Technical Data

Technical Data

Proper Bolt Axial Tightening Force/Proper Tightening Torque

IAxial Tightening Force for Bolt and Fatigue Limit
CThe proper axial tightening force for a bolt should be calculated within an elasticity range up to 70% of the rated yield strength when the torque method is used. CThe fatigue strength of a bolt under repeated load should not exceed the specified tolerance. CDo not let the seat of a bolt or nut dent the contact area. CDo not break the tightened piece by overtightening. A bolt is tightened by torque, torque inclination, rotational angle, stretch measurement and other methods. The torque method is widely used due to its simplicity and convenience.

Strength of Bolts, Screws and Dowel Pins

IStrength of Bolt
1)Tensile Load Bolt Pt=tMAs(1) (2) =Qd2t/4Pt : Tensile Load in the Axial Direction[kgf] b : Yield Stress of the Bolt[kgf/mm2] t : Allowable Stress of the Bolt[kgf/mm2] (t=b/safety factor) As : Effective Sectional Area of the Bolt[mm2] As=Qd2/4 [mm d : Effective Dia. of the Bolt(Core Dia.) ]

ISafety Factor of Unwin Based on Tensile Strength Material Steel Cast Iron Copper, Soft Metal
Stress = Reference Strength Safety

Static Load
3 4 5

Repeated Load Pulsating Reversed 5 8 6 10 5 9

Impact Load
12 15 15

ICalculation of Axial Tightening Force and Tightening Torque

The relation between the axial tightening force and Ff is represented by Equation (1) below:
Ff=0.7MyMAs(1) Tightening Torque, TfA, can be calculated using the equation (2) below: TfA=0.35k 1+1/Q) yCAsCd( (2) k : Torque Coefficient [ d : Nominal Diameter of Bolt cm] Q : Tightening Coefficient ( y : Proof Stress 112kgf/mm2 when the strength class is 12.9) [ As : Effective Sectional Area of the Bolt mm2]

Reference Strength:Yield Stress for Ductile Material Fracture Stress for Fragile Material

(Ex.)The proper size of a bolt with a hexagonal hole, which is to bear a repeated tensile load (pulsating) at P = 200 kgf, should be determined. (Bolt with a hexagonal hole, made of 1045 Steel, 38 to 43 HRC, strength code 12.9) Using Equation 1) (
As=Pt/t =200/22.4 =8.9[mm2] A larger effective sectional area should

The Yield Stress, Strength Code 12.9, isb=112[kgf/mm2] Allowable Stress t= b/Safety Factor(5 in the above table) =112/5 =22.4 kgf/mm2] [ IFatigue Strength of Bolt Thread: Fatigue strength 2 million times) ( Strength Code Effective 12.9 10.9 Nominal Sectional Area of Thread As Fatigue Strength* Allowable Load Fatigue Strength* Allowable Load mm2 kgf/mm2 kgf kgf kgf/mm2
M 4 M 5 M 6 M 8 M10 M12 M14 M16 M20 M24 8.78 14.2 20.1 36.6 58 84.3 115 157 245 353 13.1 11.3 10.6 8.9 7.4 6.7 6.1 5.8 5.2 4.7 114 160 213 326 429 565 702 911 1274 1659 9.1 7.8 7.4 8.7 7.3 6.5 6 5.7 5.1 4.7 79 111 149 318 423 548 690 895 1250 1659

ICalculations Example
Proper torque and axial force for soft steel pieces tightened together by means of a bolt with a hexagonal hole, M6 (strength bracket 12.9), with the pieces lubricated with oil can be calculated. CProper Torque, by using Equation (2): CAxial Force, by using Equation (1): ( TfA=0.35k 1+1/Q) yCAsCd TfA=0.35C0.17 1+1/1.4) C20.1C0.6 ( 112
TfA=138 kgfCcm] [
of Material for Area to be Fastened and Material of Female Thread

CFf=0.7MyMAs 0.7M112M20.1 1576 kgf] [ I Standard Value of Tightening Coefficient Q Tightening Surface Condition Coeffient Tightening Method Q Bolt Nut Manganese Phosphate 1.25 Torque Wrench Torque Wrench Not treated or treated Not treated or treated 1.4 Limited-Torque Wrench with phosphate. with phosphate. 1.6 Impact Wrench Torque Wrench Not treated or treated Not Treated 1.8 Limited-Torque Wrench with phosphate.

be found in the table at the right, and M5, 14.2 [mm2], should be selected. M6, tolerable load of 213 kgf, should be selected from the column for strength code 12.9, with the fatigue strength taken into account.

2)If the bolt, like a stripper bolt, is to bear a tensile impact load, the right size should

I Surface Treatment for Bolt and Torque Coefficient Dependent on the Combination
SurfaceTreatment Torque coefficient for Blot k Lubrication 0.145 0.155 Steel Bolt 0.165 Black Oxidized Film 0.175 Lubricated with Oil 0.185 0.195 0.215 0.25 Steel Bolt 0.35 Black Oxidized Film 0.45 Not Lubricated 0.55

be selected from the fatigue strength column. Under a load of 200 kgf, ( Stripper bolt made of 4137 Alloy Steel, 33 to 38 HRC, strength code 10.9)
Lubrication

