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EDUCATION
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-
J35A
Library
RONTO
UBC
C5am
f^ iz
University of British
Columbia Library
http://www.archive.org/details/highschoolalgebOOcraw
BY
T. CRAWFORD, B.A. chief instructor ix mathematics, university schools, professor of mathematics, ontario college of education t:niversity of Toronto
J.
REVISED EDITION
TORONTO
By
PRINTED IX CANADA
PREFACE
This text covers the work prescribed
Universities
for entrance to the
and Normal Schools. The book is written from the standpoint of the pupil, and in such a form that he will be able to understand it with a
minimum
method
is
of
assistance
from
the
teacher.
purpose of this
The
close
manv
in parallel columns.
of
illus-
Special emphasis
made
many
of
the exercises
being introduced by a
class.
number
of oral
solution
of
is hoped that the become interested much earlier in the work. Long multiplications and divisions are not included in the work of the first year. They are difficult for the beginner and of little interest, as there is not much to offer in the
It
way
of practical illustrations.
VI
PREFACE
Chapter X., with which the pupil would begin the second
Here the more complicated processes are dealt with. The graphical work is introduced naturally in illustrating
the negative quantity and
in
the
solution
of
equations.
ruler
Only
graphs
which
can
be
drawn
with
the
and
in the book.
More attention
extraction
of
is
roots.
The long process for cube root is not now required in arithmetic.
is
is
The work on
ratio
and proportion
is
presented in as simple
intended
onl}' as
an introduction to
illustrations
it
The
division
method
it
of finding highest
common
factor has
been discarded, as
is
are
comphcated.
common
is
factor of expressions of
little
of
algebraic
value,
such problems
will
The review
work
On
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
Algebraic Notation
I
PABV
1
Arithmetical and Algebraic Signs and Symbols (1). Fundamental Laws (3). Factor and Pro-
duct
like
Coefficient
Power and Index (7). Terms (8). Addition and Subtraction of (9). Terms (9). Use of Brackets (11). Review
(6).
Exercise (13).
Simple Equations
....:....
II
CHAPTER
16
Meaning of Equation, Solving an Equation, Root of an Equation (16). Axioms used (18). Verifying Results Problems solved by (19). Equations (21). Review Exercise (25).
CHAPTER
Positive
III
and Negative Numbers Graphical Representation of Positive and Negative Numbers (28). Concrete Examples of Negative Numbers (30). Signs of Operation and Signs
of
28
Quahty
(32).
Absolute Value
(32).
Review
Exercise
(34).
CHAPTER
Addition and Subtraction
IV
36
Addition of Quantities with like Signs (36). Compound Addition (37). Addition with unlike Signs (39). Indicated Additions (41). Subtraction the Inverse of Addition (42). Rule for Subtraction (43). Removal of Brackets (45).
Review Exercise
(47).
CONTENTS
CHAPTER V
Multiplication
and Division
49
Multiplication of Simple Positive Quantities (49). Index Law for Multiplication (49). Rule of
Signs
(50).
Compound
(55).
Multiplication
(53).
Verifications
Division
Quantity
(57).
Index
(60).
Law
by
Review Exercise
CHAPTER
Simple Equations {continued)
VI
62
Equation and Identity' (62). Transposing Terms Simple Fractional Equations (67). Steps (63). in the Solution of an Equation (67). Problems
(69).
Algebraic
(74).
statements
of
Arithmetical
(75).
Theorems
Review Exercise
CHAPTER
Simultaneous Equations
VII
78
(78).
Method
of
Ehmination
(85).
(80).
Fractional
(83).
Simultaneous Equations
(82).
Problems
Review Exercise
CHAPTER Vin
Type Products and Simple Factoring
88
of
Monomial Factors
(89).
(88).
Product
two Binomials
Factors of Trinomials (90). Radical Square of a Binomial (94). Square Root of a Trinomial (95). Difference of two Squares (97). Numerical Applications (99). Review Exercise (101).
Sign
(92).
CONTENTa
ti
CHAPTER IX
Simple Applications of Factoring
Highest
Common
.....
Algebraic Fractions
Multiplication and
10?
Factor (103).
(105).
(104).
Lowest Terms
Lowest
Common
CHAPTER X
Review of the Simple Rules Collecting Coefficients Brackets (114). Multiplication with Detached Coefficients Division by a Compound Quantity (121). fying Division (122) Inexact Division
114
(117). (118).
Veri(124).
Review Exercise
(125).
CHAPTER XI
Factoring (continued)
128
Complete Squares (130). Incomplete DifEerence of Squares (132). Sum. and Trinomials (137), Squares (135). Differenc of Cubes (140). The Factor Theorem Easy Quadratic Equations 1144). (141).
Review Exercise
(146).
CHAPTER Xn
Simultaneous Equations {continued)
...
(161).
149
Special
Forms
Problerj> '156).
Review Exercise
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
Geometrical Representation of
Xm
Number Function of x (165). Variables and Constants (165). Arithmetical Graphs (166). The Axes (169). Graph of an Equation (170). Coordinates (170). Plotting Points (171). Linear Equation (173). Graphical Solution of Simultaneous Equations Special Forms of Equations (176). (175). Review Exercise (177).
....
PAOX
165
CHAPTER XIV
Highest
Common
of
Common
(185).
Multiple
180
By Factoring
the
By Elimination
(183).
Product
Review
Exercise (187).
CHAPTER XV
Fractions
....
in the
188
Changes
Form
of a Fraction (188).
Lowest
Terms
Special
(190).
Types
Complex
(201).
Fractions (199).
Review Exercise
CHAPTER XVI
Fractional Equations
...
(204).
204
Cross
Multiplication
Special
Forms
of
Fractional Equations (206). Literal Equations with one Unknown (209), with two Unknowns
(212).
Review Exercise
(214).
COlfTENTS
Jd
CHAPTER XVn
PAGE
Extraction of Roots
216
(216),
by the Formal Cube of a Binomial (222). Cube Root (223). Higher Roots (224). Review Exercise (226).
Method
(217).
CHAPTER XVIII
Quadratic Surds
228
Surd and Rational Quantities (228). Mixed and Entire Surds (229). Like Surds (23D. Addition and Subtraction (231). Square Root Table (232). Conjugate Surds (233). Rationalizing a Denominator (235). Surd Equations (237). Review Exercise (238).
CHAPTER XIX
Quadratic Equations
240
Standard Form (241). Solution by Factoring (242), Irrational by Completing the Square (244). Roots (247). Inadmissible Solutions (248).
Review Exercise
(250).
CHAPTER XX
Ratio and Proportion
253
(253).
Methods
of
Comparing Magnitudes
Com-
parison of Ratios (254). Proportion (256). Finding a Ratio by Solving an Equation (257).
Mean
Review Exercise
:m
CONTENTS
CHAPTER XXT
PAOI
268
Solution by
(271).
Formula
tions
(270).
Imaginary Roots
Quadratics
(273).
EquaReview
CHAPTER XXII
Simultaneous Quadratics
279
Three Types
f288).
Review Exercise
(290).
CHAPTER XXIII
Indices
293
The
Index Laws (294). Fractional, Zero and Operations with Negative Indices (297). Fractional and Negative Indices (301). Contracted Methods (303). Review Exercise (305).
CHAPTER XXIV
Surds and Surd Equations
308
Varying Forms of Surds of different Orders (308). Surds (309). Surd Equations (312). Extraneous Roots (313). Square Root of a Binomial Surd Impossible Imaginary Surds (320). (317).
Problems
(323).
Review Exercise
(324).
CHAPTER XXV
Theory
of
Quadratic Equations
327
Sum and
Reciprocal Product of the Roots (327). Functions of the Roots (331). Roots (328). Character of the Roots (335). The Discriminant Factors of the Quadratic Expression (337).
(338).
Review Exercise
(341).
CONTENTS
CHAPTER XXVI
Supplementary Chapter
344
Factors of the Product of two Trinomials (344). Sum and Difference of Cubes (346). Factors The Factor Theorem by Grouping (349).
(351),
Symmetry
(355).
(354).
metry
f362).
Identities (359).
Answers
365
ALGEBRAIC NOTATION
Use of Arithmetical Signs. In arithmetic, signs are I. used to abbreviate the work. In algebra the same signs are used, with the same meanings and for the same purpose.
BZSRCISB
Write
tiie
way you
can, using
the signs and symbols with which you are familiar in arithmetic.
1. 2.
3.
four.
The sum of five, ten and Six and four is the same
Seven times eight
is
twentj'
as four
is
thirty-five.
six.
and
4.
5.
6.
The
difference
7.
fifteen is five.
is
8.
9.
The
seventy.
Thirty-six divided
by four
is
is
nine.
seventy.
of the
sum
of seven
and
five is six.
and seven
is
the
same
in
is
by three
14.
four.
The square
is
of
four
is
sixteen, therefore
sixteen
four.
In the preceding exercise you have Algebraic Symbols. 2. used symbols to represent the numbers stated and signs tc show the operations performed on those numbers. In algebra, sj-mbols are used more extensively than ic
Arithmetic.
A
I
H
it
If
will
be found tc
But without measuring it, we may say that be two the measure of its length is some definite number which might be represented by the letter a. The measure of the length of another line might be represented by h. The cost of an article might be c cents, or the cost of a farm might be x dollars, or the weight of a stone
might be m pounds. Here a, b, c, x, m are algebraic number-symbols, or briefly algebraic numbers. The symbols 1, 2, 3, etc., used to represent numbers in
arithmetic are called
arithmetical
number-symbols
or
arith-
metical numbers. In algebra the number symbols of arithmetic are also used. For the present, when letters are used to represent numbers,
will
or fractional
3.
number.
In this square the measure of Signs of Multiplication. What is the is a. the length of the side C
AB
measure
;
of
the
length
of
BC
of
CD
of
AB-}-BC of AB-{-BC-\-CD 1 The measure of the perimeter (sum of all the a+a-j-a+a or 4 times a or 4xa. sides) is xa or a X 4 is usually written 4a, the sign oi
It
is
also written 4
a, the
4xa=4.a=4a, and
if
as in arithmetic,
of
is
a+a+a+a.
a =6, the measurf
the perimeter cf the squar?
+6-|-6+6=4xt = M,
ALOBBRAIC NOTATION
ft will
and 4
it
is
may
The
be observed that in algebra the multiplication of a only indicated in the form 4a, while in arithmetic be actually performed as in the result 24.
pupil
{twenty-four)
must recognize the difference between 24 and the product of 2 and 4 or 2 x 4 or 2 4. When
.
two numerical quantities are to be multiplied, the sign of multiplication must be used, so that as stated, 24 may be When both factors are not numerical distinguished from 2x4. as 4xa or axb, the sign is omitted and these are written in the form 4a, ah.
4.
Signs of Division.
tained
As in arithmetic, the quotient obby dividing one number by another may be TVTitten
In arithmetic the division may be actualty performed, as which may be written | or 2, but it is frequently only indicated as in 6-^7, which is written 5. So in algebra, the quotient obtained on dividing a by h,
in 6-T-3,
or a-i-6,
is
written
-r,
and
known. Some
Fundamental
Laws.
used in
laws
of
algebra
represent
arithmetical
numbers,
all
the
In
arithmetic.
ALGEBRA
From
(3)
and
(4)
it
subtractions, or of multiplications
and
divisions,
may
be
made
in
any
order.
