4 Rhum Well Summary Reservoir Section

3/29a 4 Reservoir Properties
Reservoir
DRHO -0.4 BS 6 6 0 IN CAL IN GR 16 0.45 16 1.95 G/C3 NPHI V/V RHOB G/C3 DT US/F 0.1 -0.15 M1RX 2.95 0.2 40 0.2 OHMM RV OHMM 200 200 CORE 10
TVDSS
METRES
METRES
Depth
Zone
IN COREPHIH1 % COREICPHI1 % PHIE V/V
0 PHIE 0 NET 0 10 0 1 METRES SWE V/V 0 1 0 0 1 V/V BVW V/V VSH V/V 0 K 0 0.1 1 0.1 MD K MD 10000 10000
Zone
Gross, m
Net, m
NTG, %
Porosity, %
30 30 0.3
Arith. Perm., mD
Geom. Perm., mD
UR UMR1U UMR1L UMR2 UMR3
1.0 17.9 26.8 22.3 12.9 61.0 47.6
0.5 0.7 17.9 5.0 10.4 45.1 15.4
50 4 67 22 81 74 32
0.5 3.8 9.2 6.9 6.8 6.4 7.1
0.2 3 70 1 18 4 1.3
0.1 0.4 12 0.5 1 0.2 0.2
GAPI 200 140
4640
4610 4615 4620 4625 4630 4635 4640 4645
KCF
33
4645
4650
4655 4660
4665 UR 4639 4670 4675 4680 4685 4665 4690 4695
IRS
25
4650
4655 4660 4665 4670 4675 4680 4685 4690 4695
4700
4705 4710 4715 4720 4725 4730 4710 4735 4740 4745
Top Main Rhum Reservoir FWL
LMR LR
UMR1
45
4700
4705 4710 4715 4720 4725 4730 4735 4740 4745
UMR2
22
4750
4755
4732 4760
UMR3
13 4745
4765 4770 4775 4780 4785 4790 4795
DST 2 45 mmscfg/d 270 bbl cond/d CGR 6 bbl/mmscf 6.5% CO2, 10 ppm H2S
Averages on total sand flag
4750
4755 4760 4765 4770 4775 4780 4785 4790 4795
LMR
61
4800
4805 4810 4815 4820 4825 4830 4806 4835 4840 4845
DST 1B upper 3096 bbl water/d
4800
4805 4810 4815 4820 4825 4830 4835 4840 4845
4850
LR
48
4855 4860 4865 4870 4875 4880
4850
DST 1B lower No flow
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2.
INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE The Rhum Field contains high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) dry gas (88.8 mol% methane) in late Jurassic thinly-bedded turbidite sands. The sands are informally named as the Rhum Sand and belong to the J74 to J62 sequences. The field has only three well control points: 3/29 1, 3/29 2 and 3/29a 4 (Figure 2.1). 3/29 1 encountered sands below Cretaceous mudstones that are of inferred late Jurassic age but cannot be dated conclusively. The well took a gas kick, was not logged across the reservoir, and was terminated 3 metres into the sand. 3/29 2 (off-crest) and 3/29a 4 (flank) encountered complete Rhum Sand sequences. In 3/29 2 the entire 148-metre gross thickness Rhum Sand reservoir was gas-bearing. The well was not tested because suitable HPHT test equipment was not developed at the time of drilling (1977). Only two valid repeat formation tester (RFT) pressure points were obtained. A single 14-metre core was cut in a thinly-interbedded sand interval. A basic gamma ray-densityresistivity-sonic log suite was obtained. 3/29a 4, drilled in 2000, encountered 191 metres of gross Rhum reservoir, drilled through a gas-water contact, and was successfully tested. 93 metres of core were cut, out of 191 metres of reservoir (nearly half the entire reservoir sequence). A comprehensive suite of logs and pressure data were acquired. An operations preliminary log interpretation was performed by Production Geoscience Limited (PGL) (Whitehead, 2001). Recognising from 3/29 2 core that the reservoir was thinly bedded, high resolution density (ZDL) and resistivity (High Definition Induction Log HDIL, and 3D Explorer induction log tensor resistivity tool - 3DEX) logs were acquired by Baker Atlas GeoScience (BA), together with Magnetic Resonance Imaging Log (MRIL) and sonic (Cross Multipole Array Acoustilog - XMAC Elite) data. BA performed in-house processing and interpretation of the data (Page, 2001), specifically: Depth shifting, bad data repair and log compositing; Extraction of horizontal (RH) and vertical (RV) components of resistivity from 3DEX data via inversion;
Enhancement of vertical resolution of density, neutron, and HDIL logs;

Determination of apparent fluid volumes from MRIL.
The BA report should be consulted for log processing details.
2.1.
Workscope
This report details the updated log analysis incorporating special core analysis (SCAL) data from 3/29a 4 and also includes a re-analysis of 3/29 2. The scope of work comprised: Quality check and update Geolog database, check environmental corrections and load necessary additional data including PGL curves and SCAL-corrected core data; Review of PGL petrophysical analysis of 3/29a 4; Update analysis of 3/29a 4 with previously uninterpreted high resolution log data and new SCAL data. This analysis will improve thin sand bed resolution and water saturation determination; Correct core porosity data for overburden and core permeability data for reservoir conditions. Use core data to calibrate log-derived porosity and permeability; Comparison of porosity and water saturation analysis derived from different tools (nuclear, electric and magnetic resonance imaging logs) and matched to core data; Evaluate whether higher resolution density and resistivity tools have added value to well results and aided net definition; Re-evaluate 3/29 2 logs using Archie parameters derived from 3/29a 4 SCAL; Determine best net sand flag; Generate permeability logs; Confirm free water level; Page 7
Generate reservoir zone averages; Export data for RMS 3D geological model build. Depth Conventions
2.2.
All depths and thicknesses are quoted in metres (m) and unless otherwise specified are logged depth below reference datum. True logged vertical depth below reference datum and true logged vertical depth subsea are indicated as TVD and TVDSS respectively. Drilled depths are indicated as mDD, mTVDDD or mTVDSSDD.
Figure 2.1. Rhum Field Location Map
B
23a 19b 24c
C
25c
Nuggets
21 25b 10a 11a 11c
23b 24b
24a
HWC
28a 28b 28c
29a
29d 30a 30b 29b 29c
26
Rhum
5b 5a
11b
Bressay
3a
3b
4a
4c
10/1 1b 25/1a
2a
2c
3/29a-4
4b 4d
Frigg
3/29-2
8b 8a 9c 9b 9a 10a 10c 4b 4c 6 15a 4a 5b 6
3/29-1
9d 13e 13d 14a
Bruce
10b
1km
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3.
FIELD AND WELL DATABASE Tables 3.1 to 3.3 list basic Rhum Field information and data availability. Geolog database listings are provided in Appendix 1, identifying the names of best log and core datasets. Note that complete sequence, group, formation and reservoir zone tops from surface to TD are included in the Geolog database as ZONE.SEQUENCE, ZONE.GROUP, ZONE.FORMATION and ZONE.ZONE.
Table 3.1. Rhum Field Data