Combination of material for area to be fastened a) material for female thread b) ( and ( SCM-FC FC-FC SUS-FC S10C-FC SCM-S10C SCM-SCM FC-S10C FC-SCM SCM-SUS FC-SUS AL-FC SUS-S10C SUS-SCM SUS-SUS S10C-S10C S10C-SCM S10C-SUS AL-S10C AL-SCM SCM-AL FC-AL AL-SUS S10C-AL SUS-AL AL-AL S10C-FC SCM-FC FC-FC S10C-SCM SCM-SCM FC-S10C FC-SCM AL-FC S10C-S10C SCM-S10C AL-S10C AL-SCM SCM-AL FC-AL AL-AL

(a) (b)

Lubricated with oil or Molybdenum Sulfide 2 paste. Not Lubricated

If the tolerable load is 200 kgf or more, strength code 10.9, M8, 318 [kgf], should be selected from the table at the right. Hence, MSB10 with the M8 threaded portion and an axial diameter of 10 mm should be selected. If it is to bear a shearing load, a dowel pin should also be used.

IStrength of Screw Plug

Allowable Load P when screw plug MSW30 is to bear an impact load should be determined. (MSW30 made of 1045 Steel, Tensile forceb, 34 to 43 HRC:65 kgf/mm2.) If MWS is shorn at a spot within the minor diameter section and Area A=Core Diameter d1MQML is broken, allowable load P can be calculated as shown below. (Core Diameter d1M-P) (M-P)QL= (30-1.5)QM12 A= Allowable Load P=tMA 2] =1074 mm [ =3.9M107.4 Yield Stress0.9MTensile Strengthb=0.9M65=58.2 =4190 kgf] [ Shearing Stress0.8MYield Stress =46.6 Find the allowable shearing force base Allowable Shearing Stresst=Shearing Stress/Safety Factor 12 on the core diameter of internal thread if =46.6/12=3.9 kgf/mm2] [ tapping is made of soft material.

Fatigue strength* is a revision of an excerpt fromEstimated Fatigue Limits of Machine Screws, Bolts and Metric Screws for Nuts" (Yamamoto).

Strength Code ex. 1 2 .9 Proof Stress Yield Stress) ( :90% of the minimum value of tensile strength
1 0 .9

M Core Diameter d1 P

Min. Tensile Strength:1220N/mm2{124kgf/mm2} Proof Stress Yield Stress) ( :90% of the minimum value of tensile strength Min. Tensile Strength:1040N/mm2{106kgf/mm2}

S10C:Soft steel not thermally refined SCM:Thermally Refined Steel(35HRC) FC:Cast Iron FC200) AL:Aluminum SUS:Stainless Steel(SUS304) (

IInitial Tightening Force and Tightening Torque

Nominal of Thread
M 3 M0.5 M 4 M0.7 M 5 M0.8 M 6 M1 M 8 M1.25 M10 M1.5 M12 M1.75 M14 M2 M16 M2 M18 M2.5 M20 M2.5 M22 M2.5 M24 M3
Effective Sectional Area

As mm2 5.03 8.78 14.2 20.1 36.6 58 84.3 115 157 192 245 303 353

Yield Load kgf 563 983 1590 2251 4099 6496 9442 12880 17584 21504 27440 33936 39536

12.9 Initial Tightening Force Tightening Torque kgf kgfCcm 17 394 40 688 81 1113 138 1576 334 2869 663 4547 1160 6609 1840 9016 2870 12039 3950 15053 5600 19208 7620 23755 9680 27675

Strength Code 10.9 Yield Load Initial Tightening Force Tightening Torque kgf kgf kgfCcm 15 338 482 34 589 842 69 953 1362 118 1349 1928 286 2457 3510 567 3894 5562 990 5659 8084 1580 7720 11029 2460 10539 15056 3380 12889 18413 4790 16447 23496 6520 20340 29058 8290 23697 33853

Yield Load kgf 328 573 927 1313 2390 3787 5505 7510 10252 12922 16489 20392 23757

8.8 Initial Tightening Force Tightening Torque kgf kgfCcm 10 230 23 401 47 649 80 919 195 1673 386 2651 674 3853 1070 5257 1670 7176 2370 9045 3360 11542 4580 14274 5820 16630

IStrength of Dowel Pin

The proper size of a dowel pin under repeated shearing load of 800 kgf one-way swing) ( should be determined. Dowel pin made of S2100 Bearns Steel, 58HRC or greater.) (
P=AM =QD2/4 D= (4P)(Q / ) Yield Stress for S2100 Bearns Steel b =120 kgf/mm2] [ Allowable Shearing Strength=bM0.8/Safety Factor =120M0.8/5 =19.2 kgf/mm2] [

= (4M800)(3.14M19.2) / 7.3 D8 or a larger size should be selected for MS. If the dowel pins are of a large uniform size, some of the tools and part of the stock or the like will be unnecessary.

The dowel pin must not be loaded.

1847

(Note)CTightening Conditions:Use of a torque wrench lubricated with oil ;Torque coefficient k = 0.17; Tightening coefficient Q = 1.4) ( CThe torque coefficient varies with the usage conditions. Values in this table should be used as rough referential values. CThe table is an excerpt from a catalog published by Kyokuto Seisakusho Co., Ltd.

Typical strength calculations are presented here. In a real-life situation, it will be necessary to take into account hole-to-hole pitch precision, hole perpendicularity, surface roughness, circularity, plate material, parallelism, quenching or non-quenching, precision of the press, product output, wear of tools, etc. Hence the values in these examples are referential but not guaranteed) ( values.

1848