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Modular RTU
Model: RTU3200
Release 09/12/2008 Release 09/19/2008 Added DNP Control Relay Output Block (CROB)
Table of Contents
Introduction ______________________________________________________________ 4
Modular Construction __________________________________________________________ 4 Processing Power_______________________________________________________________ 4 Safety Measures________________________________________________________________ 4
Configuring the Physical RTU ___________________________________________________ 14 Saving the Configuration Data. __________________________________________________ 14 Viewing Live Data _____________________________________________________________ 14
Enable Polling _______________________________________________________________________ Live Data Trees ______________________________________________________________________ Clearing Internal Indications ____________________________________________________________ Data Point Descriptions ________________________________________________________________ Status Legend _______________________________________________________________________ Operating Outputs ____________________________________________________________________ 14 15 16 16 17 18
Points List____________________________________________________________________ 19
Getting Data Points ___________________________________________________________________ 19 Data Point Order _____________________________________________________________________ 20 Rearranging Data Points _______________________________________________________________ 20
TCP/IP, UDP _________________________________________________________________ 26 Input, Output Module Configuration _____________________________________________ 27 External Devices ______________________________________________________________ 28
IO Modules ______________________________________________________________ 29
RTU3200-PDC Processor with DC power supply __________________________________ 29
General ____________________________________________________________________________ 29 Field Wiring ________________________________________________________________________ 30 IO Points List________________________________________________________________________ 30
Introduction
Modular Construction
A passive backplane connection board connects a "Main Processor" Module to various Input/Output modules, via a high-speed bus. All boards plug into this backplane. The entire assemble is enclosed in a heavy-duty aluminum chassis/enclosure. Two screws hold each board securely to the chassis, and provide a electrical path for the surge protection grounds.
Processing Power
The RTU3200 family of Remote Terminal Units (RTU) benefits from the availability of low-cost, highperformance, 32bit ARM (Advance RISC Machine) processors that are now available. The main processor used in this RTU can operate at over 50 million instructions per second (MIPS), while consuming a fraction of the power required by other processors of this class. Each IO board has its own 32-bit processor. All of the processors used in this product operate at extremely low power levels, keeping heat gain to a minimum, and maximizing battery life. Since there is so little heat gain, we are able to coat all of our circuit boards with a thick, moisture resistant, conformal coating.
Safety Measures
This RTU operates in systems requiring high dependability, and therefore includes hardware and software features to prevent "false operations" and other undesirable behaviors. Some of these features are: Undefined instruction detection - Hardware instantly detects an attempt to execute a non-valid instruction. Address range detection - Hardware instantly detects an attempt to read or write to any location in memory without the correct access permissions. Privileged Mode operation - The main processor normally operates in "User" mode, which is unable to access some protected system resources. Watchdog timer - Resets the CPU when any illegitimate operation occurs (see above), or if the processor fails to refresh the timer in a timely manor. Various IO board dependant features - For example, the relay output boards have separate hardware drivers for both the positive and negative relay coil connections, and a means of constantly checking these drivers. The processor will report the output as "offline" if there is a driver failure (open or short). Even a shorted driver will not cause a false operation of the relay. Conformal Coating - A thick silicon conformal coating covers the electronics of each circuit board, providing protection from moisture.
PAGE 4 OF 51 RTU3200 DOCUMENTATION 09/12/2008
Mounting Details
See the mounting details below. The keyhole slots will accept a #6 machine screw with a maximum head size of 0.312", and a body size of 0.140". The center holes are 0.187" diameter.
Physical Dimensions
Dimension L1 L2
Module Numbering
If the RTU3200 is oriented in such as way, that the text on the top and bottom of each module nameplate reads right side up (Reliatronics Inc. on top, and the modules model name on bottom), then the left-most module is module number 1. Module number 1 is a little wider then the other modules, and this position will always contain the processor module. The next module position (whether the position is filled with a module, or blank), is module number 2, and so on.
Data Addressing
We reference that data within a data type by its absolute address (we will simply refer to this as the address). In our numbering system the very first address within a type is zero (0), the second address is one (1). Each module has a fixed number of IO points (see each modules IO Point List), so adding that module to an RTU, increases the size of the database, by the number and types of points, in that modules points list. Status input and relay output modules add a single data type (binary inputs or binary outputs), analog input modules may add multiple data types (analog inputs, plus binary inputs for fault detection status, etc.). The address order and the specific description of the data points represented by an address, is a function of the physical configuration, and is independent of the communications protocol configuration. The first address (address zero) of a data type corresponds to the first address of that type, on the lowest numbered (or leftmost) module. The addressing of points within the database is only affected by the types of modules installed, and the left-to-right order of those modules. An empty module position (or blank) does not contribute to the database. External IO points (described above), are added to the end of the database. The data types, and numbers of points, must be configured, using the RTU3200 Configuration Program. See External Devices in the Basic Communications section.
