A REPORT ON

Thermal power station at mejia thermal power station

BY Sudeshna Roy Discipline- A.E.I.E. Roll-16905062011
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of EI 683:INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AND EVALUATION.

ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY AEDCONAGAR,HOOGHLY-712121 WEST BENGAL

JULY 2009

STATEMENT BY THE CANDIDATE

SUDESHNA ROY, THIRD YEAR, SECOND SEM. ,B.TECH. DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING, ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY, WEST BENGAL. I hereby state that the INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AND EVALUATION for B.Tech. degree in Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering in MEJIA THERMAL POWER STATION(M.T.P.S) which is one of the branch of DAMODAR VALLEY CORPORATION is a report done by me to fulfill the purpose of EI 683 during the month of JULY 2009 at Academy of Technology, affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology.

SIGNATURE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project would not have taken shape without the valuable assistance and contributions of a few people who wasted their precious time in making this project a success. Among them I would specially mention a few names. Prof. H.Mondal who was the one to suggest me to complete my training at M.T.P.S..He was really never tired with my endless enquiries. The professors and engineers of the M.T.P.S. supported throughout my efforts.They were really never tired with my endless enquiries.I would like to express my heart felt gratitude to the authority of Academy Of Technology and M.T.P.S. Management for providing me the rare opportunity to undertake the plant training in one of the most technically advanced and renouned thermal power station in WEST BENGAL.I would like to personally thanking to Prof. P.K.Dubey, Tapas Sengupta(C & I department),Mr. Baneswar Das,Mr.S.C.Das,Mr. M.C.Dey and last but not the list the Chief Engineer Rupak Kumar Nag. I also glad to express my best regards and gratitude to all the staffs of C & I department of M.T.P.S. Last but not the least,my parents who have always been by me with their whole-hearted co-operation and patience. I express my gratitude to them. Hereby, I take this opportunity to acknowledge the help of these people,who have made my project worthwhile.

PREFACE:This report is based on training description of Mejia Thermal Power Station (MTPS). Mejia Thermal Power Station , 1340 MW thermal power station of Damodar Valley Corporation consists of 6 units.Among of them 4 units have 210 MW capacities and other two have 250 MW capacities. Location:-Bankura district of West Bengal. Total generation:-6x210 MW. Auxilliry consumption :-84 MW (for household & generation purpose). Source of coal B.C.C.I,E.C.L collieries. Required water consumption 53 cusecs. Source of water Damodar river. I have observed the total plant process with great attention on I & C system and on the basis of observation an direct participation during the training period.This rport is arranged in the sequence of plant overview,MTPS at a glance, various instruments, DDC and polution control.

INTRODUCTION:Mejia Thermal Power Station , 1210 MW thermal power station of Damodar Valley Corporation consists of 6 units.Among of them 4 units have 210 MW capacities and other two have 250 MW capacities.

M.T.P.S AT A GLANCE
1210 MW MTPS is one of the five thermal power station of the D.V.C. situated in the district of Bankura in the state of W.B. renouned by M.T.P.S. INSTALLED CAPACITY:6x210 MW . Total energy generation 5.15 NU/year at 70% plant load factor(PLF). Source of water Damodar river. Source of coal B.C.C.I,E.C.L collieries. Required water consumption 53 cusecs. Approximate requirement of coal six million per year. Ash to be disposed 1.30 millions tons/year. SPECIALLITIES OF THE PROJECT:1.Design and engineering by BHEL and DVC. 2.17 km long,1473 mm diameter ,spiral welded MS pipe laid to transport river water from upstream of Durgapur Barrage by 500 kv pump motor set. 3.42 km merry-go-round railway system. 4.220 meter high RCC multi flue stack. 5.Ball tube mills with no mill rejects and minimum maintainance.

6.Integrated DAS-DDC-PLC system of control. 7.dry type distribution transformer of 1250 KVA capacity.

