A.N.Malleswara Rao* et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES Vol No. 7, Issue No.

2, 290 - 297

A new approach to Diagnosis of Power Quality Problems using Expert System

Research Scholar JNTUH, Hyderabad anmrao73@yahoo.com

A.N.Malleswara Rao

Dean & HoD, EEE Dept. GNITS, Hyderabad kollirameshreddy@yahoo.com

Dr. K. Ramesh Reddy

Dr. B. V. Sanker Ram

Professor, EEE Dept., JNTUH, Hyderabad

Index Terms Fuzzy logic, power system harmonics, Power quality, Fault analysis

I. INTRODUCTION Harmonic is a core issue regarding Power Quality. It is not only pollutes the power system but also have negative effects on electrical equipments. With increasing use of power electronics in industrial, commercial, and residential consumers, the issue of harmonics and their effects on performance of electrical installation and electronic equipment increases [1]. The objective of the electric utility is to deliver sinusoidal voltage at fairly constant magnitude throughout their system. This objective is complicated by the fact that there are loads on the system that produce harmonic currents. These currents results in distorted voltage and current that can adversely impact the system performance in different ways. A number of harmonic producing loads have increased over the years, it has become increased necessary to address their influence when making any additional or changes to an installation. The fundamental or basic power frequency is 50 Hertz. This means the waveform of the electricity repeats itself 50 times

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Abstract: In this paper, a new approach is presented to identify power quality disturbances using fuzzy logic systems. Distributed single phase power electronic loads are usually treated as fixed harmonic current injectors in distribution system. Their current harmonics are characterized by normalized phasors |Ih/I1|angle h, where the fundamental current component I 1 is varied proportionally with load power. Fixed harmonic current injection lead to an over estimation of resulting voltage harmonics because it neglects phase angle, dispersion of individual current harmonics. Harmonic currents generated by single phase power electronic loads too small to cause any appraisable distribution feeders. However as the number of these loads increases and as larger nonlinear loads the cumulative harmonics becomes very significant. Fuzzy logic is used to diagnose all these problems. Detailed digital simulation results involving various types of transient power quality disturbances are presented to prove the ability of the new approach in classifying these disturbances..

every second. The characteristic harmonics are based on number of rectifiers (pulse number) used in a circuit &can be determined by the following equation h= (n*p) 1 ---- (1) where n=an integer (1, 2, 3, 4, 5.) p=number of pulse or rectifiers A pure AC sine wave is ideal, such as shown in figure 1(a), and is obtained if the load is an incandescent light bulb.

Fig 1(a) Ideal AC sine wave In a three phase system, three sine waves are generated120 degrees apart, as shown in figure 1(b)

Fig1(b).Three phase system Harmonic frequencies are multiples of the fundamental frequency. Any distorted voltage or current wave is the sum of the fundamental frequency and a number of the above harmonics. Figure 2(a) shows the fundamental and the third harmonic. Figure 2(b) demonstrates the addition of the harmonic and the fundamental frequency.

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Fig 2(a).Fundamental and the third harmonic wave forms

Fig 3. Current follows the frequency when the load is linear and phase angle change. When the load become non-linear, the current is not continuous and will contain many frequencies. Figure 4 shows how the current might look like in a non-linear circuit.

Fig 2(b).Combined waveform of fundamental and third harmonic component. II. BACKGROUND HISTORY

The voltage pushing that current through the load circuit is described in terms of frequency and amplitude. The frequency of the current will be identical to the frequency of the voltage as long as the load impedance does not change. In a linear load, like a resistor, capacitor or inductor, current and voltage will have the same frequency. As long as the characteristics of the load components do not change, the frequency component of the current will not change. But in case of non-linear loads such as switching power supplies, saturated transformers, charged capacitors, and converters used in drives, the characteristics of the load are dynamic. As the amplitude of the voltage changes and the load impedance changes, the frequency of the current will change. The changing current and resulting complex waveform is a result of these load changes. The complex current waveform can be described by defining each component of the waveform. The frequencies that are normally dealt with using drives are 50 or 60 Hz. By definition, these frequencies are termed fundamental in their respective distribution systems. The drawing shown indicates how current follows the frequency when the load is linear only a phase angle change is shown in Fig 3.