PROPERTY LOCATION Field / Block Latitude Longitude Water Depth TRAP Type Area Gross Rock Volume Depth to Crest Lowest closing contour GWC FWL Gas Column Oil Column Original Pressure @ datum Current Pressure @ datum Pressure Gradient Original Temp Datum Depth RESERVOIR Formation Age Type Gross Thickness Net:Gross Porosity average (range) Permeability average (range) Hydrocarbon saturation average (range) WELL TEST PERFORMANCE AOFP Test Kh Test Rate PETROLEUM Gas Gravity Condensate Density Condensate Viscosity Water Viscosity Dew point CGR Gas Expansion Factor Water Formation Volume Factor Condensate Compressibility Water Compressibility Formation Compressibility FORMATION WATER Salinity Resistivity FIELD CHARACTERISTICS GIIP STOIIP (condensate) Recovery Factor (gas) Recovery Factor (condensate) Drive Mechanism Recoverable Gas Recoverable Condensate VALUE UNITS NOTES
3/29a 60 08' 13" 01 42' 50" 108.5
N E metres
ca.45km N of Bruce, 35km NW of Frigg 3/29a-4 location 3/29a-4 location MSL - no significant variation across field
4 way dip closure 3.50E+07 1.99E+09 4400 4880 ?4731 4745 345 0 12418 12418 0.17 149.6 4745
m2 m3 mTVDSS mTVDSS mTVDSS mTVDSS mTVDSS mTVDSS psia psia psi/ft
Reservoir interval drapes Triassic fault block Dimensions approx 10km (N-S) by 5km (E-W) Base Case (range 1.87-2.28 E+09 m3)
Probable transition zone above FWL
@4745m (welltest Pi 12350psia @4619m) Some evidence for higher pressures in aquifer Reservoir gradient (PVT gradient closer to 0.14 psi/ft) @ 4745 mTVDss (6 Deg /100m apparent res. temp grad. deg C (From Horner plots of wireline logs)) mTVDSS FWL
Rhum Sand Late Jurassic Turbidite Sands 200 0.25 0.09 (0.06-0.12) 45 (0.01 - 530) 86
metres fraction v/v mD %
Analogous to Brae, but a separate sand system Intra-Kimmeridge Thin-bedded sand units within basin-floor fan Approx - thickens on western flank Average - varies laterally and by reservoir unit Extent of qtz. cement controls resr. quality From core in 3/29a-4 SCAL measurements - log satns. unreliable in thin sands
297 1450 45
mmscf/d 3/29a-4 performance mDm 3/29a-4, DST2 mmscf/d 3/29a-4, DST2, drawdown 575psi, 1/2" choke
0.65 0.788 0.25 0.25 5640 6 384 1.03 5.76E-07 7.00E-06
air=1 g/cm3 cp at Pi cp at 146deg C psia at 148deg C stb/mmscf scf/rcf rb/stb not yet determined 1 / psia 1 / psia From SCAL on core samples from well 3/29 a4
15800 0.075
mg/l ohmm
chlorides -unusually low salinity for UJ marine resr. @140deg C
1168 7 70 60 Gas expansion 803 4.23
Bcf mmbbl % % Bcf mmbbl
Mean case, range 703-1720 Bcf (p90-p10) Mean case, range 4.2 -10.3 mmbbl (p90-p10) Base case, range of scenarios considered Aquifer movement less significant than gas blowdown Probabilistic (Range 458-803-1072 Bcf, P90-P50-P10) Probabilistic (Range 2.75-4.23-4.34 Bcf, P90-P50-P10)
Page 9
Table 3.2. Data Availability Rhum Area Wells Loaded to Geolog Well 3/24b 2 3/25a 3 3/25a 4 3/29 1 3/29 2 3/29a 4 Date 1986 1977 1985 1973 1977 2000 Log Data over Reservoir N/a GR, RHOB, NPHI, ILD, DT GR, RHOB, NPHI, ILD, DT None GR, RHOB, NPHI, ILD-SFLU, LLD-LLSMSFL, DT MWD plus high resolution wireline ZDL density, 3DEX and HDIL resistivity tools, XMAC Elite sonic, CBIL imager, MRIL GR, RHOB, NPHI, LLD-LLS-MSFL, DT Mud Type OBM OBM OBM WBM WBM OBM RTE, mamsl 22 24 26.5 34 25.2 23.5 Late Jurassic Reservoir Presence No late Jurassic reservoir Shetland Platform well Gas shows in v. thin sands V. thin sands Probably drilled 3m into reservoir Rhum discovery well Suspended gas producer
3/29b 3&S1
1992
WBM
26.2
Thin sands
Table 3.3. Rhum Sand Reservoir Zone Tops 3/29 2 3/29a 4 Zone Top, Zone Top, Zone Top, Zone Top, mMD mTVDSS mMD mTVDSS KCF 4508 4476 4633.5 4606 UR 4540 4507 4666.5 4639 IRS 4544 4511 4667.5 4640 UMR1U 4692.5 4665 UMR1 UMR1L 4565 4532 4710 4683 UMR2 4595 4561 4737.5 4710 UMR3 4615 4580 4760 4732 LMR 4636.5 4601 4773 4745 LR 4834.5 4806 Heather 4688 4651 4883 4855 Devonian 4852 4810 Basement 5147 5105 TD 5165 5123 5060 5031 KCF Kimmeridge Clay Formation, UR Upper Reservoir, IRS Inter Reservoir Shale, UMR Upper Main Reservoir, LMR Lower Main Reservoir, LR Lower Reservoir. Zone Name
Page 10
4.
FIELD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE As stated in the Introduction, Rhum is considered to be an HPHT field. Wells with undisturbed bottomhole temperature above 150oC (302oF) are classed as high temperature. Those with wellhead pressure greater than 10,000 psi or a maximum anticipated downhole pore pressure exceeding an 0.8 psi/ft hydrostatic gradient are considered high pressure (Baird et al., 1998). The highest reliable corrected bottom hole temperature (BHT) registered while logging in 3/29a 4 was 155oC at 4,919.4 m (Run 4A in 8.5-inch hole). This would yield an extrapolated BHT at total depth (TD - 5,060 m) of 163.3oC (Watts, 2001). A temperature gradient for the Jurassic and Devonian interval of 5.94oC/100m was computed from BHT data from Runs 3 and 4 (Watts, 2001). For log analysis purposes, the near-bore formation temperature at time of logging is more important. TD logging Run 5 registered 141.1oC at 4,927mTVDSS after 22.6 hours no circulation and this value was combined with the temperature gradient data to determine nearbore reservoir temperature distribution at time of logging (Figure 4.1). The maximum measured shut in pressure recorded at the wellhead in 3/29a 4 was 10,190 psi. The maximum downhole pressure in the gas leg was 12,418 psi at 4,745 mTVDSS in 3/29a 4. The maximum downhole pressure in the water leg was 13,493 psi at 4,838 mTVDSS in 3/29 2 (Figure 4.2). More information on formation pressure is given in Section 8.
Figure 4.1. 3/29a 4: Temperature Gradient used in Log Analysis
Temperature Gradient, 3/29a-4

-4550 100 -4600 -4650 -4700 -4750 Depth, TVDSS -4800 -4850 -4900 -4950 -5000 -5050 -5100 Temp., degC
Page 11
TD @ 5031m Run 5 log temp 141.1degC @ 4927m Top UMR1 Sand
110
120
130
140
Top KCF
150
160
170
Jurassic temperature gradient 5.94 degC/100m
Figure 4.2. Rhum Field Formation Pressures
Rhum Reservoir Pressure psi 12000 4300 12200 12400 12600 12800 13000 13200 13400 13600
4400
4500 depth tvdss crest 4600 3/29-1 3/29-2 3/29a-4 4700
4800
4900
Page 12
5.
WELL BY WELL EVALUATION This section describes the updated petrophysical evaluations conducted on 3/29a 4 and 3/29 2. 3/29a 4 was evaluated first, then 3/29 2 was reanalyzed using the SCAL data from 3/29a 4.
5.1.
3/29a 4 Review
5.1.1. 3/29a 4 Data

3/29a 4 was drilled with a synthetic oil-based mud (SOBM). Hole deviation is low (maximum 5.7 degrees at 4947m). The well reached TD at 5060m in the Heather Formation. Log and test data are listed below (Tables 5.1 and 5.2). Log curve mnemonics are listed in Appendix 1. Four intervals were perforated and tested. Note that only the UMR zone flowed gas. Deeper intervals were perforated and tested because the initial evaluation conducted by PGL indicated deeper hydrocarbons. The cause of this was use of an incorrect estimated formation water resistivity (RW) value. The water recovered on test allowed refinement of the RW value used in this updated analysis. Logging was conducted by BA and was problematic, with multiple runs being made. Intermediate logs suffered from tool sticking. TD logs were of better quality although there were still zones of sticking and TD logs only reached a maximum depth of 4980m, not reaching the well TD of 5060m. Log data were loaded to Geolog (Appendix 1). 93m of core were cut and cored intervals are listed in Appendix 2. Conventional and SCAL core analyses were conducted by Corex and Integrated Core Consultancy Services Limited (ICCS). ICCS data were generally considered to be of better quality and were used for log calibration purposes. SCAL data are reviewed in Appendix 3. Key input curves and data are plotted on the CPI, Enclosure 1. Table 5.1. Well 3/29a 4 Log Data Summary for Zones of Interest Run No. LWD 1215 WL3A WL4A WL4A WL4A WL4A WL4B WL4C WL4B WL4C WL4A Logs Run GR-MPR-MAP-DIR (+CCN-ORD on run 14) FMT-GR-CHT GR-HDIL-3DEX-ORIT-XMACIITTRM ZDL-CN-DSL-TTRM FMT-GR-CHT RCI-GR-TTRM RCI-GR-TTRM RCI-GR-TTRM FMT-GR-CHT FMT-GR-CHT MRIL-GR-TTRM Interval Logged, mMD 4525-4961 4664-4693.6 4963-4514 4910-4514 4717-4880.5 4717.5-4834.6 4717.5-4783.5 4790-4859 4784.5-4861.8 4733.9-4882 Failed no data 4900-4675 4788-4851.5 4835 4910-4514 4980-4650 4915-4776 4510-130 Date Run 11/1029/11/00 17/10/00 30/11/00 1/12/00 1/12/00 1/12/00 2/12/00 2/12/00 3/12/00 3/12/00 4/12/00 4/12/00 5/12/00 5/12/00 6/12/00 11/12/00 11/12/00 12/12/00 Hole Size, inches 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5
WL4B MRIL-GR-TTRM WL4D RCI-GR-TTRM WL4E RCI-GR-TTRM WL4A HDIP-CBIL-GR-TTRM WL5A GR-HDIL-XMAC-ORIT-TTRM* WL5A ZDL-CN-DSL-TTRM* WL5A DMAG-GR* *TD logs marked with an asterisk.
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Table 5.2. Well 3/29a 4 Test Data Test No. DST1A DST1B DST2A Top of Perforated Interval, mMD 4844 4777 4844 4692 Bottom of Perforated Interval, mMD 4883 4829.5 4833 4735 Shot Spacing, SPF 6 6 6 6 Result LR zone no flow LMR & LR zones 3096 BWPD, 15800 mg/l salinity UMR zone 45 mmscfgpd, CGR 6.4 stb/mmscf
Log data were loaded to Geolog by previous users during well operations. Existing naming conventions were confusing and have been updated (see Appendix 1). Best datasets are depth-referenced to the Run 5A down log (BA_FINAL_LORES_GR_REF_1 or BEST.GR_REF_1 reference gamma ray log). GR_REF should not be used for analysis since it is a mix of centralized and decentralized sensor data and is for depth reference purposes only. The best set of logs are the ones in sets prefixed BA_FINAL, and key logs have been copied from BA_FINAL sets to a single BEST set. Operations petrophysical analysis was performed by PGL (Whitehead, 2001) with BA Geoscience conducting additional studies (curve processing and corrections, MRIL data analysis and thin bed resistivity modelling). BA made necessary environmental corrections but PGL additionally corrected the neutron CNC log for pressure, mud weight and borehole temperature (curve named CCNC). Both BA and PGL spliced logs to obtain coverage over bad data areas. The BA composited logs were used in the PGL analysis. The first step in this review was to understand the origin and significance of existing Geolog data and to update the database with formation tops from OpenWorks and with perforations/test data. A petrophysical database was constructed within Geolog. Database specifics, including environmental corrections and core shifts applied are provided in Appendix 1 and 2. SCAL results are provided in Appendix 3.
5.1.2. Review of PGL Analysis