COAL:The station will burn approx 52000 tons of coal a week to be brought from ECL.Bottom discharge wagons will pass over track hopper having a cycle of three hours which will be autometically emptied.The coal will be taken through conveyer belts to stock pile through 2 nos. of stacker cum reclaimers.The capacity of stock yards is approx 165000 tons.Before the coal is burnt in boiler it is pulversied into fine powder by ball and tube mills. BOILER:It is a radiant,natural circulation single drum ,balanced draft, dry bottom ,tilting and tangential type coal and oil burners (24).The MCR is 690tons per hour of steam at the sperheater outlet 155 kg/sq.cm and 540deg C. TURBINE:210 MW turbine supplied by BHEL hardware.The turbine shaft rotates at 3000 rpm and it is a reaction turbine having HP,IP and LP stages.In HP steam enter at 150kg/sq.cm with 535deg C and the HP exhaust goes to boiler reheater through CRH and reheated steam enters into the IP double flow turbine through HRH pipes from top and bottom at 34.8 kg/sq.cm at 535 deg C.The exhaust from IP turbine enters into the LP turbine to cross over pipe. The exhaust from LP turbine enters into the condensor. COOLING WATER:The steam which drives the turbine and dumped into condensor is constantly being cooled and recycled as boiler feed water.The cooling takes place in condensor where the steam comes into contact with cold water tubes through which cooling water is circulating through CW pump.The steam is thus condensed back into water.A separate circuit of cooling water passes through cooling towers to keep its temperature low.In cooling tower hot water is sprayed over FRP packings an cooled by upward draft of air generated by cooling tower fans.There are 14 cooling tower fans and the tower is approx 170meter long and 19 meter wide.The cold water is collected in the basin and flows to CW pumps having 4000cu.m volume upto max water level of 7.54meter.

ASH AND DUST:Ash from the boiler is sluiced into two sumps:-one bottom ash sump and other fly ash in the form slurry and pumped out to the ash bundh through basalt line slurry disposal pipes.ESP removes over 99% of the fly ash from the flue gas before they pass out to the chimney.

UNIT OVERVIEW:Each unit has six feed water heaters consists of three LPHS, one deaerator and two HPHS.Condensate extracting pump (CEP) to the deaerator through a series of LPHS.The condensate steam is then feed to the BFP to the booster pump which provides a net positive suction head.The feed water is pump by BFP through HPHS and ECHONOMISER to the boiler drum of the boiler. The deaerating heater removes the condensable gases from the feed water and heat the water.The removal of gases is a very important item in high pressure an high temperature boiler.The gases must be removed continuously and effectively from condensate system to reduce corrosion. The function of Echonomiser is to pre heat boiler fee water by heat exchanging with flue gases leaving from the boiler. The water is converted to saturated steam located at the furnace wall by a series of tubes.The steam is feed into the super heater to in order to convert it into dry steam(140kg/sq cm and 520 deg C to 540 deg C).Super heated dry steam is feed into the turbine through the main steam line.After passing through the HP steam enter at 150kg/sq.cm with 535deg C and the HP exhaust goes to boiler reheater through CRH and reheated steam enters into the IP double flow turbine through HRH pipes from top and bottom at 34.8 kg/sq.cm at 535 deg C.The exhaust from IP turbine enters into the LP turbine to cross over pipe. The exhaust from LP turbine enters into the condensor. The steam which drives the turbine and dumped into condensor is constantly being cooled and recycled as boiler feed water.The cooling takes place in condensor where the steam comes into contact with cold water tubes through which cooling water is circulating through CW pump.The steam is thus condensed back into water.A separate circuit of cooling water passes through cooling towers to keep its temperature low.For combustion in boiler coal and hot air is required.Coal is pulversied in mill and sent to boiler through primary air fan and air is sent through secondary air fan called FD fan.In the continuous cycle the flue gas came out from the boiler used in air pre heater to make the cold air hot and to maintain the negative pressure ID fan is used. The combination of FD fan and ID fan is used to controlled the pressure and is called balaced draught. After using the heat of the flue gas ,it pass through ESP to minimise the ash.Here near about 99% ash are removed and then comes out through the chimney in the air.

