CHAPTER 9

V = ZI Ik = 0 (KCL) Vk = 0 (KVL)

Sinusoids and Phasors

385

7. The techniques of voltage/current division, series/parallel combination of impedance/admittance, circuit reduction, and Y - transformation all apply to ac circuit analysis. 8. AC circuits are applied in phase-shifters and bridges.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
9.1 Which of the following is not a right way to express the sinusoid A cos t? (a) A cos 2f t (b) A cos(2 t/T ) (c) A cos (t T ) (d) A sin(t 90 ) A function that repeats itself after xed intervals is said to be: (a) a phasor (b) harmonic (c) periodic (d) reactive
v(t)

9.8

At what frequency will the output voltage vo (t) in Fig. 9.39 be equal to the input voltage v(t)? (a) 0 rad/s (b) 1 rad/s (c) 4 rad/s (d) rad/s (e) none of the above
1 + vo(t)

9.2

9.3 9.4

Which of these frequencies has the shorter period? (a) 1 krad/s (b) 1 kHz If v1 = 30 sin(t + 10 ) and v2 = 20 sin(t + 50 ), which of these statements are true? (a) v1 leads v2 (b) v2 leads v1 (c) v2 lags v1 (d) v1 lags v2 (e) v1 and v2 are in phase The voltage across an inductor leads the current through it by 90 . (a) True (b) False The imaginary part of impedance is called: (a) resistance (b) admittance (c) susceptance (d) conductance (e) reactance The impedance of a capacitor increases with increasing frequency. (a) True (b) False

1 4

Figure 9.39
9.9

For Review Question 9.8.

A series RC circuit has VR = 12 V and VC = 5 V. The supply voltage is: (a) 7 V (b) 7 V (c) 13 V (d) 17 V A series RCL circuit has R = 30 , XC = 50 , and XL = 90 . The impedance of the circuit is: (a) 30 + j 140 (b) 30 + j 40 (c) 30 j 40 (d) 30 j 40 (e) 30 + j 40

9.5

9.10

9.6

Answers: 9.1d, 9.2c, 9.3b, 9.4b,d, 9.5a, 9.6e, 9.7b, 9.8d, 9.9c, 9.10b.

9.7

PROBLEMS
Section 9.2
9.1

Sinusoids
vs = 12 sin(103 t + 24 ) V 9.2

In a linear circuit, the voltage source is

(d) Express vs in cosine form. (e) Determine vs at t = 2.5 ms. A current source in a linear circuit has is = 8 cos(500 t 25 ) A (a) What is the amplitude of the current? (b) What is the angular frequency?

(a) What is the angular frequency of the voltage? (b) What is the frequency of the source? (c) Find the period of the voltage.

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(c) Find the frequency of the current. (d) Calculate is at t = 2 ms. 9.3

PART 2

AC Circuits
20 (b) 30 16 0 1j j 1 j 1 j 4 10

3 45 0 j 1+j

Express the following functions in cosine form: (a) 4 sin(t 30 ) (b) 2 sin 6t (c) 10 sin(t + 20 ) (a) Express v = 8 cos(7t + 15 ) in sine form. (b) Convert i = 10 sin(3t 85 ) to cosine form. Given v1 = 20 sin(t + 60 ) and v2 = 60 cos(t 10 ), determine the phase angle between the two sinusoids and which one lags the other. For the following pairs of sinusoids, determine which one leads and by how much. (a) v(t) = 10 cos(4t 60 ) and i(t) = 4 sin(4t + 50 ) (b) v1 (t) = 4 cos(377t + 10 ) and v2 (t) = 20 cos 377t (c) x(t) = 13 cos 2t + 5 sin 2t and y(t) = 15 cos(2t 11.8 ) 9.13

(c)

9.4 9.5

Transform the following sinusoids to phasors: (a) 10 cos(4t + 75 ) (b) 5 sin(20t 10 ) (c) 4 cos 2t + 3 sin 2t Express the sum of the following sinusoidal signals in the form of A cos(t + ) with A > 0 and 0 < < 360 . (a) 8 cos(5t 30 ) + 6 cos 5t (b) 20 cos(120 t + 45 ) 30 sin(120 t + 20 ) (c) 4 sin 8t + 3 sin(8t 10 ) Obtain the sinusoids corresponding to each of the following phasors: (a) V1 = 60 15 , = 1 (b) V2 = 6 + j 8, = 40 (c) I1 = 2.8ej /3 , = 377 (d) I2 = 0.5 j 1.2, = 103 Using phasors, nd: (a) 3 cos(20t + 10 ) 5 cos(20t 30 ) (b) 40 sin 50t + 30 cos(50t 45 ) (c) 20 sin 400t + 10 cos(400t + 60 ) 5 sin(400t 20 ) Find a single sinusoid corresponding to each of these phasors: (a) V = 40 60 (b) V = 30 10 + 50 60 (c) I = j 6ej 10

9.14

9.6

9.15

Section 9.3
9.7 9.8

Phasors
9.16

If f () = cos + j sin , show that f () = ej . Calculate these complex numbers and express your results in rectangular form: (a) 15 45 + j2 3 j4

9.17

8 20 10 (b) + (2 + j )(3 j 4) 5 + j 12 (c) 10 + (8 50 )(5 j 12) 9.9 Evaluate the following complex numbers and express your results in rectangular form: 3 + j4 1 j2 (a) 2 + (b) 4 10 + 5 j8 3 6 (c) 8 10 + 6 20

