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Generators
Types Synchronous Generator(SG) Asynchronous Generator(Induction Motor as Generators or IMAG)
Synchronous Generator(SG)
power range >100kVA Not readily available in developing countries Complicated & liable to breakdown; High maintenance cost Complicated Needs to be ordered
Asynchronous Generator(IMAG) Generally competitive in small power range <30kVA Readily available in small power range Rugged & simple; Reliable and low maintenance cost Simple Possible with normal design (4P or more)
Asynchronous Generator(IMAG)
External source needed for excitation External source needed for supplying
part load efficiency High Rotor Inertia Good Voltage regulation Generally good technical support available Good over load and motor start capacity Can be made to sustain SC and clear fault Fairly simple Selection, calculation
reactive power Lower full load efficiency; poor part load efficiency Low Rotor Inertia Poor Voltage regulation Technical support generally does not exist May de-excite under such condition De-excites under SC and might need re-magnetization Needs calculation and re-adjustment
Type
RPM(mostly 1500/3000RPM for a 50Hz Generation and 1800/3600RPM for 60Hz Generation) and invariably used with Steam Turbine/Gas Turbine Salient Pole machines are generally low RPM type and generally manufactured in RPM range starting from 142.8 RPM and upto 1000RPM for a 50Hz system.
Practical Approach
As standard Diesel Engines (as prime mover for DG
sets) manufactured in Indian Subcontinent have RPM as 1500, off the shelf Salient Pole Generators are also designed for an RPM of 1500 to suit direct coupling. In MHPs of Nepal,1500RPM Synchronous Generator becomes natural choice. Few renowned manufacturers of Synchronous Generators(in Mini/Micro Hydro range) of India origin are KEL, Kirloskar Electric company,Cummins,Crompton,Greaves,Jyoti etc.
Practical Approach
KEL make Generators have Compounding
Transformer based Excitation System(to maintain voltage within +-5%) and no need of electronic AVR for size upto 125kVA,Starting Current Capability upto 2-3 times rated current.
1750 2000
B1
Altitude factor
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.945 0.93
0.915
0.90
0.88
Altitudes (m)
3000
3250
3500
3750 4000
4250
4500
B2 C D
0.86
0.845
0.83
0.815
0.8
0.785
0.77 0.83
When load is only light bulbs When load includes tube lights and other inductive loads
1.0 0.8
The output of the turbine could be higher than expected due to better design(efficient design) If large motors (> 10% of generator size) are supplied by the generator, the generator should be able to handle the starting current. The generator is always generating rated power when using an ELC
Practical Calculation
Suppose we need to find Correct Generator Size for a 15kW
Assume ambient temp of 40 deg Celcius,A=1 Altitude above mean sea level as 1250m,B=0.98 ELC correction Factor,C=0.83 Load as a mix of predominantly Incandescent lighting(PF:1) plus some inductive load like FT(PF:0.5) so as to give an average power factor, D = 0.8 Generator Size in KVA considering safety factor of 1.3 =1.3*15/(1*0.98*0.83*0.8)=29.966=30kVA Hence we see that for all practical purposes the Generator Size in kVA to be chosen is 2 times the installed capacity in kW
IMAG
IMAG is Squirrel Cage Induction Motor run as
Induction Generator Induction motor when rotated above its rated synchronous speed by some prime mover(hydraulic turbine in case of MHP)and fed required excitation though capacitors or through import of reactive power from Grid, Generates Electrical Power. Slip in such case is negative. Very Rugged Construction due to general ruggedness of squirrel cage rotor. Highly common to use in Pico/Peltric Sets.
Practical Approach
Though IMAG is cheaper in range up to 30kVA size, SG
is preferred over IMAG in sizes above 10kW due to practical considerations IMAG is however used almost invariably in Pico/Peltric (Pletric: Pelton+Electric Generator) sets upto 5kW
Control Equipment
Voltage Control Equipment Compounding Transformer for voltage regulation in the range of +-5% for generators upto 125kVA Additionally fitted electronic AVR for sizes >125kVA Frequency Control Equipment
Electronic Load Controller(ELC) upto installed capacity 100kW Hydromechanical/Electronic/Digital Governor for installed capacity>100kW
generation( no flow control) and maintains constant system frequency by dumping additional generated power to electric immersion heaters used as ballasts. ELCs are considered to be cheaper alternatives of costly flow control governors in case of MHPs. Since ELCs use Thyristors as switching device, a lot many harmonics are generated requiring derating of generators(ELC correction Factor: C)
ELC Continued
Sizing of ELC and associated Ballast for installed
Size of ELC=0.6*Installed Capacity in kW Size of Main Ballast=1.2*0.6*Installed Capacity in kW Size of Extension=0.4*Installed Capacity in kW
Protection Equipment
Plant protection Equipment Outdoor Protection Equipment
for Protecting generator from normal overload/short circuit in the distribution line(Rating:25% oversized) for Protecting ELC power components(Thyristors etc) from short circuit/earth fault occurring in ballast circuit
over voltages)
Earthing System
All non current carrying metal parts to be earthed to
protect equipment/human being from safety hazard An earth Continuity Conductor(ECC) to run though the perimeter of the powerhouse Generator body, Turbine Enclosure, Belt Guard, ELC Panel board, Ballast Tank, Metallic Door, Window Frame etc (if used) all to be connected to ECC
separate from the earthing of non current carrying metal parts Lightning Arrestors fitted at first pole should have separate earthing from that of neutral GND. 600mm*600mm*3.15 mm copper plate is used for earthing purposes(weighs around 10kg) Earth Resistance value <5 Ohm is desirable but in no case should exceed 10 Ohm.
