What’s the difference between gender and sex?

Male Reproductive Organ

• A person’s sex, as determined by his or her biology, does

not always correspond with his or her gender. Therefore,
the terms sex and gender are not interchangeable.
• A baby boy who Is born with male genitalia will be
identified as male.
• As he grows, however, he may identify
with the feminine aspects of his culture. Since the term sex
refers to biological or physical
distinctions, characteristics of sex will not vary significantly
between different human societies. For example, all
persons of the female sex, in general, regardless of culture,
will eventually menstruate and develop breasts that can
lactate. Characteristics of gender, on the other hand, may Secondary Sex Characteristics
vary greatly between different societies. • Sexually dimorphic characteristics that are not directly
• For example, in American culture, it is considered involved in reproduction. Most of these characteristics are
feminine (or a trait of the female gender) to wear a dress or easily identifiable that’s why they are often used to make
skirt. quick assessments about sex.
— However, in many Middle Eastern, Asian, and • Secondary Characteristics in Male
African cultures, dresses or skirts (often — Growth of chest hair
Referred to as sarongs, robes, or gowns) can be — Voice deepens
considered masculine. The kilt worn by a Scottish — Facial hair
male does not make him appear feminine in his — Growth of pubic hair
culture. — Muscle growth
• Secondary Characteristics in Female
WHAT CONSTITUTES SEX? — Breasts develop
What is Sex? — Hips widen
• Refers to the physical differences between people who — Growth of pubic hair
are male, female, or intersex. — Menstruation
• A person typically has their sex assigned at birth based on • Height in Male
physiological characteristics, including their genitalia and — Most of them have reached full growth by the age
chromosome composition. This assigned sex is called a of 18.
person’s “natal sex.” • Height in Female
— Reach adult height 1 to 2 years after their first
Primary Sex Characteristics period or menarche.
• Primary sexual characteristics are those characteristics
other than the gonads that are directly required for • Secondary Sex Characteristics vary greatly regardless of
reproduction. Male primary somatic sexual characteristics what sex are assigned to a person at birth.
are the penis and the scrotum, all of which allow a male to
make and deliver sperm. Female primary sexual REPRODUCTIVE ROLES
characteristics are the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, • A role that is associated with the responsibilities of child
clitoris, cervix, and the ability to bear children (Julia E. care and domestic tasks required to ensure the
Richards, R. Scott Hawley, 2011). maintenance and reproduction of labor regarding the
continuity of the family.
Female Reproductive Organs • Also means : Those that procreate and sustain the human
race. (magparami)
EXAMPLES:
– Bearing and looking after children
– Educating children
– Cooking food
– Cleaning and growing or foraging for food for
home use
– A distinction can also be made between mothers
and non-mothers
– Caring for the sick
– Washing clothes
WHAT IS SEXUALITY?
• Sexuality is a word we use to talk about how we
understand our bodies and how we understand our
relationships. This understanding includes all aspects of
who we are –our values and beliefs, bodies, desires,
relationships, gender, and our thoughts and feelings about
all of these. Because our sexuality is made up of so many
different components, our understanding of our own
sexuality is ever-changing and unique to each person.
• The most important thing to understand about sexuality
is that it is self-defined; that is, that every person is allowed
to talk about and understand their own sexuality in their
own way that makes sense to them.
• Sexuality is dynamic and always changing; often we may
discover that different parts of our lives may interact with
each other in confusing or affirming ways. This is okay and
is part of our normal development. Exploring our own
sexuality, rooted within the principles of consent and
sexual rights, is a key determinant of our health and
wellness.
Difference between Sex and Sexuality
SEX
• Sex refers to physical or physiological differences
between males and females, including both primary sex