Instrumentation:Instrumentation is the branch of engineering that deals with measurement and control. An instrument is a device that measures or manipulates variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure. Instruments include many varied contrivances which can be as simple as valves and transmitters, and as complex as analyzers. Control instrumentation includes devices such as solenoids, Valves, breakers, relays, etc. These devices are able to change a field parameter, and provide remote and/or automated control capabilities. Transmitters are devices which produce an analog signal, usually in the form of a 4-20 mA electrical current signal, although many other options are possible using voltage, frequency, or pressure. This signal can be used to directly control other instruments, or sent to a PLC, DCS, SCADA system or other type of computerized controller, where it can be interpreted into readable values, or used to control other devices and processes in the system. Instrumentation plays a significant role in both gathering information from the field and changing the field parameters, and as such are a key part of control loops.

PRESSURE:Pressure is an effect which occurs when a force is applied on a surface. The symbol of pressure is P Conjugate variables of thermodynamics Formula:Pressure Volume Mathematically: (Stress) (Strain) P=F/A or P=dF/dA where:
Temperature Entropy Chem. potential Particle no.

p is the pressure, F is the normal force, A is the area.

Pressure is a scalar quantity, and has SI units of pascals ; 1 Pa = 1 N/m2, and has EES units of psi; 1 psi = 1 lb/in2. Pressure is transmitted to solid boundaries or across arbitrary sections of fluid normal to these boundaries or sections at every point. It is a fundamental parameter in thermodynamics and it is Pressure measurement Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and vacuum. Instruments used to measure pressure are called pressure gauges or vacuum gauges. A manometer could also be referring to a pressure measuring instrument, usually limited to measuring pressures near to atmospheric. The term manometer is often used to refer specifically to liquid column hydrostatic instruments

. Membrane-type manometer A vacuum gauge is used to measure the pressure in a vacuum --- which is further divided into two subcategories: high and low vacuum (and sometimes ultra-high vacuum). The applicable pressure range of many of the techniques used to measure vacuums have an overlap. Hence, by combining several different types of gauge, it is possible to measure system pressure continuously from 10 mbar down to 10-11 mbar.

Absolute, gauge and differential pressures - zero reference:Although pressure is an absolute quantity, everyday pressure measurements, such as for tire pressure, are usually made relative to ambient air pressure. In other cases measurements are made relative to a vacuum or to some other ad hoc reference. When distinguishing between these zero references, the following terms are used:

Absolute pressure is zero referenced against a perfect vacuum, so it is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure. Gauge pressure is zero referenced against ambient air pressure, so it is equal to absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure. Negative signs are usually omitted. Differential pressure is the difference in pressure between two points.

BOURDEN TUBE GAUGE:-A Bourdon gauge uses a coiled tube, which, as it expands due to pressure increase causes a rotation of an arm connected to the tube. In 1849 the Bourdon tube pressure gauge was patented in France by Eugene Bourdon. The pressure sensing element is a closed coiled tube connected to the chamber or pipe in which pressure is to be sensed. As the gauge pressure increases the tube will tend to uncoil, while a reduced gauge pressure will cause the tube to coil more tightly. This motion is transferred through a linkage to a gear train connected to an indicating needle. The needle is presented in front of a card face inscribed with the pressure indications associated with particular needle deflections. In a barometer, the Bourdon tube is sealed at both ends and the absolute pressure of the ambient atmosphere is sensed. Differential Bourdon gauges use two Bourdon tubes and a mechanical linkage that compares the readings. The transparent cover face of the pictured combination pressure and vacuum gauge has been removed and the mechanism removed from the case. This particular gauge is a combination vacuum and pressure gauge used for automotive diagnosis:

Mechanical side with Bourdon tube

the left side of the face, used for measuring manifold vacuum, is calibrated in centimetres of mercury on its inner scale and inches of mercury on its outer scale. the right portion of the face is used to measure fuel pump pressure and is calibrated in fractions of 1 kgf/cm on its inner scale and pounds per square inch on its outer scale.

