The international system of units Or Physics seven (7) Basic quantities

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Length (meter) Mass (kilogram) Time (second) Electric current (ampere) Thermodynamic temperature (kelvin) Amount of substance (mole) Luminous intensity (candela)

Length
In geometric measurements, length most commonly refers to the longest dimension of an object.[1] In certain contexts, the term "length" is reserved for a certain dimension of an object along which the length is measured. For example it is possible to cut a length of a wire which is shorter than wire thickness. Another example is FET transistors, in which the channel width may be larger than channel length. Length may be distinguished from height, which is vertical extent, and width or breadth, which are the distance from side to side, measuring across the object at right angles to the length.

Units
In the physical sciences and engineering, when one speaks of "units of length", the word "length" is synonymous with "distance". There are several units that are used to measure length. Units of length may be based on lengths of human body parts, the distance travelled in a number of paces, the distance between landmarks or places on the Earth, or arbitrarily on the length of some fixed object. In the International System of Units (SI), the basic unit of length is the meter and is now defined in terms of the speed of light. The centimeter and the kilometer, derived from the meter, are also commonly used units.

Metre
The metre (or meter), symbol m, is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI).

Centimetre
A centimetre : centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one hundredth of a metre, which is the current SI base unitof length

Uses of centimetre
In addition to its use in the measurement of length, the centimetre is used:
 

sometimes, to report the level of rainfall as measured by a rain gauge [3] in maps, centimetres are used to make conversions from map scale to real world scale (kilometres)

Kilometre
The kilometre - kilometer; symbol km[1]) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one thousand metres . It is the conventionally used measurement unit for expressing distances between geographical places in most of the world; notable exceptions are the United States and the United Kingdom where the statute mile is used.

Time
Time is a part of the measuring system used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify rates of change such as the motions of objects.[1] The temporal position of events with respect to the transitory present is continually changing; future events become present, then pass further and further into the past. Time has been a major subject of religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a non-controversial manner applicable to all fields of study has consistently eluded the greatest scholars. Time is one of the seven fundamental physical quantities in the International System of Units. Time is used to define other quantities such as velocity so defining time in terms of such quantities would result in circularity of definition.[2] An operational definition of time, wherein one says that observing a certain number of repetitions of one or another standard cyclical event (such as the passage of a freeswinging pendulum) constitutes one standard unit such as the second, is highly useful in the conduct of both advanced experiments and everyday affairs of life. The operational definition leaves aside the question whether there is something called time, apart from the counting activity just mentioned, that flows and that can be measured. Investigations of a single continuum called spacetime bring questions about space into questions about time, questions that have their roots in the works of early students of natural philosophy.

Hour
The hour (common symbol: h or hr; also known as a stound) is a unit of measurement of time. In modern usage, an hour comprises 60 minutes, or 3,600 seconds. It is 1/24th of a median Earth day. An hour in the Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) time standard can include a negative or positive leap second, and may therefore have a duration of 3599 or 3601seconds for adjustment purposes.

Although it is not a standard defined by the International System of Units, the hour is a unit accepted for use with SI, represented by the symbol h. [1

Second
The second (SI symbol: s), sometimes abbreviated sec., is a unit of measurement of time, and is the International System of Units (SI) base unit of time.[1] It may be measured using a clock. Early definitions of the second were based on the apparent motion of the sun around the earth.[2] The solar day was divided into 24 hours, each of which contained 60 minutes of 60 seconds each, so the second was 186
400

of the

mean solar day. However, 19th- and 20th century astronomical observations revealed that this average time is lengthening, and thus the sun/earth motion is no longer considered a suitable basis for definition. With the advent of atomic clocks, it became feasible to define the second based on fundamental properties of nature. Since 1967, the second has been defined to be

Electric current
Electric current is a flow of electric charge through a medium.[1] This charge is typically carried by moving electrons in a conductor such as wire. It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons in a plasma.[2]

Symbol
The conventional symbol for current is I, which may seem puzzling. It originates from the French phrase intensit de courant, or in English current intensity.[3][4] This phrase is frequently used when discussing the value of an electric current, especially in older texts; modern practice often shortens this to simply current but current intensity is still used in many recent textbooks. The I symbol was used by AndrMarie Ampre himself, after whom the unit of electric current is named, in formulating the eponymous Ampre's force law which he discovered in 1820.