Data Indexing
We use a separate numbering system, to identify data of the various types, to the outside world. The communications modules reference data points by index . Data addresses and data indexes both identify the same data points within the database. Every data address, corresponds to a data index, and every data index, corresponds to a data address. A table is stored in the RTUs non-volatile memory, that associates the two numbering system. RTUs are shipped from the factory with the database in natural order, which means that all data in indexed, with point numbers, matching the absolute address. For example, the analog input at address N, is referenced by the communications protocols as index N. The points list for each data type can be downloaded from the RTU to the configuration program, rearranged, then uploaded back to the RTU. This means that you can present the data to the host computer, in any order you like. The term index will seem familiar to users of DNP protocol. In fact, all DNP rules and guidelines having to do with indexing, apply to the RTU3200.
This figure, illustrates the flow of data, within the RTU3200. The Index / Address Correlation function, allows a protocol module to read or write data referenced by index, to an absolute address location in memory. This function consists of a cross-referencing table, stored in the RTUs non-volatile memory. Indexes are related to addresses by rearranging the points lists, as displayed by the RTU3200 Configuration Program (see the next section).
* PG&E binary point sequence numbers, reference multiple IO points. Hex 00 references 8 IO points, HEX 30 references 16 points, etc. Example: If the first item on the analog points list (i.e. index = 0) is Battery Voltage, then that points Modbus reference is register 30,001, and that points PG&E reference is sequence number Hex 80.
2. Complementary Latch Model: A point specified by a given DNP index may have one of two complementary operations performed. The RTU3200 supports the Latch On and Latch Off commands of this model. 3. Complementary Two-Output Model: An operation to a given DNP index can operate two separate relay outputs.
Control Model
Examples
Activation
Latch On
0x03
Complementary latch
Latch Off
0x02
Complementary latch
Close
Pulse On
0x41
Complementary output
two-
Trip
Pulse On
0x81
Complementary output
two-
The Complementary two-output model makes sense when used with switch controllers. The master station might send either a trip or close command to a switch, which in that case, could be specified with a single DNP index. Its not obvious to a user that trip the switch at index 0, and close the switch at index 0 might require two separate outputs from an RTU, but two separate outputs must be wired within the controller, to achieve these two separate operations. The RTU3200 performs the complementary two-output functions by recalculating the control points index. CROB sent by host Pulse index 0 tripped Pulse index 0 closed Pulse index 1 tripped Pulse index 1 closed Pulse index N tripped Pulse index N closed . RTU action Pulse physical output specified by index 0 Pulse physical output specified by index 1 Pulse physical output specified by index 2 Pulse physical output specified by index 3 Pulse physical output specified by index N*2 Pulse physical output specified by index (1 + N*2)
Ethernet TCP Refer to the section TCP/IP, UDP Configuration to configure an RTU3200 to communicate using the Ethernet port. The Network IP frame replaces the BAUD Rate frame, if you select either the TCP or the UDP option. Enter the IP address of the RTU you want to connect. Port number 20,000 is reserved for DNP communications over TCP and UDP, but we have given you a way to change it. RTU3200s ship from the factory with a default IP address of 192.168.0.100, which you may change to any available address on your network. There is also an option on the RTU that limits communications to only those devices that have a specific IP address. When using TCP, the host (in this case the configuration program), must connect to the server (the RTU). Click on the Connect TCP button to connect. When connected, the Communications Port dialog box will close. If the configuration program is unable to connect to the RTU (after trying for about 10 seconds), the Cant connect to TCP device dialog will pop-up. Note that the RTU3200 will terminate the connection, if there is no activity. The time it waits to do this is also configurable. Ethernet UDP TCP is the most commonly used protocol for Ethernet connections to devices like the RTU3200 on industrial networks. However, you can use UDP used as well. IP address and port settings are the same as for TCP, but the Connect button is not available. This is because UDP is a connectionless protocol, and any device can send a message to any other device on a network, at any time. The connectionless nature of UDP can be handy, when configuring and testing RTUs in the lab or office, since you can just plug in and communicate, without worrying about connections, and time-outs.
Notice the tree like structure of the program. Use your mouse to left-click on a +, and the tree will expand, to show more detail. For example, expand Serial Ports to see the options pertaining to the serial ports.
A red checkmark next to a Boolean type option (i.e. true/false option), indicates that the text, as written, is true. A black ex (X) indicates that the text if false. RTS is on when transmitting is true in the figure above, and false in the figure below.
Parameter Entry To change the value of a parameter, click on the parameters descriptive text. A dialog box pops up to facilitate editing of that parameters value.
For example, this box pops up if you left click on RTS pretransmit time (MSec) = 10. You can change the value, and then save the new value. Note that if an RTU3200 is connected, you can upload this value only to the RTU, by clicking on the Upload this parameter to RTU button. Click Save to update the tree display. Note that the parameter is NOT saved to the RTU, or to a file.
