Clean Vehicles : Automobile Industry Perspective

Presented at

Indo Japanese Conference

on

Fuel Quality and Vehicular Emissions

17-18th March 2009, New Delhi

K.K.Gandhi Executive Director ( Technical )

Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, Delhi

Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers

Non-profit organization representing 44 vehicle & vehicular engine manufacturers Advocacy: Economic Policy, Technical Policy & Public Policy Networking Stakeholders National / International Seminars / Conferences Technical, Trade & Economic, Road Safety Statistical services Production, Sales and Exports Auto Expo

Promotes sustainable development of Indian automobile industry

SIAM Members

Auto Industry Growth Trajectory

Millions

12 10 8 6 4 2 0
19 80 19 72 19 78 19 76

Vehicle Sales : 1972 onwards

2006 10.9 mn units

1998 4.1 mn units 1990 2.3 mn units 1979 0.4 mn units

19 94 19 96 19 82 19 98 19 74 19 84

2001 5.2 mn units

20 00

19 86

20 02

19 90

19 92

20 04

19 88

20 06

20 08

Auto Industry Today

8.02 1.76 0.54 0.5
3W PV CV 2W

Commercial Vehicles 30%

Two Wheelers 25% Three Wheelers 2%

Passenger Vehicles 43%

Domestic Sales ~ US $ 33.78 bn Exports ~ US $ 3.46 bn

Estimated; All figures for 2007-08

Vehicle Parc
As on March 2008
Passenger Vehicles 13% Commercial Vehicles* 13%

Two Wheelers 74%

Total Registered Vehicles ~ 109 Mn

Source: Govt. of India Statistics of Registered Vehicles & SIAM estimates

* Include tractor, trailer, three wheelers and others

CHALLENGES

Challenges before the Automotive Industry

Air quality Energy diversification Climate Change

Challenges before the Automotive Industry

Air quality Energy diversification Climate Change

CURRENT SCENARIO
BS-IV BS-IV REVIEW
(SELECT CITIES)

BS-III BS-III (11 CITIES)

(ENTIRE COUNTRY)

CNG BUSES (DELHI)

BS-II
(ENTIRE COUNTRY)

BS-II (NCR)

BS-II
(3 CITIES)

BS-II
(8 CITIES)

BS-II
(2 CITIES)

BS-I
(NCR)

BS-I
(ENTIRE COUNTRY)

India Unique
CMVR 92 (DIESEL) FAS (DIESEL) CMVR 91 (PETROL)

CMVR 96 (DIESEL) EVA & CC EMI (PETROL)

IDLE EMI

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006

2010

CURRENT SCENARIO
BS-IV

Need to evolve future road map

BS-III (11 CITIES) CNG BUSES (DELHI)

BS-IV REVIEW

(SELECT CITIES)

BS-III
(ENTIRE COUNTRY)

BS-II
(ENTIRE COUNTRY)

BS-II (NCR)

BS-II
(3 CITIES)

BS-II
(8 CITIES)

BS-II
(2 CITIES)

BS-I
(NCR)

BS-I
(ENTIRE COUNTRY)

India Unique
CMVR 92 (DIESEL) FAS (DIESEL) CMVR 91 (PETROL)

CMVR 96 (DIESEL) EVA & CC EMI (PETROL)

IDLE EMI

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006

2010

Challenges before the Automotive Industry

Air quality Energy diversification Climate Change

Portfolio of Clean Fuels

CNG ,LPG Low sulphur Diesel / Petrol

Clean Fuels
Hydrogen

Bio-fuels Bio-diesel, Ethanol

Electric/ Hybrid Electric Vehicles

CURRENT
CNG ,LPG

Portfolio of Clean Fuels

Low sulphur Diesel / Petrol

Clean Fuels
Hydrogen

Bio-fuels
Bio-diesel 5%Ethanol

Electric/ Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Portfolio of Clean Fuels

CNG ,LPG Low sulphur Diesel / Petrol

Clean Fuels
Hydrogen

Bio-fuels Bio-diesel, Ethanol

Electric/ Hybrid Electric Vehicles

The Indian Bio Fuel Program

Among Biofuels, Ethanol & bio diesel are promising renewable fuels which can be used as blending component with petrol & diesel up to a specified percentage in transport sector without any modification in the existing set of engines.