(d) I =

2 + 10 j

45

9.18

Find v(t) in the following integrodifferential equations using the phasor approach: (a) v(t) + (b) v dt = 10 cos t v dt = 20 sin(4t + 10 )

9 80 4 50 9.19

dv + 5v(t) + 4 dt

9.10

Given the complex numbers z1 = 3 + j 4 and z2 = 12 + j 5, nd: z1 z1 + z2 (a) z1 z2 (b) (c) z2 z1 z 2 Let X = 8 40 and Y = 10 30 . Evaluate the following quantities and express your results in polar form. (a) (X + Y)X (b) (X Y) (c) (X + Y)/X Evaluate these determinants: 10 + j 6 2 j 3 (a) 5 1 + j

Using phasors, determine i(t) in the following equations: di (a) 2 + 3i(t) = 4 cos(2t 45 ) dt (b) 10 i dt + di + 6i(t) = 5 cos(5t + 22 ) dt
t

9.11

9.20

The loop equation for a series RLC circuit gives di + 2i + dt i dt = cos 2t

9.12

Assuming that the value of the integral at t = is zero, nd i(t) using the phasor method.

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CHAPTER 9
9.21 A parallel RLC circuit has the node equation dv + 50v + 100 dt v dt = 110 cos(377t 10 )

Sinusoids and Phasors

Section 9.5
9.29

387
Impedance and Admittance

If vs = 5 cos 2t V in the circuit of Fig. 9.42, nd vo .

2 0.25 F + vo

Determine v(t) using the phasor method. You may assume that the value of the integral at t = is zero.

Section 9.4
9.22

Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

vs

1H

Determine the current that ows through an 8resistor connected to a voltage source vs = 110 cos 377t V. What is the instantaneous voltage across a 2-F capacitor when the current through it is i = 4 sin(106 t + 25 ) A? The voltage across a 4-mH inductor is v = 60 cos(500t 65 ) V. Find the instantaneous current through it. A current source of i(t) = 10 sin(377t + 30 ) A is applied to a single-element load. The resulting voltage across the element is v(t) = 65 cos(377t + 120 ) V. What type of element is this? Calculate its value. Two elements are connected in series as shown in Fig. 9.40. If i = 12 cos(2t 30 ) A, nd the element values. 9.30

Figure 9.42

For Prob. 9.29.

9.23

Find ix when is = 2 sin 5t A is supplied to the circuit in Fig. 9.43.

ix is 2 1H 0.2 F

9.24

9.25

Figure 9.43
9.31

For Prob. 9.30.

Find i(t) and v(t) in each of the circuits of Fig. 9.44.

i 10 cos(3t + 45) A 4
1 6

9.26

+ v

i + (a) i

180 cos(2t + 10) V

8 + v 3H

Figure 9.40
9.27

For Prob. 9.26.

50 cos 4t V +

4
1 12

A series RL circuit is connected to a 110-V ac source. If the voltage across the resistor is 85 V, nd the voltage across the inductor. What value of will cause the forced response vo in Fig. 9.41 to be zero? 9.32
2 + 5 mF 50 cos vt V + 20 mH vo 40 0 V +

(b)

9.28

Figure 9.44

For Prob. 9.31.

Calculate i1 (t) and i2 (t) in the circuit of Fig. 9.45 if the source frequency is 60 Hz.
8 i1 j5 i2 j10

Figure 9.41
v

For Prob. 9.28.

Figure 9.45

For Prob. 9.32.

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9.33

PART 2
In the circuit of Fig. 9.46, nd io when: (a) = 1 rad/s (b) = 5 rad/s (c) = 10 rad/s

AC Circuits
i 5 4 5 mF

6 cos 200t V io 1H

10 mH

Figure 9.50
4 cos vt V + 2 0.05 F

For Prob. 9.37.

9.38

Find current Io in the network of Fig. 9.51.

2 j4 Io 5 0 A j2 j2 2

Figure 9.46
9.34

For Prob. 9.33.

Find v(t) in the RLC circuit of Fig. 9.47.

1

Figure 9.51
1 10 cos t V + 1H 1F + v

For Prob. 9.38.

9.39

If is = 5 cos(10t + 40 ) A in the circuit in Fig. 9.52, nd io .

4 3 io

Figure 9.47
9.35

For Prob. 9.34.

0.2 H

is

0.1 F

Calculate vo (t) in the circuit in Fig. 9.48.

50

Figure 9.52
9.40

For Prob. 9.39.

30

Find vs (t) in the circuit of Fig. 9.53 if the current ix through the 1- resistor is 0.5 sin 200t A.
2 ix 1

60 sin 200t V

50 mF 0.1 H

+ vo(t) vs +

j2

j1

Figure 9.48
9.36

For Prob. 9.35.

Determine io (t) in the RLC circuit of Fig. 9.49. 9.41

io 1H 4 cos 2t A 1F 1

Figure 9.53

For Prob. 9.40.

If the voltage vo across the 2- resistor in the circuit of Fig. 9.54 is 10 cos 2t V, obtain is .
0.1 F 0.5 H + vo

is

Figure 9.49
9.37

For Prob. 9.36.

Calculate i(t) in the circuit of Fig. 9.50.

Figure 9.54

For Prob. 9.41.