characteristics and secondary sex characteristics such as
height and muscularity. However, some people have
Disorder/Difference in Sexual Development which was
previously referred as intersex. People who have DSD are
born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't fit
the boxes of “female” or “male.”
Note: Most people with a DSD prefer the term “Difference” of Sex
Development rather than “Disorder,” because the word “disorder”
implies that there is something “wrong” with the person rather
than a natural variation.
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
• Another aspect of our gender pertains to our emotional and
sexual attraction to a person. This aspect refers to our sexual
orientation. According to the Psychological Association of the
Philippines, typically at ages 6 or 8, we experience or develop
attraction to the other people. By adolescence we already know
who we are attracted to and would experiment through dating
and relationships.
SEXUALITY
• refers to the total expression of who you are as a human
being, your femaleness or your maleness. Our sexuality
begins at birth and ends at death. Everyone is a sexual
being. Your sexuality is an interplay between body image,
gender identity, gender role, sexual orientation, eroticism,
genitals, intimacy, relationships, and love and affection. A
person's sexuality includes his or her attitudes, values,
knowledge and behaviors. How people express their
sexuality is influenced by their families, culture, society,
faith and beliefs.
What Are the Types of Gender?
• Some people have a gender-separate from their biological
sex. This can be confusing for many people due to societal
expectations. Society can expect people to act a certain
way because of their sex.
Here are some important terms when it comes to gender:
GENDER EXPRESSION
Gender expression is the external appearance of someone’s
gender. A person can portray this expression in various
ways. It can be expressed through clothing and style. It can
also be through voice or other characteristics associated
with masculinity and femininity.
GENDER IDENTITY
• One important aspect of our gender is our sense of who
we are: Do we see and experience ourselves as a man, a
woman, or neither. This refers to our gender identity.
Typically, males are comfortable identifying as a man and
females are comfortable identifying as a woman.
GENDER TRANSITION
• The process for which someone will align their outward
appearance and gender. Some people will transition
socially. On the other hand, others will use different names
or pronouns from their biological sex. They may also
undergo physical transitions. These transitions can include
gender affirmation surgery or hormone therapy.
GENDER DYSMORPHIA
• Gender dysphoria is the distress a person experiences.
This anxiety is due to their biological sex not matching their
gender identity. This term replaces the outdated “Gender
Identity Disorder.” It characterizes this experience for
gender non-conforming folks at any age.
PSYCHOSOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF SEXUALITY
• The psychological dimensions often include the cognitive
and emotional factors underpinning sexual response,
personality and psychopathology-related variables, socio-
cognitive variables, interpersonal/relationship variables,
and cultural aspects influencing sexual functioning and
behavior.
• The psychological dimensions are being considered in the
main international guidelines for clinical intervention in
sexual difficulties and dysfunction, promotion of sexual
health and wellbeing, sexual education or even prevention
of sexual exploitation.
• The psychological dimensions are framed within the
conceptualizing models of human sexual response and
functioning, models of interpersonal relationships or
models of information processing.
DISCOVERING YOUR SEXUAL ORIENTATION
• “Sexual attraction is internally driven,” says pediatric
psychologist Vanessa K. Jensen, PsyD, ABPP.
• Some people might know their sexual orientation from an
early age. Others might discover their sexual orientation
evolves and changes over time. Like gender, sexual
orientation can be fluid, and whom you're attracted to now
might not be whom you're attracted to later in life. This
process, known as "coming out" or "coming out of the
closet," can happen with your gender identity, too. This is a
process that can take years for someone to be comfortable
