Tepper Gill, Kexi Liu, and Eric Trell, Editors Fundamental Open Problems in Science at the End of the

Millennium 'Proceedings of the Beijing Workshop) August 1997 Hadronic Press, Palm Harbor, FL 34682-1577, D.S.A. ISBN 1-57485-029-6, pp. 555-558

Fermat Last Theorem was Proved in 1991

Jiang, Chun+xuan

. P.O.Box 3924, Beijing, P.R.China of

We found out a new method for proving Fermat last theorem (FL T) on the afternoon

October 25, 1991. We proved FLT at one stroke for all prime exponents p>3, It led to the discovery to calculate n= 15,21, 35, 105, .. To this date, no one disprove this proof Anyone

can not deny it, because it is a simple and marvelous proof. It can fit in the margin of Fermat

book.

:::.u 1974 we found out Euler formula of the cyclotomic real numbers in the cyclotomic fields
[1].
exp( where J denotes a nth root of unity,

"I't/
1-1

i )

r,SJ
I-I

i 1 -

(1)
tj

r= 1, n
l/i-l)j

is an odd number,

are the real numbers.

S., is called lid complex hyperbolic functions of order n with n-l variables,

0-'
where
"-1

S. = 1. [e A 'n
11-1

+2

J-'

(_
ttj

e HJ cos(8.
I

+ ( _ 1)i(i 11-1

l)jn)] n
_

(2)
CJ.}n

A =

"

L.,t
a-I

a.

, B _= L.,t (I a.

"

1) cos-,n

CJ.}n

8 1 = ( - 1) _

j+l"

L., t (a:

1)

ttj

SlD-,

a-I

a-I

(3) Using (1) the cyclotomic hypercomplcx theory may extend to totally real number fields. It is called the

variable theory [1]. (2) may be written in the matrix form

0 S, S2 S3
n 2n casn -casn
t:

0 . (n - l)n -Sill 2n
-Sill

-smsin2n n

.n

e
E

2e ) case, 2e
E )

. (n - l)n n

sine,

(4)

cos

(n-I)n n

sm---

. (n - I)n n

-Sill

. (n-l/n 2n

2exp(B~)sin(e!!.::.!)

where (n-l)/

2 is an even number.

From (4) we may obtain its inverse transformation

- 556-

.4

e
B

-CDS-

7t

e cDsB, e B. sinB, 0

n
11: n

CDS-

211: n

COS

(n - 1)n n

S, S2 S3 (5)

-sin-

sinn

211:

srn

. (n-l)1I:

exp(B!:::l)sin( B!:::l)
2 2

-sm

. (n-l)1I: 2n

-sm

. (n n

1)11:

-srn

. (n-l)211: 2n

From (5) we have

If 11-1

A."

L.
l-l

S . e

BI

cos(}. = SI +
I 1

"

L.

SI'

1-1

( - 1) cos-. +. n

ij

1/11:

,fJ~ . e./ sm

e . =(_1)i+
I

-.
L..1-1

"S

1+

. (_1);i. sm,ijlt n

In (3) and (6)

tj

and S; have the same formulas such that every factor of n has a Fennat equaS2=1=O, S;=O where i=3, 4, , n. S;=O are n-2 indeterminate equa-

tion. Assume S)=I=O,

tions with n-1 variables. From (6) we have

A.

SI

+ S 2'

lB I

i -

jn:

S I + S 2 + 2S 1 S 2 (

1) cos-. n

(7)

From (3) and (7) we may obtain Fennat equation

If-I

:z

exp(A + 2

1_'

L..-

"

B;> = (S, + S)

1-'

IT (S I + S 2 + 2S 1 S 2 (

1) cos-) n

/11:

= SI + S 2

(8)

Theorem. Fennat last theorem has no rational solutions with S)S2=1=Ofor all odd exponents. Proof. The proof of FLT is difficult when n is an odd prime. We consider n is a composite number. Let n = ITn.,

..

where n . ranges over all odd numbers. From (3) we have ~

';]
exp(A + 2
1-]

1-]
r
t r)]r

L B '2) = [exp( I
.-1

(9)

From (7) we have

'-I "2

exp(A + 2 where

L B ~;> = SIr + S r
r

2 .

(10)

1-]

is a factor of n. From (9) and (I 0) we may obtain Fermat equation

';1
exp(A +2IB~)=SI 1-] r

+S2 = [expCI tft)]

7-1
.-1

(11)

Every factor of n has a Fermat equation. From (11) we have

.-1

[=],

B ,,0=B

=0,

eA.

=S

+S

=exp("t) L...