A layout was built to show PGL results (SK_329A_4.layout). This was used to check we had the correct PGL data set. All the curve data provided by PGL are retained in the Geolog dataset called PGL (input curves and calculated curves). As a background check on the PGL method and software the PGL analysis was partially duplicated. Input curves matching those used by PGL are in the BEST_PGL dataset. Calculated curves are in the CALC_PGL data set.
5.1.2.1.
Environmental Corrections Note that the only environmental correction made by PGL was to the CNC log. PGL believed that BA had made all other required corrections but this was not the case. Corrections are required for mud weight to the GR, density and PE logs. Resistivity logs were boreholecorrected in real-time. The CNC log is borehole-corrected compensated (caliper and salinity) neutron logs. The CNCC log is additionally corrected for pressure, mud weight and borehole temperature. The PGL environmental correction (PGL.CNCC) was duplicated in Geolog (BEST_PGL.CNCC) as a check on the PGL method. Table 5.3 lists the input parameters derived from the Run 5A log header. There was good agreement between the two curves. The same corrections were applied to the BEST.NPHI and BEST.CNHR curves.
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Table 5.3. CNC Log Environmental Correction Parameters Parameter CNC Tool Type Standoff Top Log Interval Temperature (TLT) Top Log Interval Depth (TLI) Bottom Log Interval Temperature (BLT) Bottom Log Interval Depth (BLI) Mud Weight (DFD) Bit Size (BS) Mud type Mud oil/water ratio Whole mud chlorides Mud salinity Mud contains barite? Units Inches O F Metres MD O F Metres MD Lb/gal Inches Mg/l Mg/l Value 2446XA Decentralized 60.8 128 286 4899 15.94 8.5 SOBM 82/18 23,750 38,229 Yes, 30.65%
5.1.2.2.
Shale Volume (VSH) Computed by reservoir interval using input parameters listed in PGL report (Whitehead, 2001, Appendix 2). VSH computed using gamma ray from resistivity logs (VSHGR), neutron (VSHN) and neutron/density (VSHDN). Good agreement with PGL curves. PGL comparison is in CALC_PGL. Effective Porosity (PHIE) Effective porosity computed using PGL constants and Bateman-Konen density-neutron method. Resulting curve (CALC.PGL_PHIE) is very similar. Water Saturation (SW) The PGL petrophysical analysis was run using the 3DEX vertical resistivity component, RV, for true formation resistivity (RT) as input to the Indonesia Equation (RV gives a better measure of thin bed resistivity than horizontal resistivity, RH) over the UMR1. Below the UMR1, the HDIL 120-inch depth of investigation (M2RX) curve was used for RT. The curve is PGL.RTCOMP. However, the RV curve cannot be used to compute saturations using the Indonesia Equation because the Indonesia Equation is designed to use horizontal resistivity measured in parallel along beds rather than in series across beds. The result would tend to underestimate SW. The 3DEX data must be interpreted using BA software with informed user input. Since this method was not valid it was not repeated.
5.1.2.3.
5.1.2.4.
5.1.3. MRIL Processing

MRIL analysis method is described by Page (2001). MRIL data are loaded in Geolog in the set BA_FINAL.MRIL. MRIL curves are displayed on the enclosed CPI (track 16, Enclosure 1). Note that the MRIL curves displayed have been summed to indicate the different fluid fractions: PHS, total porosity = MCBW + MPHI PHS is the sum of clay-bound water (MCBW) plus mobile fluids or effective porosity (MPHI). MPHI, effective porosity = MBVI + MFFI MPHI is the sum of capillary-bound water (MBVI) plus free fluids (MFFI). MFFI may be mobile water (MWATER), oil (MOIL) and gas (MGAS). MWATER = MBVI + MRIL_WATER
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MOIL = MWATER + MRIL_OIL MGAS = MOIL + MRIL_GAS PHS also equals MGAS + MCBW (in this case the sum MGAS equals MPHI)
In this case MOIL represents the invaded phase of the oil-base mud and not oil in the formation. Summed curves are located in the set PGL. Note that PGL.MRIL_SW (track 14, Enclosure 1) measures irreducible SW, and therefore only indicates true SW above the free water level. The MRIL tool has a 2-foot vertical resolution and the resultant curves are very smooth compared to electric log curves.
5.1.4. New Petrophysical Analysis

Best input curves are located in the BEST Geolog dataset. Computer-processed log interpretation (CPI) plots are enclosed (Enclosure 1 detailed analysis, Enclosure 2 simplified display).
5.1.4.1.
Environmental Corrections The gamma ray (GRR) log is corrected for hole size and mud weight since there is no evidence of prior corrections having been made. The corrected curve is BEST.GRR.
High resolution density (BEST.DNHR), neutron (BEST.CNHR) and HDIL induction log (BEST.M1R) data were used for the updated analysis. DNHR and PE curves were corrected for borehole size. DNHR was renamed as RHOB (bulk density). CNHR log corrected as described above, and renamed as NPHI. HDIL curves were corrected by BA for borehole conditions. Zones where HDIL component curves do not overlie each other are likely due to stick and pull effects, which were corrected as far as possible, and not due to invasion.
5.1.4.2.
Analysis The petrophysical analysis was run from top Kimmeridge Clay Formation to TD, which included the Rhum reservoir sands and the underlying Devonian interval. Input constants are listed in Table 5.4. Where the same value is indicated in the table this is because there was insufficient difference or data to vary the constants between intervals. Note that the same input parameters were applied to the Devonian interval as for the Rhum Sand, and the Devonian analysis should be considered quick-look only. VSH The best VSH method was considered to be a normalized gamma ray because density and neutron logs could be affected by gas in the shales that is not easily detected or corrected for using Geolog. The common method of taking the minimum of VSH from density, neutron and GR methods is flawed in gas reservoirs where the gas effect will cause underestimation of shale on the neutron and density logs. Different matrix and shale constants were used for the LR zone that exhibited a considerably higher GR than the rest of the reservoir, indicating a different shale type. VSH is computed from BEST.GRR. See GR histogram (Figure 5.1) and constants table for input values. Resulting curve is CALC.VSH_GR (track 17, Enclosure 1).
5.1.4.3.
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Figure 5.1. GR Response Histograms
Frequency Histogram of BEST.GR_1 Well: 3_29-2 Intervals: KCF, UR, INTER RES SHALE, UMR1, UMR2, UMR3, LMR, LR, LKCF Filter:
Frequency Histogram of BEST.GRR_COR_1 Well: 3_29A-4 4633.5 - 4894.0 METRES Filter:
0.06
1.0 0.9
0.025
1.0 0.9
0.05
0.8 0.7
0.020
0.8 0.7
0.04 0.6 0.03 0.5 0.4 0.02 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.00 0 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 25 50 75 MA SH 0.0 0.000 0 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350 35 70 MA SH 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
0.01
Statistics: Possible values Missing values Minimum value Maximum value Range Mean Geometric Mean Harmonic Mean Variance Standard Deviation Skewness Kurtosis Median Mode 242 0 14.59800 189.63300 175.03500 139.62461 126.97939 99.56522 1776.87826 42.15303 -1.46019 4.87954 145.31250 171.25000
GR_MA 24 GR_SH 183
GR_MA 27 GR_SH 233
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Table 5.4. Log Analysis Constants Parameter Fluid Type A DT_MA DT_SH DT_FL GR_MA GR_SH M MUD TYPE NPHI_COAL N NPHI_FL NPHI_MA NPHI_SH PHIE_MAX PHIT_SH RES_SH RHO_COAL RHO_DS RHO_FL RHO_MA RHO_SH RHO_W RW RW_TEMP SPI_MAX Units KCF Gas 1.1 55.5 95 210 27 233 1.9 SOB M N/A 1.7 1 0.017 0.559 0.3 0.052 3.3 N/A 2.66 0.39 2.647 2.573 1 0.075 140 0.1 UR/Int. Res Sh Gas 1.1 55.5 90 210 27 233 1.9 SOBM N/A 1.7 1 -0.017 0.559 0.3 0.052 5.9 N/A 2.66 0.39 2.647 2.573 1 0.075 140 0.1 UMR1 Gas 1.1 55.5 90 210 27 233 1.9 SOBM N/A 1.7 1 -0.017 0.559 0.3 0.052 6.7 N/A 2.66 0.39 2.647 2.573 1 0.075 140 0.1 UMR2 Gas 1.1 55.5 85 210 27 233 1.9 SOBM N/A 1.7 1 -0.017 0.559 0.3 0.052 7.1 N/A 2.66 0.39 2.647 2.573 1 0.075 140 0.1 UMR3/LM R Water 1.2/1.1 55.5 90 210 27 233 1.9/2.1 SOBM N/A 1.7 1 -0.017 0.559 0.3 0.052 5.6 N/A 2.66 0.7 2.647 2.573 1 0.075 140 0.1 LR Water 1.1 55.5 90 210 43 318 1.9 SOBM N/A 1.7 1 -0.017 0.559 0.3 0.052 7.2 N/A 2.66 0.7 2.647 2.573 1 0.075 140 0.1 LKCF Water 1.1 55.5 85 210 43 318 1.9 SOBM N/A 1.7 1 -0.017 0.559 0.3 0.052 7.2 N/A 2.66 0.7 2.647 2.573 1 0.075 140 0.1
US/F T US/F T US/F T GAPI GAPI
V/V V/V V/V V/V V/V V/V OHM -M G/CC G/CC G/CC G/CC G/CC G/CC OHM -M o C V/V
Underlined values are derived from core.
5.1.4.4.
PHIE Porosity was computed from density, density/neutron (Bateman-Konen method) and sonic (Wyllie method) logs. Log analysis matrix and fluid constants are included in Table 4.4. Computed log porosities were calibrated against core. Core porosities were corrected for overburden using a factor of 0.972 obtained from 3/29a 4 SCAL analysis, using the Teeuw (1971) method (Appendix 3). Overburden-corrected data sets are suffixed _OBC. This is a very small correction reflecting the well-cemented nature of the rock. There are no coals in the reservoir. High resolution density and neutron logs (DNHR and CNHR with 1.5-inch sampling) were used as input, with bad data gaps infilled by lower resolution data (track 6, Enclosure 1).
The best match to core data was obtained using the density method (track 12, Enclosure 1). Sonic porosity gave a good match to core in the gas leg, but was too low in the water leg. The water leg match could not be improved without reducing reservoir fluid sonic travel time (DT_FL) excessively. The density porosity calculation assumes a matrix density (RHO_MA) of 2.647 g/cc. Core grain density values are predominantly around 2.647 g/cc except for a small percentage of lower grain densities in the range 2.48 g/cc to 2.58 g/cc (track 7, Enclosure 1). Page 18
Note that the lower the grain density the lower the computed porosity. If a value of RHO_MA is used that is too high, the computed porosity will also be too high. This is relevant because the Lower Reservoir interval 4850 4865 m contains four beds with computed porosity in the 15 to 20 porosity unit (PU) range. However, MRIL porosities are lower, around 5 PU (curve PGL.MPHIE, track 16, Enclosure 1). A porosity of 5 PU can be matched by reducing RHO_MA to 2.5 g/cc. Petrographical studies (Paintal, 2002) did not identify significant amounts of lower density material such as clays, felspar, organic material or residual hydrocarbons in any of the core samples. There was not therefore a good case for lowering RHO_MA, and the anomaly remains. Reservoir fluid density (RHO_FL) was computed at 0.39 g/cc in the gas leg, using a core porosity to log density regression (Figure 5.2). This matches the measured pressure gradient of 0.17 psi/ft (equivalent to 0.39 g/cc). There were insufficient core data to get a reliable RHO_FL value in the water leg. The water leg RHO_FL value was selected based on an SOBM density of 0.7 g/cc. The MRIL log indicates that SOBM is the invaded phase. Computed porosity curves are named CALC.PHIE_DEN or CALC.PHIE (density method), CALC.PHIE_DN (density-neutron method) and CALC.PHIE_SON (Wyllie sonic method). BA (Page, 2001) computed an effective sand fraction porosity (see Geolog curve BA_FINAL_REPORT.PESD_1; track 13 on Enclosure 1) based on an anisotropic thin bedded, laminar shaly sand model utilizing the 3DEX data. This is intended to give a better volumetric characterization of porosity in thin sands by removing thin laminar shale effects. In thicker sands the result matches the density porosity. In the KCF a number of thin sands with 15 PU porosity are identified by this method that would be productive. However, comparing the PESD curve to core description indicates that the PESD curve over-estimates porosity in thick shaly units. Therefore the PESD curve should be treated with caution. Given the difficulty of identifying these sands with conventional log analysis it is recommended that the entire reservoir interval including the KCF is perforated if possible.
Figure 5.2. 3/29a 4 Core Porosity vs Log Density Crossplot in the Gas Leg
CORE.COREICPHI1_OBC_1 vs. BEST.DNHR_1 Crossplot