These dialog boxes appear in a number of different forms, depending on the selected parameter. For example, clicking on a ports BAUD = ???? parameter gives you this box.
Data Source and Text Color The text that describes parameters and data in the tree window, changes colors, depending on the source.
If you are viewing this document in black-and-white, then data from a File is blue, data changed by an Edit is green, and data read from an RTU is red.
The saved configuration replaces the data in the configuration tree, when the chosen configuration is opened.
The Connected RTU3200 display frame, now shows additional data. Note that the network address and serial number from the connected RTU are displayed, as well as the number of communications attempts and failures, and connection info. Click on the Attempts/Failures text to reset the counts to zero.
Live Data Trees Expand the Live Data tree to see: Device Attributes Header Binary Inputs Binary Outputs Counters Analog Inputs Device Attributes include the RTU model number, serial number (with Ethernet MAC address), firmware file and revision, DNP fragment sizes, and the IO point description signature.
The Header tree shows the DNP transport and application header sequence numbers of each RTU response, as well as the current internal indications flags, included with the response header. Clearing Internal Indications Click on the IIN line, to bring up the following control box.
Click on Clear Restart to clear the Restart flag, and click on Send Time to time synchronize the connected RTU to your PCs time, and clear the Need_Time flag.
Data Point Descriptions The binary input, binary output, counter, and analog input trees, contain live data, arranged by index. If the configuration program polls the RTU3200 for data, but the RTUs configuration has not been downloaded, then only the index number and value of that point is shown on the live data tree. If the configuration has been downloaded (typically by clicking on the Read Configuration button), the tree text will include a description of that point.
If the configuration has not been read, then only the index and value are shown in the tree.
Read the configuration from the RTU, to see the index, IO module number, description and value (or state) as shown below.
Status Legend
The Legend frame can be referenced to interpret the on-off state of a status input or output. If a point is disabled (possible off line or forced) a black ex (X) appears with the status.
Clear live data by clicking on the Clear Live Data button, above the Poll Class 0 checkbox. This is handy if you connect to a different RTU, and want to ensure that the data and descriptions are not from the previously connected RTU.
Operating Outputs You can operate relay outputs with the configuration program.
Points List
Getting Data Points As described in the above section The RTU3200 Database, data within the RTU can be referenced either by address, or index. The Points List of the first four data types, displays the relationship between address and indexes. To see the points lists, click on the menu item, at the top of the main screen:
Notice there is no data in the Binary Input Points List frame of this window. To get the current points list data, form a connected RTU, select Connected RTU3200, form the Get Points List from: menu. Note: Clicking the Read Configuration button on the main screen, gets the data as well.
The points lists for Binary Inputs, Binary Outputs, analog Inputs, and Counters will show all current data points, sorted by index.
Data Point Order Note in the image above, that the data points are in natural order, i.e., the index and address for each point match. Also note the four (4) digit List Signature. This signature is calculated from the selection and numbers of IO modules, and by the number of external points used by this RTU. If you attempt to upload a points list for an RTU, with a non-matching list signature, you will get a warning, since the numbers and types of points could be different. Rearranging Data Points You can arrange the IO points, in any order you choose. For example:
Then click on the sliders down arrow, to move the address 0 data point, lower in the list. The image on the rights shows that the point reference by address 0, is now index 1. You can also select a point, and drag the sliders button, to move the point quickly to a different place in the list. Your host system will see the points in the order listed on the points list. When you are done rearranging the points lists, you can save the modified order of points to the connected RTU3200, and to a disk file on your PC. All of the currently supported communications protocols will report the values of all the listed points, as requested by the host computer. DNP and PG&E protocols support queries from the host that dont specifically name the points required. For example, DNP may query a data type, using variation 0x06 (all points). You can limit the points sent, in this case, with the Number parameter, of the points type Default Variation, Class, Range field. The number of points sent will equal the lesser of the number that exists, and this number. This is particularly helpful with analog inputs, since you may be interested in only a few points, even though a typical AC IO module supports more than 80 points.
The RTU3200 configuration and firmware file updating process is done via DNP, therefore DNP communications is always enabled. If you are only using DNP, you may consider disabling the alternative protocol, to improve security.
The RTU's configuration can be uploaded or downloaded to the RTU via any medium that supports DNP, including direct connection (RS232 or RS485), Ethernet, or by an external modem or radio (wireless, fiber, or cellular, etc.).
Network Address
Click on the Configure RTU with Network Address = tree item to see the network address dialog box.