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Fig 4.Line current in non-linear circuit A. Source of Harmonics Harmonic load currents are generated by all non-linear loads. These include single phase loads, e.g. Switched mode power supplies (SMPS) Electronic fluorescent lighting ballasts Small uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) units Three phase loads, e.g. Variable speed drives Large UPS units Highly Fluxed Iron Cores B. Problems caused by harmonics Harmonic currents cause problems both on the supply and within the installation. The effects and the solutions are very different and need to be addressed separately; the measures that are appropriate to controlling the effects of harmonics within the installation may not necessarily reduce the distortion caused on the supply and vice versa [2]. There are several common problem areas caused by harmonics: 1) Overloading of neutrals In a three-phase system the voltage waveform from each phase to the neutral star point is displaced by 120so that, when each phase is equally loaded, the combined current in the neutral is zero. In the past, installers have taken advantage of this fact by installing half-sized neutral conductors. However, although the fundamental currents cancel out, the harmonic currents do not -

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in fact those that are an odd multiple of three times the fundamental, the triple-N harmonics, add in the neutral. 2) Overheating of transformers Transformers are affected in two ways by harmonics. Firstly, the eddy current losses, normally about 10 % of the loss at full load, increase with the square of the harmonic number. This results in a much higher operating temperature and a shorter life. The second effect concerns the triple-N harmonics. When reflected back to a delta winding they are all in phase, so the triple-N harmonic currents circulate in the winding. The triple-N harmonics are effectively absorbed in the winding and do not propagate onto the supply, so delta wound transformers are useful as isolating transformers. 3) False tripping of circuit breakers Residual current circuit breakers (RCCB) operate by summing the current in the phase and neutral conductors and, if the result is not within the rated limit, disconnecting the power from the load. False tripping can occur in the presence of harmonics for two reasons. Firstly, the RCCB, being an electromechanical device, may not sum the higher frequency components correctly and therefore trips erroneously. Secondly, the kind of equipment that generates harmonics also generates switching noise that must be filtered at the equipment power connection. 4) Over-stressing of power factor correction capacitors Power factor correction capacitors are provided in order to draw a current with a leading phase angle to offset lagging current drawn by an inductive load such as induction motors. The impedance of the PFC capacitor reduces as frequency rises, while the source impedance is generally inductive and increases with frequency. The capacitor is therefore likely to carry quite high harmonic currents and, unless it has been specifically designed to handle them, damage can result. A potentially more serious problem is that the capacitor and the stray inductance of the supply system can resonate at or near one of the harmonic frequencies when it occurred, very large voltages and currents can be generated, often leading to the catastrophic failure of the capacitor system [4]. C. Problems caused by harmonic voltages: 1) Voltage distortion: Because the supply has source impedance, harmonic load currents give rise to harmonic voltage distortion on the voltage waveform (this is the origin of flat topping). There are two elements to the impedance: that of the internal cabling from the point of common coupling (PCC), and that inherent in the supply at the PCC, e.g. the local supply transformer. The distorted load current drawn by the non-linear load causes a

distorted voltage drop in the cable impedance. The resultant distorted voltage waveform is applied to all other loads connected to the same circuit, causing harmonic currents to flow in them - even if they are linear loads. Here separate circuits feed the linear and non-linear loads from the point of common coupling, so that the voltage distortion caused by the non-linear load does not affect the linear load. 2) Induction motors Harmonic voltage distortion causes increased eddy current losses in motors in the same way as in transformers. However, additional losses arise due to the generation of harmonic fields in the stator, each of which is trying to rotate the motor at a different speed either forwards or backwards. High frequency currents induced in the rotor further increase losses. 3) Zero-crossing noise Many electronic controllers detect the point at which the supply voltage crosses zero volts to determine when loads should be turned on. This is done because switching reactive loads at zero voltage does not generate transients, so reducing electromagnetic interference (EMI) and stress on the semiconductor switching devices. When harmonics or transients are present on the supply the rate of change of voltage at the crossing becomes faster and more difficult to identify, leading to erratic operation. There may in fact be several zero-crossings per half cycle. D. Problems caused when harmonic currents reach the supply When a harmonic current is drawn from the supply it gives rise to a harmonic voltage drop proportional to the source impedance at the point of common coupling (PCC) and the current. Since the supply network is generally inductive, the source impedance is higher at higher frequencies[5]. Of course, the voltage at the PCC is already distorted by the harmonic currents drawn by other consumers and by the distortion inherent in transformers, and each consumer makes an additional contribution. III. ELECTRICAL EQUIVALENT OF POWER SYSYTEMS: The equivalent circuit of a non-linear load is shown in Figure 5. It can be modeled as a linear load in parallel with a number of current sources, one source for each harmonic frequency. The harmonic currents generated by the load or more accurately converted by the load from fundamental to harmonic current have to flow around the circuit via the source impedance and all other parallel paths. As a result, harmonic voltages appear across the supply impedance and are present throughout the installation. Source impedances influence the harmonic voltage distortion resulting from a harmonic current.