Well: 3_29A-4 4633.5 - 4760.0 METRES Filter:
0 0 32 32 0
0.00
0.30
0.60
0.90
1.20
1.50
1.80
2.10
2.40
2.70
100 90 80
3.00
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.00 0.30 0.60 0.90 1.20 1.50 1.80 2.10 2.40 2.70 3.00
CORE.COREICPHI1_OBC_1 ()
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
BEST.DNHR_1 (G/CC)
Functions: gasdens : Regression Logs: BEST.DNHR_1, CORE.COREICPHI1_OBC_1, CC: 0.628980 y = (117.058 - 44.1727*(x))
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5.1.4.5.

SW Two approaches were applied to SW determination: Use 3DEX RV data and process using method developed in-house by BA. Use M1RX high resolution data from HDIL tool for comparison with 3DEX results. M1RX curve is 120-inch depth of investigation and 1-foot sample rate. Note that PGL analysis used an incorrect hybrid of M2RX (2-foot sample rate curve) and RV curve from the 3DEX.
Both methods made use of new SCAL parameters (Table 5.4 and Appendix 3). The previous PGL interpretation used defaults a=1, m=n=2. SCAL parameters are interpolated to the appropriate confining pressure. An a value of 1.1 was used for all zones except the UMR3 (a=1.2). An m value of 1.9 was used for all zones except the UMR3 (m=2.1). An n value of 1.7 was selected for all zones, although there was a range on measured values. The SCAL data indicated n=1.61 for UMR1 and 1.79 for UMR3. The 1.7 value is the mid point of this range. The LMR n value was very low at 1.12, but this was rejected as unlikely. Such a low value would increase the hydrocarbon saturation in the LMR, in a zone which did not flow any gas on test. An RW of 0.075 ohm-m at 140oC was used in the computation of SW. This was obtained from a DST1B water sample in 3/29a 4. The RW value equates to a salinity of 22,500 mg/l NaCl. The measurement was presumably made on a water sample using a conductivity meter. Laboratory water analysis data are presented in Table 5.5. The equivalent salinity expressed as NaCl is approximately 27,500 mg/l. This would give an RW of 0.062 ohm-m at 140oC. RW measurements were also made on brine extracted from core samples (Table 5.6). The average of the core extract RW is the same as the test water analysis RW. The most reliable measurement of RW is by direct meter reading. The measured range is actually quite small in this case: the difference between Sw computed using 0.062 ohm-m compared to 0.075 ohm-m is approximately 1.5 saturation units (SU). Earlier analysis by PGL had used an RW of 0.035 ohm-m at 140oC (the same value as quoted in a BP file note on 3/29 2 petrophysical analysis, author and date unknown). Although this value was corrected to 0.075 ohm-m in the PGL report (PGL, 2001), PGL used the 3DEX Rv curve as an RT input to the Indonesia Equation. As explained in Section 4.1.2, this approach is not endorsed by BA. Table 5.5. 3/29a 4 DST1B Water Analysis Ion Na K Mg Ca Fe Sr Ba Cl Br SO4 HCO3 Total Dissolved Solids Equivalent NaCl salinity PH Reference: McBride and Cook, 2001. Concentration mg/l 10340 116 35.2 245.4 3.2 175.8 350.4 16130 80.02 0 1075 28551.02 ~27500 7.25
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Table 5.6. 3/29a 4 RW from Core Brine Extracts Depth, mbrt 4762.55 4769.25 4779.44 Reference: Mitchell, 2001. The Indonesia Equation was used to compute effective SW (SWE) from the M1RX log. Since, none of the SCAL samples exhibited significant electrical shaliness, with the reservoir shale contribution to total conductivity under fully water saturated conditions being under 10% (ICCS, 2001), the Archie Equation would have yielded the same result. The resulting curve is CALC.SWE. CALC.BVW is the unflushed zone volume of water. SWE computed from 3DEX data by BA is CALC.SWE_3DEX. SWE_3DEX was computed using the Waxman-SmitsThomas Equation (Page, 2001). The MRIL computed SW is PGL.MRIL_SW. The curves are compared on the CPI log (track 14, Enclosure 1). The highest gas saturations, which match the core SW, are the MRIL values. The 3DEX SWE matches MRIL gas saturations in thicker sands but not in the thinly-bedded UMR2. The HDIL under-estimates gas saturations. As noted in Section 5.1.3, the MRIL SW curve represents irreducible SW and is not valid below the free water level of 4745m TVDSS. Filtrate Invasion, fraction 0.063 0.081 0.083 RW at 20oC, ohm-m 0.188 0.299 0.250 Average: RW at 140oC, ohm-m 0.048 0.077 0.064 0.063
5.2.
3/29a 2 Review
3/29 2 was drilled with a water-based mud (WBM). The hole is vertical. The well reached TD at 5165m in the Devonian. Log data were re-analysed using the input parameters derived from 3/29a 4 SCAL. Log curves were already loaded to Geolog by previous workers and it is assumed that the curves have been corrected appropriately.
5.2.1. New Petrophysical Analysis