You can click the + and signs to change, or just type a value into the text box. If you click on the Dont update . Button, the value text boxes will go blank, and no network address will be uploaded to a connected RTU, when the Write Configuration button is pressed. Use this feature to configure a number of different RTUs, with the same configuration data. You can upload this parameter, independently of any other configuration data, by clicking on the Upload button. Restrictions to network addresses vary, depending on the protocol. Maximum Protocol Minimum DNP 0 65519 Modbus 0 255 PG&E 0 4095
To enable request to send (RTS) toggle the X to a check. If enabled, RTS will go active for the pre-transmit time, the serial port will send the transmit date, then RTS will remain active, until the post-transmit time has elapsed. This function can be used to operate push-to-talk on legacy radios. The RTS minimum off time, guarantees a minimum off time, between messages. The RTU will quit receiving a message (or give up receiving) if serial data stops being received, for a time that exceeds the receive character gap. RS232 Port 2 Port 1 and port 2 are configured identically. This port does not have an active RTS signal on the model 3200-PDC module, even though we have made provisions to configure RTS operation.
RS485 Port RS-485 uses the same wiring to send data in both directions, and only one device may send at a time.
The response delay prevents the RTU from sending a response, until after the host has turned off its transmit function. This is sometime referred to as turn around time or bus hold time. The gap time is the same as for the RS232 ports. The RS-485 port does not have separate receive/transmit LEDs like the RS232 ports, but you can cause the User LED to flash on activity, if you choose.
Protocol Configuration
General You can select one alternate protocol. Select none, if you will be using only DNP, and dont want other protocols accessing the RTU.
Normally, a DNP device will respond to queries to network address hex FFFC (decimal 65,532), in addition to its configured network address. Called a self-address, this is useful, for example, for configuring or testing a device with an unknown configured address. Inhibit this function by toggling Inhibit response to DNP self-address to a check. You can connect the second RS-232 port to a PC running a terminal emulation program (such as Hyper-Terminal), and view miscellaneous text messages from the RTU. Type tcp and press enter, for example, to see a list of active TCP connections, or arp to view the ARP table.
DNP confirmation timeout and retry count can be set here. Note that the same parameters are set independently for unsolicited messages (see below).
Set the maximum time that the RTU will wait for a matching operate command, from a select command, here.
The RTU will set the Need Time internal indication bit on power-up, which will clear, when the host synchronizes time with the RTU. After this delay, the RTU will request additional time synchronizations. This function does not affect the time synchronization functions within the RTU, but only the request for synchronization. The default value of 1440 minutes will result in a request, after 24 hours. This is the PG&E output pulse time, and the DNP pulse time, if the default time of zero (0) is sent by the host.
Default Variation, Class, Range If the host requests data using DNP variation 0 (any variation), the RTU will respond using the variation selected here. You can also select whether a static object is a member of DNP class 0, and which of three event classes (1,2, or 3) an event object belongs to. Number is the total number of points the RTU will report (starting from index 0), as a response to an all points (variation 6) DNP request, or a PG&E query. The RTU will never report more points then that which physically exists, so setting this number very high (65535 is the maximum value permissible for this 16 bit field) returns all existing points. Unsolicited Messages and message routing (DNP only) Unsolicited Messages You can enable the sending of unsolicited messages (DNP only) to either of the RS-232 ports. The DNP specification states that a device sending unsolicited messages, must send null messages (no data) upon start-up, and wait until the host sends function code hex 14 (decimal 20), before including data. If your host was invented before the specification was written, or just doesnt work properly, you can bypass this requirement. Since unsolicited messages are sent to a specific host, that hosts network address must be specified. Typically, an unsolicited message is sent, whenever a single event (1 event) is in the event buffer. A delay before sending an unsolicited message, can reduce the number of messages sent, if multiple events are recorded in rapid succession. This situation is common, when operating a switch, or when faults are detected.
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DNP confirmation timeout and retry count can be set here for unsolicited messages, independent of the same parameters, used for normal read message responses.
Message Routing DNP messages sent to an RS232 port, may be routed through the RTU, to the RS485 port. Only messages that do not match the configured RTUs network address will be routed (or broadcast messages).
TCP/IP, UDP
Set the IP address, subnet mask, and gateway address by clicking on the tree item, and typing the address into the dialog box.
Port number 20,000 has been registered with IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) for use with DNP. Port number 502 has been assigned for Modbus. However, you can change the port numbers the RTU listens for these protocols on, if you wish. The RTU can be configured to only communicate only with specific host computers. In fact, the ability to support this restriction, is required by the DNP specification, to enhance security. We allow two host IP addresses to be specified. The host address dialog entry allows three forms:
The following rules apply: If either the host 1 or host 2 address option is set to Any Host, communications are not restricted to any IP address. If the host 1 address option is disabled, then the host 2 address option determines the connectivity. If the host 2 address option is disabled, then the host 1 address option determines the connectivity. If both the host 1 and 2 address option is disabled, the RTUs Ethernet port is disabled. If a hosts address option is set to specified, the RTU will communicate with the IP address, displayed in the IP address field.
You can quickly enter the IP address of the PC running the configuration program by clicking on the Copy PC IP button. TCP is a reliable protocol, and will retry sending a message thats not acknowledged. The delay before a retry is configurable. The time that the RTU will keep an idle TCP socket open is configurable as well.
