Chapter 3 Atoms, Elements and Compounds 3.

2 Bonding: The structure of matter

Pure Metals

A giant metallic latice - A crystal lattice of metals consists of ions NOT atoms surrounded by a sea of electrons. - The outer electrons (-) from the original metal atoms are free to move around between the positive metal ions formed (+). - These free or delocalised electrons are the electronic glue holding the particles together. - There is a strong electrical force of attraction between these free and mobile electrons (-) and the immobile positive metal ions (+) and this is the metallic bond. * Metals have high melting and boiling points due to the existence of very strong bonding. * Metals are good conductors of electricity because these free electrons carry the charge of an electric current when a potential difference voltage is applied. * Metals are very malleable due to the mobility of the electrons. When a metal is knocked or pressed, the layer of atoms can slide over each other without fracturing the structure. This is because of the mobility of electrons. The electrons can run in between the atoms and maintain a strong bonding.

Metals are malleable

Chapter 3 Atoms, Elements and Compounds 3.2 Bonding: The structure of matter

ALLOYS 1. Mixture of two or more elements with a certain xed composition in which the major component is metal. 2. Process of making alloy - one or more foreign elements are added to a molten metal. - position of some metal atoms are replaced by the atoms of foreign metal.

3. Most alloys are mixture of metals and some are mixture of a metal and a non-metal. Aim of Making Alloys 1. To increase the strength and hardness of a pure metal. a) During alloying, a small amount of atoms of other element is added to a molten pure metal. When the alloy becomes solid, the positions of some atom of the pure metal are replaced by atoms of other element of different sizes. b) The presence of these foreign atoms of different sizes disrupts the orderly arrangement of the atoms in the pure metal. c) This reduces the layers of atoms from sliding over one another and making alloys harder and stronger than pure metals. d) Example; when carbon atoms are added to iron to form steel. Steel is harder than pure iron.

Chapter 3 Atoms, Elements and Compounds 3.2 Bonding: The structure of matter

2. To increase the resistance to corrosion of a pure metal. a) Alloying helps to prevent the formation of oxide layer on the surface of the metal. b) Example; carbon, chromium and nickel are added to iron to make stainless steel. 3. To improve the appearance of a pure metal. a) Alloying helps to keep the metal surface shiny as it prevents the formation of metal oxide. b) Example; atoms of antimony and copper are added to tin, making pewter to have more lustrous surface than tin. Compositions, properties and uses of some alloys
Alloy Bronze Brass Composition 80% copper, 20% tin 70% copper, 30% zinc Properties Hard, stronger, does not corrode easily, shiny surface. Harder than copper Use Medal, statues, monuments, art materials. Musical instruments, kitchenware, door knobs, bullet cases, decorative ornaments, electric parts. Coin buildings, bridges, body of cars, railway track Cutlery, sinks pipes, surgical instruments. Body of air crafts, bullet trains, racing bicycles. Art objects, souvenirs Solder for electric wires and metal. Jewelry Drill bits and springs Edges of high-speed cutting tools

Cupro-nickel Steel Stainless steel Duralumin

75% copper, 25% nickel 99% iron, 1% carbon 74% iron, 8% carbon, 18% chromium 93% aluminium, 3% copper, 3% magnesium, 1% manganese 96% tin, 3% copper, 1% antimony 50% tin, 50% lead 37.5% gold, 51.5% copper, 11% silver 87% iron, 13% manganese 95% iron, 5% tungsten

Beautiful surface, shiny, hard, does not corrode easily. Hard, strong Shiny, strong, does not rust Light, strong

Pewter Solder 9-carat gold Manganese steel Tungsten steel

Shiny, strong, does not corrode Hard, shiny, low melting point Shiny, strong, does not corrode Tough, springy To u g h , h a r d , e v e n a t h i g h temperatures

** By changing the percentage composition of the metals, the properties of the resulting alloy can be altered.

Chapter 3 Atoms, Elements and Compounds 3.2 Bonding: The structure of matter

Production of Steel - steels are alloys; mixtures of iron with other metals or with non-metals like carbon or silicon.

- two important ores used in extracting iron are hematite, Fe2O3 and magnetite Fe3O4. - a solid mixture of concentrated iron ores, coke and limestone is continuously fed into the top of the blast furnace. Blasts of extremely hot air (1000oC) are pumped through the furnace via the bottom. The oxygen in the hot air reacts with coke to form carbon dioxide. C(s) + O2(g) ==> CO2(g)

Excess carbon reacts with carbon dioxide, producing carbon monoxide (the main reducing agent) in the furnace. CO2(g) + C(s) ==> 2CO(g)

Carbon monoxide and carbon reduce the iron oxides to iron Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) ==> 2Fe(l-s) + 3CO2(g) 2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(g) ==> 4Fe(l) + 3CO2(g) Fe3O4(s) + 4CO(s) ==> 3Fe(l-s) + 4CO2(g) Fe3O4(s) + 2C(s) ==> 3Fe(l-s) + 2CO2(g) -The molten iron also called as pig iron is collected at the bottom of the furnace.

Chapter 3 Atoms, Elements and Compounds 3.2 Bonding: The structure of matter

- At the same time, the intense heat in the blast furnace causes the limestone to decompose. CaCO3 ==> CaO + CO2 - The pig iron obtained from the blast furnace contains between 3% and 5% of carbon and other impurities, such as sulfur, silicon and phosphorus. - the impurities are removed in the basic oxygen furnace to obtained steel.

Basic Oxygen Furnace - The molten iron is drained off periodically into the basic oxygen furnace. - It is allowed to cool by introducing water cooled lance and oxygen at 5 - 15 atm pressure is blown onto the surface of the molten metal. - Carbon is oxidised to carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, while sulfur is oxidised to sulfur dioxide. These escape as gases. - Silicon and phosphorus are oxidised to silicon(IV)oxide and phosphorus pentoxide, which are solid oxides. - Calcium oxide (quicklime) reacts with these solid oxides to form calcium silicate and calcium phosphate or slag. CaO + SiO2 ==> CaSiO3 - As molten slag is less dense than molten iron, it oats on the molten iron. The slag may be skimmed or poured off the surface. - Samples are continuously taken and checked for carbon content. When the required amount of carbon has been reached, the blast of oxygen is turned off.