and confident enough to do.
TYPES OF SEXUALITY
• Homosexuality
• Heterosexuality
• Pansexuality
• Asexuality
• Bisexuality
HOMOSEXUALITY
• Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or
sexual behavior between members of the same sex or
gender.
• The word homosexual is a Greek and Latin hybrid, with
the first element derived from Greek ὁμός homos, “same”
(not related to the Latin homo, “man”, as in Homo sapiens),
thus connoting sexual acts and affections between
members of the same sex, including lesbianism.
— GAY- A man is attracted to another man.
— LESBIAN- A woman is attracted to another woman.
HETEROSEXUALITY
• The prefix "heteros" comes from the Greek word heteros,
which means “the other (of two), another, different,
second; other than usual.”
• Heterosexuality involves romantic or sexual attraction
among the two opposite sexes. Both parties are also strictly
attracted to and only the opposite sex. Heterosexual
individuals however, may go through phases of preferences
or attraction to change in their journey of discovering their
own sexual orientation.
• Heterosexuality strictly happens with one sex attracted to
the opposite regardless of orientation among genders or
could also vary among preferences as as long as they are
polar opposites in terms of biological physiology. This
means that the male sex is only sexually and romantically
attracted to the female sex and vice versa, with the female
sex attracted to the male sex.
• The term "straight" Is often used to describe
heterosexuals.
• Heteronormative is a term used to describe a world view
that promotes heterosexuality as the norm or preferred
orientation over others.
• Heteroromantic is when you’re romantically attracted to
only the opposite sex.
• Heterosexual ally is a heterosexual person who supports
people with other sexual orientations.
PANSEXUALITY
• Pansexuality is the romantic, emotional, and/or sexual
attraction to people regardless of their gender. Pansexuals
may be attracted to some people, but the gender of the
person does not matter.
• The word “pansexual” itself was derived from the Greek
prefix pan-, which means "all." And of course, “sexual.” At
the time, it was a psychoanalytic term used far differently
from how we use it today. Both “pan” and “omni” mean
“all."
• Some people prefer the term "omnisexual" to
"pansexual." People feel that the term "pansexuality"
implies that their attraction to people has nothing to do
with gender. People who prefer the term "omnisexual" can
be attracted to people of any gender but find that gender is
still a factor in their attraction.
BISEXUALITY
• Bisexuality is an attraction to more than one gender.
Those who identify as bisexual feel a sexual and/or
romantic attraction to people of a different gender as well
as their own.
• Historically, the term bisexual has referred not to “men
and women” but to “same and different” — as in, attraction
to people of your own gender and to people with gender(s)
different than your own.
• 1859, anatomist Robert Bentley Todd first used the term
'bisexuality' to refer to the possession of 'male' and 'female'
physical characteristics in the same body – today, we might
understand this as being intersex.
ASEXUALITY
• Asexuality is a sexual orientation, just like homosexuality,
bisexuality, and heterosexuality. It is both an identity and a
spectrum. Asexual people are sometimes known as ace or
aces for short. Asexual people have the same emotional
needs as everyone else. Most will desire and form
emotionally intimate relationships with other people.
Asexual people may be attracted to the same sex or other
sexes.
• Every asexual person will have a different experience
when it comes to their base carnal desires and/or forming
intimate human relationships, which may include:
– falling in love
– experiencing arousal
– having orgasms
– masturbating
– getting married
– having children
• Asexuality is a spectrum because it includes many
subgroups, some of which are:
– Aromantic
– Graysexual
– Demisexual
SEXUAL HARASSMENT AND PARAPHILIAS
What is Sexual Harassment?
• It is a type of bullying that intends to hurt and intimidate
someone. This includes many unwelcome verbal and
physical sexual attention such as jokes, sexist remarks, and
gestures.
• Sexual harassment generally violates civil laws but in
many cases is not a criminal act
• Doesn’t only occur between opposite sex but also of the
same sex.