Ethanol Programme in India

2002 2002
Mandatory 5% Ethanol blending in gasoline in 99States Mandatory 5% Ethanol blending in gasoline in States & 44UTs w.e.f. January 1, 2003. & UTs w.e.f. January 1, 2003.
Mandatory 5% Ethanol blending in 10 States & 33UTs subject to Mandatory 5% Ethanol blending in 10 States & UTs subject to commercial viability & ethanol availability commercial viability & ethanol availability

2004 2004

2006 2006

5% Ethanol blending made mandatory throughout country 5% Ethanol blending made mandatory throughout country (except NE, J&K, A&N) subject to commercial viability (except NE, J&K, A&N) subject to commercial viability w.e.f 01.11.2006 w.e.f 01.11.2006 CCEA decides to implement: CCEA decides to implement: Voluntary 10% ethanol blending from Oct 07 Voluntary 10% ethanol blending from Oct 07 Mandatory 10% ethanol blending from Oct 08 Mandatory 10% ethanol blending from Oct 08 SIAM informed that Pilot Project has Commenced through SIAM informed that Pilot Project has Commenced through two Depots one each at Desur (Karnataka) and Aonla two Depots one each at Desur (Karnataka) and Aonla (UP) (UP)

2007 2007

Dec2008 Dec2008

Test Results ( Performance / Emission )

(Y2K Compliant vehicles-2W)

MODEL A
Vehicle Performance 88 ON E-05 E-10 Remarks Power , kW Acceleration , Sec Max Speed , kmph FE , kmpl No significant variation Comparable Comparable 2 ~ 7% drop

Legends :

-OK within Spec.

Remarks :- Drop in fuel efficiency observed

Mass Emission
CO , gm / km HC , gm / km NOx , gm / km HC + NOx , gm / km

88 ON

E-05

E-10

Remarks
40 ~ 78 % drop 0 ~ 5 % increase 17 ~ 25 % increase 7 ~ 8.5 % Increase

Remarks :-

Drop in CO , gm / km, Increase in Nox , gm/km

Test Results ( Performance / Emission ) :

(Y2K Compliant vehicles 2W)

MODEL B
Vehicle Performance 88 ON E-05 E-10 Remarks Power , kW Acceleration , Sec Max Speed , kmph FE , kmpl Increase 5.5 ~ 7% drop Comparable 2 ~ 4% drop

Legends :

-OK within Spec

Remarks :- Drop in fuel efficiency & Acceleration observed

Mass Emission
CO , gm / km HC , gm / km NOx , gm / km HC + NOx , gm / km

88 ON

E-05

E-10

Remarks
30 ~ 64 % drop 9.5 ~ 24 % Increase 10 ~ 32 % Increase 10 ~ 27 % Increase

Remarks :-

Drop in CO, & Increase in HC, Nox gm / km

E10 Studies on Four wheelers

General Trends:
Driveability of ethanol is lower because of Distillation characteristics & RVP of ethanol blended fuel. Reduced Cold & Hot Startability & Acceleration performance.
E10 fuel affects material compatibility, engine wear & life. Rubber swelling & metal corrosion increases. Intake valve deposits & stickiness, combustion chamber deposits increases, subsequently leads to loss of compression & reduction in engine performance. International experience confirms 3% Increase in Fuel consumption due to lower energy value of ethanol.

Evaporative emissions increases drastically.