Diaphragm:-

A pile of pressure capsules with corrugated diaphragms in an aneroid barograph. A second type of aneroid gauge uses the deflection of a flexible membrane that separates regions of different pressure. The amount of deflection is repeatable for known pressures so the pressure can be determined by using calibration. The deformation of a thin diaphragm is dependent on the difference in pressure between its two faces. The reference face can be open to atmosphere to measure gauge pressure, open to a second port to measure differential pressure, or can be sealed against a vacuum or other fixed reference pressure to measure absolute pressure. The deformation can be measured using mechanical, optical or capacitive techniques. Ceramic and metallic diaphragms are used. Useful range: above 10-2 Torr [5] (roughly 1 Pa)

For absolute measurements, welded pressure capsules with diaphragms on either side are often used. Shape:

Flat corrugated flattened tube capsule

Bellows:In gauges intended to sense small pressures or pressure differences, or require that an absolute pressure be measured, the gear train and needle may be driven by an enclosed and sealed bellows chamber, called an aneroid, which means "without liquid". (Early barometers used a column of liquid such as water or the liquid metal mercury suspended by a vacuum.) This bellows configuration is used in aneroid barometers (barometers with

an indicating needle and dial card), altimeters, altitude recording barographs, and the altitude telemetry instruments used in weather balloon radiosondes. These devices use the sealed chamber as a reference pressure and are driven by the external pressure. Other sensitive aircraft instruments such as air speed indicators and rate of climb indicators (variometers) have connections both to the internal part of the aneroid chamber and to an external enclosing chamber.

Calibration:Pressure gauges are either direct- or indirect-reading. Hydrostatic and elastic gauges measure pressure are directly influenced by force exerted on the surface by incident particle flux, and are called direct reading gauges. Thermal and ionization gauges read pressure indirectly by measuring a gas property that changes in a predictable manner with gas density. Indirect measurements are susceptible to more errors than direct measurements.

Dead weight tester :Deadweights are usually used for pressure gauge calibration as they come with high accuarcy, So they can be used as primery standard (as mentioned before).there are many types of them depending on the application and they are operated with oil (hydrulic) or with air (penumatic).

DAMPER:.

A damper is a valve or plate that stops or regulates the flow of air inside a duct, chimney, VAV box, air handler, or other air handling equipment. A damper may be used to cut off central air conditioning (heating or cooling) to an unused room, or to regulate it for room-by-room temperature and climate control. Its operation can be manual or automatic. Manual dampers are turned by a handle on the outside of a duct. Automatic dampers are used to regulate airflow constantly and are operated by electric or pneumatic motors, in turn controlled by a thermostat or building automation system. In a chimney flue, a damper closes off the flue to keep the weather (and birds and other animals) out and warm or cool air in. This is usually done in the summer, but also sometimes in the winter between uses. In some cases, the damper may also be partly closed to help control the rate of combustion. The damper may be accessible only by reaching up into the fireplace by hand or with a woodpoker, or sometimes by a lever or knob that sticks down or out. On a woodburning stove or similar device, it is usually a handle on the vent duct as in an air conditioning system. Forgetting to open a damper before beginning a fire can cause serious smoke damage to the interior of a home, if not a house fire.

Airfoil:-

Components of the airfoil. An airfoil (in American English) or aerofoil (in British English) is the shape of a wing or blade (of a propeller, rotor or turbine) or sail as seen in cross-section. An airfoil-shaped body moved through a fluid produces a force perpendicular to the motion called lift. Subsonic flight airfoils have a characteristic shape with a rounded leading edge, followed by a sharp trailing edge, often with asymmetric camber. Foils of similar function designed with water as the working fluid are called hydrofoils. Flow measurement is the quantification of bulk fluid movement. It can be measured in a variety of ways Venturi meter Another method of measurement, known as a venturi meter, is to constrict the flow in some fashion, and measure the differential pressure (using a pressure sensor) that results across the constriction. This method is widely used to measure flow rate in the transmission of gas through pipelines, and has been used since Roman Empire times.

ORIFICE METER:-

Another simple method of measurement uses an orifice plate, which is basically a plate with a hole through it. It is placed in the flow and constricts the flow.There are three type of orifice.(1) concentric type (2) Eccentric (3) segmated type.It uses the same principle as the venturi meter in that the differential pressure relates to the velocity of the fluid flow (Bernoulli's principle).