Input and calculated curves are plotted on the CPI (Enclosure 3).
5.2.1.1.
VSH VSH was computed as a normalised GR, with GR_MA of 24 GAPI and GR_SH of 183 GAPI (Figure 5.1) for all zones. Note that this well does not have a LR unit. The computed curve is CALC.VSH_GR. PHIE PHIE was calculated from the density log, the resulting curve is called CALC.PHIE. RHO_FL of 1.0 g/cc for water-base mud was used. Other input parameters are the same as 3/29a 4. The log curve cannot match core porosities because the density log cannot resolve the very thin sands (15 to 20cm) in UMR2. Core data are used to replace the porosity curve over the UMR2, this curve is CALC.PHIE_WCORE. SWE Input parameters Rw, a, m and n were as 3/29a 4, and included new SCAL parameters (Table 5.4). Note that the previous 3/29 2 interpretation used an RW of 0.035 ohm-m instead of the preferred 0.075 ohm-m at 140oC. Input RT was the deep induction (ILD) curve. The resulting curve is CALC.SWE. Lower Reservoir Section There is very little reservoir potential below the Lower Reservoir in 3/29-2, from 4711m to TD. Input parameters used were: RHO_MA 1.66 g/cc, RHO_FL 1.1 g/cc, RHO_SH 2.537 g/cc,
5.2.1.2.
5.2.1.3.
5.2.1.4.
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DT_MA 55 us/ft, DT_FL 155 us/ft, DT_SH 100 us/ft. Archie parameters as for main reservoir (Table 5.4). Specific intervals of potential interest are: Heather Sand from 4711 to 4720m: Tight sand with density porosity less than 5 PU and sonic porosity up to 9.6 PU. The interval 4720 to 4724m has slower sonic (from 60 to 90 us/ft) than the sand immediately above. The slow sonic gives higher apparent porosity, up to 16.6 PU, but density porosity is zero (the porosity curve CALC.PHIE_WCORE on Enclosure 3 indicates sonic porosity spliced in below top LR, which is optimistic but highlights potential thin sands). GR and resistivity are relatively low and cuttings descriptions indicate that the lithology may be a soft limestone. All intervals are waterbearing assuming the same RW as the main Rhum reservoir (0.075 ohm-m at 140oC). Devonian Sand from 4852 to 4870m MD: The density log is missing over 4840 to 4856m. The interval from 4861.5 to 4870.5m (log depth) was cored. Core porosity is in the range 1.6 to 2.2%, average 1.9%. Core permeability range is 0.02 mD to 0.31 mD, with a geometric average of 0.028 mD (all Klinkenberg corrected). Sonic porosity up to 4 PU maximum is in line with core data, but average Devonian porosity is very low. The rest of the Devonian interval has zero log porosity. SW is 100 SU throughout the Devonian interval, assuming the same RW as in the main Rhum reservoir.
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6.
LITHOLOGY ANALYSIS Core description indicates that all of the cored Rhum reservoir consisted of white fine to medium grained sand or dark grey organic-rich pyritic mudstones, with no other significant lithologies. Thus a binary sand/shale description matched the actual reservoir lithology. A sand/shale flag was required as the net flag, since in this type of HPHT reservoir even low permeability rock contributes to gas flow. The sand/shale flag was also developed as part of the RMS geological model build for Rhum, and to calibrate seismic attribute maps of sand/shale distribution. The log is a continuous flag curve of the form 0 = shale and 1 = sand. This section describes the method used to derive the sand/shale flag and QC against core data. The Rhum Field wells have very good core coverage: 50% of the gross reservoir interval in 3/29a 4 is cored and this includes the entire gas-bearing zone.
6.1.
Methodology
The sand/shale flag was obtained from a cross-plot of derivative curves VSH, apparent matrix density (RHO_MAA) and total porosity (PHIT). Apparent matrix properties such as RHO_MAA are generated in Geolog by the Apparent Matrix Properties module (appmat.lls) to be found under Petrophysics/Parameter Picking. VSH was computed as described in Section 4, from the GR log only. A plot of GR against depth (Figure 6.1) indicates a response difference between the two wells across the reservoir. However the VSH from GR is normalized based on sand matrix and shale end-points for each well (Figure 5.1), so that the VSH plots should be directly comparable although the GR plots are not. The shale baseline is derived from the Kimmeridge Clay above and below the turbidite sand intervals. Porosity is computed from RHOB alone, matching the resulting output to core porosity data by varying RHO_FL. Well 3/29a 4 cored 93m of 191m gross reservoir (nearly 50 percent of the gross reservoir interval). Well 3/29 2 had 14m of core in the UMR2 zone only. A plot of RHOB against depth (Figure 6.2) indicates a similar response between the two wells across the reservoir, and curve normalization was not considered necessary. Note that the high density zone in 3/29 2 between 4650 and 4700 mTVDSS is a dense pyritic shale below the reservoir interval. RHO_MAA is computed by Geolog as (RHOB PHIT*RHO_FL)/(1-PHIT). Required inputs are: RHO_MA matrix density from core (2.647 g/cc). RHOB from the density log. RHO_FL the mud filtrate density (based on match to core data, this varied between 0.39 g/cc in the gas leg of 3/29a-4 and 1.0 g/cc in the water leg of 3/29-2). RHO_W is formation water density (1.02 g/cc based on 22,500 mg/l NaCl). RHO_DSH is dry shale density (2.66 g/cc). RHO_SH is shale density (2.573 g/cc).
The apparent matrix photoelectric absorption (U_MAA) is generated by the Geolog appmat.lls loglan module. It can be a useful parameter for differentiating minerals in a U_MAA vs RHO_MAA cross plot (Doveton, 1994). It is computed as U /(1-PHITapparent) where U is the volumetric photoelectric absorption. Figure 6.3 is a crossplot of RHO_MAA vs U_MAA with the positions of key minerals indicated. The Z-axis is VSH. Sand points fall between quartz and calcite, shale points fall slightly to the right of the main kaolinite-illite field. The shales contain finely disseminated pyrite and the iron in the pyrite would increase the U_MAA values (in a comparable way to presence of iron-rich chlorite). However, the U_MAA values could be shifted to the right due to inaccuracies in the computation parameters. Note that the RHO_MAA range for sands and shales is as expected from mineral types. The RHO_MAA/U_MAA/VSH cross plot (Figure 6.3) could be used directly to generate a sand/shale flag. However, the validity of the U_MAA data was uncertain. An alternative
Page 23
RHO_MAA/PHIT/VSH cross plot was investigated (Figure 6.4). The VSH colour fill indicates that shale tends to have RHO_MAA>2.8 and VSH>0.4. There is no PHIT distinction between sand and shale. The sand/shale flag was generated by drawing a polygon around the shale points in the region RHO_MAA>2.8, VSH>0.4 and PHIT<0.14, and having Geolog compute a sand/shale log from this. Figure 6.1. GR vs Depth Plot: 3/29 2 & 3/29a 4. Figure 6.2. RHOB vs Depth Plot: 3/29 2 & 3/29a 4.
REFERENCE.TVDSS vs. BEST.RHOB Crossplot
Well: 3_29-2 3_29A-4 Range: Intervals Filter:
220 0 0 8169 8169 0
REFERENCE.TVDSS vs. BEST.GR_COR Crossplot

0 0 7949 8169 0
1.95
2.05
2.15
2.25
2.35
2.45
2.55
2.65
2.75
2.85
4400 4450 4500 4550 4600 4650 4700 4750 4800 4850 4900 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 30 60 90 0
4400 4450 4500 4550 4600 4650 4700 4750 4800 4850 4900
4400 4450 4500 4550 4600 4650 4700 4750 4800 4850 4900 1.95 2.05 2.15 2.25 2.35 2.45 2.55 2.65 2.75 2.85 2.95
2.95
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
30
60
90
4400 4450 4500 4550 4600 4650 4700 4750 4800 4850 4900
REFERENCE.TVDSS (METRES)
BEST.GR_COR (GAPI) Well Legend: 3_29-2 3_29A-4 Well Legend: 3_29-2
REFERENCE.TVDSS (METRES)
BEST.RHOB (G/C3) 3_29A-4
Figure 6.3. Crossplot RHO_MAA vs U_MAA: 3/29a 4 Reservoir

LITH.RHO_MAA_1 vs. LITH.U_MAA_1 Crossplot
0 0 6438 6440 0
Figure 6.4. Crossplot PHIT vs RHO_MAA: 3/29 2 and 3/29a 4 Reservoir