In Sweden, about 40% of in-use vehicles heavily affected by increased evaporative emission due to 5% ethanol gasoline blend (Source: WP29 informal document)

Misfire (in some cases)

Ethanol can absorb water; If water enters the fuel tank It dilutes ethanol, reducing its value as a fuel. It causes problems of phase separation in fuel. Ethanol absorbs dirts & carries inside the fuel lines and fuel tank, thus contaminating the car engine system.

Most of the In-use vehicles are not compatible with E10 fuel

E10 Studies on 4 wheelers

General Trends:
In India, not much vehicle testing taken place to date however the following impact is expected. ( performance and emissions impact is highly dependent on application )
Driveability Vehicle Emissions HC, CO NOx Evaporative emissions Inspection / Maintenance Hardware durability Rubber / plastics Aluminum Steel Deposits Increased degradation (fuel lines, injectors, seals, connectors) Increased corrosion (fuel rail, etc.). Effect worsens with prolonged storage of E10 fuel. Increased corrosion (fuel lines, fuel tank, pressure regulator, pump, filler neck, etc.). Effect worsens with prolonged storage. Increased intake system deposits. Decreases significantly. Level of change is highly dependent on vehicle & calibration. Increases. Level of change is highly dependent on vehicle & calibration. Increases drastically to the extent of 40-50%. Negligible change. Potential deterioration in startability & cold driveability. Closed loop vehicles can tolerate to some extent.

Australia, USA & Japan Studies on E10 Impacts

AUSTRALIA
Parameters Vehicle Performance M ileage (or) Fuel economy Driveability Cold Startability Hot Startability Vehicle Emission Parameters M ass emission CO HC NOx PM Evaporative emission Material compatibility Fuel Injected model

(4 Wheelers) USA
Carburetted model Drop up to 2.4%

JAPAN

Increases by 2.8% Drop up to 0.8% Drop up to 2.0% Drop up to 1.0% Drop up to 2.3% Drop up to 2.5% Drop up to 3.5%

Acceleration delay

Drop by 32% Drop by 12% Increases by 1% 10 - 40% increase Doubtful / Unsatisfactory - Distortion, stiffening happens in diaphragms. - Crumbling of rubber (breakdown) - Leakage from hoses Doubtful / Unsatisfactory Reduces valve stickiness increases, loss of compression - Fuel filter clogs - pump life deteriorates - injector drifts

10 - 11% drop 15 -16% drop 3 - 7% increase 30 - 42% drop Increases -

decreases decreases increases Increases

Rubber

-decrease in hardness

Aluminium Durability Engine life Valve & Combustion chamber seposits Fuel system durability

Corrosion such as Complete dissolution, reduction in mass

10% Ethanol-blended Gasoline Concerns

Very large number of in-use vehicles are not compatible with 10% blend. Hence, this issue needs to be addressed. For the use of E-10 , as fuel compression ratio needs to be increased to compensate for the FE loss, hence the use of E-0 (in case of a discontinued supply of E-10) may cause knocking. The consumers / vehicle manufacturers should be given assurance of a sustained supply of 10% blend. There should be a clear Road Map for implementation with sufficient lead time for the vehicle manufacturers
Assured supply Defined percentage Labeled

Pilot E10 Blending Program

SIAM informed that Pilot Project has Commenced through two Depots one each at Belgaum from Desur (Karnataka) and in Bareilly from Aonla (UP) w.e.f. 15th December 2008 SIAM study of the field situation in Bareilly
Labeling of Dispensing Units by Oil Companies is more or less being followed, but needs to be streamlined. Vehicle Dealers are generally aware that E10 blended Gasoline is being sold. There is a wide variation in the Ethanol percentages in Bareilly; from 0% to 10% from the samples tested by SIAM Since this variation largely depends on the availability of Ethanol by each Depot, at any particular time, this variation is likely to continue. It may be difficult for SIAM members to conclude the extent of impact of E10 fuel on vehicles due to this inconsistency. On-line blending is not being done at IOC Depot at Aonla.