3a4-46 2c
In finding the numerical value of an expression hke for given values of a, b and c, the operations are performed in the same order as in arithmetic, the multiphcations being performed first and then the additions and
subtractions in any order
Thus, when a = 2, 6 = 3, c=l,
b, c,
1
a+b "
+3
_ 6+3 _ 9 5 ~5*
Note. Many of the examples in the following exercise may be taken orally. The pupil, however, is advised to write the algebraic forms so that he may thereby become familiar with themi.
EXSROISB
1.
When a = 6, what
_
o
-,
5
a,
6a, -a,
12
2
, ,
5a.,
-7
3
2
2.
j/=3,
what
x+y, xy,
3.
xy, 3x+2i/,
2x3y, Ixy
of
and
Express algebraically the sum, the difference and the product What are their values when a=8 and fc=3 ? h.
5.
The
quantities a, b
and
c are to
is
be added together.
Express
!
the
sum
6.
algebraically.
is
What
its
value
When a
-.
When c is added to the quotient of x by y, how What is its value when z=12, ?/=4, c=10 '
7.
r marbl***.
How many
now
How many
ALOBBRAIC NOTATION
8,
12a-56 + 6o-76-i-10,
9.
and
perimeter and
semi-perimeter.
What do
they become
if
a=13,
6=14, c=15?
10.
articles at 5 cents
cents each
n dollars a ton.
11.
dollars
How many
and y cents
;
in
x
?
dollars
in x
and
ten-cent pieces
;
12.
in
of inches in 2 yards
in 3 feet
;
and
7 inches
a yards
inches.
13.
in 6 feet
in z feet
and y inches
in
What What
ealue of ma-\-nb,
14.
when
a =2, 5=5,
m=3, n=6
What
is
the value
What
is
the value
in
By
In
letters,
how many
figure,
different
In the
I
BC
is
twice as long as
is
^5.
If
1
B
'
C
'
AB \& of AC
18.
units in length,
what
the length of
BC
In the
figure,
BC
is is
AB
and
CD
C
1
is
twice
as long as
length,
If
AB
x units in
/\
'
b
^
D
'
the lengths of
BC
c represents
s-c=g,
(2)
c-\-g=s, (3)
sg=c.
their meanings.
What
is
is
What
21. If n is an even integer, what and the next even inteser below it ?
it
22.
If
ALGEBRA
I
is
is
the
number which
is
5 greater than
less
than x
23.
A
?
boy
is
10 years old.
old
How
In
m years
24.
How
is
was he
4 years ago
n years ago
A man
x years
? ?
old.
How
old will he be in
n years
How
old
was he
m
is
years ago
In
how many
as old as he
now
25.
he be 15 years
from now
26.
a+c
and a.-.
c
What
The
Indicate
a=10 and
6=6?
28.
The
is
sides of
b,
and
of another are c
first rect-
and
d.
angle
29.
Indicate the difference in their areas, (1) when the the larger, (2) when the second is the larger.
What
?
arithmetical
number does
10x4-?/ represent
when x=5
V=3
30.
10a+46-5c+3d.
5ab+2cd-3ac.
2o-t-6 c+a
(3)
\ac+^c-lad.
Product.
is
(4)
-r-.
6.
Factor
and
called
3x5=15,
and
5,
so a
xb = ab,
and
b.
The
factor
factors of 3z are 3
and
x.
The
is
called a numerical
and the
x,
literal factor.
X 2 X 3,
Just as 12 may have different sets of factors as 3x4, 2x6, so 3xy has the factors Sxxy,3xxy, xxZy or Sxxxy.
The prime
factors of 12 are
3.
2,
and
3.
and the
simplest
x and
y.
ALGEBRAIC NOTATION
the same, but
In whatever order the factors are written the product is it is usual to write the numerical factor first and the literal factors in alphabetical order.
7.
What
?
is
of the area of thesquare in art. 3 is axa, which is written a^, and is read " a square," or " a to the second power." The product when 2 a's are multiphed together is called the power, and the 2 is called the index or exponent of the
side
7 inches in length
The measure
power. If the edge of a cube is 6 inches, what is the sum of all the edges ? What is the area of each face of the cube ? What is the area of all the faces ? What is the volume of the cube ? If the edge of a cube is a, the sum of all the edges is 12a. The area of each face is a^, and of all the faces is Ga^. The volume is axaxa or a^, which is read "a cube," or " a to the third power."
The pupil must distinguish between 3a and means 3xa, and the latter axaxa. Thu8,ifa = 5, 3o=3x5=15,
but
0^
a^.
The former
= 5x5x5= 125,
3 (1-14, Oral)
? ?
BXERCISE
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6.
2,
What What
are the prime factors of 35, of 42, of 75 are the simplest factors of 5xy, of
6mn
Give two
common
factors of 15a6
and
2*
256c.
of 3^
2^,
10^
x 5\
x5,3^x2^x 5.
10, 16 as
27 as a power of
7.
a power
oJ
What What
is
a short
way
of writing
aaaa
is
6 inches
whose
side
is
x inches
B
9.
AW)SBRA
What
is
is
is
3 inches
whose
edge
10.
inches
is
the value of a^
of 2a
What
is
theii
difference
11.
12.
is
"x
x"
Tn=\0, what
is
3m and
m?
is
The
is
side of a square
is
y inches.
What
15.*
the
sum
of their areas
What
is ?
the difference
What do
these results
If
become when
and y=2,
3x2,
x 10 and y=6
x=6
16.
x=l,
17.
18.
If
j/=4x- 7,
unit of
if
x=2,
'
if
x=3,
is,
if
x=2^.
The
work
that
one
in 5
man can do in one daj. How many units of work can 3 men do days ? 6 men in x days ? m men in n days ? a men in a days T
If
19.
when
a^-\-b^-}-c^ is divided
by 2a+b c.
20.
Show
If If
x^+26x has
the
same value
greater
is
as 9x^-1-24
when x=2
?
or 3 or 4.
21.
22.
we know
23.
If
d represents the diameter of a circle and c the circumference, Find d when c = 22. that c=S}d. Find c when d=14.
A = 3]r^.
Find
A when r 7
when r=14.
24. By arranging the factors in the most suitable order, find th( values of 2*. 53. 252.43, 125.25.
The parts of an algebraic Terms of an Expression. which are connectec' by the signs of addition or expression
8.
ALGEBRAIC NOTATION
ix*
Thus, the expression 2a+36 has two terms, and the expression 3xyy* has three terms.
a*
is -r-
CoefiBcient.
x.
or co-factor, of
In the product 4a;, 4 is called the coefficient, In ah, a is the coefficient of b and b is
is
the coefficient of
a.
The 4
is
literal
coefficient.
and 5ax
is
the coefficient
is
not stated,
Addition and Subtraction of Like Terms. 10. When terms do not differ or differ only in their numerical coefficients, they
may
Thus,
- 2ft. = 5ft.
denomina-
$12-$10+$8-$3 = $7.
may
be added or subtracted.
Thus,
In the laat example we may, of course, perform the operations ^der in which they occur and obtain the same result
the
10
ALGEBRA
Unlike terms can not be added or subtracted.
Thus, the sum of 3a and 56 can be indicated in the form 3a4-56, but they can not be combined into a single term vmless the numerical values of a and 6 are given.
BXBRCISE
1.
(1-8,
Oral)
What What
is
5a3+a2+|o
2.
is
the
sum
2x^
3.
+ 3xy+x+y
5a24-26-3a+76-4a2
4. 5.
In 66cy, what
is
oi cy
oi by
of 6
What
is
the
sum
(2)
la\
5a^.
6.
If
x=2,
sum
of Sa;^
and 4x^
in
two
7.
different
results.
3a+86+2a+6+a+3fc by combining
like terms.
8.
5TO4-7m 3m 2m.
(2) (4)
%ah3ab + 2abab.
15a+106-7a-(-46.
:
3x+a+2x+a.
9.*
and
when
10.
What
arithmetical
?
represent
when
SimpUfy
2x^-\-3x-\-l-x'^-{-\\x-2-x^-4x+b.
walks 4x feet East, then x feet West, then 3a; feet East, then 5x feet West. How far is he now from the starting point and in what direction from it ?
A man
ALOEBRAIC NOTATION
14.
11
began to work for a firm on a salary of x dollars a year. was double the salary for the preceding year, how much did he earn in four years ?
If his
A man
15.
If x-\-Sz-\-5x is
is
the value of x
How
do
correct
17.
11.
Use
of Brackets.
same purpose and with the same meanings as in arithmetic. In finding the value of 10+8+5, we may perform the additions in any order, but if we wi'ite it 10+ (8+5), it is understood that the 8 and 5 are first to be added and the sum of 10 and the result is to be taken. Similarly, a-\-{b-\-c) means that the sum of the numbers represented by b and c is to be added to the number represented by a.
In the expression 7+5x2, the multipUcation is to be performed first, and then the addition. If, however, we wish the value of (7+5) x 2, we must add the 7 and 5 before
multiplying by
2.
Although 10+(8+5) is equal to 10+8+5, it is clear that (7+5) X 2 is not equal to 7+5x2, the former being equal to 24 and the latter 17. When a is to be multiplied by b, the sign of multiphcation
omitted the indicated product so when (7+5) is to be multiphed by 2 we may write 2(7+5) or (7+5)2, the sign of multiphcation being understood.
is
;
It
is
the order in
thus seen that one of the uses of brackets which operations are to be performed.
is to indicate
Thus, 10 (7 3) means that 3 is to be subtracted from 7 and the is to be subtracted from 10. If the values of the letters were given, what operations would you perform to find the values of
result
:
The
is
12
(3a) 2.
ALGEBRA
The
latter
means that
is
is
first
to be multiplied
by
to be squared.
3a* = 3x4=12, = 3ax3a = 6x6 = 36.
Thu8,ifa=2,
and
(3a)*
Brackets also indicate thai the numbers within the brackets is,_ they are used
The dividing
line
same value
as a pair of brackets.
is c
Thus, in
-, a-\-b is
c-\-d
+ d.
The
fractional
form
is
E3XB3RCISB 5
Perform the operations indicated
1.
:
(1-18, Oral)
ALGEBRAIC NOTATION
26.
13
27.
a^+b^+c^2{ab-\-bc-\'Ca).
2a 36 2a5b+2c~ a+b2c
a-\-Zhc
30.
a 6
'
'
be
'^
bc c+a
c+a
o+26
EXERCISE
1.
If
a;
6 (Review of Chapter
I) 4a;
what does
will
represent
^xl
2.
X*
3x*
If
?
number
3.
How
is
to be
added to x
a.
That x
is
to be subtracted from y
4. 5.
Indicate the
If
sum
of x
and y diminished by
many
cost
How many
If
6. 7.
a yard of ribbon
is
is
a foot worth
it
A man
If I
bought an
did he
article for
at a loss of
dollars.
What
sell it for
8.
b articles,
how much
price
?
What would
cost at the
same
c cents.
10.
have x
dollars.
If I
left
?
of a dollars
and
b dollars,
how much
11.
If
shall I
have
one number
is
x and another
5 times as large,
what
is
the
sum
of the
If
numbers
12. 13.
one part of 10
rn
is x,
what
is
A man worked
how much
per hour,
If
he was paid $2 In a
How far can a man walk in 5 hours at 4 miles per hour 14. hours at b miles per hour ?
15.
A man
bought x acres
and sold
7
it
What
did he
?
sell it for
is
15 greater than x
15 less than x
6
17.
does a* exceed 6*
when a = 7,
=3
i4
ALGEBRA
z
= 3,
of
x-\-y-"t,
= 4,
c=0,
20.