LITH.RHO_MAA vs. LITH.PHIT Crossplot
47 0 7480 7527 0
0.000
0.030
0.060
0.090
0.120
0.150
0.180
0.210
0.240
0.270
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
0.0
2.500 2.555 2.611 2.666 ORTHOCL QUARTZ CALCITE
5.0
50.0
2.500 2.555 2.611
2.500 2.575 2.650
0.300
2.500 2.575 2.650 2.725 2.800 2.875 2.950 3.025 3.100 3.175 3.250
2.666
LITH.RHO_MAA_1 (G/C3)
LITH.RHO_MAA (G/C3)
2.722 2.777 2.832
2.722 2.777 2.832
2.725 2.800 2.875 2.950 3.025 3.100
DOLOM 2.888 2.943 2.998 3.054 3.109 CHLORITE 3.165 3.220 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 0.0 5.0 3.165 3.220 KAOLIN ILLITE 3.109 SMECTITE ANHYDR 2.888 2.943 2.998 3.054
3.175 3.250
0.000
0.030
0.060
0.090
0.120
0.150
0.180
0.210
0.240
0.270
LITH.U_MAA_1 (B/C3) 0 Color: LITH.VSH_GR_2 Well Legend: 3_29-2 1 0
LITH.PHIT (V/V) 1 Color: LITH.VSH_GR 3_29A-4
Page 24
0.300
The key discriminant in the cross plot method is RHO_MAA. The 2.8 g/cc cut off point is confirmed by plotting RHO_MAA for both wells as a histogram (Figure 6.5). Note that the high density tail in the 3/29a 4 distribution is a shale unit not present in 3/29 2. The VSH distribution is diffuse although showing a clear trend (Figure 6.6) and a VSH cut-off alone will not separate sand from shale. As stated above, PHIT does not differ sufficiently between sand and shale. This is because many of the thinly interbedded sands are tightly cemented with quartz and are low porosity. Figure 6.5. RHOB Histogram: 3/29 2 & 3/29a 4. Figure 6.6. RHO_MAA vs VSH Cross Plot: 3/29 2 & 3/29a 4.
LITH.RHO_MAA vs. LITH.VSH_GR Crossplot
0 0 7527 7527 0
Frequency Histogram of LOG_LITH.RHO_MAA_1 Well: 3_29-2 3_29A-4 Intervals: KCF, UR, INTER RES SHALE, IRS, UMR1, UMR2, UMR3, LMR, LR Filter:
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.045 0.040 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020
1.0 0.9 0.8
2.500 2.575 2.650
0.00
2.500 2.575 2.650 2.725 2.800 2.875 2.950 3.025 3.100 3.175 3.250 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00
0.7
LITH.RHO_MAA (G/C3)
2.8 g/cc cut off
0.6 0.5 0.4
2.725 2.800 2.875 2.950 3.025 3.100 3.175 3.250
0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000 2.56 2.64 2.72 2.80 2.88 2.96 3.04 3.12 3.20 3.28
0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
Wells: 1. 3_29-2 2. 3_29A-4
LITH.VSH_GR (V/V) Well Legend: 3_29-2 3_29A-4
6.2.
Validation
The core descriptions included a number of facies, but on inspection these turned out to be either sand or shale. The core description was coded and loaded to Geolog. A visual comparison with core description indicated that sand/shale in the core description was matching the sand/shale log. In addition, sand thicknesses were computed for the cored reservoir zones and compared to the log-derived sand. Results are as tabulated below (Table 6.1). In order to put the differences in perspective, the changes to gas initially in place (GIIP) are indicated.
Table 6.1. Comparison of Core vs Log Defined Sands Well & Interval 3/29-2: UMR2 3/29a-4: UMR1L UMR2 UMR3 LMR Gross Interval, m 15 28 21 13 29 Core Sand Count, m 8 20 5 11 22 Page 25 Log Sand Count, m 9 17 2 11 20 Interval GIIP, bcf 92 630 92 169 284 Percentage Change in GIIP, % + 1.0 - 8.0 - 4.7 0 - 2.2
Core and log-derived lithologies are displayed on Enclosures 1 and 3. A reasonable match was seen in all cored zones except for the UMR2 in 3/29a 4. The core to log match is proportional to sand bed thickness. UMR3 is predominantly sandy with beds 0.5m to several metres thick. UMR1L and LMR are thinly interbedded sand and shale zones, with sand beds thicker than 25 cm to greater than 1m. The UMR2 in 3/29 2 has 80 percent of sand beds thicker than 10 cm, with most beds 15cm to 20cm. Within the shales there are very thin (<1cm) sands that will not be seen by the logs. The density log in 3/29 4 UMR2 fails to resolve the very thin sand beds (predominantly less than 10 cm thick in core) and sees predominantly shale (Figure 6.7). On Figure 6.7 the core sand grain density in track 3 matches RHO_MAA in sand beds in the zones above and below UMR2. However in UMR2 the RHO_MAA consistently indicates shale and does not meet any of the sand grain density points except in the thickest bed. Note that the neutron/density curves in track 2 only show crossover at the thickest bed. Tracks 6 and 7 illustrate the log and core derived sand/shale flag. The thicker black lines in track 7 are thin sands in the core that are below display resolution. For interbedded UMR1L and UMR3 zones and UMR2 in 3/29 2, an error bar of +/-15% may be appropriate. However, some of this error will be caused by the difficulty of exactly depth-matching core to log in thinly interbedded units as well as log resolution issues. In sandy units (UMR3) the lithology flag works very well. The main reservoir in Rhum is the UMR1L and UMR3. The lithology flag will not indicate sand where bed thickness is less than 10 cm. In order to refine the sand/shale log further, over cored intervals the core sand/shale description was overwritten in the sand/shale log. In 3/29 2 this is the UMR2 description and in 3/29a 4 this is the UMR1L, UMR2, UMR3 and lower part of the LMR (50% of the entire reservoir interval). This effectively solves the problem of log resolution in the UMR2 zone since this is the only reservoir zone with sand beds below log resolution. Core lithology descriptions are stored in Geolog as CORE_LITH.CORE_LITH. Log-derived lithology is stored as LOG_LITH.LOG_LITH.
Figure 6.7. 3/29a 4 UMR2 Zone Log Resolution
Page 26
7.
PERMEABILITY ANALYSIS Descriptions of available core analysis data are included in the Appendices (Appendix 2 and 3). It is recommended that these Appendices are read carefully before using core-derived permeability data stored in Geolog because the data are of variable quality. Permeability data in 3/29 2 are Klinkenberg-corrected air values. In 3/29a 4 permeability data are fully corrected for reservoir conditions, using the equation: Kreservoir = Kklinkenberg * ((deviatoric stress/test pressure) ^ (-0.1294 + 0.02028 * LnKklinkenburg)) The best set of permeability GASPERMS.K_GAS_CORR. data in Geolog for 3/29a 4 is in the set
Core poroperm cross plots are included (Figure 7.1 and 7.2). Poroperm transforms are: Well 3/29 2 3/29a 4 Transform K, mD = 10**(-2.13677 + 27.6912*(PHIE)) K, mD = 10**(-1.97738 + 29.0513*(PHIE))
PHIE is a decimal. The transforms quoted above are adequate for permeability log generation, but the 3/29a 4 transform gave anomalously high value spikes in places. A multiple regression transform was substituted for the simple regression in order to remove the anomalies. The regression equation is: K, mD = 10**(-7.08097 + 0.0538037DT + 0.00299236RT + 0.310255PE + 21.1147PHIE). This relationship gave a fit to core data similar to the simple transform (Figure 7.3). For the IRMS model input a maximum upper limit of 1500 mD was applied to the permeability logs (maximum permeability in core was 1300 mD). All shale values were set to 0.0001 mD.
Page 27
Figure 7.1. 3/29 2 Poroperm Relationship
CORE.CKHL_2 vs. CORE.CPOR_OBC_1 Crossplot

Well: 3_29-2 4508.0 - 4688.5 METRES Filter:
0 0 33 35 2
0.000
0.030
0.060
0.090
0.120
0.150
0.180
0.210
0.240
0.270
10000
0.300
10000
1000
1000
CORE.CKHL_2 (MD)
100
100
Poroperm Transform: Kh, mD = 10**(-2.13677 + 27.6912* PHIE) - porosity is a decimal Note: This was used to generate permeabilities in this well only.
10
10
0.000
0.030
0.060
0.090
0.120
0.150
0.180
0.210
0.240
0.270
CORE.CPOR_OBC_1 (V/V)
Functions: coreporoperm : Regression Logs: CORE.CPOR_OBC_1, CORE.CKHL_2, CC: 0.903804 y = 10**(-2.13677 + 27.6912*(x))
0.300
0.1
0.1
Page 28
Figure 7.2. 3/29a 4 Poroperm Relationship
ASPERMS.K_GAS_CORR_1 vs. CORE.COREPHIH1_OBC_1 Crossplot

0 0 107 123 16
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
1000
8.0
20.0
1000
GASPERMS.K_GAS_CORR_1 (V/V)
100
100
Poroperm Transform:
10 10
Kh, mD = 10**(-1.97738 + 0.290513* PHIE) - porosity in % Note: This relationship was not used to generate permeabilities in the IRMS model. Instead a multiple regression was made, fitting core data to a suite of log curves.
0.1
0.1
0.01 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
0.01
CORE.COREPHIH1_OBC_1 ()
Functions: poroperm : Regression Logs: CORE.COREPHIH1_OBC_1, GASPERMS.K_GAS_CORR_1 0.802344 y = 10**(-1.97738 + 0.290513*(x))
Page 29
Figure 7.3. 3/29a 4 Log Permeability Compared with Core Permeability
CORE.COREKH1_1 vs. CALC.K_LOG_1 Crossplot

6 0 114 133 13
10000
10000
1000
0.01
100
0.1
10
10000
1000
1000
CORE.COREKH1_1 ()
100
100
Poroperm Transform: Kh, mD = 10**(-7.08097 + 0.0538037DT + 0.00299236RT + 0.310255PE + 21.1147PHIE)
10
10
0.1
0.1
0.01 10000 1000 0.01 100 0.1 10 1
0.01
CALC.K_LOG_1 (MD)
Functions: test : Regression Logs: CALC.K_LOG_1, CORE.COREKH1_1, CC: 0.818829 y = 10**(-0.0074497 + 0.955859*log10(x))
Page 30
8.
PRESSURE ANALYSIS AND FREE WATER LEVEL Valid RFT, RCI and FMT pressure points are tabulated below (Table 7.1).
Table 8.1. Rhum Formation Pressure Data 3/29 2 TVDSS, m 4515.5 4541.5 4828.0 4838.0 3/29a 4 TVDSS, m 4605.5 4638.9 4664.8 4732.8 4806.3 4854.2 -
Formation KCF UR UMR1 UMR3 LMR LR Devonian Devonian
MD, m 4539.0 4565.0 4852.0 4862.0
RFT, psi 12296.00 12281.00 12456.00 13493.00
MD, m 4633.5 4666.7 4692.0 4760.0 4773.0 4834.0 -
FMT or RCI, psi 12353.92 12369.26 12381.16 12412.40 12500.00 13300.00 -
The pressure data in 3/29a 4 are plotted on the attached figure (Figure 8.1). A gas gradient of 0.151 psi/ft can be defined. Forcing a water gradient of 0.433 psi/ft through the uppermost FMT Run 1 pressure point in the LMR gives a water and gas gradient intercept at 4745m TVDSS, defining the free water level (FWL). The FWL is the elevation of the gas-water contact free of capillary effects, i.e. the level of the fluid contact in a very wide borehole. It can be defined as the depth in the reservoir where the pressure in the gas phase is equal to the pressure in the water phase. In the reservoir, the fluid contact as indicated by electric logs (the gas-water contact or GWC) may be shallower because of capillary effects in the reservoir rock giving higher water saturations above the free water level. On test, free water will not be produced above the FWL. Gas gradients of 0.145 psi/ft were computed from PVT analysis of gas density and 0.139 psi/ft from the difference between downhole gauge and wellhead pressure. In 3/29 2 a gas gradient of 0.17 psi/ft can be fitted to three FIT pressure points in the gas leg (Figure 8.2). This figure also illustrates the rapid pressure increase in the water leg with depth (Watts, 2002). Both the reservoir and surrounding formations are overpressured. Overpressure in the envelope formations is higher than in the reservoir, with estimated gradients as high as 0.85 psi/ft. In 3/29-2 there is gas-down-to (GDT) base reservoir, at 4689mBRT or 4651mTVDSS. Note the TVDSS in the well evaluation report (4664m) is wrong and assumes a vertical well. The relative position of the reservoir and FWL in the two Rhum wells is illustrated by Figure 8.3. Modelling of direct core water saturation data gave a FWL of 4744mTVDSS, in very close agreement with the formation pressure data (Mitchell, 2001). Hydrocarbon shows while drilling 3/29a 4 were generally poor and do not help in defining the FWL (Watts, 2001).
Page 31
Figure 8.1. 3/29a 4: RCI and FMT Formation Pressure Plot
3/29a-4 Formation Pressure Plot (All Runs)

4660.0
4680.0
4700.0
UMR 1
Gas gradient 0.151 psi/ft or 0.411 gm /cc fit through FM run1 points UM and UM T R1 R3
4720.0
UMR 3
4740.0 Depth (m tvdlat) Contact 4745.1m TVDSS 4773.1m MD
4760.0
LMR
4780.0 Water gradient set at 0.433 psi/ft T R Forced through FM run1 point in LM 4800.0 FM run 1 T RCI run 1 RCI run 2 RCI run 3 FM run 2 T FM run 3 T RCI 4&5 Data Gas Gradient Water Gradient
4820.0
LR
4840.0
LR
4860.0 12300.0 12400.0 12500.0 12600.0 12700.0 12800.0 12900.0 13000.0 13100.0 13200.0 13300.0 Formation Pressure (psi)
Page 32
Figure 8.2. Rhum Field Formation Pressure Plot
Rhum Field Formation Pressure Plot