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Accordingly, the following relationship for active power and reactive power supply are Fig 5. Equivalent circuit of Non-linear load Whenever harmonics are suspected, or when trying to verify their absence, the current must be measured. The Fourier series represents an effective way to study and analyze harmonic distortion. It allows inspecting the various constituents of distorted waveform through decomposition. Generally, any periodic wave form can be expanded in the form of a Fourier series

Reactive power is defined as

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------ (3)
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Measures of Harmonic distortion: A distorted periodic current or voltage waveform expanded into a Fourier series is expressed as follows

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----(2)
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----- (5) Voltage distortion factor VDF, also known as voltage total harmonic distortion is defined as

------ (6) Analogously, Current distortion factor CDF, further known as Current total harmonic distortion is defined as

------(7) Where V1, I1 represent the fundamental peak voltage and current respectively. With

----- (4)

------ (8)

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the apparent power is

Expanding the above series,

----(9) Where S1 is the apparent power at fundamental frequency and the power factor is

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A. Harmonic phase sequences The phase sequences of harmonic waveforms at different frequencies are compared with the fundamental waveform and are classified as positive, zero and negative sequence harmonics. Harmonics such as the 7th, which "rotate" with the same sequence as the fundamental, are called positive sequence. Harmonics such as the 5th, which "rotate" in the opposite sequence as the fundamental, are called negative sequence. Triplen harmonics which don't "rotate" at all because they're in phase with each other are called zero sequence. In a balanced three-phase power system, the currents in phases a-b-c are shifted in time by +/-120 degrees of fundamental. Therefore, since

A
-----(12)

----- (11) then the currents in phases b and c lag and lead by 2/3 radians, respectively. Thus

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----(10)

By examining the current equations, it can be seen that i) The first harmonic (i.e., the fundamental) is positive sequence (a-b-c) because phase b lags phase a by 120, and phase c leads phase a by 120, ii) The second harmonic is negative sequence (a-c-b) because phase b leads phase a by 120, and phase c lags phase a by 120, iii) The third harmonic is zero sequence because all three phases have the same phase angle. All harmonic multiples of three (i.e., the triplens) are zero sequence. The next harmonic above a triplen is positive sequence; the next harmonic below a triplen is negative sequence[5],[6],[7].

Fuzzy logic (FL) can be defined as a problem-solving control system methodology that lends itself to implementation in systems ranging from simple, small, embedded microcontrollers to large, networked, multi-channel PC or workstation-based data acquisition and control systems. Fuzzy based classification technique employs a simple, rule-based IF X AND Y THEN Z approach to a solving control problem rather than attempting to model a system mathematically. In the case of Neural Networks, considerable amount of training time under different operating conditions is required for good performance of the system. The fuzzy logic based fault classification scheme does not require training and so it is computationally much faster when compared to fault classification by Artificial Neural Network (ANN) methods. This fuzzy logic based scheme is capable of accurately predicting the exact type of fault under wide range of operating conditions [9].

IV. FUZZY BASED CLASSIFICATION

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The Fault Classification is based on Angular differences among the sequence components of the fundamental during fault current as well as on their relative magnitudes. The phasor diagram of a phase a to ground fault is shown in the Figure 6. The zero, positive and negative sequence components of the post fault currents relative to phase a are denoted as I I and I respectively.
a1f a2f aof,

asymmetric faults and it is not very effective if you are looking to classify not just by the type of fault. V. SIMULATION RESULTS A. POWER QUALITY AND POWER SYSTEM EVENTS The term power quality refers to a wide variety of electromagnetic phenomena that characterize the voltage and current at a given time and at a given location on the power system. A power system event is a recorded (or observed) current or voltage excursion outside the predetermined monitoring equipment thresholds. A power disturbance is a recorded (or observed) current or voltage excursion (event) which results in an undesirable reaction in the electrical environment or electronic equipment or systems. The term power problem refers to a set of disturbances or conditions that produce undesirable results for equipment, systems or a facility. The term event is typically used to describe significant and sudden deviations of voltage or current from its normal or ideal waveform (like in Fig 7.1) unlike the term variation which is used to describe small deviations from the nominal values. The monitoring of events is done using certain triggering thresholds. Voltage or current variations are obtained by continuous monitoring as shown in Fig 7.2.

