World energy consumption

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Rate of world energy usage in terawatts (TW), 1965-2005[1]

[2][3] Global energy usage in successively increasing detail (2005)

Energy intensity of different economies The graph shows the ratio between energy usage and GDP for selected countries. GDP is based on 2004 purchasing power parity and 2000 dollars adjusted for inflation.[4]

GDP and energy consumption in Japan from 1958 - 2000 The data shows the correlation between GDP and energy use; however, it also shows that this link can be broken. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 the energy use stagnated while Japan's GDP continued to grow, after 1985, under the influence of the then much cheaper oil, energy use resumed its historical relation to GDP.[5] World energy resources and consumptionreview the world energy resources and use. More than half of the energy has been consumed in the last two decades since the industrial [6] revolution, despite advances in efficiency and sustainability. According to IEA world statistics in four years (2004-2008) the world population increased 5 %, annual CO2 emissions increased 10 % and gross energy production increased 10 %.[7] Most energy is used in the country of origin, since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials. In 2008 the share export of the total energy production by fuel was: oil 50 % (1,952/3,941 Mt), gas 25 % (800/3,149 bcm ), hard coal 14 % (793/5,845 Mt) and electricity 1 % (269/20,181 TWh).[8] In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474 exajoules (4741018 J=132,000 TWh). This is equivalent to an average annual power consumption rate of 15 terawatts (1.5041013 W) [1] The potential for renewable energy is: solar energy 1600 EJ (444,000 TWh), wind power 600 EJ (167,000 TWh), geothermal energy 500 EJ (139,000 TWh), biomass 250 EJ (70,000 TWh), hydropower 50 EJ (14,000 TWh) and ocean energy 1 EJ (280 TWh).[9]. In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years ( 1.1%) or 130 Mtoe (Megaton oil equivalent), as a result of the financial and economic crisis (GDP drop by 0.6% in 2009).[10] This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends. Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several developing countries, specifically in Asia (+4%). Conversely, in OECD, consumption was severely cut by 4.7% in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels. In North America, Europe and CIS, consumptions shrank by 4.5%, 5% and 8.5% respectively due to the slowdown in economic activity. China became the world's largest energy consumer (18% of the total) since its consumption surged by 8% during 2009 (from 4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy source (33%) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time. Coal posted a growing role in the world's e nergy consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total. Most of the world's energy resources are from the sun's rays hitting earth. Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy, some is directly or indirectly usable; for example, via wind, hydro- or wave power. The term solar constant is the amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area, measured on the outer surface of Earth's atmosphere,

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Contents
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1 Emi i 2 Primary energy o 2.1 Fossil fuels o 2.2 Coal o 2.3 Oil o 2.4 Gas o 2.5 Nuclear power o 2.6 Renewable energy  2.6.1 Hydropower  2.6.2 Biomass and biofuels  2.6.3 Wind power  2.6.4 Solar power  2.6.5 Geot ermal 3 By country 4 By sector 5 Alternati e energy pat s 6 See also 7 References 8 Furt er reading 9 External links

[edit] Emissions
The global warming emissions are the most serious global environmental problem. Therefore many nations have signed the UN agreement to prevent a dangerous influences in the climate system. What is dangerous concentration is a political issue rather than scientific issue. Limiting global temperature rise at 2 %, considered as a high risk level by Stockholm Environmental Institute, demands 75 % decline in carbon emissions in the industrial countries by 2050, if the population is 10 mrd in 2050. [11] 75 % in 40 years is about 2 % decrease every year. As 2011, the warming emissions of energy production continued rising regardless of the

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consensus of the basic problem. There is a 25-30 years lag in the complete warming effect of emissions. Thus human activities have created already a 1,5 C temperature rise (2006).[12] According to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch institute) for security civilization has to stop increase of emissions within a decade regardless of economy and population state (2009).[13]

[edit] Primary energy

World energy and power supply (TWh) [14] Energy Power 1990 102,569 11,821 2000 117,687 15,395 2005 133,602 18,258 2008 143,851 20,181 Energy by power source 2008 [15] TWh % Oil 48,204 33,5 % Coal 38,497 26,8 % Gas 30,134 20,9 % Nuclear 8,283 5,8 % Hydro 3,208 2,2 % Other RE* 15,284 10,6 % Others 241 0,2 % Total 143,851 100 %
Source: IEA *`=solar, wind, geothermal and biofuels


