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General nformation
Instructor: Emilie Hein
Email: heinemilie@foothill.edu
Webpage: http://foothill.emiliehein.com/4B + Webpage: http://foothill.emiliehein.com/4B +
course studio
Office hours (tentative):
Wednesdays 4:30-5:30pm in 4302.
Thursdays 4:30-5:30pm in 5501.
By appointment
General nformation
Required Text:
University Physics, 12
th
Edition by Young &
Freedman
We will cover chapters 21 We will cover chapters 21
through 32.
Lectures notes will be
made available on the
course studio webpage.
Laboratory: starts this
week!
General nformation
Homework
MasteringPhysics.com
Course code: MPHEIN13488
First HW due on Wednesday 4/13! First HW due on Wednesday 4/13!
Quizzes
Quizzes based on topics from the previous week.
First quiz will be on Wednesday 4/13!
PSME Center
Room 4213
Take advantage of the knowledgeable tutors there.
General nformation
Exams: 2 midterms + 1 final. Final is comprehensive.
NO make-up exams.
You are allowed to have ONE standard sheet of notes
(both sides). (both sides).
Tip: Start writing your formula sheet in class. It will be
handy for HW and save you some study time before
exams.
ntroductions
There is no quiz this week. Instead, bring a photocopy
of your student ID photo or drivers license (with
recent picture) to our next class meeting. Write down
your your
1) Name
2) Major
3) Comments on past Physics experience, if any.
This will count as one of your quiz scores (pass/no
pass).
About me
I am French.
Earned my PhD from UCI
in 2009.
Thesis in Particle Physics, Thesis in Particle Physics,
worked at the SLAC
National Laboratory.
Tentative 8chedule
Midterm 1 - 4/29 : Chapters 21-24
Midterm 2 - 5/25 : Chapters 25-28
Final 6/22: Comprehensive but with emphasis on
last chapters (Chapters 2932) last chapters (Chapters 2932)
Dropping Class
You may drop the course by 4/23 with no grade.
You may drop the course by 5/27 with a W grade.
In every case, a student is responsible for dropping
him/herself. him/herself.
You should not assume that you are automatically
dropped from the class for non-attendance.
Students on the final grade roster, who have not dropped
and who do not show up for the final exam will receive
an F in the course.
Also ..
Make sure that your read the Green Sheet fully it
is a contract.
Make sure that you understand its contents fully,
especially the parts that pertain to testing and the especially the parts that pertain to testing and the
computation of your grade.
Today's schedule
Chapter 21:
To study electric charge and see how charge
behaves in conductors and insulators.
To calculate force with Coulombs Law. To calculate force with Coulombs Law.
Electric Charge
The effects of electric
charge were first observed
as static electricity.
After being rubbed on a After being rubbed on a
piece of fur, a plastic rod
acquires a charge and can
attract small objects. It
repels another rod rubbed
with fur.
Electric Charge
We can repeat the
experiment using glass rods
rubbed on silk.
An objects ability to charge An objects ability to charge
depends on the type of
material, its shape, and the
presence of ions and
humidity in the surrounding
air.
Electric Charge
The plastic rod and silk
rod now attract each other!
Conclusion: charging both
plastic and glass rods plastic and glass rods
shows that there are two
types of electric charge;
like charges repel and
opposites attract.
Electric Charge
Convention: amber, plastic, and rubber become
negatively charged when rubbed with animal fibers
(fur, hair, wool). Glass becomes positively charged
when rubbed with felt, silk, or wool. when rubbed with felt, silk, or wool.
Why does a balloon stick to your sweater?
balloons_en ().jar
Electric Charge
Electric charge is a
fundamental property of
matter.
Many particles, including Many particles, including
the electron and proton,
carry electric charge.
Charge comes in two
varieties, positive and
negative.
Electric Charge
All electrons have exactly the same charge; the charge
on the proton has the same magnitude but opposite
sign:
Electric charge is quantized in units of e: an object
may have a charge of 0, 1e, 2e, 3e,
Ouick Ouiz
If you rub an inflated balloon against your hair, the
two materials attract each other. Is the amount of
charge present in the system of the balloon and your
hair after rubbing hair after rubbing
a) less than
b) the same as
c) more than
the amount of charge present before rubbing?
Electric Charge
When a plastic rod is
rubbed with fur, some of
the electrons on the atoms
in the fur are transferred to in the fur are transferred to
the rod.
We find that the total
electric charge of a closed
system is constant:
Electric charge is
conserved.
Ouick Ouiz
Three objects are brought close to each other, two at a
time. When A and B are brought together, they repel.
When B and C are brought together, they also repel.
Which of the following are true?
a) A and C possess charges of the same sign.
b) A and C possess charges of opposite sign.
c) All three possess charges of the same sign.
d) One of the objects is neutral.
e) We would need to perform additional experiments to
determine the signs of the charges.
Electric Charge
An atom that has lost/gained an electron is
positively/negatively charged it is a positive/negative ion.
nsulators and Conductors
Materials that allow easy passage of charge are called
conductors. Most metals are conductors.
Materials that resist electronic flow are called
insulators. Most insulators are non-metals. insulators. Most insulators are non-metals.
Semiconductor are intermediate; their conductivity
can depend on impurities and can be manipulated by
external voltages.
nsulators and Conductors
If a conductor carries excess
charge, the excess is distributed
over the surface of the
conductor. conductor.
Charging by induction
A conductor can be charged by induction, if there is a
way to ground it.
This allows the like charges to leave the conductor;
If the conductor is then isolated before the rod is removed,
only the excess charge remains.
Polarization
Some materials can
become polarized this
means that their atoms
rotate in response to an rotate in response to an
external charge. This is
how a charged object can
attract a neutral one.
8tatic Electricity
The motion of static charges about a plastic comb and light
bits of paper can cause attractive forces strong enough to
overcome the weight of the paper.
Coulomb's Law
It allows the calculation of
electrostatic attraction or
repulsion.
The force is along the line The force is along the line
connecting the charges, and
is attractive if the charges
are opposite, and repulsive
if the charges are like.
Coulomb's Law
The magnitude of the
force between two point
charges:
0
4
1