Ampere

The ampere (symbol: A) is the SI unit of electric current[1] (symbol: I) and is one of the seven[2] SI base units. It is named after Andr-Marie Ampre (17751836), French mathematician and physicist, considered the father of electrodynamics. In practice, its name is often shortened to amp. In practical terms, the ampere is a measure of the amount of electric charge passing a point in an electric circuit per unit time with 6.241 1018 electrons, or onecoulomb per second constituting one ampere.[3]

Amount of substance
Amount of substance is a standards-defined quantity that measures the size of an ensemble of elementary entities, such as atoms, molecules, electrons, and other particles. It is sometimes referred to as chemical amount. The International System of Units (SI) defines the amount of substance to be proportional to the number of elementary entities present. The SI unit for amount of substance is the mole. It has the unit symbol mol. The mole is defined as the amount of substance that contains an equal number of elementary entities

Mole (unit)
The mole is a unit of measurement used in chemistry to express amounts of a chemical substance ,

Thermodynamic temperature
Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature and is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic temperature is an "absolute" scale because it is the measure of the fundamental property underlying temperature: its null or zero point, absolute zero, is the temperature at which the particle constituents of matter have minimal motion and can become no colder.

Kelvin
The kelvin is a unit of measurement for temperature. It is one of the seven base units in the International System of Units (SI) and is assigned the unit symbol K. The Kelvin scale is an absolute, thermodynamic temperature scale using as its null point absolute zero, the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases in the classical description of thermodynamics. The reference point that defines the Kelvin scale is the triple point of water at 273.16 K (0.01 C; 32.02 F). The kelvin is defined as 1/273.16 of the difference between these two reference points. The Kelvin scale is named after the Belfast-born engineer and physicist William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824 1907), who wrote of the need for an "absolute thermometric scale". Unlike the degree Fahrenheit and degree Celsius, the kelvin is not referred to or typeset as a degree. The kelvin is the primary unit of measurement in the

physical sciences, but is often used in conjunction with the degree Celsius, which has the same magnitude. Absolute zero at 0 K is 273.15 C (459.67 F).

Celsius
.

A domestic wall thermometer Celsius is a scale and unit of measurement for temperature. It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (17011744), who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death. The degree Celsius (C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval, a difference between two temperatures or anuncertainty. The unit was known until 1948 as centigrade from the latin "centum" translated as 100 and "gradus" translated as "steps". From 1744 until 1954, 0 C was defined as the freezing point of water and 100 C was defined as the boiling point of water, both at a pressure of one standard atmosphere with mercury being the working material[citation needed] Although these defining correlations are commonly taught in schools today, by international agreement the unit "degree Celsius" and the Celsius scale are currently defined by two different points: absolute zero, and the triple point of VSMOW (specially prepared water). This definition also precisely relates the

Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale, which defines the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature (symbol: K). Absolute zero, the hypothetical but unattainable temperature at which matter exhibits zero entropy, is defined as being precisely 0 K and 273.15 C. The temperature value of the triple point of water is defined as being precisely 273.16 K and 0.01 C.[1] This definition fixes the magnitude of both the degree Celsius and the kelvin as precisely 1 part in 273.16 (approximately 0.00366) of the difference between absolute zero and the triple point of water. Thus, it sets the magnitude of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin as exactly the same. Additionally, it establishes the difference between the two scales' null points as being precisely 273.15 degrees Celsius (273.15 C = 0 K and 0 C = 273.15 K).[2]

Mass
In physics, mass (from Ancient Greek: ) commonly refers to any of following three properties of matter, which have been shown experimentally to be equivalent:    inertial mass, active gravitational mass, and passive gravitational mass.

Mass must be distinguished from matter in physics, because matter is a poorly-defined concept, and although all types of agreed-upon matter exhibit mass, it is also the case that many types of energy which are not mattersuch as potential energy, kinetic energy, and trapped electromagnetic radiation (photons)also exhibit mass. Thus, all matter has the property of mass, but not all mass is associated with identifiable matter. In everyday usage, "mass" is often used interchangeably with weight, and the units of weight are often taken to be kilograms (for instance, a person may state that their weight is 75 kg). In proper scientific use, however, the two terms refer to different, yet related, properties of matter.