If
x=^
?
of 3x
2y,
6xy, 2x*
3y*, c*),
8x- 272/3
If 21. c(a-6).
a= 10, 6 = 5, c = 3,
is
a(6 c),
a{6*
22.
23.
What What
d
?
the
sum
of 2x, 5x, Ix
and 3x
Simplify
is
5a 3a+lla+o-10o.
the average of 20, 15,
0, 8,
24.
a, 6, c,
12
Of
2a, 3a,
la
Ot
25.
In 8 years a
man
will
be x years
old.
How
old
was he
If
8 years
ago
26.
$,
has
27.
What
is
the
?
sum
power
29.
of 3
32 as a power of 2
81 as a
Express
30.*
How
long will
take
me
to
and
at
hour
A farmer buys 5 lb. of tea at x cents per lb. and 20 lb. of sugar y cents per lb. He gives in exchange 7 lb. of butter at z cents per lb. If he still owes something, how much is it ?
31.
32.
If I
per
lb.,
buy 100 lb. of nails at a cents per what is the average cost per lb. ?
lb.
and 200
lb.
at 6 centf
What is the total number of cents in x five-cent pieces, y ten33. cent pieces and z half-dollars ?
34.
What number
c
is
represented by
a=I, 6=2,
35.
= 3, d=4 ? When a=4, 6 = 0, c=l, d = 9 When a = -2 and 6 = -I. what are the values
7
of
a+6,
ab, ti
^, a+6, a-6 ab
ALGEBRAIC NOTATION
36.
if
16
fraction of the
can do a piece of work in 10 days and S in 15 days, what work can they together do in 1 day ? What fraction could do it in x days and B in y days ?
li
37. If a = 20, 6=15, c=10, d = 5, find the difference between (0+6) (c+d) and (o 6) (c d), also between 3(a+6) 5(c d) and 6(0 -(f)- 3(6 -c).
38.
When
If
much
39.
is
how
= 3,
-\
CHAPTER
II
SIMPLE EQUATIONS
12.
Idea
draw
If
article, when you what conclusion do you a 5 lb. bag of salt is placed in one scale pan, what must be placed in the other pan to restore the What must w be to balance a 3 lb. bag and a
of
Equality.
In weighing an
are balanced,
bag
the scales are balanced in each of the following figures, what must w be equal to ?
If
Fia.
1.
Pio.
2.
Fio. 3.
what is w equal to ? what is iv equal to ? If 1^+3 = 5+2, as in fig. 3, what is w equal to ? If the scales are balanced and I add 2 lb. to one side, what else must I do to preserve the balance ? What, if I take away 3 lb. from one side ? If I halve the weights on one side ? If I double the weights on one side ?
If
U)+4 = 9, as
in fig.
1,
13.
The Equation.
is
When
What
:
a certain number
the
in
is
added to
10 the result
briefly
27.
is
number
this
or in the
10+ a certain number =27, form 10+? =27, where the question mark
stands for
the required number. Any other symbol would answer the same purpose as the
SIMPLE EQUATIONS
17
question mark. Thus, if x represents the required number, then the problem states that
10+a;=27.
an equation and is merely a short given in the arithmetical problem preceding. In order that the statement may be true, it is easily seen that the symbol x must stand for the number 17.
This statement
of stating
is
called
is
way
what
Ex.
When
?
number
is
multiphed by
is
3,
and 5
is is
sub-
19.
What
the
number
Here,
if
3a:-5=19.
Before the 5 was subtracted the product was evidently 5 more than
19 or
If 3
19+5
or 24.
times the
solution
number
The
If
may
\ of
24 or
8.
3a;-5=19,
.-.
3a;=
19+5 = 24,
x=Jof24 = 8.
That 8
fact,
is
that
when
multiplied
is
19.
of
Solving an Equation. The process of finding the value such that 8a:: 5=19, is called "solving the equation," and the value found for x is called the root of the equation.
X,
ESXSRCISS
1.
7 (Oral)
in
State the
:
number
for
each
of the following
(1) (4)
5+? = 12.
15=-8 + ?.
(2) (5)
+ 12=20.
(3) (6)
40=62-?.
8+a;=32.
I0-a:=8.
10-V=2. ?-8=42.
:
2.
(1)
What
is
the
number
for
a:+6=20.
a:-16=7.
(2)
25=x+6.
12=17-x.
(4)
(5)
IB
3.
ALGEBRA
The
first
20.
What
say
of a
If 3 times a number is 45, what is the number ? If one-hali number is 16, what is the number ? If n stands for a given numberj what would represent \ of the number ? \ of the number ?
4.
5.
4=24.
(2)
^n = 10.
is is
|m=36.
? ?
(4)
ln=U.
6.
7.
If
2x+5=ll, what
what
the value of 2x
oi
xl
If 3/rt 2=13, If
the value of
3m
?
of of
mT
?
?
8. 9.
^p+3=10, what
-^x 11=7, what
2(a;+4)
is is
the value of |p
the value of
;ix ?
If
If
of
?
a;
10.
= 14,
:
what
is
of
a;
a;+10=30.
3x 2=16.
2n = ll.
13.
5)/
+ 2---17.
4<-5=27.
3m;+2 = 38.
16.
19.
7?i-4=24.
^x 1=4.
iM;+2=5.
5(x-2)=45.
Equations.
2/i+l=4.
20.
3w J=5J.
3(x+l) = 30.
21. 24.
22.
25.
|x-5=15.
i(x-l)=3.
23.
15.
Axioms used
in Solving
If
equal,
to
what
?
is
the result
each
Thus,
if
x=6, what
is
is
x+2
equal to
What
the result
or
same number
ia
same number is subtracted when each is multiplied by the when each is divided by the same number ?
the
;
when
or
Thus, if x= \x equal to
10,
?
what
is
x 4
equal to
What
is
3x equal to
What
The preceding
(1)
conclusions
may
be stated thus
to
// the same
number
he
added
sums
are equal.
(2)
SIMPLE EQUATIONS
(3)
19
// equal numbers be multiplied by the same number, the // equal numbers be divided by the same number, the
These statements are called axioms, or self-evident truths, and are used in solving equations. The method is illustrated by the following examples
:
.-.
(1),
3x = 42.
3,
.".
x= V = l'i> axiom
ia;+2=34.
(4).
Ex. 2. Solve
Subtract 2 from each side,
Multiply each side
.-.
(2),
by
2,
.".
5x 3=2a;+12.
.'.
.".
5x=2a;+15.
5x 2x=15,
3x=15.
x=
5.
3,
.'.
The object
equations
{x) to
is
of the
one side and the remaining quantities to the other side. The unknown quantities are usually' transferred to the left side, but sometimes it is better to transfer them to the right.
Ex. 4. Solve
3m+20=5m 16.
.*.
Add
16 to each side,
Subtract
3m from
each
side,
.'.
=m
or
m= 18.
16.
first
18 for
in the
3m+20=3x 18 + 20=74.
If
we
we
get
5m-16=5x 18-16=74.
02
20
ALGEBRA
This process
is
of the result.
If
is
same number when the value found for the unkno\^Ti is substituted. The equation is then said to be satisfled. The beginner is advised to verify the result in every case. Verify the results obtained in Ex.'s 1, 2 and 3.
two
sides of the equation should be equal to the
BXBRCISB
i.
8 (Oral)
3x=lo, what does x equal ? What axiom is used ? What axiom is used 2. If oar -1-2 = 17, what does 5^ equal ? What does x equal ? What axiom Ls used ? What two axioms are used If 2?/ 3 = 13, what does ?/ equal ? 3.
If
4.
If
Ax 4=6, what
?
does ^x equal
What
does x equal
What
What
does x equal
What
What
6.
is
2x=18.
6x=72.
2x4-1
8.
5x=:16.
9.
3x=6-9.
10.
14.
x+20=25.
11.
= 15.
12.
16.
3x-l=20.
Jx=2|.
9
13.
17.
6x+5=29.
^x=15.
ix=8
15.
x=12.
BXHIRCISB
Solve the following equations, giving
In each case verify the result
1. 4.
7.
full
2.
5.
7x=60+3x.
10x-L3=3x-f
66.
8.
10.
11.
3.
13.
8m=36 4m.
12x-652=7x+428.
20+6x-|-5=50-3x-fll.
15.
17.
16.
764x-9=680x-f 12.
Nine blocks of equal weights (w) together with a 20-gram weight Express this by are balanced by weights of 50 grams and 10 grams. an equation and find the weight of each block.
18.
19.
17x 11 is equal in value to 5x-t-121, what is the value What value of will make 11?/ +60 equal to 20t/ 30 7
If
j/
of x
SIMPLE EQUATIONS
17.
21
statemeni
As we have already shown, an equation is merely the in algebraic form of the condition given in an
is
arithmetical problem.
The
equation.
EXBRCISS
an equation
1.
:
10
af
2.
3.
4.
5.
is
What must be added to 33 to make 50 ? What must be taken from 90 to leave 40 ? What is the number which when doubled is 36 ? Five times a certain number is 45. What is
If
the
is
number
25.
a number
?
is
What
the
6.
7.
number
is
? ?
is
halved by subtracting 20
8.
is
What
9.
the
number
18.
The
following examples
method
of solving problems
by means
of
equations
Ex.
result
1.
is
When
16, the
40.
What
the
number
Let X represent the required number. Then 2xtS the double of the number. Then 2x+16 is the double with 16 added. But the problem states that this is 40,
.-.
'
2a;+ 16
= 40,
2x=24,
a;=12.
number
is 12.
The
obtained
I got 40=
Verification;
When
doubled
is
get 24 eind
when
16
ia
added
correct
22
ALGEBRA
Note that the substitution is made in the original, problem, There might be an error in writing down the equation and then the sohition obtained might satisfy the equation, but would not necessarily satisfy the given
not in the equation.
problem.
Ex. 2. The number of pupils in a class is 33, and the number of boys is 7 greater than the number of girls. Find the number of each.
Let
.'.
x = the number of
girls,
of boys,
= the
total
number,
.-.
x+a;+7 = 33.
2a;
= 33-7 = 26,
.-.
a;=I3,
.'.
x+l = 20,
of
the
number
:
of girls
is
13
boys
is
20.
Verification
20+13 = 33,20-13 = 7.
100 among A, as A, and
number
Ex.
3.
Divide
x=
3x= 3x+30=
B
C
receive 3 times as
much
the
.-.
Let
:.
.'.
of dollars
receives,
B c
they
all
a;+3x+3x+30=100, 7x+30=100,
7x = 70, a;=10,
$30 and
$60.
19.
Steps
in
the
Solution
will
of
Problem.
The examples
problem
:
show that
in solving a
Read
the
problem carefully
to see
what quantity
is to be
found.
(2)
Represent this
unknmvn by a
letter.
If there be more than one quantity to be found, represent the others in terms of the same letter.
(3)
SIMPLE EQUATIONS
(4)
23
the
Express
problem in
form
of
an equation.
(5)
and draw
the conclusion.
(6)
On referring to Ex. 1, we see that there was only one quantity to be found, and therefore step (3) did not appear in the solution. In Ex. 2 there were two quantities to be found, and when we represented the number of girls by z, we could represent the number of boys by
x+1.