=
2 2 12
0
. / 10 854 . 8 m N C

=
Ouick Ouiz
Object A has a charge of + 2C, and object B has a
charge of + 6C. Which statement is true about the
electric forces on the objects?
a) F
AB
= - 3 F
BA
a) F
AB
= - 3 F
BA
b) F
AB
= - F
BA
c) 3F
AB
= - F
BA
d) F
AB
= 3 F
BA
e) F
AB
= F
BA
f) 3 F
AB
= F
BA
Coulomb's Law
The forces on the two
charges are action-
reaction forces.
The force exerted by q
1
The force exerted by q
1
on q
2
points from q
2
toward q
1
if the 2
charges have opposite
signs, but points from q
2
directly away from q
1
if
the charges have the
same sign.
Example: the hydrogen atom
The electron and proton of a hydrogen atom are
separated (on average) by a distance of 5.3 10
-11
m.
Find the magnitudes of the electric force and the
gravitational force between the two particles. gravitational force between the two particles.
We recall
2 2 11
/ . 10 67 . 6 kg m N G

=
kg m
e
31
10 11 . 9

=
kg m
p
27
10 67 . 1

=
8uperposition principle
The electric force is a vector. When the forces acting
on a charge are caused by 2 or more other charges, the
total force on the charge is the vector sum of the
individual forces. Vector algebra: see Sections 1.7-1.9.
Problem solving: Coulomb's law
IDENTIFY: Use Coulombs law when you need to know the
electric force between charged particles.
SET UP:
1. Make a drawing showing the locations of the charged 1. Make a drawing showing the locations of the charged
particles, and label them with their charge.
2. If three or more charges are present and they do not all lie on
the same line, set up an xy coordinate system.
3. Often you will need to find the electric force on just one
particle. If so, identify that particle.
Problem solving: Coulomb's law
EXECUTE
1. Calculate the magnitude of the force due to each particle that
exerts a force on the particle of interest.
2. Make a free-body diagram for the particle(s) of interest.
3. Calculate the total electric force on the particle(s) of interest.
4. Use consistent units. With the value of k given above,
distances must be in meters, charge in coulombs, force in
newtons.
EVALUATE Check whether your numerical results are
reasonable, and confirm that the direction of the net electric
force agrees with the principle that like charges repel.
Continuous charge distribution
Continuous distribution of charge along a line or over
a surface: The vector sum of the electric forces
becomes a vector integral.
We divide the total charge distribution into We divide the total charge distribution into
infinitesimal pieces, use Coulombs law for each
piece, and then integrate to find the vector sum.
Sometimes this process can be done without explicit
use of integration.
8ymmetrical charge distribution
In many situations the charge distribution will be
symmetrical.
Example: find the force on a charge Q in the presence of two
other identical charges q, one above and to the left of Q and the
other below and to the left of Q. other below and to the left of Q.
If the distances from to each of the other charges are the same,
the force on Q from each charge has the same magnitude; if
each force vector makes the same angle with the horizontal axis,
adding these vectors to find the net force is particularly easy.
Whenever possible, exploit any symmetries to simplify
the problem-solving process.
Force between two point
charges
Two point charges q
1
=+25nC and q
2
=-75nC are
separated by a r=3.0cm. Find the magnitude and
direction of the electric force that q
1
exerts on q
2 ,
and of
the electric force that q
2
exerts on q
1
.
Electric forces on a line
Two point charges are located on the positive x-axis of
a coordinate system. Charge q
1
= 1.0nC is 2.0cm from
the origin, and charge q
2
= -3.0nC is 4.0cm from the
origin. What is the total force exerted by these two
charges on a charge q
3
=5.0nC located at the origin?
Electric forces in a plane
Two equal positive point
charges q
1
= q
2
= 2.0C are
located at x = 0, y = 0.30m
and x = 0,y = -0.30m, and x = 0,y = -0.30m,
respectively. What are the
magnitude and direction of
the total electric force that
these charges exert on a third
point charge Q = 4.0C at
x = 0.40m, y = 0?