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CHAPTER 9
9.42 If Vo = 8 30 V in the circuit of Fig. 9.55, nd Is .
j5 + V o

Sinusoids and Phasors

9.46 Calculate Zeq for the circuit in Fig. 9.59.
6 Zeq 2 1 j2

389

Is

10

j5

j4

Figure 9.55
9.43

For Prob. 9.42.

Figure 9.59
j1 Io 1 Zeq

For Prob. 9.46.

In the circuit of Fig. 9.56, nd Vs if Io = 2 0 A.

j2 V s + 2 j4 j2

9.47

Find Zeq in the circuit of Fig. 9.60.

1j

Figure 9.56
9.44

For Prob. 9.43.

1 + j3

1 + j2 j5

Find Z in the network of Fig. 9.57, given that Vo = 4 0 V.

12 Z 20 90 V + j4 j8 + V o

Figure 9.60
9.48

For Prob. 9.47.

For the circuit in Fig. 9.61, nd the input impedance Zin at 10 krad/s.
50 + v 1 mF Zin + 2v 2 mH

Figure 9.57
Section 9.7
9.45

For Prob. 9.44.

Impedance Combinations

At = 50 rad/s, determine Zin for each of the circuits in Fig. 9.58.

10 mH Zin 10 mF

Figure 9.61
9.49

For Prob. 9.48.

Determine I and ZT for the circuit in Fig. 9.62.

4 I 2 3 j4 j6

(a) 10 0.4 H

Zin

20

0.2 H

1 mF

120 10 V

(b)

ZT

Figure 9.58
v

For Prob. 9.45.

Figure 9.62

For Prob. 9.49.

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390
9.50

PART 2
For the circuit in Fig. 9.63, calculate ZT and Vab .

AC Circuits
9.54 Find the equivalent impedance of the circuit in Fig. 9.67.
10 j15 40 2 5 8 j5 Zeq

20 60 90 V + j5 + a V ab b

j10

j10

ZT

Figure 9.63
9.51

For Prob. 9.50.

At = 103 rad/s, nd the input admittance of each of the circuits in Fig. 9.64.
60 Yin 60 20 mH 12.5 mF

Figure 9.67
9.55

For Prob. 9.54.

Obtain the equivalent impedance of the circuit in Fig. 9.68.

j4 j 1 j2 2 j2 Zeq

(a) 20 mF 40 60 10 mH

Figure 9.68
9.56

For Prob. 9.55.

Yin

30

Calculate the value of Zab in the network of Fig. 9.69.

j6 a j6 j6 j9 j9 20 j9

(b)

Figure 9.64
9.52

For Prob. 9.51.

Determine Yeq for the circuit in Fig. 9.65.

Yeq

5 j2

3 j4 j1 b

20

10

Figure 9.69 Figure 9.65

9.53
For Prob. 9.52.

For Prob. 9.56.

9.57

Determine the equivalent impedance of the circuit in Fig. 9.70.

j4 2 a j6 j8 4 j8 j12

Find the equivalent admittance Yeq of the circuit in Fig. 9.66.

2S 1S j3 S j2 S

j5 S

j1 S

4S b

j6

Figure 9.66
v

For Prob. 9.53.

Figure 9.70

For Prob. 9.57.

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CHAPTER 9
Section 9.8
9.58 9.59 9.60

Sinusoids and Phasors

9.63 The ac bridge in Fig. 9.37 is balanced when R1 = 400 , R2 = 600 , R3 = 1.2 k , and C2 = 0.3 F. Find Rx and Cx . A capacitance bridge balances when R1 = 100 R2 = 2 k , and Cs = 40 F. What is Cx , the capacitance of the capacitor under test?

391

Applications

Design an RL circuit to provide a 90 leading phase shift. Design a circuit that will transform a sinusoidal input to a cosinusoidal output. Refer to the RC circuit in Fig. 9.71. (a) Calculate the phase shift at 2 MHz. (b) Find the frequency where the phase shift is 45 .
5 + V i 20 nF + V o

9.64

9.65

An inductive bridge balances when R1 = 1.2 k , R2 = 500 , and Ls = 250 mH. What is the value of Lx , the inductance of the inductor under test? The ac bridge shown in Fig. 9.74 is known as a Maxwell bridge and is used for accurate measurement of inductance and resistance of a coil in terms of a standard capacitance Cs . Show that when the bridge is balanced, Lx = R2 R 3 Cs and Rx = R2 R3 R1

9.66

Figure 9.71
9.61

For Prob. 9.60.

Find Lx and Rx for R1 = 40 k , R2 = 1.6 k , R3 = 4 k , and Cs = 0.45 F.

R1 R3 Cs AC meter R2 + V o Rx Lx

(a) Calculate the phase shift of the circuit in Fig. 9.72. (b) State whether the phase shift is leading or lagging (output with respect to input). (c) Determine the magnitude of the output when the input is 120 V.
20 + V i j10 j30 j60 40 30

Figure 9.74
9.67

Maxwell bridge; for Prob. 9.66.

Figure 9.72
9.62

For Prob. 9.61.

The ac bridge circuit of Fig. 9.75 is called a Wien bridge. It is used for measuring the frequency of a source. Show that when the bridge is balanced, f = 1 2 R2 R4 C2 C4

Consider the phase-shifting circuit in Fig. 9.73. Let Vi = 120 V operating at 60 Hz. Find: (a) Vo when R is maximum (b) Vo when R is minimum (c) the value of R that will produce a phase shift of 45
0 < R < 100 + vi 200 mH 50 + vo

R1 AC meter R2

R3

R4 C2 C4

Figure 9.73

For Prob. 9.62.

