Study Guide for Final Exam About the Final Exam Your final will have the same

format as your quizzes. There will be two sections: The Multiple Choice section will be comprehensive and closed book. The Short Answers section will cover correlation/regression and 2. Things to Focus On When Studying (The following are the basic knowledge that I think you should have after completing this class. The final probably wont be able to cover everything on this list, and the list is not exhaustive of everything you should know. That is, I cannot promise that every question on the final will come from this list, but most will. This study guide should help focus your attention when studying for the final. It looks long, but most of the items are quite simple. You should understand the concepts and be able to apply these concepts. Hope its helpful to you) 1. what is a parameter and what is a statistic 2. what is a sample, what is a population 3. sampling error 4. scales of measurement (ratio, interval, ordinal, nominal) 5. independent and dependent variables 6. sketch a frequency distribution 7. symmetrical and skewed distribution (positive, negative) 8. measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode) 9. measures of central tendency and skewed distribution 10. the meaning of SS & MS 11. the symbols for population variance and standard deviation 12. the symbols for sample variance and sample standard deviation 13. compute the variance and standard deviations for a sample of scores (know the conceptual formula) 14. variance is a measure of variability in a set of scores 15. the meaning of z-scores 16. find the z-score for an X score 17. find an X score from a z-score 18. the distribution of z-scores has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 19. the proportions of a normal distribution 20. the sampling distribution of means (what is the mean and standard deviation for this sampling distribution) 21. What does the standard error measure 22. In a hypothesis test, what does the critical region consist of 23. The meaning of Type I error & Type II error 24. What happens when you increase alpha (in terms of Type I error, the critical region, power of the test, the probability that the null hypothesis will be rejected) 25. How do you control the probability of committing a Type I error? 26. What is meant by the power of a test, and how do you increase/decrease power? 27. What increases the chance of a significant result, i.e. the power of the test (in terms of sample size, sample variance, treatment effects, alpha level)

28. know how to read the results of hypothesis tests, usually looks something like: test statistic (df or dfs) = some number, p <, or > .05 or .01, or p = some specific number. For example, for a single sample t, it might be: t(13) = 3.00, p<.05. You should know this means that there were 14 participants in the study and the result was significant at the .05 level (i.e. the probability of a Type I error is <.05). Know how to read such results for single sample t, independent-sample t, repeated-measures/match-samples t, ANOVA, correlation. 29. significance vs effect size (whats the difference, how does n affect each) 30. the differences between independent-measures, repeated-measures and matchedsamples and when to use each. 31. the advantages/disadvantages of repeated-measures 32. what does the homogeneity of variances assumption state 33. what does Cohens d or r2 measure 34. testwise vs. experimentalwise alpha level and when it is an important issue (when you perform more than 1 test, e.g. doing more than one t-test) 35. know how to calculate and interpret an ANOVA summary table 36. what does SSbetween and SSwithin measure 37. What is a factor and what does levels mean in ANOVA 38. when do you need a post hoc test 39. What are the advantages of a repeated-measures ANOVA. 40. All else being equal, which is more powerful: an independent-measures ANOVA or a repeated-measures ANOVA and why? 41. How does the F-ratio for a repeated-measures ANOVA differ from the F-ratio for an independent-measures ANOVA 42. what does a negative correlation mean? A positive correlation? 43. know that the magnitude (or size) of a correlation is given by the absolute value of the correlation (e.g. -0.9 is a stronger correlation than +.85) 44. know how to estimate a correlation from a scatter plot. 45. what does the coefficient of determination, r2, measure 46. When to use the Pearson and the Spearman correlation 47. what is a and b in the regression equation 48. What is the standard error of estimate 49. How does the standard error of estimate relate to the size of the correlation 50. The differences between parametric and nonparametric tests 51. The null hypothesis for a 2 test of Goodness of Fit and Independence 52. You should know what statistical test to use in various research situations. I suggest that you go to the back of the chapters for independent-measures t, repeated-measures t, ANOVA, correlation, 2 and look at a few questions to familiarize yourself with what kind of test to use with what research situations.