4480.0 RFT (3_29-2) FIT (3_29-2) 4530.0 FMT 1(3_29a- 4) RCI 1 ( 3_29a-4) 4580.0 0.172 psi/ft (~Gas Gradie nt ) 4630.0 RCI 2 ( 3_29a-4) RCI 3 ( 3_29a-4) FMT 2 (3_29a-4) FMT 3 (3_29a-4) RCI 4 ( 3_29a-4) Regional Pressur e Gradient Water Gradient Re gional Pres s ure Gradient 1.92 s g Linear ( FIT (3_29-2))
D epth (m tvdss)
4680.0
4730.0
FWL @ 4745
4780.0
Break depth to "proper" over-pressur e trend in "aquifer" = "regional" pressure ?
4830.0 Wat er Gradie nt Over-pressur e aquifer trend (or return to regional "overpressure") ?
4880.0 12100.0 4930.0 12300.0
12500.0
12700.0
12900.0
13100.0
13300.0
13500.0
13700.0
13900.0
14100.0
Formation Pressure (psi)
Page 33
Figure 8.3. Well Corellation in True Vertical Depth Indicating FWL Position in Reservoir
3/29-2
Reservoir
METRES
Zone
CALC.BVW_1 1 1 V/V CALC.PHIE_1 0
GR 0 GAPI 250 0
V/V 0 CALC.VSH_GR_1 V/V 1
4470 4476 4475 4480 4485
KCF
32
4490 4495
4500
UR 4511 4510
4515
4508
4505
IRS
20 4532
4520 4525 4530 4535 4540
3/29A-4
Reservoir
LITHOLOGY
UMR1
29
4545
4550
4555 4561 4560 4565
UMR2
19
4570 4575
TVDSS
METRES
Zone
CALC.BVW_1 1 1 V/V CALC.PHIE_1 0
4580 4580 4585
GR 0 GAPI 250 0
V/V 0 CALC.VSH_GR_2 V/V 1
UMR3
21
4590 4595
4600
4606 4605 4610 4615 4620 4625 4630 4635
4601 4600 4605 4610 4615 4620
KCF
33
LITHOLOGY
TVDSS
LMR
50
4625 4630 4635 4640 4645
UR IRS
25
4639 4640 4645
IRS
4650
4655 4660
4651 4650 4655
GDT 4651 m in 3/29-2 GWC 4745 m in 3/29a-4
LR
22 4673
4660 4665 4670 4675 4680
4665 4665
UMR1U
UMR1U
18 4683
4670 4675 4680 4685 4690 4695 10
HEATHER
UMR1L
UMR1L
27
4700
4705 4710 4710 4715
UMR2 UMR3
UMR2
22
4720 4725 4730 4735 4740
4732
UMR3
13
4745 4745
4750
4755 4760 4765 4770
LMR
LMR
61
4775 4780 4785 4790 4795
4800
4806 4805 4810 4815 4820 4825 4830
LR
LR
59
4835 4840 4845
4850
4855 4860 4866 4865 4870
Heather
10
Page 34
9.
SATURATION-HEIGHT FUNCTIONS Water saturation and capillary pressure measurements were made using mercury injection and air-brine porous plate methods on preserved core samples from 3/29a 4 (Cameron, 2001). Mercury injection data were also available from 3/29 2. The sets of data from the two wells were comparable for the same porosity classes. Air-brine measurements were used to determine saturation-height functions for a set of porosity classes (Cameron, 2001). The derived functions are listed in Table 9.1.
Table 9.1. Saturation-Height Functions Derived from Air-brine Capillary Pressure Measurements. Rock Type All rock types >10% =8-10% =6-8% <6% Saturation-Height Function Sw = 0.451703*H-0.233628 Sw = (0.2102*H-0.1518)-0.00481 Sw = (0.4169*H-0.2004)-0.00812 Sw = (1.1992*H-0.3407)-0.0302 Sw = (1.367*H-0.1507)-0.00159
The All Rock Types function was used in the non-faulted geological grid RMS model to compute water saturation. The four porosity () class functions were used in the faulted geological and simulation RMS models (Southwood, 2001). Irreducible Sw, Swi, was estimated to have a most likely value of 0.14 v/v and a potential upside of 0.10 v/v. The H term is height in metres above the FWL. In addition to the functions used in the RMS model, ICCS (2001) subsequently computed single saturation height functions from the same dataset, incorporating Klinkenberg permeability (K) and porosity () into the saturation height term: Sw = 0.943*H 0.234 * K 0.265 Sw = 0.0121*H 0.167 * 1.37 Since the permeability and porosity term is in-built in these equations they should better describe water saturation than the terms listed in Table 9.1. The various saturation height curves are plotted on Figure 9.1. This displays the four porosity class functions in brown, blue, green and red. The all rock types curve is plotted in pink. This overlies the 8 10% porosity class curve. Average overall reservoir porosity is 7% (see Section 10), so it is reasonable that these curves overlie. The green dashed line is the ICCS (2001) curve for a 7% porosity case, and lies between the 6 to 8% and 8 to 10% Cameron curves. The ICCS equation and the all rock types equation were input to Geolog and used to compute SW. The results are displayed on the CPIs (Enclosures 1 and 3). For 3/29a 4 (Enclosure 1) track 14 on the CPI displays log-derived SW (MRIL_SW from the MRIL tool, SWE from the HDIL and SWE_3DEX from the 3DEX). Curves are compared with core direct SW (COREICSW1). The MRIL_SW and COREICSW1 data show the lowest SW. In fact COREICSW1 data appear to be unreasonably low. Note that both these datasets are only good above the FWL (see Mitchell, 2001 for discussion of data quality). In track 15 on the CPI the COREICSW1 data are compared with two of the model curves: SW_MODEL_ICCS is computed from the ICCS (2001) porosity/height/SW equation; SW_MODEL_CAMER is computed from the Cameron (2001) all rock types equation. Note that the all rock types equation does not have a porosity term and is thus a smooth curve on the log. The two model curves show reasonable agreement and also agree with the 3DEX and HDIL-derived SW curves. The agreement of model data with log data is reassuring, but the reasons for very low core SW data should be investigated further. In 3/29 2 (Enclosure 3, track 12) the model SW curves give considerably lower SW values than the log SWE curve (whether derived from
Page 35
the LLD or ILD resistivity data). There are no core saturation data available. The discrepancy should be investigated further it may be that the resistivity log data require environmental correction or else the SW/height equations should be modified, since in this well the SW/height equations give very low SW values in the gas leg. Figure 9.1. 3/29a 4 Sw Height Functions
Sw-height function (by porosity classes)

120 110 100 Height (m) above FWL 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Sw (frac)
Phi >10% Sw = 0.2102*(H^-0.1518))-0.00481 Phi 6-8% Sw = (1.1992*(H^-0.3407))-0.0302 Core Data Phi 7% Sw = (0.0121*(H^-0.167)*(0.07^-1.37)) Phi 8-10% Sw = (0.4169*(H^-0.2004))-0.00812 Phi < 6% Sw = (1.367*(H^-0.1507))-0.00159 All rock types Sw = (0.451703*(H^-0.233628))
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Page 36
10.
ZONE AVERAGES
Reservoir zone averages are computed using the binary lithology flag LOG_LITH.LOG_LITH_BIN as the net flag. All sand beds are included as net. Averages are tabulated below (Tables 10.1 and 10.2).
Table 10.1. 3/29-2 Reservoir Properties 3/29 2 Reservoir Properties

Zone Zone Top, m Zone Top, mTVDSS Gross, m Net, m NTG, % Porosity, % Arith. Perm., mD Geom. Perm., mD
UR UMR1 UMR2 UMR3 LMR
4540 4565 4595 4615 4636.5
4507 4532 4561 4580 4601
3.4 29.2 19.4 20.9 50.5 123.4
3.4 28.0 12.7 19.1 44.4 107.6
100 96 65 91 88 87
16.4 11.2 11.4 7.4 2.8 7.0
669 250 85 14 4 100
255 9 11 1 0.1 12
Totals Note: entire reservoir in gas leg
Table 10.2. 3/29a-4 Reservoir Properties
3/29a 4 Reservoir Properties