A Venturi meter constricts the flow in some fashion, and pressure sensors measure the differential pressure before and within the constriction. This method is widely used to measure flow rate in the transmission of gas through pipelines, and has been used since Roman Empire times

The use of orifice plates for the measurement of flow of natural gas is covered by American Gas Association Report Number 3.

Thermal mass flow meters:Thermal mass flow meters generally use combinations of heated elements and temperature sensors to measure the difference between static and flowing heat transfer to a fluid and infer its flow with a knowledge of the fluid's specific heat and density. The fluid temperature is also measured and compensated for. If the density and specific heat characteristics of the fluid are constant, the meter can provide a direct mass flow readout, and does not need any additional pressure temperature compensation over their specified range.

Technological progress allows today to manufacture thermal mass flow meters on a microscopic scale as MEMS sensors, these flow devices can be used to measure flow rates in the range of nano litres or micro litres per minute. Thermal mass flow meter technology is used for compressed air, nitrogen, helium, argon, oxygen, natural gas. In fact, most gases can be measured as long as they are fairly clean and non-corrosive. For more aggressive gasses, the meter may be made out of special alloys (e.g Hastelloy), and pre-drying the gas also helps to minimize corrosion. Temperature at the sensors varies depending upon the mass flow

Electromagnetic, ultrasonic and coriolis flow meters:Modern innovations in the measurement of flow rate incorporate electronic devices that can correct for varying pressure and temperature (i.e. density) conditions, non-linearities, and for the characteristics of the fluid.

Coriolis flow meters ;:::

Using the Coriolis effect that causes a laterally vibrating tube to distort, a direct measurement of mass flow can be obtained in a coriolis flow meter. Furthermore a direct measure of the density of the fluid is obtained. Coriolis measurement can be very accurate irrespective of the type of gas or liquid that is measured; the same measurement tube can be used for hydrogen gas and bitumen without recalibration. The use of Coriolis flow meters for the measurement of natural gas flow is covered by the American Gas Association Report Number 11.

LEVEL MEASUREMENT:Pneumatic Displacer Controller Liquid Level Measurement Basics The key elements of the Modulevel pneumatic control are magnetic coupling, which allows the controller to be mechanically isolated from the sealed sensing unit; the range spring, which translates the change in buoyancy force to motion of the attraction ball; and the controller head, which provides a modulated pneumatic signal in direct proportion to the input from the vertical motion of the attraction ball. As the liquid level in the vessel increases or decreases, the buoyancy force on the displacer increases or decreases. The motion created by the change in force acting on the range spring, causes movement of an attraction ball within an enclosed pressureboundary tube. A magnet encircling the tube follows the attractor ball, transferring the motion to a rotating cam, which in turn operates a flapper against a nozzle increasing or decreasing the pressure within the pneumatic relay. The output pressure signal can be used in a variety of ways to operate a control valve or signal to alarms, indicators, process controls or other devices. With optional integral control, the pilot nozzle proportional signal is conditioned through an additional metering valve system, which will eliminate offset from the desired control point. Electronic Displacer Transmitter Liquid Level Measurement Basics Electronic displacer transmitters operate by detecting the change in buoyancy force caused by liquid level change. These forces act upon the spring-supported displacer causing vertical motion proportional to the level change of a core within a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). As the core position changes with liquid level, voltages are induced across the secondary windings of the LVDT. These signals are processed in the electronic circuitry and used to control the current in the 4-20 mA current loop. The enclosing tube acts as a static Pneumatic Modulevel Operating Principle

Electronic Modulevel Operating Principle

isolation barrier between the LVDT and the process media.