1000 2000
Transformers
Few very simple practical formulas as below VHV / VLV = THV / TLV , where the terms have their usual meanings.(Note that the voltages in the formula are to be phase voltages and not line to line voltages and the formula equally applies for both single phase and three phase transformers) IHV =kVA/(3*kV HV) and ILV =kVA/(3*kV LV) for a 3 Phase Transformer and IHV =kVA/kV HV and ILV =kVA/kV LV for a 1 Phase Transformer
Transformers contd.
Type based on purposes Step Up Transformer(Used outside MHP P/H to step up voltage level form generation voltage ie 400V to primary distribution voltage ie 11000V) Step Down Transformer(Used at loadcentres to reduce primary distribution voltage of 11000V to utilization voltage of 400V)
Highest system voltage Primary 440 V Secondary 12kV Rated Frequency 50 Hz Connection Primary Gnd. Wye Secondary Delta Cooling System ONAN Vector group YNd 11 Rated impedance voltage 3.5 - 4.5% BIL for windings and bushings for secondary side 75 kV Withstand voltage, 50 Hz, 60 Sec. - Primary 28 kV - Secondary 3 kV No load tap changer 2.5% to 5% on HV side Mounting Platform Insulation levels (IEC) 76 LI 75 AC 3/AC 28 Insulation temperature class (IEC 76) A Maximum allowable noise level at 3 metre hemispherical radius <44 dB Applicable standard IEC
TYPICAL RATINGS AND FEATURE FOR 50kVA STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER TABLE 2
Type Rated capacity Rated voltage Three-phase, 11/0.4 kV 50kVA Primary 11 kV Secondary 400/230 V
Highest system voltage Primary 12 kV Secondary 440 V Rated Frequency 50 Hz Connection Primary Delta Secondary Gnd. Wye Cooling System ONAN Vector group Dyn 11 Rated impedance voltage 3.5 - 4.5% BIL for windings and bushings for primary side 75 kV Withstand voltage, 50 Hz, 60 Sec. - Primary 3 kV - Secondary 28 kV No load tap changer 2.5% to 5% on HV side Mounting Platform Insulation levels (IEC) 76 LI 75 AC 28/AC 3 Insulation temperature class (IEC 76) A Maximum allowable noise level at 3 metre hemispherical radius <44 dB Applicable standard IEC
Sizing of Transformers
Size of Step Up Transformer is based on following factors Installed plant capacity Average Power Factor of Load Calculating size for 30kW Installed Plant size with average
Size/Power factor=30/0.8=37.5 Now since 37.5kVA not being an standard transformer rating, we should chose nearest higher rating ie 50kVA Necessary provisions may have to be incorporated for the possibility of future load growth(in case it is planned to replace turbine generator set at a later date with more efficient turbine and suitable size generator)
T& D contd
UG Cable Costly Installation(if done per standard 6 times costly compared to OH) Less Maintenance Higher cost per maintenance Highly desirable in densely located areas Obvious choice for areas which experience heavy snowfall Design Criteria of OH distribution line(as MHPs can not afford
exceed 10% Maximum TL line to line voltage in case of isolated MHPs is 11kV ACSR(Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced) conductors are the norms of the day(as against hard drawn copper which were used in earlier days)
0.355 Squirrel (20 SQ.MM AL) 76 1.374 0.349 85 1.098 0.345 95 0.9116 0.335 135 0.5449 0.328 185 0.3434 0.315 205 0.2745
80
106
128
214
339
394
Off road
4.5 m
5m
5m 5.5 m
5.5 m 6m
The minimum sag for conductors up to 11 kV can be calculated by the following empirical formula:
d =
where,
172 .8
d = sag in m L= length of span in m Sag for spans of overhead cables The value of sag should be included when determining the ground clearance of a transmission line.
20 13
30 30
40 54
50 84
60 121
80 210
entirely made out of hard wood. Seasoned Pole would be better option. Other possibilities could be PSC(Pre Stressed Concrete) pole or steel tubular pole(where there is no cost constraint) or steel telescopic poles Steel Tubular(either swaged type or folding type) poles are the norms for 11kV Distribution Line and also for the double pole structure which supports transformers.
creepage path)---Up to 1000V OH Line Shackle Insulators --- Supported(Clamped)by D-Iron set which is a clamp made out of galvanized steel Pin Insulators of suitable creepage path are used for straight runs of 11kV Line Disc Insulators along with suitable tension Set are used for deadening a line. Suitable Stay sets are provided at first pole, at line end, at all poles set at an angle and at every fifth pole even if the poles are in a straight line
S. N 1 2 3
Corresponding conductor Squirrel, service wire Gopher, weasel and rabbit Dog
Service Wire
Should be double insulated Additional voltage drop in service wire not to exceed
2% Service wire shall be of the same material as that of line conductor to avoid electrolytic corrosion. Minimum size of 4-6 sq.mm. to be used depending on the span
used for prescribed power of 100W The purpose is to disconnect the line against sustained overload(control) and also to provide protection against short circuit in the household wiring.
Metering
Types available Electromechanical Type(Cheap but less accurate) Static Type(Costlier than EM type but far more accurate) Digital Type(Multifunctional Meter):Far more costlier than Static Type but has tremendous advantages like far superior accuracy, Possibility of data logging, data communication, Multifunction Capability, Possibility of field adjustment