The primary configuration is sent to the first (or left-most) module, of that type, thats installed in the RTU3200 module rack. The secondary configuration is sent to all remaining modules of that same type, that may be installed.
For example: If a status input module (3200-16S) is installed in positions 2,3, and 4 positions of an RTU3200, the primary configuration will be used on module 2, the secondary configuration will be used on modules 3 and 4. Since the configuration details are dependant on module type, they will be described in the section IO Modules.
External Devices
(more text to be inserted here)
IO Modules
General
Each module has an aluminum faceplate. Field wiring enters each clamping screw terminal connection on the right side of each terminal, over the terminal number. Text and line drawings on the left side of each terminal indicate the internal function of that terminal.
Field Wiring IO Points List Data Type Analog Input Address 0 Description DC Battery voltage, 204.8 counts / volt
The status of the inputs in each of two groups of 8, is indicated by an LED, located above that groups terminal strip. This LED flashes 8 times (between pauses), with a long flash indicating an energized input, and a short flash indicating a de-energized input. Each of four groups of four status inputs shares a common connection (5 terminals for each 4 inputs). Since the inputs are bipolar, they can accept a positive input / common ground and positive, or grounded input and common positive. All inputs are optically isolated, and surge protected. Note that the surge protection network provides a path to ground when a high-voltage surge is present, and that tiny leakage currents may flow to ground during normal operation. This means that the inputs are not truly isolated
Field Wiring The inputs are all bi-polar. You can connect the common to the power-supply negative, then switch a positive voltage to each input
Or, you can connect the power supply positive to the common, and switch each input to ground. This configuration allows the inputs to be controlled with open-collector output transistors.
IO Point List Data Type Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Address 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Description Status Input 1, connected to terminal 1, with common on terminal 5 Status Input 2, connected to terminal 2, with common on terminal 5 Status Input 3, connected to terminal 3, with common on terminal 5 Status Input 4, connected to terminal 4, with common on terminal 5 Status Input 5, connected to terminal 6, with common on terminal 10 Status Input 6, connected to terminal 7, with common on terminal 10 Status Input 7, connected to terminal 8, with common on terminal 10 Status Input 8, connected to terminal 9, with common on terminal 10 Status Input 9, connected to terminal 11, with common on terminal 15 Status Input 10, connected to terminal 12, with common on terminal 15 Status Input 11, connected to terminal 13, with common on terminal 15 Status Input 12, connected to terminal 14, with common on terminal 15 Status Input 13, connected to terminal 16, with common on terminal 20 Status Input 14, connected to terminal 17, with common on terminal 20 Status Input 15, connected to terminal 18, with common on terminal 20 Status Input 16, connected to terminal 19, with common on terminal 20
General The standard relay output module provides 8 outputs. Three connections from each relay connect to terminals (common, normally open, and normally closed). Note that each relay shares a common connection with one other relay. The module microprocessor switches both the positive and negative connection to each relay coil, while monitoring these connections continuously. It is therefore able to detect a shorted or open control transistor, on each of the redundant control points, on each relay. It can also detect an open relay coil. If the processor detects a problem in a relays circuit, it will report that output point as off line. Output contacts (and terminals) are rated for 10 amps continuous, at up to 250 VAC. The state of each relay, is indicated by status LED. This LED flashes 8 times (between pauses), with a long flash indicating an energized output, and a short flash indicating a deenergized output. Each RTU3200-R8 has a built-in, high-efficiency switching power supply, to power the relay coils, so the amount of energy taken from the system bus is insignificant. Each relay requires about 20 milliwatts when latched on, or about 18 mA at 1VDC, and about 9 mA at 24 VDC.
Field Wiring Relays are connected no differently then simple switches. The connections shown on the right, energize the Load when the relays are in the on state.
IO Points List Data Type Binary Output Binary Output Binary Output Binary Output Binary Output Binary Output Binary Output Binary Output Address 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Description Relay output point 1, normally closed terminal 1, normally open terminal 2, common terminal 3. Relay output point 2, normally closed terminal 4, normally open terminal 5, common terminal 3. Relay output point 3, normally closed terminal 6, normally open terminal 7, common terminal 8. Relay output point 4, normally closed terminal 9, normally open terminal 10, common terminal 8. Relay output point 5, normally closed terminal 11, normally open terminal 12, common terminal 13. Relay output point 6, normally closed terminal 14, normally open terminal 15, common terminal 13. Relay output point 7, normally closed terminal 16, normally open terminal 17, common terminal 18. Relay output point 8, normally closed terminal 19, normally open terminal 20, common terminal 3.
to connect to two independent feeders, as shown below: All phase dependant calculations use these combinations of voltage and current: V1a I1a V1b I1b V1c I1c V2a I2a V2b I2b V2c I2c
All phase dependant calculations use these combinations of voltage and current: V1a I1a V1b I1b V1c I1c V1a I2a V1b I2b V1c I2c V1a I3a V1b I3b V1c I3c
RTU3200-ACVI Wiring The RTU3200-ACVIs current inputs, are a low value resistor to ground (0.015 ohms), that sense AC current directly from a current transformer (CT). A common connection would be to a 600:5 A CT. When configured for 6 voltage / 6 current inputs, the voltages are connected to terminals 1-8, and the currents to terminals 9-16. Terminals 17-19 are unused. When configured for 3 voltage / 9 current inputs, the voltages are connected to terminals 1-4, and currents to terminals 9-20. Terminals 58 are unused.