Source: IEA/OEC

The United States Energy Information Administration regularly publishes a report on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources. According to IEA total world energy supply was 102,569 TWh (1990); 117,687 TWh (2000); 133,602 TWh (2005) and 143,851 TWh (2008). World power generation was 11,821 TWh (1990); 15,395 TWh (2000); 18,258 TWh (2005) and 20,181 TWh (2008). Compared to power supply 20,181 TWh the power end use was only 16,819 TWh in 2008 including EU27: 2 857 TWh, China 2 883 TWh and USA 4 533 TWh. In 2008 energy use per person was in the USA 4,1 fold, EU 1,9 fold and Middle East 1,6 fold the world average and in China 87 % and India 30 % of the world average. [16] In 2008 energy supply by power source was oil 33.5 %, coal 26.8 %, gas 20.8 % (fossil 81 %), renewable (hydro, solar, wind, geothermal power and biofuels) 12.9 %, nuclear 5.8 % and other 4 %. Oil was the most popular energy fuel. Oil and coal combined represented over 60 % of the world energy supply in 2008. Since the annual energy supply increase has been high, e.g. 2007-2008 4,461 TWh, compared to the total nuclear power end use 2,731 TWh[17] [15], environmental activists, like Greenpeace, support increase of energy efficiency and renewable energy capacity. These are also more and more addressed in the international agreements and national Energy Action Plans, like the EU

2009 Renewable Energy Directive and corresponding national plans. The global renewable energy supply increased from 2000 to 2008 in total 3,155 TWh, also more than the nuclear power use 2,731 TWh in 2008. [18] The energy resources below show the extensive reserves of renewable energy.

Regional energy use (kWh/hab)[19] [20] kWh/capita Population (milj) 1990 2008 1990 2008 USA 89,021 87,216 305 EU-27 40,240 40,821 Middle East 19,422 34,774 199 China 8,839 18,608 1,333 Latin America 11,281 14,421 462 Africa 7,094 7,792 984 India 4,419 6,280 1,140 The World 19,421 21,283 6,688
Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank

Fuel type

Oil Gas Coal Hydroelectric Nuclear power Geothermal, wind, 0.02 solar energy, wood Total 9.48

Average power in TW[21] 1980 2004 2006 4.38 5.58 5.74 1.80 3.45 3.61 2.34 3.87 4.27 0.60 0.93 1.00 0.25 0.91 0.93 0.13 15.0 0.16 15.8

Source: The USA Energy Information Administration

[edit] Fossil fuels

Mai articl : Fo il f l Regional coal supply (TWh) and share 2009 (%) [22] 2000 2008 2009* %* North America 6,654 6,740 6,375 16 % Asia excl. China 5,013 7,485 7,370 19 % China 7,318 16,437 18,449 47 % EU 3,700 3,499 3,135 8%
   

Africa Russia Others Total

1,049 1,213 1,288 3% 1,387 1,359 994 3% 1,485 1,763 1,727 4% 26,607 38,497 39,340 100 %

Source: IEA, *in 2009 BP

The twentieth century saw a rapid twentyfold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2006, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%.[1] According to the US Energy Information Administration's 2006 estimate, the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in 2004 was divided as follows, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the world's energy: Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century. With the advent of the automobile, airplanes and the spreading use of electricity, oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century. The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil.[23] Coal, natural gas, and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency. In the U.S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon. Japan, which bore the brunt of the oil shocks, made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world.[24] From 1965 to 2008, the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased. From 2003 to 2008, coal, which is one of the dirtiest sources of energy,[25] was the fastest growing fossil fuel.[26].

[edit] Coal
In 2000 coal was used in China 28 %, other Asia 19 %,North America 25 % and the EU 14 %. In 2009 the share of China was 47 %.[22]

[edit] Oil
Regional oil supply (TWh) and share 2009 (%) [27] 2000 2008 2009* %* North America 12,350 12,590 12,305 26 % Asia excl. China 8,510 9,217 9,620 21 % China 2,490 4,130 4,855 10 % EU 7,980 8,055 8,050 17 % Africa 1,482 1,624 1,730 4% Russia 2,138 2,828 1,499 3% Others 8,562 9,761 8,526 18 % Total 43,506 48,204 46,585 100 %
Source: IEA, *in 2009 BP