Kilogram
The kilogram (symbol: kg) is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI, from the French Le Systme International dUnits),[Note 2]which is the modern standard governing the metric system. The kilogram is defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram[1] (IPK),[Note 3] which is almost exactly equal to the mass of one liter of water. The avoirdupois (or international) pound, used in both theImperial system and U.S. customary units is defined as exactly 0.45359237 kg,[2] making one kilogram approximately equal to 2.2046 avoirdupois pounds.

Luminous intensity
In photometry, luminous intensity is a measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle, based on the luminosity function, a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye. The SI unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd), an SI base unit. Photometry deals with the measurement of visible light as perceived by human eyes. The human eye can only see light in the visible spectrum and has different sensitivities to light of different wavelengths within the spectrum. When adapted for bright conditions (photopic vision), the eye is most sensitive to greenish-yellow light at 555 nm. Light with the same radiant intensity at other wavelengths has a lower luminous intensity. The curve which measures the response of the human eye to light is a defined standard, known as the luminosity function. This curve, denoted V( ) or , is based on an average of widely differing experimental data from scientists using

different measurement techniques. For instance, the measured responses of the eye to violet light varied by a factor of ten. Luminous intensity should not be confused with another photometric unit, luminous flux, which is the total perceived power emitted in all directions. Luminous intensity is the perceived power per unit solid angle. Luminous intensity is also not the same as the radiant intensity, the corresponding objective physical quantity used in the measurement science of radiometry.

Units
Like other SI base units, the candela has an operational definitionit is defined by the description of a physical process that will produce one candela of luminous intensity. By definition, if one constructs a light source that emits monochromatic green light with a frequency of 540 THz, and that has a radiant intensity of 1/683 watts per steradian in a given direction, that light source will emit one candela in the specified direction.[1] The frequency of light used in the definition corresponds to a wavelength of 555 nm, which is near the peak of the eye's response to light. If the source emitted uniformly in all directions, the total radiant flux would be about 18.40 mW, since there are 4 steradians in a sphere. A typical candle produces very roughly one candela of luminous intensity. Prior to the definition of the candela, variety of units for luminous intensity were used in various countries. These were typically based on the brightness of the flame from a "standard candle" of defined composition, or the brightness of an incandescent filament of specific design. One of the best-known of these standards was the English standard: candlepower. One candlepower was the light produced by a pure spermaceti candle weighing one sixth of a pound and burning at a rate

of 120 grains per hour. Germany, Austria, and Scandinavia used the hefnerkerze, a unit based on the output of a Hefner lamp.[2] In 1881, Jules Violle proposed the Violle as a unit of luminous intensity, and it was notable as the first unit of light intensity that did not depend on the properties of a particular lamp. All of these units were superseded by the definition of the candela.

Candela

Photopic (black) and scotopic[1] (green) luminosity functions. The photopic includes the CIE 1931 standard [2] (solid), the Judd-Vos 1978 modified data [3](dashed), and the Sharpe, Stockman, Jagla & Jgle 2005 data [4] (dotted). The horizontal axis is wavelength in nm.

The candela (

NQ G O  or NQ GL O ; symbol: cd) is the SI base unit of luminous intensity; that is,

power emitted by a light source in a particular direction, weighted by the luminosity function (a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths, also known as the luminous efficiency function[4][5]). A common candle emits light with a luminous intensity of roughly one candela. If emission in some directions is blocked by an opaque barrier, the emission would still be approximately one candela in the directions that are not obscured. The word candela means candle in Latin, as well as in many modern languages.

Definition
Like other SI base units, the candela has an operational definitionit is defined by a description of a physical process that will produce one candela of luminous intensity. Since the 16th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 1979, the candela has been defined as:[6] The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 54010 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 683 watt per steradian. The definition describes how to produce a light source that (by definition) emits one candela. Such a source could then be used to calibrate instruments designed to measure luminous intensity. The candela is sometimes still called by the old name candle,[7] such as in foot-candle and the modern definition of candlepower.
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