Fig 6. Phasor diagram for L-G fault The angles between the positive and negative sequence components of phase a, b and c are given as

The magnitudes of I
of aof, a1f

R =| I / I | = 1 and R =| I / I | = 1
2f a2f, a1f

aof, a1f

---(13) I and I are related by

a2f

----(14)

If arg_A is approximately 30 and arg_B is approximately 150 and arg_C is approximately 150 and R is high and R is high then fault type is a-g
sf of 0 0

In this method, only 3 parameters are sufficient and it identifies 10 types of short-circuit faults accurately. But the main disadvantage with this method is that it is applicable to only

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0

Similarly, the magnitudes and angle between the positive and negative sequence components are obtained for other types of asymmetric faults. For every type of fault, there exists a unique set of these five parameters. So it is possible to formulate simple logic base for determining the fault type from the values of the five inputs. The different inputs are represented by a corresponding fuzzy variable. Now a fuzzy rule was developed using these five variables to detect the type of fault. For example:

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Fig 7.1: Measurement of current during a fault

Fig 7.2: RMS voltage measurement for one day

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B. CASE STUDY: INDUCTION MOTOR STARTING Starting of large induction motors is one more cause of voltage dips. It has been concern for designers of industrial power systems. During start-up an induction motor takes current five to six times larger than normal. This current remains high until the motor reaches its nominal speed. This lasts between several seconds to one minute. The characteristics of the corresponding voltage dip depend on the characteristics of the induction motor (size, starting method, load, etc) and the strength of the system at the point where the motor is connected. The magnitude of the dip depends strongly on the system parameters. For the system in Fig.8, Z0 is the source impedance and ZM the motor impedance during starting. The voltage experienced at PCC is found from the voltage divider equation:

voltage dip due to induction motor starting is shown in Fig10(a) and 10.(b). The measurement comes from a low voltage network. The three phases present exactly the same characteristics. The voltage recovers within 7-8 cycles. Summarizing, voltage dips due to induction motor starting are: Non-rectangular: voltage recovers gradually. Symmetrical: all phases present the same behavior.

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The duration of the voltage dip due to motor starting depends on a number of motor parameters. The most important of them is the motor inertia. The duration of the dip is prolonged if other motor loads are connected to the same bus bar, as they will further keep the voltage down. Fig.9(a) and 9(b) shows the fundamental frequency magnitude of the three phases during the connection of a 500 HP induction motor on a 480 V bus as simulated in MATLAB. The short circuit level of the bus bar is 30 MVA. The initial drop in voltage is 0.09 pu and it takes approximately 400 msec for voltage to reach its steady state value. This voltage dip is symmetrical, all three phases drop equally and then recover gradually in a similar way because the starting current of the motor is the same for all three phases. A measurement of a Figure 10(a)

Fig. 8: Voltage divider model for the calculation of voltage dip during motor starting

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where E is the source voltage. The magnitude of voltage dips due to motor starting is rarely deeper than 0.85 pu.

Figure 9 (b) Fig. 9: Induction motor starting (a) Voltage waveforms (b) Voltage magnitude (measurement in a 400 V network)

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Figure 9 (a)
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Figure 10 (b) Fig. 10: Influence of induction motor load during a fault (a) Non-rectangular (b) Symmetrical V. CONCLUSION This paper gives an overall view to diagnose the of power quality problem. A brief discussion on the harmonic distortion and their impacts on electric power quality are mentioned. Harmonic distortion has a harmful effect on both distribution system equipment and on loads. Because of this, harmonic distortion is a main cause of supply quality degradation. If harmonic distortion exceeds some limits, then equipment is needed for its suppression. Equipment for harmonic suppression should also compensate the reactive current thereby improving both power factor and supply quality. The main idea of this approach is to map the power quality disturbance features in to real valued number though extended fuzzy reasoning, in terms of which the PQ disturbance waveforms are identified according to boundary values. A study was conducted using MATLAB to investigate the response of induction motor to voltage dips. Motor response to the applied voltage dips show that the motor can support most commonly encountered voltage dips. It has been demonstrated that the dynamic behavior of induction motors is sensitive to the values of the motor parameters. VI. REFERENCES [1] L. M. Tolbert, Harmonic Analysis of Electrical Distribution Systems, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL-6887, March 1996. [2] L. M. Tolbert, H. Hollis, P. S. Hale, Survey of Harmonics Measurements in Electrical Distribution Systems, Conf. Record of the 1996 IAS Annual Meeting. [3] IEEE Task Force, Effects of harmonics on equipment, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 8, pp. 672-680, Apr. 1993. [4] IEEE Emerald Book, IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding Sensitive Electronic Equipment, IEEE Std 1100-1992.

[5] National Electrical Code, NFPA Std 70-1996. [6] IEEE Recommended Practice for Establishing Transformer Capability When Supplying Non sinusoidal Load Currents, ANSI/IEEE Std. C57.110-1986. [7] Arrillaga.J., Bradley, D.A., and Bodger, P.S.: Power System Harmonics, John Wiley,1985 [8] Guideline on Electrical Power for ADP Installations, Federal Information Processing Standard Publications 94, National Bureau of Standards, 1983. [9] P.K.Dash, M.M.A.Salama, S.Mishra, and A.C. Liew, Classification of power system disturbances using a fuzzy expert system and a Fourier linear combiner, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 472 477,April 2000.

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