RTU3200-ACVV Wiring Physically, all inputs on the ACVV are identical, high-impedance voltage inputs. The first 3 voltages are connected to terminals 1-4. The next 6 currents are connected to terminals 9-16. Terminals 5-8 can be either the second set of voltage inputs, or the third set of current inputs.
Analog Inputs The native non-linearity of the ADC is extremely high, typically 0.0003%, which means that accurate results are available, even at small percentages of full scale. Since the resolution and non-linearity far exceed that of any readily available sensor, there is not a strong motivation to use the more sensitive scales. A 10 VRMS signal on the 160 volt range, for example, still results in a resolution of 1 part in 2048 or 0.05%. High-Impedance Voltage Inputs (ACVI & ACVV) The voltage inputs measure an AC voltage, with minimal loading on the circuit. One of three ranges can be set for each group of three inputs:
Full Scale Voltage (counts = 32767) 160 Volts RMS 40 Volts RMS 10 Volts RMS
The differential amplifier subtracts the common mode voltage from the input voltage, e.g. the voltage returned for V1a is the voltage between terminals 1 and 4. The common inputs are normally grounded, and are used to subtract ground noise from the final result. Low-Impedance Current Inputs (ACVI only) The maximum continuous input current is 10 amps, but inputs will accept up to 50 amps for 5 cycles. Select a range that will measure past the fault current threshold, if fault detection is used. You would typically use, for example, the High, or 20 Amp range, for a current transformer providing 5 Amps, at rated line current. Range High Medium Low Full Scale Current (counts = 32767) 20 Amps RMS 5 Amps RMS 1.25 Amps RMS Counts/Am p 1638.4 6553.6 26214.4
Note that each current input consists of a very low resistance (0.015 ohms) to ground.
Theory of Operation
Sampling
Operation at 60 Hz is described below. The sample rate is slower for 50 Hz operation, but the number of samples/cycle remains constant.
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The AC analog input are sampled with a 24 bit analog-to-digital converter 32 times for each power line cycle, or 1920 samples per second, per channel. (1600 sample per cycle for 50 Hz operation). Each input is filtered by a two-pole hardware anti-alias filter, which removes most energy above the 960 Hz alias frequency. The anti-alias filters are closely matched, to yield a phase shift deviation between channels, of less then 0.1 degree.
Inphase Filter Frequency Response
20
Magnitude in dB
-20
These samples are then filtered by a Finite Impulse Filter (FIR), as shown to the left. The FIR filter attenuates the input by about 3 db at 480 Hz, and more than 80 dB at 960 Hz. (Or 800 Hz for 50 Hz operation). The FIR filters have identical phase response, for each channel.
-40
-60
-80
-100
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Frequency in Hz
The samples are then decimated, or reduced by a factor of two for future processing. The effective sample rate is now 16 samples per cycle. However, the samples remaining can be thought of as being of higher quality than the original, as a result of the filtering.
RMS
The DC component is from one cycle, is subtracted from all samples of the following cycle, prior to any calculations. RMS values are calculated, by summing the square of each sample. The square root of the sum is then taken (each cycle), with the resulting value representing the voltage at the RTU's connector. This value includes content through the 8th harmonic. The average RMS value, is calculated for 64 consecutive cycles.
V = Complex Voltage I = Complex Current S = Complex Power P = Real Power Q = Reactive Power VA = Apparent Power S = VI* = P + jQ _______ VA = \/ P + Q Note that real and reactive power are signed. The real power sign indicates direction of power flow. A lagging power factor is indicated if real and reactive power have the same sign. The real and reactive power values stored in the data base (and "seen" by the Host system) are multiplied by the power scaling factors. (See Configuration section.) The calculations below use the unscaled values. Power Factor is calculated by dividing real power by apparent power. PF = P / VA Power factor is stored in the data base as a signed number to indicate inductive (positive) or capacitive (negative) loading. Phase angle is calculated by taking the arc cosine of the PF. That result is then adjusted, based on the quadrant of the complex power vector. = cos
-1
(PF)
A positive angle indicates current lagging voltage for an inductive load. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) If MN is the magnitude of harmonic N (i.e. N = (Frequency / 60) for 60 Hz systems) _______________________________ V M22 + M32 + M42 + M52 + M62 + M72 + M82 Then: THD = _________________________________ M1 Analog Scaling
Scaling, RMS
RMS values are scaled according to the actual voltage (or current) measured at the modules input terminal. You can choose one of three ranges, as described in the configuration section.