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT:Thermocouple:-

Thermocouple plugged to a multimeter displaying room temperature in C. A thermocouple is a junction between two different metals that produces a voltage related to a temperature difference. Thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature sensor[1] and can also be used to convert heat into electric power. They are inexpensive[2] and interchangeable, have standard connectors, and can measure a wide range of temperatures. The main limitation is accuracy; System errors of less than one kelvin (K) can be difficult to achieve. Any circuit made of dissimilar metals will produce a temperature-related potential. Themocouples for practical measurement of temperature are made of specific alloys, which in combination have a predictable and repeatable relationship between temperature and voltage. Particular alloys are used for different temperature ranges. Other properties, such as resistance to corrosion, may also be important when choosing which type of thermocouple is most appropriate for a given application. Where the measurement point is far from the measuring instrument, the intermediate connection can be made by extension wires, which are less costly than the materials used to make the sensor. Thermocouples are standardized against a reference temperature of 0 degrees Celsius; practical instruments use electronic methods of cold-junction compensation to adjust for varying temperature at the instrument terminals. Electronic instruments can also compensate for the varying characteristics of the thermocouple, and so improve the precision and accuracy of measurements. Thermocouples are widely used in science and industry; a few applications would include temperature measurement for kilns, measurement of exhaust temperature of gas turbines or diesel engines, and many other industrial processes. Types:- A variety of thermocouples are available for different measuring applications. They are
usually selected based on the temperature range and sensitivity needed. Thermocouples with low sensitivities (B, R, and S types) have correspondingly lower resolutions. Other selection criteria include the inertness of the thermocouple material, and whether or not it is magnetic. The thermocouple types are listed below with the positive electrode first, followed by the negative electrode

K Type:-

K type thermocouple. . Type K (chromelalumel) is the most common general purpose thermocouple. It is inexpensive and available in a wide variety of probes. They are available in the 200 C to +1350 C range. The type K was specified at a time when metallurgy was less advanced than it is today and, consequently, characteristics vary considerably between examples. Another potential problem arises in some situations since one of the constituent metals, nickel, is magnetic. One characteristic of thermocouples made with magnetic material is that they undergo a deviation in output when the material reaches its Curie point; this occurs for type K thermocouples at around 150 C. Sensitivity is approximately 41 V/C. RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTOR:Resistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), are temperature sensors that exploit the predictable change in electrical resistance of some materials with changing temperature. As they are almost invariably made of platinum, they are often called platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs). They are slowly replacing the use of thermocouples in many industrial applications below 600 C, due to higher accuracy and repeatability[edit] General description

There are two broad categories, "film" and "wire-wound" types.

Film thermometers have a layer of platinum on a substrate; the layer may be extremely thin, perhaps one micrometer. Advantages of this type are relatively low cost and fast response. Such devices have improved in performance although the different expansion rates of the substrate and platinum give "strain gauge" effects and stability problems.

Wire-wound thermometers can have greater accuracy, especially for wide temperature ranges. The coil diameter provides a compromise between mechanical stability and allowing expansion of the wire to minimize strain and consequential drift.

Coil Elements have largely replaced wire wound elements in the industry. This design allows the wire coil to expand more freely over temperature while still provided the necessary support for the coil. This design is similar to that of a SPRT, the primary standard which ITS-90 is based on, while still providing the durability necessary for an industrial process.

The current international standard which specifies tolerance and the temperature to electrical resistance relationship for platinum resistance thermometers is IEC 751:1983. By far the most common devices used in industry have a nominal resistance of 100 ohms at 0 C, and are called Pt-100 sensors ('Pt' is the symbol for platinum). The sensitivity of a standard 100 ohm sensor is a nominal 0.385 ohm/C. RTDs with a sensitivity of 0.375 and 0.392 ohm/C are also available. Function:Resistance thermometers are constructed in a number of forms and offer greater stability, accuracy and repeatability in some cases than thermocouples. While thermocouples use the Seebeck effect to generate a voltage, resistance thermometers use electrical resistance and require a power source to operate. The resistance ideally varies linearly with temperature. Resistance thermometers are usually made using platinum, because of its linear resistance-temperature relationship and its chemical inertness. The platinum detecting wire needs to be kept free of contamination to remain stable. A platinum wire or film is supported on a former in such a way that it gets minimal differential expansion or other strains from its former, yet is reasonably resistant to vibration. RTD assemblies made from iron or copper are also used in some applications. Commercial platinum grades are produced which exhibit a change of resistance of 0.385 ohms/C (European Fundamental Interval) The sensor is usually made to have a resistance of 100 at 0 C. This is defined in BS EN 60751:1996 (taken from IEC 60751:1995) . The American Fundamental Interval is 0.392 /C, based on using a purer grade of platinum than the European standard. The American standard is from the Scientific Apparatus Manufacturers Association (SAMA), who are no longer in this standards field. Resistance thermometers require a small current to be passed through in order to determine the resistance. This can cause resistive heating, and manufacturers' limits should always be followed along with heat path considerations in design. Care should also be taken to avoid any strains on the resistance thermometer in its application. Lead wire resistance should be considered, and adopting three and four wire connections can eliminate connection lead resistance effects from measurements - industrial practice is