The use of oil doubled in China during 2000-2009. In 2009 the consumption of oil was in the EU 1,6 fold and North America 2.5 fold compared to China.[27]

[edit] Gas
Regional gas supply (TWh)[28] 2000 2008 2009* % North America 7,621 7,779 8,839 28 % Asia excl. China 2,744 4,074 4,348 14 % China 270 825 1,015 3 % EU 4,574 5,107 4,967 16 % Africa 612 974 1,455 5 % Russia 3,709 4,259 4,209 13 % Latin America 1,008 1,357 958 3 % Others 3,774 5,745 6,047 19 % Total 24,312 30,134 31,837 100 %
Source: IEA, in 2009 BP

In 2009 the world use of gas was 131 % compared to year 2000. 66 % of the this growth was outside EU, North-America. Latin America and Russia. Others include Middle East, Asia and Africa. The gas supply increased also in the previous regions: 8.6 % in the EU and 16 % in the North America 2000-2009.[29]

[edit] Nuclear power

As of December 2009, the world had 436 reactors.[30] Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s, 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid, although two were connected in 2009.[30][31] Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007, decreasing 1.8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh with nuclear power meeting 1314% of the world's electricity demand.[32]

[edit] Renewable energy

Renewable energy sources worldwide at the end of 2008 Source REN21[33]



Available renewable energy The volume of the cubes represent the amount of available geothermal, hydropower, wind and solar energy in TW, although only a small portion is [34] recoverable. The small red cube shows the proportional global energy consumption.

Solar energy as it is dispersed on the planet and radiated back to space. Values are in PW =1015 watt.[35]

Main article Renewable energy In 2008, Renewable Energy Policy Network for 21st Century reported that renewable energy supplied around 19% of the world's energy consumption. [36] It should be noted, however, that 68% of energy consumption counted as "renewable" came in the form of "traditional biomass" energy, i.e. plant and animal matter for heat and cooking fire in developing regions. [36] The renewables sector has been growing significantly since the last years of the 20th century, and in 2009 the total new investment was estimated to have been 150 billion US dollars.[37] This resulted in an additional 80 GW of capacity during the year.[38] [edit] Hydropower Main article hydropower Worldwide hydroelectricity installed capacity reached 816 GW in 2005, consisting of 750 GW of large plants, and 66 GW of small hydro installations. Large hydro capacity totaling 10.9 GW was added by China, Bra il, and India during the year, but there was a much faster growth (8%) small hydro, with 5 GW added, mostly in China where some 58% of the world's small hydro plants are now located. China is the largest hydropower producer in the world, and continues to add capacity. In the Western world, although Canada is the largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world, the construction of large hydro plants has stagnated
 

due to environmental concerns.[39] The trend in both Canada and the United States has been to micro hydro because it has negligible environmental impacts and opens up many more locations for power generation. In British Columbia alone, the estimates are that micro hydro will be able to more than double electricity production in the province. [edit] Biomass and biofuels Main articles biomass and biofuel Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel, today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply. Electricity produced frombiomass sources was estimated at 44 GW for 2005. Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100% in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. A further 220 GW was used for heating (in 2004), bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264GW. The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded.[3] World production of bioethanol increased by 8% in 2005 to reach 33 billion litres (8.72 billion US gallons), with most of the increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Bra il.[3] Biodiesel increased by 85% to 3.9 billion litres (1.03 billion US gallons), making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005. Over 50% is produced in Germany.[3] [edit] Wind power