Zone Zone Top, m Zone Top, mTVDSS Gross, m Net, m NTG, % Porosity, % Arith. Perm., mD Geom. Perm., mD
UR UMR1U UMR1L UMR2 UMR3 LMR
4666.5 4692.5 4710 4737.5 4760 4773
4639 4665 4683 4710 4732 4745
1.0 17.9 26.8 22.3 12.9 61.0
0.5 0.7 17.9 5.0 10.4 45.1 15.4 95 35 60
50 4 67 22 81 74 32 50 43 55
0.5 3.8 9.2 6.9 6.8 6.4 7.1 6.8 7.3 6.6
0.2 3 70 1 18 4 1.3 17 42 3.3
0.1 0.4 12 0.5 1 0.2 0.2 2.5 6.6 0.2
LR 4834.5 4806 47.6 Totals all 189.5 zones Totals 81 gas leg Totals water 108.5 leg Note: gas leg extends from UR to base UMR3.
Page 37
11.
RHUM ROCK PROPERTIES
A rock properties study was conducted to: Investigate the feasibility of using a lithological impedance (LI) cube to discriminate between sand and shale. Determine how consistent the sand and shale properties are in offset wells. Determine whether lithology impedance can be used to map variations in reservoir quality and hence the distribution of the UMR and the LMR. Determine whether the gas/water contact is seismically detectable.
The rock properties study is documented in Keir (2001). The study concluded: The application of LI maps to discriminate between the UMR and LMR sands and the overlying shales is possible but depends very much on the reservoir architecture being similar to that of the 3/29a 4 well. If the reservoir more closely resembles that encountered in the 3/29 2 well or the properties of the underlying shales are similar to those encountered in the 3/29 2 well, then application of LI will most probably not allow discrimination between sands and shales. The differentiation of reservoir quality (porosity) is more problematic and probably not possible. The properties of the shales are reasonably consistent in the offset wells, with the exception of the 3/29 2 well. Where porosity is high enough (above 10 12 PU) the difference between brine-filled sands and gas-filled sands should be detectable with changes in acoustic impedance and fluid impedance. The dataset used in the modeling study is of varying vintages, quality and instrument technology. Whilst the data has been verified as meeting the QC standards as set by the logging contractors, a systematic error could exist which may influence the observed differences in rock properties across the field.
Page 38
12.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The Rhum Field gas accumulation was discovered by the 3/29 2 well in 1977. Core indicated that the reservoir was a thinly-bedded turbidite sequence. In order to resolve and quantify reservoir quality in such a thinly-bedded sequence, a comprehensive suite of log data was acquired in the subsequent appraisal well 3/29a 4. The selected logging program was largely successful and did improve thin sand definition. It is important to have a range of logging tools to address separate but related aspects of reservoir quality. Thus the best tool for determining gas saturation and sand volume overall was the MRIL, while individual thin bed quality was best measured by high-resolution density logs and the 3DEX tensor resistivity tool. However, the 3DEX data cannot be interpreted in-house and it is important to involve the logging company in job planning, execution and interpretation. It was difficult to get a definitive measure of water saturation from log and core data. Core saturation data in 3/29a 4 indicated very low water saturations in the gas leg. Although the direct core saturation data agreed with the MRIL saturations, all other data (log SW and capillary pressure data) indicated higher water saturations in the gas leg. Core saturation data should be reviewed. The importance of good core data cannot be overstated and some reservoir features would have gone unnoticed if core had not been available. For example, special core analysis of 3/29a 4 core provided refined Archie parameter values, porosity and permeability data corrected for reservoir pressure and overburden, confirmation of formation water resistivity and saturation-height data. Very thin, cm-scale, sand beds were seen in core that are not detectable on logs but are likely to contribute to production. Given the resolution limitations, it may be preferable to perforate the entire gas-bearing zone, from top KCF down to the FWL. Anomalously high porosities and, consequently, gas saturations, were computed from the density log in the LR Zone in a zone that did not flow on test. The MRIL log indicated much lower porosity in the same zone. The most likely explanation for the difference is that grain densities in the LR are lower than typically encountered higher in the reservoir. Some low grain density data points were measured in core plugs in the overlying LMR. However, petrography studies failed to identify the nature of the low density material. Core plugs should be reexamined in order to rectify this. It would also be worthwhile in future wells to get core over the LR to establish if low grain density material exists in this zone also, so that the porosity model over the LMR and LR can be refined. Reliable pressure data were obtained that define gas and water gradients and a FWL at 4745mTVDSS. The FWL indicated by formation pressure and core data data is consistent with the log data. Given the HPHT nature of the gas volume, even low permeability sands are likely to contribute to production. Net sand is therefore defined as equivalent to gross sand. Extensive core indicates that the reservoir is either fine to medium-grained sand or shale and a simple sand flag was devised to describe net, based on matrix density and shale volume. Rhum Sand reservoir quality is variable, being generally moderate but ranging from poor to good. The highest porosity and permeability was seen in the UR zone of 3/29 2, with 100% NTG averaging 16.4 PU and 255 mD (zonal averages) in a 3.4m thick sand, but the same sand in 3/29a 4 is only 1m thick with 50% NTG, less than 1 PU and 0.1 mD. The UMR zone ranges in porosity between 3.8 and 11.4 PU, permeability 0.5 to 12 mD and NTG 4 to 96%. Individual beds in the UMR exhibit Darcy-scale permeability. Despite the variability between reservoir zones, the total net reservoir thickness is similar in both wells, being 108m in 3/29 2 and 95m in 3/29a 4. All sand was counted as net, using cutoffs of VSH<0.4 and RHO_MAA<2.8 g/cc. 3/29 2 penetrated deeper Jurassic (Heather) and Devonian sand sequences, but these were water-bearing and tight. Thus no significant reservoir intervals could be seen on the logs below base Rhum Sand.
Page 39
13.
REFERENCES
Baird, T., Fields, T., Drummond, R., Mathison, D., Langseth, B., Martin, A., Silipigno, L. 1998. High-Pressure, High-Temperature Well Logging, Perforating and Testing. Oilfield Review, Summer 1998. Cameron, N. 2001. Rhum Saturation Height Modelling. Technical File note. Doveton, J.H., 1994: Geologic Log Analysis Using Computer Methods. Applications in Geology, No. 2. AAPG Computer
ICCS, 2001. Petrophysical SCAL Study: Well 3/29a 4 (Rhum). Phil Mitchell, Integrated Core Consultancy Services Limited (ICCS). Keir, D. 2001. Rhum Rock Properties. BP, Upstream Technology Group, July 2001. McBride, J.J. and Cook, G.E. 2001. Strontium Isotope Residual Salt Analysis (SrRSA) and Chemical and Isotope Analysis of DST Waters from Well 3/29a 4. IAS Limited, May 2001. Mitchell, P. 2001. Direct Water Saturation from Core Study: Well 3/29a 4. ICCS March 2001. Page, G. 2001. Rhum Field. GEOScience. August 2001. Well 3/29a 4. Petrophysical Analysis. Baker Atlas
Paintal, G. 2002. A Petrographical, Reservoir Quality and Fluid Inclusion Characterisation of Well 3/29a 4, and a Quick-Look Petrographical Review and Fluid Inclusion Study of Well 3/29 2, Rhum Field, UKCS. Gautam Paintal, Badley Ashton & Associates Ltd. March 2002. Southwood, D. 2001. Rhum Field 3D Geological Modelling and Volumetric Sensitivities. ROXAR. October 2001. Teeuw, D. 1971. Prediction of Formation Compaction from Laboratory Compressibility Data. SPE 2973/SPE Transactions vol 251 September 1971. Watts, T. 2001. 3/29a 4 End of Well Geological Operations Report. BP April 2001. Watts, T. 2002. Statement of Requirement - Rhum Development Xmas Tree Rating - Sub surface pressures. Whitehead, F. 2001. Petrophysical Analysis of Rhum 3/29a 4. Limited. February 2001. Production Geoscience
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RHUM FIELD

RHUM PETROPHYSICAL RESERVOIR EVALUATION

MNS Developments v1.0 13/08/2005

RHUM FIELD RHUM PETROPHYSICAL RESERVOIR EVALUATION

MNS Developments v1.0 13/08/2005

Rhum Petrophysical Reservoir Evaluation: v1.0 13/08/2005

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Rhum Petrophysical Reservoir Evaluation: v1.0 13/08/2005

Rhum Petrophysical Reservoir Evaluation: v1.0 13/08/2005

Rhum Petrophysical Reservoir Evaluation: v1.0 13/08/2005

Rhum Petrophysical Reservoir Evaluation: v1.0 13/08/2005

Figure 1.1. 3/29 2 Rhum Well Summary Reservoir Section

3.4 29.2 19.4 20.9 50.5

3.4 28.0 12.7 19.1 44.4

16.4 11.2 11.4 7.4 2.8

UMR1 UMR2 UMR3 LMR

GAPI 200 140

4480 4485 4490 4495

Averages on total sand flag

Top Main Rhum Reservoir Reservoir not flow tested

4580 4615 4620

4625 4630 4635 4640 4645

4660 4665 4670 4675 4680 4685

FWL below base reservoir at 4745 mTVDSS

Rhum Petrophysical Reservoir Evaluation: v1.0 13/08/2005

Figure 1.2. 3/29a 4 Rhum Well Summary Reservoir Section

IN COREPHIH1 % COREICPHI1 % PHIE V/V

UR UMR1U UMR1L UMR2 UMR3

1.0 17.9 26.8 22.3 12.9 61.0 47.6

0.5 0.7 17.9 5.0 10.4 45.1 15.4

0.5 3.8 9.2 6.9 6.8 6.4 7.1

0.1 0.4 12 0.5 1 0.2 0.2

GAPI 200 140

4610 4615 4620 4625 4630 4635 4640 4645

4665 UR 4639 4670 4675 4680 4685 4665 4690 4695

Top Main Rhum Reservoir FWL

4765 4770 4775 4780 4785 4790 4795

Averages on total sand flag

DST 1B upper 3096 bbl water/d

4855 4860 4865 4870 4875 4880

DST 1B lower No flow

Rhum Petrophysical Reservoir Evaluation: v1.0 13/08/2005

Enhancement of vertical resolution of density, neutron, and HDIL logs;

The BA report should be consulted for log processing details.

Rhum Petrophysical Reservoir Evaluation: v1.0 13/08/2005

Figure 2.1. Rhum Field Location Map

28a 28b 28c

29d 30a 30b 29b 29c

9d 13e 13d 14a

Rhum Petrophysical Reservoir Evaluation: v1.0 13/08/2005

Table 3.1. Rhum Field Data

3/29a 60 08' 13" 01 42' 50" 108.5

m2 m3 mTVDSS mTVDSS mTVDSS mTVDSS mTVDSS mTVDSS psia psia psi/ft

Probable transition zone above FWL

metres fraction v/v mD %

0.65 0.788 0.25 0.25 5640 6 384 1.03 5.76E-07 7.00E-06

chlorides -unusually low salinity for UJ marine resr. @140deg C

1168 7 70 60 Gas expansion 803 4.23

Bcf mmbbl % % Bcf mmbbl

Rhum Petrophysical Reservoir Evaluation: v1.0 13/08/2005

Rhum Petrophysical Reservoir Evaluation: v1.0 13/08/2005

Figure 4.1. 3/29a 4: Temperature Gradient used in Log Analysis

Temperature Gradient, 3/29a-4

Jurassic temperature gradient 5.94 degC/100m