.-1

(12)

..
/=n. t~=to=O.

-557 -

0-1

""2

exp(A+2IB)=S;+S;=1
1-1

(13)

i-I

1=3.
If S.

exp(A + 2B~J = S. + S2 = [exp(

. 3

-1

c. t3J]

,,3

(14)

= 1, S2 = 0 and S. = 0, S2 = 1, then A = Bi = O. Euler proved (13), therefore (I 1) has no rational solutions with S.S2=/=0 (and so no integer solutions with S.S2=/=0) for all odd exponents f.
(11) and (13) can fit in the margin of Fermat book.

Let n = 3p where p is an odd prime. From (3) and (7) we may derive Fermat equations

(I 5)

(16)
L:l
2

exp(A +2IB3)=S~
I-I

+S~ = [exp(tp +t2P)t

(17)

EuIer proved (15), therefore (16) and (I 7) have no rational solutions with S]S2=/=0 (and so no integer solutions with SIS2=i=O) for any odd prime p > 3. (15)-(17) can fit in the margin.

Let n= Sp, where p is an odd prime. From (3) and (7) we may derive Fermat equations

~2
exp(A + 2
" Sp c: B) = SISp + S 2 = 1
1-1

(18)

(19) ,-1
"2"

exp(A +2 (18)-(20) can fit in the margin.

L B 5) = S~ + S~ =
/-1

[expeL t
0-1

paW

(20)

Let n= Tp where p is an odd prime. From (3) and (7) we may derive Fermat equations
7 .-1 -2-

exp(A + 2 L1-1

"

B)

SI

7p

+ S2 = 1
,-I
7 7 ,,7
a-I

7p

(21)

exp(A + 2B p + 2B 2p + 2B 3p)= SI + S 2 = [exp(

,-I
""2

c: t 7J]

(22)

exp(A + 2 (21)-(23)

1-1

L B7)

= S~ + S~ = [expeL t pJ]P
er-I

(23)

can also fit in the margin.

Using this method we proved FLT in 1991 [2-5]. Let n= p where p is an odd prime. From (3) and (7) we have

- 558-

(24) Let a

= SI e -B,

and b

= S 2e -B,

From (24) we have aP+bP=(e-B,)p a2 (25)

=

+ b2

2abcos!!.
p

(26)

The proof of (25) is transformed

p

into studying (26). (26) has no rational solutions with ab=/=O,

because cos!!. is an irrational number for p> 3. Therefore (25) has no rational solutions for any odd prime p> 3. (25) and (26) can also fit in the margin. _,,,,nark. If S then (11 )-(23)

1* 0,
have

where i= 1,2,3,"',n, infinitely many rational solutions [I].

References
I' 1. Jiang, Chun-xuan. Hypercornplex variable theory, Preprints, 1989. 2. Jiang, Chun+xuan. Fermat last theorem has been proved (Chinese, English summary) Qian Kexue, 2(1992) 17-20. Preprints (English), December, 1991.(It is sufficient to prove odd exponents). 3. Jiang, Chun-xuan. More than 300 years ago Fermat last theorem was proved (Chinese, English summary). Qian Kexue, 6(1992) 18-20. (It is sufficient to prove S; - S:
=

I'

s: + s~= I

for FLT of

1 for FLT.)

4. Jiang, Chun-xuan. Fermat proof for FLT. Preprints (English), March, 1992. 5. Jiang, Chun-xuan. Factorization theorem for Fermat equation. Preprints (English), May, 1992. Note. Let one knew the important results, we gave out about 600 preprints in 1991-1992. There were my preprints in Princeton, Harvard, Berkeley, MIT, Chicago, Columbia, Maryland, Ohio, Wisconsin, Yale, .', England, Canada, Japan, Poland, Germany, France, Finland, .... , Ann. of Math., Mathematika, J.Number Theory, Glasgow Math. J., London Math. Soc., In. J. Math. Math. Sci., Acta Arith., Can. Math. Bull. (They refused the publications of my papers), 1. reine angew. Math .. Both papers were published in Chinese. FLT is as simple as Pythagorean theorem. This proof can fit in the margin of Fermat book. We think the game is up. We sent dept of math '(Prlnceton University) a preprint on Jan. 15, 1992. Andrew, Wiles claims the second proof of FLT in England (not in U .S.A.) after two years. We wish Andrew, Wiles and his supporters disprove my proof, otherwise Wiles work is only the second and cornplex proof of FLT. We believe that the Princeton is the fairest University and history will pass the fairest judgment on proofs ofFLT and other problems. Wc are waiting for word from the experts who are studying this paper.