Remember that the 16 bit result must be between -32,786 and + 32767. Normally, you would use a scaling factor at least equal to: (Nominal RMS voltage count * Nominal RMS current count) / 32767 A positive value for Watts, indicates forward current flow (from source to destination, if everything is set-up correctly). A positive value for VARS, indicates that the current is lagging the voltage. Average values of the parameters for each phase (rather than totals) are calculated. The total watts, for example, for feeder I1 is exactly three times the average watts for feeder I1.
Setting Thresholds
All thresholds are set using raw counts, scaled the same as the RMS values, listed in the points list. The Voltage thresholds (set for each voltage set, V1 and V2), influence the Low Line and Dead Line binary input status points (described below). Note that the default values of 32767, effectively disable these status points. Normally, the Lowest normal line voltage would be a few percent below the lowest expected normal RMS value, and the Highest dead line voltage would correspond to a value close to zero (but high enough to allow for noise on the line, or in the sensor network). Separate thresholds are set for phase and neutral/ground fault currents. The fault detection process starts, when any single cycle RMS current, on a feeder, exceeds the programmed threshold. Note that the neutral/ground current can be calculated by two different techniques. (Actually, a third technique is used to calculate the vector sum). The sum of squares technique uses samples from the actual current inputs. Since these samples are not phase compensated (that is, the phase correction factor has no been applied, and the analog-to-digital converter skew has not been corrected), there will be a small error in the calculation, that could be significant at low currents. This is generally not a problem, because we typically wouldnt set a fault threshold at a low current level.
Setting Timers
Four timers are used by the fault detection algorithm. The over current threshold must be exceeded by some number of cycles, to qualify a fault. The default setting of two (2) cycles, for example, would cause the fault detector to ignore an over current condition of one cycle or less. Once the over current condition is qualified, the detector waits until the over current condition no longer exists, then starts the voltage check timer. When the voltage check timer times out, the detectors looks at the Dead Line indicator, to decide if the breaker has opened. The lockout delay timer starts, or restarts, whenever the detector detects the open breaker condition. If it times out (the breaker has been open for the lockout delay period), it sets the lockout binary input. The reset fault detector times specifies the amount of time that the detector will require normal line conditions (i.e. Low Line is False), until it returns to the normal state.
Status Points
The fault detection thresholds described above, are compared with the instantiations values of the analog inputs, in concurrence with the various timers, to control a number of binary inputs. The binary inputs are then read by the host, to ascertain the nature of a fault that might occur. These binary inputs are described below.
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Two binary inputs indicate voltage status, for each of the two voltage sets (V1, V1): Note that these binary status points are always active, even if fault-detection is disabled.
Low Line - Set if any of the three phase voltages is below the Lowest normal line voltage. The Lowest normal line voltage is the lowest voltage expected for a normal line. Dead Line - Set if all three phase voltages are below the Highest Off Voltage. The Highest Off Voltage is the highest voltage that could be expected for a dead line.
Eight binary inputs indicate fault current status, for each of the three feeders (I1, I2, I3). Over Current Set if any phase current exceeds the Fault Current Threshold, Phase, or if the neutral/ground current exceeds the Fault Current Threshold, neutral/ground for the number of cycles specified by Number of cycles to qualify. Open Breaker Set if the line goes dead (all voltages low) following an over current condition. Lock Out Set if the line remains dead for a period, exceeding the Lockout Delay setting. Back Feed Set, if at the time the over current condition is detected, the fault current direction is opposite of the current direction eight cycles prior. Phase A, B, C , N/G One or more of these four status inputs are set to indicate which fault current threshold(s) were exceeded.
State Diagram
The state diagram below illustrates the relationship of all the parameters describe above.