The pupil
English, as to
is
advised to
let
make
full
statements, in plain
represents.
x=A,
The examples
be solved by
means
of the equation
and the
case. Although the answers to many of them may be given mentally, the pupil is advised to give complete solutions, so that he may become familiar with algebraic methods.
E3XERCISE!
1.
If 37 is
?
11
is
63.
What
What
is
the
number
2.
If 27 is subtracted
?
result
is
5.
is
the
number
3.
A
sum
If the
number was doubled and the result was is now 73, what was the number ?
a number
is is
increased by
27.
4.
When
If five
59.
times a
as
if
twice the
number be increased by 6, the sum is the same number were increased by 15. Find the number.
if
6.
What number
If
trebled
?
and the
result diminished
by 36
gives
number
you add 19
to a certain
is
the
same
aa
if
you add
8.
7 to twice the
number.
Five times a number, plus 19, equals nine times the number,
41.
minus
What
is
the
numbw
24
9,
ALGEBRA
Two numbers
The sum
of
differ
by
11
ia
51.
Find the
numbers.
10.
15.
What
S1500.
are the
is
11.
is
^'s salary is three times B's and the difference of their salaries Find the salary of each.
12.
twice as
13.
other.
much
The carriage horse and carriage are worth $360. Find the value of each. as the horse.
will
is
worth
be 27
less
than the
14.
The length
is
of a rectangle
is
The
peri-
meter
15.
72
is
feet.
Find the
sides.
twice as old as B.
be 41 years.
16.
What
and
so that
will receive
$20 more
wUl
receive.
The sum of two consecutive numbers is 59. What are 17. numbers? (Let x be the smaller number, then x+1 will be
greater.
the the
18.
is
150.
19.
is
is
The sum
of
their ages
67 years.
difference
20.
The
of a rectangle
is
much
.
as A,
B may
get twice as
22 A railwav train travels miles per hour. If it goes from Toronto to Montreal, a distance of 333 miles, in 9 hours 15 minutes, what is the value of
2.3.
m? A line
20 inches long
is
^ inch
The length is divided into two parts. more than double the shorter one. Find
5x-|-6 equal to 3x -f 40
is
?
What
If
value of x will
make
5"o of a
sum
is
$48,
what
the
sum
An
SIMPLE EQUATIONS
27.
26
Divide $1496
among A,
wili get
B and C, so that B will get three times $100 more than A and B together.
as B.
A
If
is
much
$20
less
?
it
what
the
sum
30. Three boys sold 42 papers. The first sold J as many as the and the second sold \ as many as the third. Kow many did each
third
sell ?
is
of a
number and
\ of the
same number
55.
A man
much
?
month
twice as
month
before.
How much
month
33.
The
52.
make
of a certain
number together
part
is
34. Divide 72 into three parts so that the second and J of the third.
35.
first
J of the
What number
its third,
is
that to which
if ?
you add
its half
and take
away
36.
3a = 46c,
.
(1)
(2) (3)
a,
b,
c,
6:= 10,
o
=12,
8.
o=
c= 15. c= 3. 6= |.
BXBROISE)
1.
12
(Review
of
Chapter
II)
x=18
if
is
the
correct
solution
of
the
equation
Determine
Solve
(a)
is
4.
(d)
5x4-3
(e)
7x+l = 9a;-9;
5.
(c)
3x--7 = 8-2x
five
My
much
6. fehsm
as the lot.
house and lot cost $16,800, the house costing Find the cost of each.
If
5^
times as
A horse and carriage cost $520. the horse, what did the horse cost
26
7.
ALUEBKA
Three farmera together raised 2700 bushels of wheat.
raised
three times as
much
?
as B,
How
much
8.
What
where
value of x will
r is
Tr
make
9.
Where
the circumference,
c=2irr,
= 3y.
Find Find
c, r,
(a)
(6)
when r= 7 when c = 88
10.
If
5=J/<, find 5
when
= 4 and/=32; when
women.
and /= 32-2,
11.
many
children as
Six boys and 15 men earn 5264 a week. 12. four times as much as each boy, how much does a
each
man
in
boy earn
earns a week T
Five times a certain number, increased by 47 is equal to eight 13. times the number, diminished by 43. What is the number ?
14.
If his
An agent charges 3 % commission for collecting an account. charge is $11-13, what was the amount of the account ?
Solve (a) 05x=4;
(6)
16.
\d)
x+-04x=208
is its
(c)
x-06x=235
a;+6%x=630.
height, the area (o)
is
(iii)
a,
6,
h,
17 .
The sum
is
of the
difference
15 feet.
18. 19.
is
If
6x i/ = 2x + 2/> what
the value of y
if
x=6
?
if
satisfied
when x = 3
5x+i = 3x+?
7
20.
21.
If 4
of X together with 3
of x
is
x.
expressed by the
equation
22.
3x 20=x.
Together
has $10 more than A, and C has $20 more than B. How much has each 7 they have $190
23.
turkey costs as
much
as three chickens.
If 2
turkeys and
a chicken.
SIMPLE EQUATIONS
24. 25.
27
?
What number
increased
by
of itself
is
equal to 60
Divide $6400 among A, B and G, so that more than A, and C $160 more than A.
26.
will
get
$120
years.
enterprise doubled each year for five the total net income for the five years was $7750, what was the income for the first year ?
If
27.
If2a6 = 3mn,
(1)
(2)
(3) (4)
Find a, when 6=15, 5. 6, n= Find b, when a= 12, 2. 2, n= Find m, when a= i^, 6 = 6, n = J. Find n, when o= -3, 6 =-6, m = -12.
6
is
m= w=
28.
Show that
The area of the United States is 4000 square miles more than 29. seventy times the area of England. If the area of the United States is 3,560,000 square miles, find the area of England.
30
Solve and verify
:
(1)
6850+a; = 27a;+350.
(2)
(3)
CHAPTER in
POSITIVE
62
51
60
59 58 57
66 65 54
53 62
POSITIVE
3.
4.
6.
29
?
What
the lowest
rising
? ?
6.
fall
How much
When was
did
7
it
?
it rise
between 10 and 11
How much
did
it
between 6 and
7.
60, 58, 55
8.
fall
it rise
most rapidly
When
did
it
The percentage of games won by a baseball team, up to the 9. beginning of each month of the playing season, was as follows
:
June, 66
July, 63
Aug., 60-5
Sept., 62
Oct., 61-5.
these changes.
boy's height in inches, for each year from the age of 7 to the
age of
14,
was
Draw a graph
to
average
Thus on Monday it was 25 above zero, while on Thursday it was 15 below zero.
We
ically
might express
this algebra-
was
15.
The
positive
tive "
number, and
" plus " 25, while 25 is called a negative read " negative " 25 or " minus " 25.
A negative number is therefore one which is measured on the opposite side of zero from a positive number.
sxsrcise:
1.
14
in the diagram.
Using algebraic signs, write down the temperature for each day Also read the temperature. days was the temperature negative
?
2.
On what
30
3.
ALOE BR A
How much higher was it on Monday than on Thursday lower on Tuesday than on Saturday ?
If the
? ?
How
will it
?
much
4.
temperature
is
be then
5.
If it
had
fallen 10",
40,
it
how much
that
The temperature at which mercury freezes is 39C. What does mean ? How much lower is it than the normal temperature
blood which
is
of the
4-37C.
sells above par is positive and the price below par is negative, make a diagram similar to the preceding, showing the prices of a certain stock for a week, when the record was as follows
6.
If the price at
Mon., 4 above par Tues., 2 below Thurs., at par; Fri., 3 below; Sat.,
;
Wed.,
below.
above,
22.
9
I \
B
1 \
1
O
+
\
\
AC
\
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
*l
+2
^3
+4
+5
On this diagram the distance between each successive marking represents one foot.
What
differ
is
the length of
OA
of
OB
OA
from
is
OB
How
It
made
to the right as
positive
and
point is +5 feet from ? What one is 5 feet from a point moves from O, 4 feet to the right and then 7 feet to the how far is it then from O ? Is the distance positive or negative ?
What
If
left,
We
which begin with zero and extend indefinitely in one direction, we now have another series of numbers which also begin with zero and extend indefinitely in the opposite direction. In each series all integral and fractional numbers are included.
23.
(1)
A man
POSITIVE
to $60.
31
When
worth $40.
Thus,
If,
$100- $60=
$40.
however, he has debts amounting to $100, are paid he will have nothing left.
when
these
Thus,
If
$100- $100=
$0.
he has debts amounting to $140, when he has paid a'.' Ae can he will still owe $4G. We express this algebraicall thus $100- $140= $40.
:
In the first case we say that his net assets are $40, in the second they are zero, and in the third they are miniis $40. When we say his assets are $40, we mean he is ji40 in debt. It will be seen that the difference in mea'iing between
referring to dollars
is
practically the
the
in
difference
between
+40 and
40,
Line,
when
as in
measured
art. 22.
(2)
If
man
on another, what
gains $20 on one transaction and loses $15 If he had lost $25 on is the net result ?
the second transaction what would have been the net result ? If we attach a plus sign to the result when it is a gain, how
may we
If
indicate a loss
represents a sum gained ^nd L a sum lost, state the result in each of the following, attaching tt proper sign
1.
$30G+$20(?.
$30
If
2.
5.
$30
4.
L+ $20
a
O.
04 $40 O^
$20 i.
$4f L.
3.
6.
$30Z,+ S20i.
$20
(3)
represent a
lost,
is
represented
In a series of games I find that my record won, lost, won, lost, won, won. This might be represented thus
:
won,
lost,
What
mean
?
:
Write in a similar way the following record lost, lost, won, lost, won, lost, lost, won. Also the following won, lost, drawn, won, won.
:
32
(4)
ALGEBRA
In locating points on the earth's surface, the distance north of the equator (north latitude) is said to be positive, and south of the equator negative.
in degrees
Thiis, the latitude of
What
is
44 and of Rio de Janeiro is - 23. Toronto is the distance in degrees of latitude between these two cities ?
The preceding
differs
illustrations
show that
a positive
number
in direction or quality.
Thus, if +10 means 10 yards measured to the right; or 10 east longitude or 10 miles a boat goes up stream or 10 games won or 10 minutes a clock is fast or $10 in bank balance or 10 what would 10 mean in the correspounds lifted by a balloon
; ;
my
ponding cases
24.
Quality.
The numbers
but
differ
+25 and 25
When
are
in
direction or quality.
the
a number is preceded by the sign +, it means that number is taken in the positive direction or sense, and when preceded by the sign that it is taken in the
,
negative direction.
be seen that we use the signs + and with When they are used to indicate the operations of addition or subtraction, they are called signs of operation. When they are used to indicate direction or quality, they are sometimes called signs of quality. The beginner might think that this ambiguity would lead to confusion, but he will find that such is not the case. When we read a quantitj'' hke 25, we should say " negative 25," but this is not followed in practice, as it is usually read " minus 25."
It will thus
two
different significations.
When
it
is
understood to be a
25.
its
of
a number
is
Thus,
and
valu''
POSITIVE
33
BXEBCISB
1.
What
$47,
2.
(6)
is the net property of a man who, (a) has $60 and owes has $40 and owes $50, (c) has $65 and owes $65 ?
What is the value of, (a) $40- $30, (6) $40 $60, (c) $30 $20, $20- $30, (e) $10- $0, (/) $0-$10? 3. The temperature was 10 at 6 p.m. and 4 at 10 p.m. How many degrees did it rise in the interval ?