almost universally to use 3-wire connection. 4-wire connection need to be used for precise application. Advantages and limitations:Advantages of platinum resistance thermometers:

High accuracy Low drift Wide operating range Suitability for precision applications

Limitations:

RTDs in industrial applications are rarely used above 660 C. At temperatures above 660 C it becomes increasingly difficult to prevent the platinum from becoming contaminated by impurities from the metal sheath of the thermometer. This is why laboratory standard thermometers replace the metal sheath with a glass construction. At very low temperatures, say below -270 C (or 3 K), due to the fact that there are very few phonons, the resistance of an RTD is mainly determined by impurities and boundary scattering and thus basically independent of temperature. As a result, the sensitivity of the RTD is essentially zero and therefore not useful. Compared to thermistors, platinum RTDs are less sensitive to small temperature changes and have a slower response time. However thermistors have a smaller temperature range and stability

Thermometer:-

A clinical mercury thermometer A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles; it comes from the Greek roots thermo, heat, and meter, to measure. A thermometer has two important elements: the temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb on a mercury thermometer) in which some physical change occurs with temperature, plus some means of converting this physical change into a value (e.g. the scale on a mercury thermometer). Thermometers increasingly use electronic means to provide a digital display or input to a computer.

PH MEASURING INSTRUMENT:-

Continuous emissions monitoring system:-

CEM systems were historically used as a tool to monitor flue gas for oxygen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide to provide information for combustion control in industrial settings. They are currently used as a means to comply with air emission standards such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Acid Rain Program , other federal emission programs, or state permitted emission standards. Facilities employ the use of CEMS to continuously collect, record, and report the required emissions data.

HUMIDITY MEASURING INSTRUMENT:-

In the physical sciences, quality assurance, and engineering, measurement is the activity of obtaining and comparing physical quantities of real-world objects and events. Established standard objects and events are used as units, and the measurement results in a given number for the relationship between the item under study and the referenced unit of measurement. Measuring instruments, and formal test methods which define their use, are the means by which this translation is made. All measuring instruments are subject to varying degrees of instrument error and measurement uncertainty.

Physicists use a vast range of instruments to perform their measurements. These range from simple objects such as rulers and stopwatches to electron microscopes and particle accelerators. Virtual instrumentation is widely used in the development of modern measuring instruments.

CONCLUSION:-

At the end of the training report,provision for a conclusion is not mean for an added formality, but also for realization that comes normally after going through one month training from 27.05.2011 to 07.06.2011.After spending this time in MTPS I have realized that one month training is not sufficient for me to conceptualized the basic process and to know about the basic operation principle and featuers of the field instruments in an organization of esteem like MTPS.In this short period I have tried to cover as much as possible.Here I got various opportunities to observe conventional and as well as smart, ultra modern instruments and DCS of different companies.The knowledge which I have got from the books here I can get the chance to vitualised all those equipments which make me surprised which expand my knowledge in practical way.I shall remain thankful to all those who have extended their heartiest co operation , guidance and help during training period, spending their valuable time to make me understand the applicaton field of Instrumentation, Electronics and Mechanical engineering and other technologies at MTPS.The MTPS makes me realize that I am not only an Instrumentation Engineer but also a Power engineer who should have the knowledge in all fields.