Figure 9.75

Wein bridge; for Prob. 9.67.

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392

PART 2

AC Circuits

COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEMS
9.68 The circuit shown in Fig. 9.76 is used in a television receiver. What is the total impedance of this circuit? shown in Fig. 9.80. Since an ac voltmeter measures only the magnitude of a sinusoid, the following measurements are taken at 60 Hz when the circuit operates in the steady state: |Vs | = 145 V, |V1 | = 50 V, |Vo | = 110 V

240

j95

j84

Use these measurements to determine the values of L and R.

Figure 9.76
9.69

For Prob. 9.68.

80 + V 1 R V s + L

Coil + V o

The network in Fig. 9.77 is part of the schematic describing an industrial electronic sensing device. What is the total impedance of the circuit at 2 kHz?
50 2 mF

10 mH 100 80

Figure 9.80
9.73

For Prob. 9.72.

Figure 9.77
9.70

For Prob. 9.69.

A series audio circuit is shown in Fig. 9.78. (a) What is the impedance of the circuit? (b) If the frequency were halved, what would be the impedance of the circuit?
j20 j30 120 j20

Figure 9.81 shows a parallel combination of an inductance and a resistance. If it is desired to connect a capacitor in series with the parallel combination such that the net impedance is resistive at 10 MHz, what is the required value of C?
C

300

20 mH

250 Hz

Figure 9.81 Figure 9.78

9.71
For Prob. 9.70.

For Prob. 9.73.

9.74

An industrial load is modeled as a series combination of a capacitance and a resistance as shown in Fig. 9.79. Calculate the value of an inductance L across the series combination so that the net impedance is resistive at a frequency of 5 MHz.
200 L 50 nF

A power transmission system is modeled as shown in Fig. 9.82. Given the source voltage Vs = 115 0 V, source impedance Zs = 1 + j 0.5 , line impedance Z = 0.4 + j 0.3 , and load impedance ZL = 23.2 + j 18.9 , nd the load current IL .
Zs Z IL vs + Z Source Transmission line
For Prob. 9.74.

ZL

Load

Figure 9.79
9.72

For Prob. 9.71.

Figure 9.82

An industrial coil is modeled as a series combination of an inductance L and resistance R, as

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C H A P T E R SINUSOIDAL STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS

An expert problem solver must be endowed with two incompatible quantities, a restless imagination and a patient pertinacity.
Howard W. Eves

1 0

Enhancing Your Career

Career in Software Engineering Software engineering is that aspect of engineering that deals with the practical application of scientic knowledge in the design, construction, and validation of computer programs and the associated documentation required to develop, operate, and maintain them. It is a branch of electrical engineering that is becoming increasingly important as more and more disciplines require one form of software package or another to perform routine tasks and as programmable microelectronic systems are used in more and more applications. The role of a software engineer should not be confused with that of a computer scientist; the software engineer is a practitioner, not a theoretician. A software engineer should have good computer-programming skill and be familiar with programming languages, in particular C++ , which is becoming increasingly popular. Because hardware and software are closely interlinked, it is essential that a software engineer have a thorough understanding of hardware design. Most important, the software engineer should have some specialized knowledge of the area in which the software development skill is to be applied. All in all, the eld of software engineering offers a great career to those who enjoy programming and developing software packages. The higher rewards will go to those having the best preparation, with the most interesting and challenging opportunities going to those with graduate education.

Output of a modeling software. (Courtesy of National Instruments.)

393

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CHAPTER 10

Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

421

REVIEW QUESTIONS
10.1 The voltage Vo across the capacitor in Fig. 10.43 is: (a) 5 0 V (b) 7.071 45 V (c) 7.071 45 V
1 + Vo sin 2t V
For Review Question 10.1.

10.5

(d) 5

45 V

Refer to the circuit in Fig. 10.47 and observe that the two sources do not have the same frequency. The current ix (t) can be obtained by: (a) source transformation (b) the superposition theorem (c) PSpice
1 ix

10 0 V

j1

1H

Figure 10.43
10.2

1F

sin 10t V

The value of the current Io in the circuit in Fig. 10.44 is: (a) 4 0 A (b) 2.4 90 A (c) 0.6 0 A (d) 1 A
Io 3 0 A j8 j2

Figure 10.47
10.6

For Review Question 10.5.

For the circuit in Fig. 10.48, the Thevenin impedance at terminals a-b is: (a) 1 (b) 0.5 j 0.5 (c) 0.5 + j 0.5 (d) 1 + j 2 (e) 1 j 2
1 1H a 5 cos t V + 1F b

Figure 10.44
10.3

For Review Question 10.2.

Using nodal analysis, the value of Vo in the circuit of Fig. 10.45 is: (a) 24 V (b) 8 V (c) 8 V (d) 24 V
V o

Figure 10.48
10.7

For Review Questions 10.6 and 10.7.

j6

4 90 A

j3

In the circuit of Fig. 10.48, the Thevenin voltage at terminals a-b is: (a) 3.535 45 V (b) 3.535 45 V (c) 7.071 45 V (d) 7.071 45 V

Figure 10.45
10.4

For Review Question 10.3.