TYPES OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT
1. Verbal Sexual harassment–refers to sexually
suggestive remarks, or obscene or insulting sounds. It
includes unwelcome and offensive names or terms of
endearment.
2. Non-verbal sexual harassment–defined as any form
of unwanted sexual communication or conduct that
does not involve verbal communication but falls short
of physical sexual contact. This includes sending
sexually explicit or otherwise sexual emails and text
messages.
3. Physical sexual abuse– Unwanted physical contact is
classified as either sexual harassment or sexual
assault, depending on the severity of the encounter.
become sexually arousing if they are frequently and
repeatedly associated with a pleasurable sexual activity.
• Many paraphilia begin during adolescence and continue
into adulthood; intensity and occurrence of fantasies vary
with the individual.
8 TYPES OF PARAPHILIC DISORDERS
HOW TO COUNTER SEXUAL HARASSMENT?
• The most effective weapon against sexual harassment is
prevention. Harassment does not disappear on its own. In
fact, it is more likely that when the problem is not
addressed, the harassment will worsen and become more
difficult to remedy as time goes.

Sexual Harassment in Workplace

• 𝐐𝐮𝐢𝐝 𝐏𝐫𝐨 𝐐𝐮𝐨 𝐒𝐞𝐱𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐇𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 typically involves a
supervisor, manager, or executive offering an employment
opportunity on the condition that the subordinate
employee consents to sexual advances, contact, or conduct.
• A 𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐞𝐧𝐯𝐢𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 exists when instances of
harassment are so pervasive that they make an employee
uncomfortable returning to work each day. An example of
this is when an employee is repeatedly subjected to
unwanted sexual advances or regularly receives offensive
emails or texts from a coworker or multiple coworkers.

PARAPHILIA
What is Paraphilia?
• It is not clear what causes paraphilia. Some experts
believe it is caused by a childhood trauma, such as sexual
abuse. Others suggest that objects or situations can
GENDER AND SOCIETY
DISCUSSION
1.1 Gender and Society
• Gender is also a social construct.
• As the World Health Organization (WHO)Trusted Source
explains: “Gender refers to the socially constructed
characteristics of women and men, such as norms, roles,
and relationships of and between groups of women and
men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.”
• Gender roles in some societies are more rigid than in
others. However, these are not always set in stone, and
roles and stereotypes can shift over time. A 2018 meta-
analysis of public opinion polls about gender stereotypes in
the U.S. reflects this shift.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
• People often use the terms “sex” and “gender”
interchangeably, but this is incorrect.
• Sex and gender are different, and it is crucial to
understand why.
– “Sex” refers to the physical differences between
people who are male, female, or intersex. A
person typically has their sex assigned at birth
based on physiological characteristics, including
their genitalia and chromosome composition. This
assigned sex is called a person’s “natal sex.”
– Gender, on the other hand, involves how a person
identifies. Unlike natal sex, gender is not made up
of binary forms. Instead, gender is a broad
spectrum. A person may identify at any point
within this spectrum or outside of it entirely.
People may identify with genders that are
different from their natal sex or with none at all.
These identities may include transgender, non-
binary, or gender-neutral. There are many other
ways in which a person may define their own
gender. Gender also exists as social constructs —
as gender “roles” or “norms.” These are defined as
Trusted Source as the socially constructed
roles, behaviors, and attributes that a society
considers appropriate for men and women.
LEGAL BASIS FOR THE STUDY OF GENDER AND SOCIETY
What is CEDAW?
• Known as the International Bill of Rights of Women,
Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) was adopted by
the United Nations in 1979 and took effect on 3 September
1981.
• The Philippines signed the CEDAW on 15 July 1980 and
ratified it on 5 August 1981, the first ASEAN country to do
so. As of May 2015, the Convention has been ratified by
189 states.
• The Philippines also ratified the Optional Protocol to
the CEDAW on November 12, 2003, which established two
mechanisms that enable women to seek redress for
violations of CEDAW through the communication
procedure and the inquiry procedure.
• The CEDAW is the only human rights treaty which affirms
the reproductive rights of women and targets culture and
tradition as influential forces shaping gender roles and
family relations. It affirms women’s rights to acquire,
change or retain their nationality and the nationality of
their children.
• The 1987 Constitution states two prominent provisions.
The first in the Declaration of Principles Article II Section
14, which asserted that “The State recognizes the role of
women in nation-building and shall ensure the
fundamental equality before the law of women and
men.”
• Republic Act 7192: Women in Development and Nation
building Act
– AN ACT PROMOTING THE INTEGRATION OF
WOMEN AS FULL AND EQUAL PARTNERS OF MEN
IN DEVELOPMENT AND NATION BUILDING AND
FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
• Republic Act 9710: Magna Carta of Women
– The Magna Carta of Women (MCW) is a
comprehensive women’s human rights law that
seeks to eliminate discrimination through the
recognition, protection, fulfillment, and promotion
of the rights of Filipino women, especially those
belonging in the marginalized sectors of the
society. It conveys a framework of rights for
women based directly on international law.
– The MCW establishes the Philippine government’s
pledge of commitment to the Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against
Women’s (CEDAW) Committee in its 36th Session in
2006 and to the UN Human Rights Council on its
first Universal Periodic Review in 2009, It is the
local translation of the provisions of the CEDAW,
particularly in defining gender discrimination, state
obligations, substantive equality, and temporary
special measures. It also recognizes human rights
guaranteed by the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).