IO Points List Data Type Addr Gen Config Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Binary Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 All All 6V6I 6V6I All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I All All All All All All All V1, Low Line At least one phase voltage is less than the lowest on threshold. V1, Dead Line All phase voltages are less than the Highest off threshold. V2, Low Line At least one phase voltage is less than the lowest on threshold. V2, Dead Line All phase voltages are less than the Highest off threshold. Feeder 1, Fault, Over Current Feeder 1, Fault, Open Breaker Feeder 1, Fault, Lock Out Feeder 1, Fault, Back Feed Feeder 1, Fault, Phase A Feeder 1, Fault, Phase B Feeder 1, Fault, Phase C Feeder 1, Fault, Neutral or Ground Feeder 2, Fault, Over Current Feeder 2, Fault, Open Breaker Feeder 2, Fault, Lock Out Feeder 2, Fault, Back Feed Feeder 2, Fault, Phase A Feeder 2, Fault, Phase B Feeder 2, Fault, Phase C Feeder 2, Fault, Neutral or Ground Feeder 3, Fault, Over Current Feeder 3, Fault, Open Breaker Feeder 3, Fault, Lock Out Feeder 3, Fault, Back Feed Feeder 3, Fault, Phase A Feeder 3, Fault, Phase B Feeder 3, Fault, Phase C Feeder 3, Fault, Neutral or Ground V1, Volts RMS, Phase A V1, Volts RMS, Phase B V1, Volts RMS, Phase C V1, Volts RMS, Vector Sum V1, Total Harmonic Distortion, Phase A V1, Total Harmonic Distortion, Phase B V1, Total Harmonic Distortion, Phase C
PAGE 46 OF 51 RTU3200 DOCUMENTATION 09/12/2008
Description
Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
6V6I 6V6I 6V6I 6V6I 6V6I 6V6I 6V6I All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All
V2, Volts RMS, Phase A V2, Volts RMS, Phase B V2, Volts RMS, Phase C V2, Volts RMS, Vector Sum V2, Total Harmonic Distortion, Voltage Phase A V2, Total Harmonic Distortion, Voltage Phase B V2, Total Harmonic Distortion, Voltage Phase C Feeder 1, Amps RMS, Phase A Feeder 1, Amps RMS, Phase B Feeder 1, Amps RMS, Phase C Feeder 1, Amps RMS, Neutral/Ground Feeder 1, Total Harmonic Distortion, Current Phase A Feeder 1, Total Harmonic Distortion, Current Phase B Feeder 1, Total Harmonic Distortion, Current Phase C Feeder 1, Watts, Phase A Feeder 1, Watts, Phase B Feeder 1, Watts, Phase C Feeder 1, Watts, Average (Total / 3) Feeder 1, VARS, Phase A Feeder 1, VARS, Phase B Feeder 1, VARS, Phase C Feeder 1, VARS, Average (Total / 3) Feeder 1, Power Factor, Phase A Feeder 1, Power Factor, Phase B Feeder 1, Power Factor, Phase C Feeder 1, Power Factor, Average Feeder 1, Phase Angle, Phase A
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Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All All
Feeder 1, Phase Angle, Phase B Feeder 1, Phase Angle, Phase C Feeder 1, Phase Angle, Average Feeder 2, Amps RMS, Phase A Feeder 2, Amps RMS, Phase B Feeder 2, Amps RMS, Phase C Feeder 2, Amps RMS, Neutral/Ground Feeder 2, Total Harmonic Distortion, Current Phase A Feeder 2, Total Harmonic Distortion, Current Phase B Feeder 2, Total Harmonic Distortion, Current Phase C Feeder 2, Watts, Phase A Feeder 2, Watts, Phase B Feeder 2, Watts, Phase C Feeder 2, Watts, Average (Total / 3) Feeder 2, VARS, Phase A Feeder 2, VARS, Phase B Feeder 2, VARS, Phase C Feeder 2, VARS, Average (Total / 3) Feeder 2, Power Factor, Phase A Feeder 2, Power Factor, Phase B Feeder 2, Power Factor, Phase C Feeder 2, Power Factor, Average Feeder 2, Phase Angle, Phase A Feeder 2, Phase Angle, Phase B Feeder 2, Phase Angle, Phase C Feeder 2, Phase Angle, Average
PAGE 48 OF 51 RTU3200 DOCUMENTATION 09/12/2008
Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog Input
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82
3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 3V9I 6V6I 3V9I 6V6I 3V9I 6V6I 3V9I 6V6I
Feeder 3, Amps RMS, Phase A Feeder 3, Amps RMS, Phase B Feeder 3, Amps RMS, Phase C Feeder 3, Amps RMS, Neutral/Ground Feeder 3, Total Harmonic Distortion, Current Phase A Feeder 3, Total Harmonic Distortion, Current Phase B Feeder 3, Total Harmonic Distortion, Current Phase C Feeder 3, Watts, Phase A Feeder 3, Watts, Phase B Feeder 3, Watts, Phase C Feeder 3, Watts, Average (Total / 3) Feeder 3, VARS, Phase A Feeder 3, VARS, Phase B Feeder 3, VARS, Phase C Feeder 3, VARS, Average (Total / 3) Feeder 3, Power Factor, Phase A Feeder 3, Power Factor, Phase B Feeder 3, Power Factor, Phase C Feeder 3, Power Factor, Average Feeder 3, Phase Angle, Phase A Phase difference between V1a and V2a Feeder 3, Phase Angle, Phase B Phase difference between V1b and V2b Feeder 3, Phase Angle, Phase C Phase difference between V1c and V2c Feeder 3, Phase Angle, Average Largest absolute value, of three previous angles
RTU3200-5DC-16S-8R-12ACVI-B
Position 1 2 3 4 5
Description DC powered processor, in 5 module chassis 16 status inputs 8 relay outputs 12 AC analog inputs blank
PDC
16S
8R
12AC