Wind power: worldwide installed capacity 1996-2008 Main article Wind power At the end of 2009, worldwide wind farm capacity was 157,900 MW, representing an increase of 31 percent during the year,[40] and wind power supplied some 1.3% of global electricity consumption.[41] Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity use in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland.[42] The United States is an important growth area and installed U.S. wind power capacity reached 25,170 MW at the end of 2008.[43] [edit] Solar power Main article Solar energy The available solar energy resources are 3.8 J/yr (120,000 TW). Less than 0.02% of available resources are sufficient to entirely replace fossil fuels and nuclear power as an energy source. Assuming that our rate of usage in 2005 remains constant, we will run out of conventional oil in 2045, and coal in 2159. In practice, neither will actually run out asnatural [44][45][46] constraints will force production to decline as the remaining reserves dwindle. The
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rate at which demand increases and reserves dwindle has been increasing dramatically because the rate of consumption is not constant. For example, if demand for oil doubled, reserves would not last as long. In addition, the cost of fossil fuels continues to rise while solar power becomes more economically viable. In 2007 grid-connected photovoltaic electricity was the fastest growing energy source, with installations of all photovoltaics increasing by 83% in 2009 to bring the total installed capacity to 15 GW. Nearly half of the increase was in Germany, which is now the world's largest consumer of photovoltaic electricity (followed by Japan). Solar cell production increased by 50% in 2007, to 3,800 megawatts, and has been doubling every two years.[47] The consumption of solar hot water and solar space heating was estimated at 88 GWt (gigawatts of thermal power) in 2004. The heating of water for unglazed swimming pools is excluded.[3] [edit] Geothermal Mai articl : G ot rmal ow r Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries.[48] In the year 2004, 200 PJ (57 TWh) of electricity was generated from geothermal resources, and an additional 270 PJ of geothermal energy was used directly, mostly for space heating. In 2007, the world had a global capacity for 10 GW of electricity generation and an additional 28 GW of direct heating, including extraction by geothermal heat pumps.[3][49] Heat pumps are small and widely distributed, so estimates of their total capacity are uncertain and range up to 100 GW.[48]
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[edit] By country
See al o: Energy by co ntry and Li t of co ntries by energy consumption per capita Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national product and climate, but there is a large difference even between the most highly developed countries, such as Japan and Germany with 6 kW per person and United States with 11.4 kW per person. In developing countries particularly those which are sub-tropical or tropical such as India the per person energy use is closer to 0.7 kW. Bangladesh has the lowest consumption with 0.2 kW per person. The US consumes 25% of the world's energy with a share of global GDP at 22% and a share of the world population at 4.59%[50]. The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place in China, which has been growing at 5.5% per year over the last 25 years. Its population of 1.3 billion people (19.6% of the world population[50]) is consuming energy at a rate of 1.6 kW per person. One measurement of efficiency is energy intensity. This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes a country to produce a dollar of gross domestic product.
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[edit] By sector
World energy use per sector [51] 2000 2008 2000 2008 TWh %* Industry 21,733 27,273 26.5 % 27.8 % Transport 22,563 26,742 27.5 % 27.3 % Residential and service 30,555 35,319 37.3 % 36.0 % Non-energy use 7,119 8,688 8.7 % 8.9 % Total* 81,970 98,022 100 % 100 %
Source: IEA 2010, Total is calculated from the given sectors Numbers are the end use of energy Total world energy supply (2008) 143,851 TWh

Industrial users (agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and construction) consume about 37% of the total 15 TW. Personal and commercial transportation consumes 20%; residential heating, lighting, and appliances use 11%; and commercial uses (lighting, heating and cooling of commercial buildings, and provision of water and sewer services) amount to 5% of the total.
[52]

The other 27% of the world's energy is lost in energy transmission and generation. In 2005, global electricity consumption averaged 2 TW. The energy rate used to generate 2 TW of electricity is approximately 5 TW, as the efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around 38%.[53] The new generation of gas-fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55%. Coal is the most common fuel for the world's electricity plants.[54] Total world energy use per sector was in 2008 industry 28 %, transport 27 % and residential and service 36 %. Division was about the same in the year 2000.[51]

[edit] Alternative energy paths

Denmark and Germany have started to make investments in solar energy, despite their unfavorable geographic locations. Germany is now the largest consumer of photovoltaic cells in the world. Denmark and Germany have installed 3 GW and 17 GW of wind power respectively. In 2005, wind generated 18.5% of all the electricity in Denmark.[55] Brazil invests in ethanol production from sugar cane which is now a significant part of the transportation fuel in that country. Starting in 1965, France made large investments in nuclear power and to this date three quarters of its electricity comes from nuclear reactors.[56] Switzerland is planning to cut its energy consumption by more than half to become a 2000watt society by 2050 and the United Kingdom is working towards a zero energy building standard for all new housing by 2016.

[edit] See also

Renewable energy portal Energy portal Sustainable development portal

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Comparisons of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions Cubic mile of oil Domestic Energy Consumption Earth's energy budget Electricity generation Energy development Energy policy Environmental impact of aviation Kardashev scale Peak oil Sustainable energy The End of Energy Obesity (book) A Thousand Barrels a Second The Coming Oil Break Point and the Challenges acing an Energy Dependent World (book)