10.8

In the circuit of Fig. 10.46, current i(t) is: (a) 10 cos t A (b) 10 sin t A (c) 5 cos t A (d) 5 sin t A (e) 4.472 cos(t 63.43 ) A
1H 1F

Refer to the circuit in Fig. 10.49. The Norton equivalent impedance at terminals a-b is: (a) j 4 (b) j 2 (c) j 2 (d) j 4
j2 a

10 cos t V

i(t)

6 0 V +

j4 b

Figure 10.46
v

For Review Question 10.4.

Figure 10.49

For Review Questions 10.8 and 10.9.

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10.9

PART 2

AC Circuits
10.10 PSpice can handle a circuit with two independent sources of different frequencies. (a) True (b) False

The Norton current at terminals a-b in the circuit of Fig. 10.49 is: (a) 1 0 A (b) 1.5 90 A (c) 1.5 90 A (d) 3 90 A

Answers: 10.1c, 10.2a, 10.3d, 10.4a, 10.5b, 10.6c, 10.7a, 10.8a, 10.9d, 10.10b.

PROBLEMS
Section 10.2
10.1

Nodal Analysis

10.4

Compute vo (t) in the circuit of Fig. 10.53.

Find vo in the circuit in Fig. 10.50.

ix 3 + vo 1H 16 sin (4t 10) V + 0.5i x 1 1H 0.25 F

10 cos(t 45) V

1F

+ vo

5 sin(t + 30) V

Figure 10.53 Figure 10.50

10.2 10.3
For Prob. 10.1.

For Prob. 10.4.

10.5 For the circuit depicted in Fig. 10.51 below, determine io . Determine vo in the circuit of Fig. 10.52.

Use nodal analysis to nd vo in the circuit of Fig. 10.54.

20

50 mF io

10 mH

4 + vo

1 12

10 cos 103t V 2H

20

4io

30

+ vo

16 sin 4t V

2 cos 4t A

Figure 10.54
10.6

For Prob. 10.5.

Figure 10.52

For Prob. 10.3.

Using nodal analysis, nd io (t) in the circuit in Fig. 10.55.

10 io 20 sin 10t 4 V +

1H

0.02 F

4 cos 10t 3 A

Figure 10.51

For Prob. 10.2.

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CHAPTER 10
0.25 F 2 io 8 sin (2t + 30) V + 0.5 F 2H

Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

10.9 Solve for the current I in the circuit of Fig. 10.58 using nodal analysis.
5 0 A

423

1H

cos 2t A

2 I

j1

Figure 10.55
10.7

For Prob. 10.6.

20 90 V

j2

2I

By nodal analysis, nd io in the circuit in Fig. 10.56. 10.10

Figure 10.58

For Prob. 10.9.

2io

Using nodal analysis, nd V1 and V2 in the circuit of Fig. 10.59.

10

10 io 20 sin1000t A 20 50 mF 10 mH j2 A 20 j10 1+jA V1 j5 V2

Figure 10.56
10.8

For Prob. 10.7.

Figure 10.59
Calculate the voltage at nodes 1 and 2 in the circuit of Fig. 10.57 using nodal analysis.
j4 20 30 A 1 j2 10 j2 2 j5 100 20 V +

For Prob. 10.10.

10.11

By nodal analysis, obtain current Io in the circuit in Fig. 10.60.

j4

Io

j2

Figure 10.60 Figure 10.57

10.12
For Prob. 10.8.

For Prob. 10.11.

Use nodal analysis to obtain Vo in the circuit of Fig. 10.61 below.

8 + Vx

j6

j5 + Vo

4 45 A

2Vx

j1

j2

Figure 10.61

For Prob. 10.12.

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424
10.13

PART 2
Obtain Vo in Fig. 10.62 using nodal analysis.

AC Circuits
Section 10.3
10.17

Mesh Analysis

j2 12 0 V + 2 + Vo 4

Obtain the mesh currents I1 and I2 in the circuit of Fig. 10.66.

C1 R

j4

0.2Vo

Vs +

I1

C2

I2

Figure 10.62
10.14

For Prob. 10.13.

Figure 10.66
10.18

For Prob. 10.17.

Refer to Fig. 10.63. If vs (t) = Vm sin t and vo (t) = A sin(t + ), derive the expressions for A and .

Solve for io in Fig. 10.67 using mesh analysis.

4 io 2H

R + vo(t)

10 cos 2t V + L C

0.25 F

6 sin 2t V

vs(t)

Figure 10.67
10.19 10.20

For Prob. 10.18.

Figure 10.63
10.15

For Prob. 10.14.

Rework Prob. 10.5 using mesh analysis. Using mesh analysis, nd I1 and I2 in the circuit of Fig. 10.68.
j10 40

For each of the circuits in Fig. 10.64, nd Vo /Vi for = 0, , and 2 = 1/LC.

R + Vi

L + C Vo (a) + Vi

C + L Vo (b) 40 30 V + I1

j20

I2

50 0 V

Figure 10.68
10.21

For Prob. 10.20.

Figure 10.64
10.16

For Prob. 10.15.

By using mesh analysis, nd I1 and I2 in the circuit depicted in Fig. 10.69.

j4 3 2

For the circuit in Fig. 10.65, determine Vo /Vs .

R1 R2 Vs + L C 3 I1

I2 j1

j2

+ Vo

+ 30 20 V j6

Figure 10.65
v

For Prob. 10.16.

Figure 10.69

For Prob. 10.21.

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CHAPTER 10
10.22 10.23 10.24 Repeat Prob. 10.11 using mesh analysis.

Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

Io 2 +

425

Use mesh analysis to determine current Io in the circuit of Fig. 10.70 below. Determine Vo and Io in the circuit of Fig. 10.71 using mesh analysis.

2 0 A

j2

j4

10 90 V

1 j4 + Vo Io 3Vo + j2

4 0 A

Figure 10.73
Section 10.4
10.30

For Prob. 10.29.

4 30 A

Superposition Theorem

Figure 10.71
10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28

For Prob. 10.24.

Find io in the circuit shown in Fig. 10.74 using superposition.

4 2 io 10 cos 4t V + 1H + 8V

Compute I in Prob. 10.9 using mesh analysis. Use mesh analysis to nd Io in Fig. 10.28 (for Example 10.10). Calculate Io in Fig. 10.30 (for Practice Prob. 10.10) using mesh analysis. Compute Vo in the circuit of Fig. 10.72 using mesh analysis. 10.31
j4 2 + V o j3

Figure 10.74

For Prob. 10.30.

Using the superposition principle, nd ix in the circuit of Fig. 10.75.

1 8

4 90 A 2

+ 12 0 V 5 cos(2t + 10) A

ix +

4H

10 cos(2t 60) V

2 0 A

Figure 10.72
10.29

For Prob. 10.28.

Figure 10.75
10.32

For Prob. 10.31.

Rework Prob. 10.2 using the superposition theorem. Solve for vo (t) in the circuit of Fig. 10.76 using the superposition principle.

Using mesh analysis, obtain Io in the circuit shown in Fig. 10.73.

10.33

80

Io

j60

20

100 120 V +

j40

j40

60 30 V

Figure 10.70

For Prob. 10.23.

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426
6 +
1 12

PART 2
2H + vo +

AC Circuits
20 0.4 mH + vo

12 cos 3t V

4 sin 2t A

10 V

5 cos 105t V

0.2 mF

80

Figure 10.76
10.34

For Prob. 10.33.

Figure 10.80

For Prob. 10.37.

Determine io in the circuit of Fig. 10.77.

1 6

24 V +

2H io 2 cos 3t 4

10.38 10.39

Solve Prob. 10.20 using source transformation. Use the method of source transformation to nd Ix in the circuit of Fig. 10.81.

10 sin(3t 30) V

Figure 10.77
10.35

For Prob. 10.34.

j4

j2 Ix

Find io in the circuit in Fig. 10.78 using superposition.

20 mF io 50 cos 2000t V + 80 40 mH 60 + 100

60 0 V +

4 j3

5 90 A

Figure 10.81

For Prob. 10.39.

2 sin 4000t A

24 V

10.40

Use the concept of source transformation to nd Vo in the circuit of Fig. 10.82.

Figure 10.78
Section 10.5
10.36

For Prob. 10.35.

Source Transformation

j3

j4 + Vo

Using source transformation, nd i in the circuit of Fig. 10.79.

20 0 V + 3 i j2 2 j2

5 mH 8 sin(200t + 30) A 1 mF

Figure 10.82

For Prob. 10.40.

Figure 10.79
10.37

For Prob. 10.36.

Section 10.6
10.41

Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Use source transformation to nd vo in the circuit in Fig. 10.80.

Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits at terminals a-b for each of the circuits in Fig. 10.83.

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CHAPTER 10
j20 10 a 50 30 V + j10

Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

10.44 For the circuit depicted in Fig. 10.86, nd the Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminals a-b.
a 8 b 5 45 A j6 j10

427

(a) j5 a 4 0 A 8 j10 b (b)

Figure 10.86
10.45 10.46

For Prob. 10.44.

Repeat Prob. 10.1 using Thevenins theorem. Find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit in Fig. 10.87 as seen from: (a) terminals a-b (b) terminals c-d
c 10 j4 a d

Figure 10.83
10.42

For Prob. 10.41.

For each of the circuits in Fig. 10.84, obtain Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits at terminals a-b.
6 j4 a j2 2 0 A b (a) 30 j10 120 45 V + 60 j5 b (b) a 20 0 V +

j5

4 0 A

4 b

Figure 10.87
10.47 10.48

For Prob. 10.46.

Solve Prob. 10.3 using Thevenins theorem. Using Thevenins theorem, nd vo in the circuit in Fig. 10.88.
3io

io

2H + vo

12 cos t V

1 4

1 8

Figure 10.84
10.43

For Prob. 10.42.

Figure 10.88
10.49

For Prob. 10.48.

Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits for the circuit shown in Fig. 10.85.
5 j10 2

Obtain the Norton equivalent of the circuit depicted in Fig. 10.89 at terminals a-b.
5 mF a

60 120 V

j20

4 cos(200t + 30) V

10 H

2 k b

Figure 10.85
v

For Prob. 10.43.

Figure 10.89

For Prob. 10.49.

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428
10.50

PART 2

AC Circuits
100 k 10 nF

For the circuit shown in Fig. 10.90, nd the Norton equivalent circuit at terminals a-b.

60 3 60 A a j80 b

40 vs +

50 k

j30

+ vo

Figure 10.90
10.51

For Prob. 10.50.

Figure 10.94
10.55

For Prob. 10.54.

Compute io in Fig. 10.91 using Nortons theorem.

2 io
1 4

5 cos 2t V +
1 2

Compute io (t) in the op amp circuit in Fig. 10.95 if vs = 4 cos 104 t V.