(d)
4.
is
A Uquid
whose temperature
?
is
20
is
What
6. A vessel sailed on a meridian from latitude 15 How many degrees did it sail and in what direction ?
to latitude 5.
What is the distance between a place 90 miles due east of 6. Toronto and another 60 miles due west ?
7.
am overdrawn
balance $100
at the
?
bank
$20.
What must
deposit to
make my
If
20-|-x=100,
What would
what
is
a negative number mean in stating the height of a tree above the window of a house ? The height above sea level of the bottom of a well ?
8. 9.
A man
and
$100 and
sells
him
for $80.
What
is
his gain
his
gain %
10.
from A.
11.
If
and
10 mile*
?
30
to
10
30-t-a;= 10,
b miles
what
is
12.
and
is the distance between two places which are a Miles west of Montreal, (1) if a is greater than b, (2) if b is
?
greater than a
13.
B.C.
by
state the
number
(1) (4)
(2)
(5)
-20
to to
+75.
+200.
(3)
(6)
-65
to
-37.
to
-200
+1900
+1800
14.
years was he
Emperor
Roman Emperor from 31 to +14. How many What is the difference betweei 14 and 31 ? 1
34
16,
ALGEBRA
The
last
?
First Punic
War
lasted
did
it
What
is
16. A boy adds 15 marbles to his supply, gives away 10, buys 5 and gives away 12. How many has he thus added to his supply ? 17.
I
have Sn
in the
bank.
is
If I issue
?
balance
paid
If
How
19.
has S50 and B has $20. A owes B $10 and much will each have when his debts are paid ?
owes
A
If
$40.
The weights
of
two pieces
and 147
lb.
they
upward
?
how would
in
the price of
a stock
POSITIVE
6.
35
has 3 yards start and B has How far has each to run ?
7.
many
8.
In solving a problem in which it is required to find in how years A will be twice as old as B, I get the answer 10. What
mean
Find the average noon temperature for a week in which the noon temperatures were 20, 10, 15, 0, 4, -6, 15.
:
9.
train
it
three did
10.
was due at 10 minutes to 3. How many minutes arrive if it was half an hour late ?
before
11
11.
miles.
8 miles, then 6 miles, then 4 miles, then has he travelled ? How far is he from the
starting point
in
what
from
it ?
Egjrpt was a
Roman province from 30 to 616. How many What is the difference between 616 and 30 ?
:
The
2,
6, 5,
0,
-4,
-6, -2,
-1,
-6, -3,
3.
Show
these
variations
13.
If
by means
?
of a graph.
will represent
a loss of $3-50
14.
at 12
The record
noon was:
100,
100-5,
101,
104,
101-5,
99-5,
98,
97-5, 97.
Represent these changes graphically, taking two spaces on the vertical line to represent one degree.
15.
If the
normal temperature of the body is 98-5, write the record and negative signs.
for the first 15
16.
were:
10. 12-5.
Make
d2
CHAPTER IV
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
26.
What
is
the result ol
combining
(1)
(2)
A A
A
measurement
?
As explained
in
to be positive quantities,
Chapter III., we will consider all of these and we might show this by attaching
four
questions
as
problems
in
+5 +3 +8
of 6a
feet
+10
feet
feet
is
+8
+18
10a,
+ +
6 points
4 points
+10
points
sum
and 4a
of 2x*, 5x*
and
6xi3 13x'.
sign,
is
understood.
We
is
sum
of
quantities
27. Addition of Negative Quantities. We might change the data of the four questions in the preceding article so that all the quantities would be negative.
ST
is
"What first might be changed to " combining a loss of $20 with a loss of $10 ?
.
the
three questions
making
similar changes.
?
in addition
they would
-10
now appear
thus
$10 $30
Similarly, the
-5 -3
feet
feet
5x
6 points
4 points
-8
feet
18
is
- 10
points
of
2o^,
and
is
7x
12x,
5a*,
Thus,
the sum of any number of negative quantities is negative, found by adding their absolute values and prefixing the
EXERCISE
1.
17 (Oral)
:
38
ALGEBRA
We
in the
way
terms
In arithmetic.
2 yd.
3 yd.
1 ft. 1 ft.
In
in.
algebra.
2a-\-
h+
6c 4c
4
10
in.
3a+ 6+
5 yd. 2
If
ft.
in.
5a+26 + 10c.
same
order, the}'
must be
4;/ 52
+ 3x,
:
32+4x4-?/.
2z
4x-l-
+ 4!/y-
5z Zz
Sum=12x+8i/-102.
EXERCISE
Add:
18 (1-6, Oral)
39
What
(1) (2)
(3)
(4)
A A A A
in addition,
thus
7
+ $20
-$10
-r% b
$8
+$6
-$2
$
-8
-$15 -$10
+S12
5
+ $10
It is
thus seen, that when we add two quantities differing in sign, the sum is sometimes positive and sometimes negative.
When
is it
is
positive
and when
is it
is it
negative
How
the
found when the signs are different ? The answers to these questions might be combined into
:
How
When
addition,
and
the
common
is
different, the
sum
found by arithmetical when the signs are ; found by arithmetical subtraction, and the
is
sum
sign
is
affixed
is affixed.
Ex.
1.
8.
between
8
Here the
2,
and
is
and
negative.
If there is doubt in any case, it is advisable to make the problem concrete by substituting for +6, a gain of $6 and for 8, a loss of $8, when the result will at once be evident.
Ex. 2. Find the sum of 5a, 8a, 7a, 6a, 2a. The sum of the positive quantities is llo. The sum of the negative quantities is 17a. The sima of 1 la and 1 7a is 6a,
.'.
the required
sum
is
6a.
which they come. Thus, the sum of 5a and 8a is 3a, of 3a and la of lOo and 6a ia 4a, of 4a and 2a ia - 6o.
also be eidded in the order in
They might
ia
10a
40
ALGEBRA
Ex. 3.Add
a==b=c= 1
5a+
3a-116 + 5c
66
c
a+ 56
The sum
zero.
is
-a +4c a + 4c or 4c o,
= -3 = +1 = +5 = +3
the
sum
of the second
column being
particular
numbers
the
of
first
Thus, if we substitute unity for each letter quantity becomes 311+5 or 3, the second is +1,
is
the third
3,
Add:
1.
+1
+5, and the sura ( a+4c) is +3. Since the sum and +5 is +3, we assume that the work is correct.
EXE3RCISB
19 (1-12. Oral)
+6 ft. -3 ft.
-3
7
-$10
+ $27
9.
3a-26
5a + 36
10.
4t
the
sum
of
is
X and verify.
25. If the sum of i 6, 12 z, 12 3a; and 12 6a;, 31.
sum
of
x and verify.
If
is
Indicated
Additions.
we wish
to be
to
added to
we
write
it
thus
to
a-4-6.
if
Similarly,
11,
we wish
it
to indicate the
sum when
is
added
we
write
ll-!-( 7),
enclosed in brackets.
To
which
done
ll+( 7), we must add 11 and 7, by subtracting their absolute values and
ll+(-7)=ll
(
-
6a + (
and
We
If
to subtract
to add a negative ouaniity is the same <m a positive quantity of the same absolute value. we wish to simplify a quantity hke
(3o-26)+(2a-36),
or
we may write 2a 36 under 3a 26, and add in the usual way, we may remove the brackets and say that tht quantity
EXERCISE
Simplify
1. 4. 7.
:
20
(1-12.
Oral)
-3+4.
(-2)+(-3).
2.
5. 8.
10+(-6).
3.
6. 9.
3+(-4).
76+(-4fc).
5a+(-4o).
-8a+( + 7a).
10.
12.
-5ab+(-2ab).
11.
9x^+{-Zx'
-p-\-(-3p).
(-3m)+(-8m).
-o+(-2a)+(-3c).
10xy-\-{-^xy)+(-Axy)-xy+(-5xy).
13.*
4i
14.
AIMEBRA
-6+(-26)+(-36)+(-46) + 106.
(2m+3) + (5m-ra)+(3m-5).
(6x+3y-42) + (x+2y-2)+(y+z-7x).
16.
17.
18. 19.
a+{-6) + 6 + (-c)+c+(-a).
20.
When 20
is
that this
true
by adding the
addition,
subtracted from 10, the difference is 30. Show difference to the quantity which was
subtracted.
21.
Show by
that
is
when 2ah-\-5c
is
subtracted from
3a 464-3c
22. 23. 32.
the remainder
a 36 2c.
(Verify.)
Subtraction
is
the Inverse of
Addition.
from 7
4 will
make
in subtraction may be changed into a corresponding problem in addition. If we wish to subtract 4 from 7, we enquire what number added to 4 will make 7. We might make the problem concrete by finding what must be added to a loss of $4 to result in a gain of $7, and the answer is evidently a gain of
$11.
.*.
when
7
4 is subtracted
is 11.
Thus,
4+ 11 = 7.
-3 + {-7)=
-10.
BXBRCISB
What must
1.
21 (Oral)
be added to
2.
A A
3.
43
A A
A
loss of
loss of loss of
$6 to give a gain of $3
20 to give a
loss of
$15
?
$5 to give a loss of $8
7.
44
ALGEBRA
EXERCISE
Re-write the
following
22
in
46
Subtract the
sum
of
What must
be added to
2m+3n 4p
to give
5m--n2p
3a* lla + 4
(Verify.)
19. 20.
greater than
(6a+106-c)-(3a+46-2c)-(a-36-[-4c)-(2a+76-3c).
Subtract the sum of 2p5q3r, p-'r3q2r and 4^ + 6^ 4r from the sum of 3p4:q-'r5r, 3q4:r-\-5p and 3r4ip-{-5q.
21. 22.
23.
Subtract
2a 36+ 5c from
a-2b
sum
?
zero.
?
What
?
is
8 over
? ?
over
11
24.
a+b
Add
over
a^ 3a+10.
from
25.
zero.
Subtract the
o 36+c, 6 3c+a,
and
c 3o+6
26. What must be added to the sum of x^5x, 6a; 3x* so that the result wiU be unity ?
27.
From 2z-3x^+o-x^
Indicated
take 3
Ux^-5x^6x.
we wish we write it:
to
34.
Subtractions.
If
indicate
that
is
to be subtracted from 9
is
9 (3). From
+ (-)-3) = 12.
We
to subtract
the
same
Also
and
a (6 c) = a + 6 + c)=a 64-c.
(
Thus, brackets which are preceded by a minus sign may be removed if the signs of all the quantities within the brackets be
changed.
an
ALGEBRA
We may
5x-3y + 4z 3x2y + 2z
2x-
y + 2z
We
rule
and then
The expression
EXERCISE
Simplify
1.
:
24 (1-10. Oral)
10-(-3).
2. 5.
-5-(-6).
(-2m)-{-3m).
8.
3.
6.
-7a-(-4a).
4.
7.
8z-(-3x).
-{-b)+b.
8-(-4)-(-2)
??i-(-3m)-(-5m).
8ab-l0ab-{-lab).
-4:X^+(-3x^)-{-lx^).
.3a-116-(5a-86).
9.
10.
12.
11.* {5x-2y)-{2x4.y).
13. 14. 15.
16. 17.
2a-36+5c-(a-46+5c).
(a+6)-f(2a-36)-(4a-36).
a-rbc{b-\-ca) + {a^bc).
(6x^3x+5)+(2x^5x6){5x^8x+2).
Find the value of
5a-\-b,
when a = 2,
= 3.
l,
18.
19.
b^2,
c= 3.