Examples of E10 Sticker on Dispensing Units at Bareilly

No labels were observed in the Petrol Station

Bio Diesel studies

Observations during the road test

A car running on Biodiesel shows no particular deviation from a car running on fossil diesel as far as vehicle performance is considered. The vehicle fueled with Biodiesel meets the Euro III emission standard and therefore also the effective Bharat Stage II (EU II) norms with a sufficient margin. Hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions are comparable to that of fossil diesel. However, carbon monoxide emissions tend to increase. Particulate emissions from the vehicle have shown significant reductions to those of a car running on fossil diesel. The storage stability of the Biodiesel is a parameter which needs to be studied further as increased emissions were observed with aged Biodiesel. In order to come to a more conclusive understanding of the performance of JME Biodiesel in Mercedes-Benz Common Rail Diesel engines additional test are being further conducted.

The Tough gets going !!

Field Trials by OEMs

Field Trials on State Transport Buses

Field trials on buses jointly with Haryana Roadways, Gujarat Roadways & Tata Motors Haryana Roadways 20 buses running on 5% Biodiesel blend for almost one year Driveability performance observed satisfactory and smoke found lower Based on the success of trials so far Haryana Roadways agreed to convert entire Gurgaon and Nuh depot to 5% Biodiesel

Portfolio of Clean Fuels

CNG ,LPG Low sulphur Diesel / Petrol

Clean Fuels
Hydrogen

Bio-fuels Bio-diesel, Ethanol

Electric/ Hybrid Electric Vehicles

 Propulsion Technology
HEV EV H2 H-CNG FEV

Battery Technology :

Heart of EV+
Fuel Cell

H2ICE H-CNG

EVs

Diesel / Petrol

CNG/LPG

Hydrogen Centric Activities

The Hydrogen initiatives can be taken by Industry in two ways:

For H2ICE Development

Seeding

Pilot Fleet

Incubation of H2ICE
Jan 09 Jan 10

Tech Demo Jan 11 Jan 13

OR
Tech Demo

For Fuel Cell Development

Incubation Pilot Trials

Jan 09

Jan 12/13

Jan 15

Jan 17

A roadmap for development and implementation of zero emission vehicles

HCNG EV/HCNG H2/Fuel Cells

Hybrids & H2EVs

Yr 2008

Yr 2010

Yr 2011/12

Yr 2020

Yr 2030

Challenges: Production, Storage and Transportation Challenges

To sum up.
1. 5 percent Ethanol Petrol blend introduced in India but sustained availability a concern 2. Issues concerning Fuel Quality & Engine Durability for new & in use vehicles has to be adequately resolved for 10 % blends. 3. Bio diesel is an environmentally & Technically Feasible Alternative Fuel for India 4. Need to evolve standards for Bio Fuels in line with International regulations 5. Prepare roadmap for sustained availability in consultation with all stake holders 6. Electric Vehicles & Hydrogen hold the key for the sustained development of Industry

Commitment of All Stakeholders

Vehicle Users Oil Companies Clean Vehicles / Air & Energy Security Judiciary NGOs
Vehicle Manufacturers Research Institutions Government Departments

Visit us at www.siam.in

Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers

Core 4B, 5th Floor India Habitat Centre Lodi Road, New Delhi Phone: +91 11 2464 7810 - 12 Fax: +91 11 2464 8222 E-mail: kkgandhi@siam.in

Cold weather High altitude Biodiesel testing

The Himalaya-trials with Biodiesel was in continuation of road trials in 2004 2 C-Class cars & 1 Viano van were utilized for the Cold weather + High Altitude testing of Biodiesel.
Encouraging results from trials Mileage comparable to normal diesel (8-9 km/l for C-Class & 7.5 km/l for Viano). Engine performance comparable- and marginally better than conventional diesel. Low particulate emissions: one-third of normal diesel. Complete combustion (black smoke). Power loss observed. Not attributable to Biodiesel but due to oxygen rarity at high altitude. Fuel sample taken for every 1000kms & sent to Daimler for testing & analysis.