50 k + io 100 k

4H

vs

1 nF

Figure 10.91
10.52

For Prob. 10.51.

Figure 10.95
10.56

For Prob. 10.55.

At terminals a-b, obtain Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits for the network depicted in Fig. 10.92. Take = 10 rad/s.
10 mF + 12 cos vt +
1 2

If the input impedance is dened as Zin = Vs /Is , nd the input impedance of the op amp circuit in Fig. 10.96 when R1 = 10 k , R2 = 20 k , C1 = 10 nF, C2 = 20 nF, and = 5000 rad/s.
C1 Is R1 R2 + Vs + C2 Vo

a 2vo b

2 sin vt V

vo

10

Figure 10.92
Section 10.7
10.53

For Prob. 10.52.

Op Amp AC Circuits

Zin

For the differentiator shown in Fig. 10.93, obtain Vo /Vs . Find vo (t) when vs (t) = Vm sin t and = 1/RC.
R C + vs + + vo

Figure 10.96
10.57

For Prob. 10.56.

Evaluate the voltage gain Av = Vo /Vs in the op amp circuit of Fig. 10.97. Find Av at = 0, , = 1/R1 C1 , and = 1/R2 C2 .
R2 R1 C1 + C2

+ Vo

Vs

Figure 10.93
10.54

For Prob. 10.53.

The circuit in Fig. 10.94 is an integrator with a feedback resistor. Calculate vo (t) if vs = 2 cos 4 104 t V.

Figure 10.97

For Prob. 10.57.

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CHAPTER 10
10.58

Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

10.61

429

In the op amp circuit of Fig. 10.98, nd the closed-loop gain and phase shift if C1 = C2 = 1 nF, R1 = R2 = 100 k , R3 = 20 k , R4 = 40 k , and = 2000 rad/s.

For the op amp circuit in Fig. 10.101, obtain vo (t).

20 k 0.1 mF

R1 10 k C1 C2 + vs + R4 R2 R3 + vo 5 cos 103t V + + 0.2 mF

40 k +

+ vo

Figure 10.101
10.62

For Prob. 10.61.

Figure 10.98
10.59

For Prob. 10.58.

Obtain vo (t) for the op amp circuit in Fig. 10.102 if vs = 4 cos(1000t 60 ) V.

Compute the closed-loop gain Vo /Vs for the op amp circuit of Fig. 10.99.
50 k 20 k 0.1 mF R3 + R1 vs + C1 C2 R2 + vo vs + + 10 k 0.2 mF

+ vo

Figure 10.99
10.60

Figure 10.102
For Prob. 10.59.

For Prob. 10.62.

Section 10.8
Determine vo (t) in the op amp circuit in Fig. 10.100 below. 10.63 10.64

AC Analysis Using PSpice

Use PSpice to solve Example 10.10. Solve Prob. 10.13 using PSpice.

20 k 10 k 0.5 mF + 2 sin 400t V + 0.25 mF 10 k vo

40 k 20 k

Figure 10.100

For Prob. 10.60.

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430
10.65

PART 2

AC Circuits
10.68 Use PSpice to nd vo and io in the circuit of Fig. 10.106 below.

Obtain Vo in the circuit of Fig. 10.103 using PSpice.

Section 10.9
j2 j4 1 + Vx 2Vx 2 + Vo

Applications

10.69

The op amp circuit in Fig. 10.107 is called an inductance simulator. Show that the input impedance is given by Zin = where Vin = j Leq Iin R 1 R3 R4 C R2
C R4 I in + Vin

3 0 A

Figure 10.103
10.66

For Prob. 10.65.

Leq =

Use PSpice to nd V1 , V2 , and V3 in the network of Fig. 10.104.

8 V1 + j10 V2 j10 V3 4 0 A

R1

R2 +

R3 +

60 30 V

j4

j4

Figure 10.107
10.70

For Prob. 10.69.

Figure 10.104
10.67

For Prob. 10.66.

Figure 10.108 shows a Wien-bridge network. Show that the frequency at which the phase shift between the input and output signals is zero is f = 1 RC, 2 and that the necessary gain is Av = Vo /Vi = 3 at that frequency.
R C

Determine V1 , V2 , and V3 in the circuit of Fig. 10.105 using PSpice.

j10 j4 2 1 +

R1 + Vo C

Vi V3

V1 4 0 A

V2

R 8 j6 j2 2 0 A

R2

Figure 10.108
10.71

For Prob. 10.70.

Figure 10.105

For Prob. 10.67.

Consider the oscillator in Fig. 10.109. (a) Determine the oscillation frequency.

20 mF io

2H + vo

6 cos 4t V

0.5vo

4io

10

25 mF

Figure 10.106

For Prob. 10.68.