By two
different
methods
find
2a;-3-(x-4)=-8.
3x-l-(a:-3)-(z+7)=40. l-(4-x)-(5-x)-(6-x)=52.
make 5x 6 exceed 3x 11 by 70
?
21. 22.
What
value of x will
1, 2, 3, 4.
47
Remove
(1) (2)
(S^
(4)
{Zxy+2z){2xZy+^) {'iy-%zbx).
-{a-h)-{b-c)-{c-d)-{d-a).
E3XERCISB
1,* Find the
2.
least.
sum
of 5a,
the
3.
which n
is
the middle
one.
4.
5. 6. 7.
56
3c 2o
and c-a-36.
5a.
From
4a 36 -f 5c subtract 2a 56 c.
Subtract
8.
What must
If
2t/ ?
9.
the value of 2x
What
?
is
the value of
10. 11. 12.
What
is
sum
of the coefficients in
6a
?
116
+ c 3d
when
What must
be added to x j/ to give
i/
= 4,
what
is
the remainder
x*
y*
is
What
To
the
is
Give
two answers.
14.
sum
4x*
of
3m 4n and 2m 3n add
subtract the
the
sum
of
m+7n
7x 5
and
+ 3x 7
is
sum
of
2x* +
and
By how much
3x 7
7
greater than
2x+5
+ a).
x = a+26 3c, i/ = 6 + 2c 3a and z = c + 26-3a, find the value 0f(l)x+(y + 2), (2)x-(j/-2). (3)x-(2/ + 2).
48
ALGEBRA
From the sum of bx-\--^y and Zx^y subtract the sum of 19. 2x\-\y and Ax-\-\-Zy. By how much is 3x* 5a;4-ll greater than 3a;* 8x+17 7 20. What is the meaning of the result when x = 2 7 when x = 1 7
21. 22.
From
If
c
7
%a^b-\-\c take
Ja J6 Jc.
6
a + 6 + c = 0when
= 4)/ oz,
what
is
the
value of
23. 24.
25.
5x-3-(x-4)-(x-2) = 27. (Verify.) value of x will make 3x 2 exceed x 7 by Whena=l, 6 = 2, c = 3, the sum of x-f-a 36 + 4c,
Solve
What
63
2x + 6-3c+4o
and 3x + c a 6
26.
is
124.
of x.
Using
breickets,
Solve
2-(x-i)-(i-3x) = 16-25.
28. 29.
Subtract
2m 7n 4x
from
zero.
What must
be added to a
(1 6) (1 c)
to
produce unity
of 2a -|- 36
4c
-j-
CHAPTER V
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION
35.
The
factafs
of
a product
Thus, Also
may
The
latter
etc
ai
= 6ab.
Make a diagram
Similarly,
to
= 3x5xax6xcxa, = I5abcd.
flO
ALOBBRA
BXBRCISE
26 (Oral)
61
27 (Oral)
-7. 5.
2?/.
2.
5.
-4,
3x,
2t7i,
3.
3.
6. 9.
-4, -5.
4.
7.
2.
X,
y.
X,
8.
3n.
x,
3x7/
10. 13.
16.
-o(-6).
11.
v).
(-6)2.
12.
-ayi-x).
2?ni;(
x2,
14. 17.
\x,\2x.
15.
18.
X.
2x2.
2a2,
3a.
oxy,
5x32/3,
20. 23.
a^ a.
Za^b^c^,
21.
24.
3a%Xah.
x'^yz^, 5x^yh.
X2/2.
abH.
Since
fou expect
4x3 = 12, 4x2= 8, 4x1 = 4, what would 4x0 to be equal to Also 4x 1 and 4x 2
? ?
39.
Ex. 1. Multiply 2a, -36, 4ab, b. The product of 2a and 36 is 6ab. 6ab and 4ab is 24a*6*. 24a6 and -& is -24a26S
.*.
is
24o'6^.
Of course the factors may be multiplied in any order we choose. we multiply all the negative factors first, what sign will their product have ? What sign will the product have if we multiply four negative factors ?
If
Twenty negative
factors
factors
The product will be negative vvhen the number of negative is odd and will be positive when the number of negative factors is even. Any number of positive factors will evidently
not affect the sign of the product.
,",
E 2
52
ALGEBRA
Ex. 3. Find the values of (-2)3, {-2)^ (-2)^
In
(
2)*
the
number
of factors
/.
is
odd,
(_2)3=-2=-8.
16
Similarly,
(-2)*=
EXERCISE
28 (1-18 Oral)
53
Compound Multiplication. We multiply a compound 40. quantity by a simple one in a manner similar to the method
in arithmetic.
In
3yd. 2
6yd.
If
arithmetic.
In
2
algebra.
1ft. 4in.
23 = 2.10+3
2 2
3a+46-
5c
2ft. Sin.
46 = 4. 10 + 6
60+86 10c
and
be
y-\-z,
we wish
x{y-\-z),
we
write
it
in the
form
xy-\-xz.
may
illus-
y
^
trated geometrically.
Make a
similar
a(6
Similarly,
Can you
a geometrical
'^
illustration of this
= (3a- 36) -(46 -4c) -{2a -26 + 2c), = 3o-36 46 + 4c 2a+26 2c, =o-66 + 2c.
54
16.
17.
ALOEBRA
4(o-26+c)-3(6-2c+a)-2(5c-4a-56)
i(2a-36) + i(2a+56) + i(5a-f&).
x(a:-l)4-2x(x 3)+3x(x4-5).
18. 19.
a(a2-a+l)+3(o2+o-2)-2(a2+2a-3).
3x(a;2-2x+2)-2a;(3x2+4a;-5)+x(4a;2+5x-6).
20.
21.
3(x-l) = 2(x+4).
23.
5(x-2)-2(x+2)=70.
2(5x-9)4-4(x-ll) = 36.
6(2x-3)-3(x-3)=0.
25.
3(x+2)+5(x-3)=2(x-4)+4(x-l) + 13.
Find the sum of x(x+l), 3x(x 2), 2x(x 5).
Subtract a(2a2 a+1) from 2a(a2+3a-2).
If
27. 28.
29.
of
ab,
41.
2a-\-b,
3a 26.
Compound
Quantity.
Multiplication by a
The measures of the sides of the large rectangle are a-\-h and x-\-y. The measure of the area is the X y product of a-\-h and x-\-y, which is seen to ax
be ax-\-ay-\-hx^hy,
:.
[a-[-h){x-\-y)=ax-{-ay-\'hx-^hy.
This diagram shows how to find the product of x + 3 and x + 2. What does it show the product to be ?
Make a
of a-f-6
and
and thus
6.
+ 6)*,
or the square of a +
The method
is
diagram
50
Thus, (he product of any two expressions is obtained by multiplying each term of the multiplicand by each term of the multiplier. The proper signs are attached to these partial
products,
and
the
sum
In multiplying in arithmetic we begin at the right, but algebra it is usual, but not necessary, to begin at the left.
Ex.Multiply
Check
=
(1)
(2)
(1)
6=1
1 1
2o 3o
x=y = \ -2
5
3x
4a;
5y
1/
6a*1
9ab 4a6 + 66
-10
I2x^-20xy + 3xy-5y12x*
l'Jxy
6o*-13a6 + 66
42.
5y*
Results. In Chapter II. we saw how U which we obtained in solving an equation. We might verify our work in subtraction by addition. As in addition, the work in multiplication is easily checked by substituting particular numbers for the letters involved.
Checking
Thus to check the work in the first example we might substitute 1 for each letter involved.
in
Whena = 6=l,
and
Since the product of 1 and 1 is the work is likely correct. 1 A convenient way of exhibiting the test is shown. Of course any numbers might be used in checking, but we naturally choose the
,
simplest ones.
EXERCISE
x+3 2+4
2x+7
30
x+5
2x+2
4.
3a;+4
x+1
2x+3
67
Check by
putting x=2.
{x-\-5)(x-l)={x-5)ix+2).
(2a;-l)(3x-l) = (x-2)(6x+4).
36.
{x-l)^={x-6){x-\-2).
37. 38.
(a:+ll)(a;-2)=(a;-7)(x-l)+107.
a;(a;+l)+(a:+l)(x+2)=2(a;+l)(x+3).
39. 40.
(x+l)2+(x+2)2+(ar+3)2=3(x-2)2+14.
Division by a Simple Positive Quantity.
43.
To
divide 24
division
by
is
is
number by
Thus
is
Since
.'.
axb=ab,
ab^a=h and
ai)^b=a.
If we wish to divide 6xy by 2x, we must find what 2x must be multiplied by to produce 6xy.
(1) 2 (2)
must be multiplied by 3
to produce 6,
y
:.
xy.
6xy-^2x=3y.
Similarly,
I5abc-^3bc = 5a.
problem
in division
may
--='*.
o6
= a
6x1/
f>,
-^ = 32/. 2x
As in arithmetic, we may remove or cancel from the dividend and divisor any factor which is common to both
Thus, -^r- = 4a, on removing the factors 3 and
6.
gioul^y,
^=1^.
68
ALGEBRA
44. Index Law tor Division. Since a^xa^=a'' by the index law for multiplication,
.'.
a^
\ .k .a .a .a
a^
h .k .k .a .a
Thus,
is
powers of
the
found by
a''-^a'
= a''~*=a^.
The work in division may be verified by Thus the preceding division is seen to be 5ab^x3a-b = 15a^b^.
since
EXERCISE
Copy and supply the
multiplication
^
:
31
quotients, verifN-ing
3x1/
2.
5abc
24mn
3n
12a*
25xyz
5z
ab
,
4a2
.
O,
b,
42x3
.
7.
o.
BSm^ra
.
2a
9.
??:!'''^
Ix
10.
'
2a2
11.
'
Vimn
12.
'
i!^'.
6p^
14. 17.
ahc
13.
6xz/-i-2x.
i"-. ha
15.
l^^V
.
\xy
lOa'-f-Sa.
^miJ^^^r.
ISx'j/V^Sx^t/z*.
16.
19.
10x5^-2x3.
16a36^4a6.
18.
22a%^^Ua-h-.
Rule of Signs for Division.
45.
(-a)x(+6) = oA,
it
,
(-t-a)x(-6)
follows that
,
;r"=~
-{-ab
and when the sign of the quotient What then is the rule of signs for division ? Compare it with the rule of signs for multipUcation
When
is
is
it
(art. 38).
S&
Divide
(1)
XOx'^y^ by
2xy'^.
numerical coefficient hteral part ? complete quotient 7
?
is is is is
EXERCISB
Perform the indicated divisions
1.
:
32 (Oral)
12+-3.
2.
5.
-12+-4.
0^
4.
7.
7+7.
0^5.
ah-.
10.
13.
lOa*-^
a.
S.
11.
2a2.
axy-.
16.
19.
\2m^n-.
i4.
6mw.
17. 20.
x^y^z-.
-6a3+3a.
2a-.
5.
3.
6.
a.
-10+2. 12 + 2^
6a2^
9.
x.
12.
15. 18.
45^
2a.
5-i
3.
3.
27a;*^
^x\
xyz.
40^ + 2a'.
^'^^^
~y V
pq
?^*!^
4imn^
21
2x
(5)
22.
Dividend:
Divisor
:
6a^
2a-
lOa;^
(2)
(3)
(4)
lOaftc 5c
2ac
35m^n
5m
Quotient
46.
2x
6a
Division of a
we
get 3
ft.
in.,
or 12
lb.
6 oz.
