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Consumer spending
10.6
$trillion (at 2006 PPP exchange rates)
10.6
8.1
11.1
2000 2010
8.3
11.1
16.5 16.5
2000 2010
9.2 9.2
2000 2010
2.3 3.6
2000 2010
Americas 34%
Europe 37%
Impact of scale
400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Volume ('000 Tonnes / Year)
Scale plant - the point at which the curve flattens out
Ex S Africa Ex factory
Ex CdI Ex factory
Ex India
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Trading blocks
GCC (Gulf Co-operation Council) UAE Oman Bahrain Kuwait Saudi Arabia Qatar
WESTERN SAHARA
EGYPT
UA E
MALI
AFTA (Arab Free Trade Agreement) Jordon Oman UAE Kuwait Bahrain Lebanon Tunisia Libya Saudi Arabia Egypt Syria Morocco Iraq
EAC (East African Community) Kenya Uganda Tanzania SACU (Southern African Customs Union) Botswana South Africa Lesotho Swaziland Namibia SADC (Southern African Development Community) Angola Namibia Botswana South Africa Lesotho Swaziland
SIERRA-LEONE LIBERIA
COTE DIVOIRE
ETHIOPIA SOMALIA
CAMEROON
BURUNDI RWANDA
AMU (Arab Maghreb Union) Algeria Morocco Libya Tunisia Mauritania ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) Benin Liberia Berkino Faso Mali Cape Verde Niger Cote dIvoire Nigeria Gambia Senegal Ghana Sierra Leone Guinea Togo Guinea-Bissau
TANZANIA
ANGOLA MALAWI ZAMBIA COMOROS
SEYCHELLES
NAMIBIA
ZIMBABWE
MADAGASCAR
MOZAMBIQUE
MAURITIUS
SWAZILAND LESOTHO
COMESA (Common Market for Eastern & Southern Africa) Angola Malawi Burindi Mauritius Comoros Namibia Dem. Rep. of Congo Rwanda Djibouti Seychelles Egypt Sudan Eritrea Swaziland Ethiopia Uganda Kenya Zambia 10 Madagascar Zimbabwe
Sourcing Strategy
Consolidate within trade blocks to achieve
economies of scale
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ESA Example
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Import duties not in line with trade agreements Slow or inconsistent implementation of new protocols Other indirect taxes imposed on imported products
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Import bans of certain products into Nigeria Imposition of import duty on margarine supplied from Cote dIvoire to Nigeria Import duties on products to be supplied from Nigeria into Cote dIvoire Inconsistent application of duty agreements, often requiring discussions with several groups to resolve
COMESA/SADC
Slow implementation of agree protocols Unilever had to lobby for the agreed zero duty on soaps into Zambia to be applied Still paying import duty on soaps into Malawi
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Import duty being applied to Foods products imported into Morocco Taxes on advertising for imported products or rebates for locally manufactured products Tunisia, Saudi Arabia Import duties on tea bags of <3g into Saudi Arabia
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Green customs channel has enabled us to halve the transit time from Nairobi to Kampala Good co-ordination between the various govt bodies involved in X-border movement Computerisation of customs
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Importers clearing agent then picks the PCVR from TISCAN, verifies the details ,attached final shipping documents and return to TISCAN
Exporter then filled the RFI form and attached supporting documentation and then send this back to cotecna
17
Request for Performa invoice from Exporter Importer apply for IDF online, attached the Performa Importer filled detail of the products, value, quantity, supplier details & product HS code Inspection order no. send to Cotecna office in South Africa Cotecna then contact Exporter to filed a RFI form Exporter then fill the RFI form and attached final invoice, packing list, certificate of origin & send back to Cotecna Contecna south Africa then issued PCVR to Importer through TISCAN Importers clearing agent picks PCVR from TISCAN office, checks the valuation, classification and other details before returning it to TISCAN TISCAN issued the final SBE to Importer.
RFI send to Exporter RFI returned to contecna IDF no. issued Inspection order no. issued
PVCR issued to IMporter PCVR picked, verified & returned to TISCAN SBE issued to Importer
11 Days
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Consignment despatched by exporter And documents send along Consignment arrives at customs point, Tax assessment is done, and importer pays tax Clearing agent presents bank proof of payment , shipping documents and bill of entry for customs confirmation of classification, valuation and released of consignment
Bill of entry
Green
1.5 Days
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We have had to stop production in our Kenya factory several times due to unavailability of raw materials We ran out of Close-up toothpaste in the market due to clearance delays (imported from Egypt)
Currently taking 4 weeks to clear goods in Abidjan due to new shipment checks Improvements have been made in Lagos
Rail in Tanzania is cheaper than road, but a trial to use rail for Unilever products failed
Product took several weeks to reach the destination High levels of product theft
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