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906

APPENDIX E
8.69 8.71 8.73 14.26-

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

resistor in parallel with a 176-F capacitor

2.5 M, 625 F R dv 1 diD R vs d 2v + + iD + = dt 2 L dt LC C dt LC

Chapter 9
9.1 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 9.11 9.13 9.15 9.17 9.19 9.21 9.23 9.25 9.27 9.29 9.31 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.39 9.41 9.43 9.45 9.47 9.49 9.51 9.53 9.55 9.57 (a) 103 rad/s, (b) 159.2 Hz, (c) 6.283 ms, (d) 12 cos(103 t 66 ) V, (e) 2.65 V (a) 4 cos(t 120 ), (b) 2 cos(6t + 90 ), (c) 10 cos(t + 110 ) 20 , v1 lags v2 Proof (a) 1.809 + j 0.4944, (b) 4.201 j 1.392, (c) 0.5042 j 2.243 (a) 118.3 (a) 10 39.45 , (b) 10.45 10.4 , (c) 1.849 36.87 39.45 105 , (b) 5 100 , (c) 5

(a) 60 cos(t + 15 ), (b) 10 cos(40t + 53.13 ), (c) 2.8 cos(377t /3), (d) 1.3 cos(103 t + 247.4 ) (a) 40 cos(t 60 ), (b) 38.36 sin(t + 96.8 ), (c) 6 cos(t + 80 ), (d) 11.5 cos(t 52.06 ) (a) 0.8 cos(2t 98.13 ), (b) 0.745 cos(2t 4.56 ) 0.289 cos(377t 92.45 ) V 2 sin(106 t 65 ) 6.5resistor 69.82 V 5 sin 2t V (a) 4.472 cos(3t 18.43 ) A, 17.89 cos(3t 18.43 ) V, (b) 10 cos(4t + 36.87 ) A, 41.6 cos(4t + 33.69 ) V (a) 1.872 cos(t 22.05 ) A, (b) 0.89 cos(5t 69.14 ) A, (c) 0.4417 cos(10t 83.66 ) A 17.14 cos 200t V 0.96 cos(200t 7.956 ) A 2.325 cos(10t + 94.46 ) A 25 cos(2t 53.13 ) A 8.485 135 A (a) 0.75 + j 0.25 1 + j 0.5 17.35 0.9 A, 6.83 + j 1.094 (a) 0.0148 20.22 S, (b) 0.0197 74.57 S 1.661 + j 0.6647 S 1.058 j 2.235 0.3796 + j 1.46 , (b) 20 + j 30

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APPENDIX E
9.59

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

907

Can be achieved by the RL circuit shown in Fig. E.19.

10 + V i j10 j10 10 + V o

Figure E.19
9.61 9.63 9.65 9.67 9.69 9.71 9.73

For Prob. 9.59.

(a) 140.2 , (b) leading, (c) 18.43 V 1.8 k , 0.1 F 104.2 mH Proof 38.21 2 mH 235 pF 8.975

Chapter 10
10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 10.11 10.13 10.15 10.17 15.73 cos(t + 247.9 ) V 3.835 cos(4t 35.02 ) V 6.154 cos(103 t + 70.26 ) V 35.74 sin(1000t 116.6 ) A 7.906 43.49 A 10.58 112.4 A

16.64 56.31 V (a) 1, 0, j L L , (b) 0, 1, C R C Vs (R + j L + 1/j C2 ) , (1/j C1 + 1/j C2 )(R + j L + 1/j C1 ) + 1/2 C1 C2 Vs /j C2 (1/j C1 + 1/j C2 )(R + j L + 1/j C1 ) + 1/2 C1 C2 j R

10.19 10.21 10.23 10.25 10.27 10.29 10.31 10.33

6.154 cos(103 t + 70.25 ) V 4.67 20.17 A, 1.79 37.35 A 2.179 61.44 A 7.906 43.49 A 1.971 2.1 A

3.35 174.3 A 9.902 cos(2t 129.17 ) A 10 + 21.45 sin(2t + 26.56 ) + 10.73 cos(3t 26.56 ) V

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908

APPENDIX E
10.35 10.37 10.39 10.41

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

0.1 + 0.217 cos(2000t + 134.1 ) 1.365 sin(4000t + 14.21 ) A 3.615 cos(105 t 40.6 ) V 5.238 17.35 A (a) ZN = ZTh = 22.63 63.43 , VTh = 50 30 V, ,

IN = 2.236 273.4 A, (b) ZN = ZTh = 10 26 VTh = 33.92 58 V, IN = 3.392 32 A 10.43 ZN = ZTh = 21.633 IN = 4.961 10.45 10.47 10.49 10.51 10.53 10.55 10.57 33.7

, VTh = 107.3 146.56 V,

179.7 A

15.73 cos(t + 247.9 ) V 3.855 cos(4t 35.02 ) V 1 k , 5.657 cos(200t + 75 ) A 0.542 cos(2t 77.47 ) A j RC, Vm cos t 35.76 cos(104 t 26.56 ) A C1 C2 C1 C2 1 + j R2 C2 C1 R2 C1 , , , 1 + j R1 C1 C2 R1 C2 1+j 1 + j R1 C1 /R2 C2 1 + j R2 C2 /R1 C1 , 1+j

10.59 10.61 10.63 10.65 10.67 10.69 10.71 10.73 10.75

R2 + R3 + j C2 R2 R3 (1 + j R1 C1 )(R3 + j C2 R2 R3 ) 35.78 cos(1000t + 26.56 ) V 1.465 79.59 A 1.664 146.4 V 138.6 , 2.27 152.4 V 15.91 169.6 , 5.172 Proof (a) 180 kHz, (b) 40 k Proof Proof

Chapter 11
11.1 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.9 11.11 11.13 11.15 11.17 800 + 1600 cos(100t + 60 ), 800 W 7.5 W, 5 W, 0 W, 2.5 W, 0 W 12.48 W 43.78 W 0W (a) 0.471 + j 1.882 0.5 j 0.5 6.792 , 90 W 21.23 j 10.15 , 6.569 W , 15.99 W, (b) 2.5 j 1.167 , 1.389 W

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