Indefinite Integration

Indefinite Integration Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
Calculus II
6
2 3 6 10 14 15
Indefinite Integration Method of substitution Integration by Parts Special Integration Integration of Trigonometric Function Reduction Formula
x ! l xC
Prepared by Mr. K. F. Ngai Page
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
Definition f (x ) is said to be primitive function or anti-derivative of g( x ) if f ' ( x ) ! g(x ) .
d 2 ( x ) ! 2x dx
Example
x 2 is the primitive function of 2x .
Note Definition
Primitive function is not UNIQUE. For any function f (x ) if F( x) is the primitive function of f (x ) , i.e. F ' ( x) ! f (x ) , then we define the indefinite integral of f (x ) w.r.t.x as constant of integration.
f (x) dx !F(x) c , where
c is called the
Theorem
Two function f (x ) and h( x) differ by a constant if and only if they have the same primitive function.
Standard Results
1
1. 3. 5. 7.
x dx ! l
xc
2. 4. 6. 8.
e dx ! e
x
c
cos xdx ! si sec

2
xc
si csc
xdx ! cos x c
2
xdx ! ta x c xdx ! sec x c ax c ln a dx ! sin 1
xdx ! cot x c
sec x ta
x a dx
csc x cot xdx ! csc x c

x
1 x2 a2
2
9.
10. x c a
dx ! ln
x x2 a2 c a
11*.
1 a2 x2
1 x2 a2
13.
dx ! l
Theorem
(a) (b)
kf (x)dx ! k f ( x)dx [f ( x) s g( x)]dx ! f ( x)dx s g(x)dx .

12*.
1 x 1 dx ! tan 1 c 2 a a a
x2 a2 x c a
Example proof
Prove
a dx ! ln a c
x
Let y ! a x . l y ! xl a 1 dy ! ln a y dx @
dy ! yl a dx
dx dx
y
x a dx
dy
= = =
yl
a dx
l a y dx ax c l a
METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION
Theorem ( CHANGE OF VARIABLE ) If x ! g(t ) is a differentiable function, Proof
f ( x)dx ! f (g(t )) g '(t ) dt .
Let F( x) is the primitive function of f (x ) . i.e. 3 We have

dF ( x ) ! f (x) dx x ! g( t ) d F( x ) = dt dF ( x ) dx dx dt dF ( x ) g ' (t ) dx
= F( x ) = =
f (g(t ))g '(t )dt f (g(t ))g '(t )dt

x2 a2 x c a
f ( x)dx
1 x2 a2
Example proof
Prove
dx ! ln
sub x ! a ta 1 dx @ 2 x a2
= = =
dx ! a sec 2 d 1 2 a sec a sec d
sec
l sec
d
ta c
( sec d ! l sec ta
c)
x2 a2 x c a
Remark
By using substitution, the following two formulae can be derived easily. f '(x) (I) f ( x) dx ! l f ( x) c , f '(x) (II) 2 f ( x) dx ! f ( x ) c . The following examples illustrate the use of the above results.
Example proof
sec
d ! l sec ta
c
and
csc
d ! l csc cot
c
Example = = =
ta
cos
si
d
d d( cos c )
l x dx x
l
=
x d(l x) (ln x) 2 c 2
1 cos ln cos
Example = = = Example (a)
cot
si si
cos 1
d
d d(si c )
3 2 si
cos x x
dx
ln sin
dx
x
(b)
x e
2 x3
dx
Example
dx x
( Let y ! x )
Example
(a)
ex 1 e x 1dx
(b)
e si
Example
1 x dx
Page
2x
si
2x
dx
Prepared by Mr. K. F. Ngai
Example
(a) (b) (c)
cot(e x )dx
a2x b2x e x dx x2 px q dx
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
*Theorem
( INTEGRATION BY PARTS ) If
, v are two functions of x , then d uv dx u dv dx
udv ! uv vdu.
proof
= =
dv du v dx dx
d du uv v dx dx dv
We integrate both sides with respect to x to obtain
udv
Example (a)
u dx dx
uv vdu
x dx
(b)
l x dx
Example
(a)
I ! x 2 cos xdx
(b) I ! x 2 si xdx
Example
I!
xe dx (1 x) 2
Example
ta
1
x dx
Example
(l
x) 2 dx
Example
(a) Show that
d x 1 ta ! . dx 2 1 cos x x si x dx 1 cos x
(b) Using (a), or otherwise, find
[HKALE 1997]
SPECIAL INTEGRATION
We resolve the rational function
P( x ) by simple partial fraction for P( x), Q(x ) being poly. The Q( x )
integration of rational function is easily done by terms by terms integration.
Example
(a)
dx a2
(b)
x1 dx 2 1
Example
x 3 2x 2 1 (x 1)(x 2)(x 3) 2 dx
10
Example
Evaluate
2x x 3x 3x dx . x3 1 1 2x 2x 4 x 3 3x 2 3x ! 2x 1 2 . 3 x1 x x1 x 1
Solution
By decomposing into partial fractions, Hence,
Integration of
Px Q ax 2 x c
Example Solution
Evaluate
dx. 5 4x x 2 Observing that the derivative of 5 4x x 2 is (4 2x ) , we have
4x 1
4x 1 5 4x x
2
dx =
2( 4 2x ) 9 dx 5 4x x 2
11
Integration of
1 x s ax 2 x c
Example
x
dx x2 1
12
Integration of
R( x,
ax b )dx cx d ax b cx d
In solving such problems, we use the substitution u ! n
Example
I!
x2 x x1
dx
13
INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
Integration of
R( cos
, sin )d put u ! sin . put u ! cos . put u ! tan .

2t 1 t2
(1) If R( cos , sin ) ! R( cos , sin ) , (2) If R( cos , sin ) ! R( cos , sin ) , (3) If R( cos , sin ) ! R( cos , sin ) ,
Example
(a)
cos
sin 2 d
Example
sin
x cos 7 x dx
(4) Otherwise, put t ! tan
tan
1 t2 cos ! 1 t2
sin ! 2t 1 t2
(b)
cos
sin 3 d
14
REDUCTION FORMULA
Certain integrals involving powers of the variable or powers of functions of the variable can be related to integrals of the same form but containing reduced powers and such relations are called REDUCTION FORMULAS . Successive use of such formulas will often allow a given integral to
be expressed in terms of a much simpler one. Let I n ! sin n x dx for n is non-negative integer.
1 n 1 I n 2 Show that I n ! cos x sin n 1 x n n Hence, find I 6 .
Example
15
Example
Show that if I n ! cosn d , where n is a non-negative integer, then n 1 sin cos n 1 I n 2 , for n u 2 . n n Hence evaluate I 5 and I 6 . In !
16
Example
If I n ! tan n x dx , where n is a non-negative integer, find a reduction formula for I n . ( In !

1 tan n 1 x I n 2 ) n1
This formula relates I n with I n 2 , and if n is a positive integer, successive use of it will ultimately relate with either Since
tan x dx
or
dx .
tan x can
tan xdx ! ln sec x c, dx ! x c , and positive integral power of
therefore be integrated. For non-negative integer n, I n ! (ln x )n dx . Find a reduction formula for I n and hence evaluate I 3 .
Example
17
Example
Let n be a positive integer and a { 0 . dx In ! . (*) 2 (ax bx c )n (a) Prove that n(4ac b 2 )I n 1 ! 2( 2n 1)a I n (b) Evaluate 2ax b . (ax bx c)n
2
(x
dx . 2 x 2) 2
18

Indefinite Integration

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Indefinite Integration

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Indefinite Integration Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Prepared by Mr. K. F. Ngai Page