3)9 3
ft. ft.
in.
2 in.
to
ALGEBRA
BXBRCISE
88
(1-16,
:
Oral)
Divide the
1. 4.
7.
first
9a 2+ 6a,
3.
Qx^-\-<ix^~2x,
x.
3.
ISz^-lOx,
Sr.
x^y+xy^,
xy.
6. 9.
12a2 4a6,
2o.
8.
a*-\-a^a,a.
11.
-6x2 4xy,
2x.
10.
6aA 6o,
3a.
12.
a^h^a^h'^, ab^.
13.
15.
14.
Simplify
.
ID.
3i-|-6 3
lOx 15
\
._ 17.
oA-f-oc
hc-\-ah
ac+bc
-|
a
^^ '
18* g'+3a
o
20.
a:-f-xy
^
Sa'+6a
3a
(x+2)(a;-2)+(a;-2)(z-4)
*
2
^^^ *
y'-xy
y
,
(a+2)(a-h3)-(a-3)(o-2)
'
X
22
2a
abac
be ah
a^a^_^a^a.
a
-b
Subtract 24. remainder by x.
26.
(x+3)(x 8)
from
(2x-4)(x4-6)
and
divide
the
^^-10^
X
^ 3x2+15x _^ lOx-lS^^^^
3a;
EXERCISE
1.
84 (Review of Chapter V)
2.* If a = 3 and
6= 4,
a, 6, ab, a*
+ b*,
a*-b*,
a, 6,
a-6.
3.
What
(-lj%
(-1)^", (-2)*,
(-3)t
4.
5.
Simplify 3ax
What is the area in square feet of a rectangle which 6. long and (a 6) yards wide 7
7.
feet
Make a diagram
to
61
A merchant
bought a pieces of
If
silk at 60 cents a yard and b each piece contained 50 yards, find the
9.
To
3a;
+2
and
2a;
+ 3.
From
the product of ox Zy and
10.
of 3x
2x+y
2y
and 2x 3t/.
to
11.
a*
Make a diagram
of a
+3
and
a+1
is
+ 4o+3.
12. 13. 14.
2a and
verify.
To
is
3m 2n.
5x6y
the
divided by
quotient
15.
stituting 3 for a
a*-\-b*.
Check by sub-
^^ 16.
17.
4x3-8x+12x
4x
15x+10a;-15x
J 5x 3).
(Verify.)
18.
19.
What
(x
+ 5)(x+6)
20.
21.
of (a-l),
3x 47/
22.
2x~3y and
4a'+2a
^^
+(3-|-2a)(l-a).
1,
when
x= 3; when x=
4.
x=o* 3a+l
values of 2x + 3y,
*x-2y,'-y.
26.
If
in
terms of a and
b the values of
ax by ~2
27.
'
(2xy){3x-2y).
28.
x*+y*+z*-3xyz.
CHAPTER VI
SIMPLE EQUATIONS
47.
{continued
is
from Chapter
the
11.)
Definition.
An
is
equation
statement
of
the
Thus, 2.r+3=13
true.
2x+3 and
the value of x in
an equation like 2a:;+3=13. In the expression 2a:+3, x may represent any number, and for different values of x the expression has different
But in the equation 2.r+3 = 13, x can not represent any number we please, but some .particular number, in this case 5, which when substituted for x will make 2x-\-3 have
values.
plication,
is
identically the
same
is
as
true
An
equation which
is
true for
all
involved is called an identical equation or briefly an identity, while an equation which is true only for certain values of the The usual letters involved is called a conditional equation. method, however, is to call all conditional equations .simply " equations," and all identical equc^^ons, " identities."
SIMPLE EQUATIONS
Thus,
93
and
is is
an equation, an identity.
We cannot always see mentally whether a given statement is an equation or an identity. Thus, (x+2)(x + 3) = (a;-l)(x-3) + 3(3x+l) might appear to be an equation, but if we simplify each side, we find that each becomes x*-\-5z-\-6; and this statement is therefore an identity.
BXBRCISEI 85
Which
Identities
1.
are
8(x+3)=4x+4(a;+6),.
2. 3.
3x{x+l)=x{x+l) + 2x{x+5)+lQ.
(a:-3)2-5=x(x-6)+4.
(2x-4)(a;-5)+(x-2)(x-3) = (3x-2)(a:-7)+40.
(x-\-a){x^-\-a^)=x^-\-ax{x-^a)-\'a^,
4.
5.
6.
(a;+2)(a;-3)=a:(z+5)+3(a;-l).
of
49.
Transposition
Terms.
In Chapter
II.
the method
entirely on the proper use axioms of art. 15. The following examples will show how the methods of Chapter II. may be abbreviated.
Here we added 6
the
to disappear
from the
first
that
we might
hs-ve only
unknown
+6 to appear on that side. We might say then, that the 6 was transposed from the first side and written on the other side with its sign
But the addition
of 6 to the second side caused
64
ALOBBRA
4a-
first,
with
its
sign changed.
We
Any
quantity
may
be transposed
from one
side of
an equation
Using the
rule,
7x-6 = 4x+12.
Transposing terms,
7a;
4x = 1 2 + 6,
3x=18, x=6.
.-. .-.
Ex. 2. Solve
Removing
brackets,
2(3a:-5)
6z
+ 3a; 1 5 = 7a; 7.
10+ 15
.-. ..
Transposing terms,
6x + 3x 7x=
2x=18,
x = 9.
Verification,
first
when x=9
side
second side
Ex. 3.Solve
Removing
brackets, Transposing terms,
y=2 =
-^'
Verification
first
side
= 3( 6) - 5( - 7 = -18 + 35=17.
performed.
(2x-l)* = 4x*-4x+l,
(x-3)(x-2) = x*-5x+6,
(x-2)i' = x*-4x + 4, 4x-4x+l-(x*-5x+6) = 3(x*-4x+4)-4, 4x*-4x+l-x* + 5x-6 = 3x-12x+12-4, 4a;-x-3x-4x+5x+12x= 12-4- 1 + 6,
.',
/.
13x=13,
.-.
=1.
SIMPLE EQUATIONS
65
Here the product of x 3 and x 2 is first found and enclosed in brackets with the minus sign preceding. In the next line the brackets are removed and the signs changed. In 3(x 2)*, the x 2 must first be squared and the product multiplied
by
3.
The beginner should not attempt to perform these double operations together.
Note.
EXERCISE] 86
Solve and verify
1.
4x-4=2x+8.
3-3a;=9-5a;.
5(y-2)=3(2/+4).
ll(4x-5)=7(6a:-5).
2. 4. 6. 8.
3x-7=8-2x.
2(x-5)=:a;+20.
10(a:-3)=8(a;-2).
3. 5.
7.
7x-ll+4x-7=3x-8.
3(5a;-6)-9x=30.
5(a;-7)
9.
14+5x=9a:-ll+3.
7(x-3)=9(a;+I)-38.
72(x-5)=63(5-a:).
11.
+ 63=9a;.
13.
15.
28(x+9)=27(46-a;).
7(4x-5)=8(3a;-5)+9.
(a;+7)(a;-3)=(x-l)(x+l).
16.
18.
4(x+2)=3-3(2x-5).
(x-8)(x+12)==(x+l)(x-6),
20(x-4)-12(a;-5)=x-6.
5(2x-l)-3(4x-6)=7.
5(3;i+l)-7;i-3(;i-7)=6.
(2m-o)(4m-7)=8m2+52.
(x+5)2-(x+3)2=40.
4(2i/-7)-3(42/-8)-22/-7.
(x+5)2-(4-x)2=21x.
25.
26.
(x+4)(x-3)-(x+2)(x+l)=42.
(2x-7)(x+5)=(2x-9)(x-4)+229.
27.
28.
29.
30. 31.
(x+l)2+(x+2)2+(x+3)2=3(x+l)(x+4)-7.
2(x-l)2-3(x-2)(x+3)=32-(x-3)(x-4).
What
Prove
x.
value of x will
that
to
5x 9
is
3(x-2)+4(3x-5)=5(3x 6)+4
true
for
all
values of
*
32.
33.
What
value of a will
of x
66
3-4,
AWEBRa
If
a;
=2
is
(a;+l)(x+2)=(a;-4)(x-5) + 4,
find the value of
k.
is
35.
Prove that 10
(x+3)(a:+4) + (x+5)(x+6)=422.
36.
When (3x+2)(4x 5)
is
is
subtracted
remainder
37.
141.
Find
x.
What
?
value of y will
make make
(2/ 3)(?/+3)
by 40
38.
What
value of k will
(5
3A-)(7 2t)
?
equal to
(ll-6it)(3-it)
39.
What
is
(x-5)2-(x-3)(x-7)=0?
40.
of
is
the square of
x+3
X
41.
is
and
If
x-|-6
3(2x 1)
is
b}'
the same
amount
that
5x
42. 43.
the value of x
The
F
when PaQl.
6
the fulcrum.
If
lb.
and a = 12
in.,
1
p
of support
is
what
44.
is
the length of 6
Two
in
length.
other boy.
45.
if
How
far
weights of 8
?
lb.
from the larger weight must the fulcrum be placed, and 16 lb. balance at opposite ends of a lever 12 feet
to change Fahrenheit readings
If
long
46.
of a
F=n,
0.
47
to Fahrenheit readings
-10C., -50C.
the two scales indicate equal
48.
What
?
is
the temperature
when
numbers
SIMPLE EQUATIONS
50.
67
Ex. 1.Solve
Since
^ + ^ = 1,
lx-{-\x=2Q.
.-.
gx
a;
.-.
get rid of
them by multiply-
by
Then
^xx
B
.-.
+ ix X 6 = 20x 6,
3a;+2x=120, 5x=120,
a;
= 24.
Verify
by substituting
Ex. 2.Solve
|(a;+l)+i(a;+2)-|(a;+14).
2, 3, 4),
Ex. 3.Solve
Multiply by 30,
'
x2
~5
.-.
x^_xl
6^ """To"
x 30
X 30
^
.-,
= %r^
30,
.-. .-.
6(a;-2)-5(a;-3) = 3(x-7),
Verification rfirstside
=1^ ^ = 2 1^ = ^.
second side
= ^^^
= J.
not to attempt to with the brackets. He may, however, omit the preceding when he feels that he can safely do so.
line
In
Steps in the Solution of an Equation. 51. equation the steps in the work are
:
In solving an
(1) Clear the equation of fractions by multiplying each term by the L.C.M. of the denominators of the frad,ions. (2) Remove any brackets which appear. F 2
68
(3)
ALOSBRA
Tran.spose
all the
unknown
and
the
known
(4) (5) (6)
Simplify each side by collecting like terms. Divide each side by the coefficient of the unknown. Verify the result by substituting the root obtained in the
original equation.
BXBROISES
Solve and verify
1.
3.
87
p=x+5.
ix-Jx-lO.
ta;+|x=a;+5.
2.
^x=^x-\-2.
4.
^z + ix+ix=2Q.
I
5.
6.
^x
= 2x - ^ -^
7.
2/=i2/+i
X
8.
+ l + l^x-4.
^
2-5 = 4 +
3ot
1-
10.
7m ^-^ =
4.
11.
|-| = ^-15.
|
12.
ix+lx=li-x.
ix-|+7x=3a;+li.
13.
+ 2=H + ^-|-
14.
16.
|-j = 2.
7a;+2
16.
i(x-3)=20.
17.
-5- = -2-a;
4x-l
x+1
18-
^r-^ =
,
^-
a; 8
^=
5
^
^-
^^22.
a; 1
-4-
a;+3
21.
i(x-3)+i(x-5)=0.
3x-l
23.
2z+l
5
3^5
,
'7
c\
1
26.
-^
-,
26.
i(2/-3)-i(y-6)=l
o\
1/
27.
70
ALGEBRA
Ex.
2.
is
3 times as old as
2 years ago
their ages.
was 5
times as old as
Find
What will now represent A's What will represent ^'s age, What will represent jB's age,
age
2 yea>'s
ago
?
?
4 years ago
Now
Let
express that 3x 2
is
5 times x
4.
:
The complete
,,
(3a; 2)
.'.
(x 4)
.
age,
age, 2 years ago, age, 4 years ago,
.-.
.-.
= 2x,
=9.
is
.*.
B's age
is
9 years
and A'a
27 years.
5%
3%
of 130
4%
of $27
" Divide S620 into two parts so that Solve the problem 5% of the first part together with 6% of the other part will make $34."
Let
i, of
.'
$x = the
first
part,
iL
of S((>20-x)
.-.
Sx=5% = 6%
T-T)a;+i^(620-x) = 34,
5x+6(620-x) = 3400.
Complete the solution and verify the
result.
Ex.
4.
What
is
defect of 30 from
.50
The
defect of x from 89
:
is
" The excess of a number over 50 Solve the problem Find the number." 11 greater than its defect from 89.
SIMPLE EQUATIONS
Let
then
71
x = the number,
X 50 = its
.-.
and
x-50 = 89-x+ll.
Ex. 5. The value of 73 coins consisting of 10c. piecep and 5c. pieces is $5. How many are there of each ?
Let
.-.
x=the number
of 10c. pieces,
73-x=
5c.
The value of the 10c. pieoes= lOx cents. The value of the 5c. pieces = 5(7 3 x) cents, 10x+5(73-x) = 500.
.-.
verify.
The pupil should be careful to express each term of the equation in the same denomination. Why would it be incorrect to say that
10a;+5(73-a:) = 5
?
SXSRCISB
All results should be verified.
1.
88
A number
is
is
is
then added.
The
is
result
2.
232.
From
number
is
is
taken.
The remainder
95.
3.
is
217.
4.
is
number with
5.
third
may
be 35.
6.
have $250.
7.
much
as B,
The sum
4.
81.
the less by
8.
eighth part
by
2.
72
9.
59.
/SL&EBEa
The
excess of a
number over 42
is
the
same
10.
is
129.
Divide 114 into three parts so that the by 15 and the third exceeds the first by 21.
11.
12.
first
than
13.
and C so that
A man
of the cost.
What
first
is
double the
and the
6.
the
sum
A man
$(a;+25) each.
16.
each and 3 at
J of the 17.
number exceeds
1.
Find a number which when multiplied by 6 exceeds 35 by as much as 35 exceeds the number.
18.
for
A farmer sells 7 cows and 17 pigs for $754. Each cow $70 more than each pig. What is the price of each cow ?
If less
sells
19.
is
30
20.
10 be subtracted from a number, 40 more than J the remainder Find the number.
of J of the
less
Find two consecutive numbers such that the sum and ^ of the greater is 44.
Divide 46 into two parts so that
3,
if
21.
is
divided
by
the
sum
of the quotients
10.
22.
may
be contained
in the other
23.
What
did he
cost
24.
is 17.
The difference between the squares of two consecutive numbers Find the numbers.
in half-dollars
A box contains two equal sums of money, one 25. If the number of coins is and the other in quarters. money is in the box ?
26.
30,
how much
years will
is
35 years old
fi
is
7 years old.
In
how many
be twice as old as
SIMPLE EQUATIONS
27.
IZ
it
What
28.
is
be double what
years old.
How
1
long wUl
it
be before
4's age
29.
the
sum
of the ages of
and
a fourth of the
30.
Find three consecutive even numbers such that the sum of first, a half of the second and a fifth of the third is 17.
^'s share of $705
?
is *
of S's
and 5's
is
f of C"s.
What
is
the
share of each
The simple interest on a sum at 2% together with the interest 31. on a sum twice as large at 3J% is $135 per annum. What are the sums ?
32.
is
Three % of a certain sum together with 4% of a sum which $50 greater is $12'50. I'ind the sums.
33.
is
The value
of 52 coins
made up
of each
?
of quarters
$10.
34.
carpet.
of the
margin 2 feet wide all around a square margin is 160 sq. ft. Find the dimensions
35.
angle
angle.
is
In any triangle the sum of the angles is 180. The greatest 35 larger than the smallest angle and 10 larger than the other
36. The length of a room exceeds the width by 4 feet. If each dimension be increased by 2 feet the area wUl be mcreased by 52 sq. ft. Find the length.
37.
If I
walk
and
m+2
mUes
at 3 miles
per hour, the whole journey wUl take 15 minutes longer than
at the uniform rate of 3| miles per hour.
if I
walked
have
of the journey.
38.
$95.
$65,
and
have $100,
C and A
39
4a;-a;=24.
(3)
(4)
23-5a;=4a;-4.
of 5 for 3 cents
40.
fruit dealer
and
sells
them
he seU to gain
$1-28?
74
41.
ALGEBRA
The sum
\ of
of
two numbers
as
is
less is
9 greater
than
42.
the other.
\
John has
much n-oney
much
as his brother.
Algebraic
If
we
sum and
their difference,
we
Thus,
and
We
would
sure
see that
find
it
numbers 23 and
13,
and we
are not
we
it is
true for
pairs of numbers.
By
we may show
Let the larger number be a and the smaller 6. Their sum is a + 6 and their difference is a b. But (a + fe) + (a-6) = tv + 64-o-o = 2a, and 2a is twice the larger number.
in
article.
true
generally.
EXERCISE
Show
1.
39
all
numbers
The sum
is
The
difference
of
difference of the
3.
difference
4.
Half of the sum of two numbers increased by half of their is equal to the larger number.
of
The sum
of
them
is
equal
SIMPLE EQUATIONS
5.
lb
to the square
of the
sum
of their difference
increased
6.
of three consecutive
numbers
is
two
integers differ
is
between them
integers.
less
by 2, twice the square of the integer by 2 than the sum of the squares of the two
8. Read the statement {a-^b)^-\-(ab)^=2{a^+b^) without using symbols and prove that it is true.
BXBR0ISE3
1.
2. 3.
What What
is
an equation
is
An
identity
7 ?
rule
3).
4.
5.
6. 7.
^x ^ 3
=
x-1 -5
H
8x - 6
an equation or an identity
What
Solve
value of x will
a;- 10
7
equal to zero
= =
The sum
oi_
of
two numbers
a;
,
is 50.
If 5
Show XI ^ x that
+3 = -
6
5x + 6
o
1-
x2
-
is
true for
,,
all
values
of X.
What value of x will make the product of 9. equal to the product of 11 6x and 3 x ?
2x
10.
If
_
5 3x and
2x
3x
|-
-262, find
A and B invested equal sums. A gained $200 and 11. gained $2600. If B then had 3 times as much as A, how much did each invest ?
12.
From a
full.
cask which
is
|ths
full,
then half
13.
it is
(x-l)(x-2)(x-3) = 2x(z-5)(2x-7).
has $115 in $2 bills and $5 Altogether, how many of each has he 7
14.
bills.
If
he has 35
bills
76
15.
ALGEBRA
If
x4
- =
31
and a
i,
find x.
If
In a ntairway there are 45 steps of equal heights. 16. been one inch higher, there would have been only 40 steps. ia each step ?
<-f
How
17.
o Solve
1
x5
x2 6-=^-
Divide 150 into two parte such that if the smaller be divided 18. by 23 and the other by 27 the sum of the quotients will be 6.
19.
is 51.
The
of
A father is 30 years older than his son 20. four times as old. Find the son's present age.
21.
If
ago he was
the
sum
of the fractions
7
2x4-3
;;
and
= 47
a;
is 9,
what
is
the
Show that the difference between the squares of any two 22. Show also consecutive numbers is equal to the sum of the numbers. that the sum of their squares is one more than twice their product.
23. 24.
of
Solve 2-(a;-4-|-3x-5)=10-x.
If
the product of
x+2
and 2x+5
is
2x+l and x + 3 by
25.
127, find x.
Divide -75 into two parts so that 26. exceeds six times the less by -75.
27.
times
the
greater
Solve
X 3
_+-f -._=0.
24-x
1
2x
28
by
3 miles per hour and returned His whole time was 4 hours. How far
did he walk
29.
" Take any Prove the accuracy of the following statement number, double it, add 12, halve the result, subtract the original number, and 6 will remain."
:
30. 31.
Solve|
^^-^^=x-8.
minutes
of
is it
How many
it
to 10 o'clock
8
'
if
three-quarters of an
hour ago
32.
What
T
will
n identity
SIMPLE EQUATIONS
33. 34. width.
77
Solve
(6x-2)(2x-l)-(4x 2)(3a;-2) = 4.
length 5 yards longer than its 5 yards longer and 3 yards Find the dimensions of the first.
is
A man
among his wife, two sons and three daughters. A son as much as a daughter, and the wife $500 more than
together.
the children
of each.
37.
38.
7x-8 = ^
g-
0.
is less
higher integer
_39.
If
2x+l -
find x.
-^
40.
How
far can I
at 10 miles per
walk at 3 miles per hour and return on a bicycle hour and be absent 6 hours 4 minutes ?
If
41.
A man
invested f of his
money at 3%, J at 4%, ^ at 5% and the he receives an annual income of $516, how much
Prove that the product obtained by multiplying the sum of 42. any two numbers by their difference is equal to the difference of their
squares.
CHAPTER
\T1
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
54.
The sum
It
is
two numbers
is
10.
What
1
are the
2
numbers
8,
many
problem.
etc.,
and
9,
and
3 and
7,
3 and 13, etc. or J and 9|, If we are also given that the difference of the
4,
numbers
is
condition.
new The numbers would evidently be 7 and 3. If we follow the method previously adopted and represent the required numbers by x and y, where x is the greater, the first condition would be expressed by the equation
then only one of these
answers
will
satisfy this
x+?/=10.
As
If
stated,
any number
of pairs of values of x
and y
will
xy=4:.
It
will
is
now
satisfy
x-\-y=lO,
and
If
xy=
we add
2x=14,
.'.
4.
we
get
x=l and
/.
y=3,
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
55.
fied
79
Simultaneous Equations.
Any
of
by
the
same
values
the
unknowns
are
called
simultaneous equations.
Thus, x1,
y=3
To find a definite pair of values of x and y it is seen that we must have two equations containing these letters. To solve any problem where two numbers are to be found we must have two conditions given, from which the required equations
may
be obtained,
Ex. 1. If 5 men and 4 boys earn $43 in a day, and 3 men and 4 boys earn 29 in a day, what sum does each earn in a day ?
Why
We
Let
do the
first set of
How
earn
?
much more do they earn ? -How much then does one man How can we now find how much a boy earns ?
might solve
this
$a;
and
The conditions
by the equations
:
of the
Subtract the terms of the second equation from the corresponding terms of the first,
.-.
2x=14,
.-.
x=
7.
Substitute
x=7
in the first
equation and
35 +42/ = 43,
.-.
.-. .'.
41/
= y=
8,
2,
.'.
the roots of the equations are x=7, y=2, a man earns $7 and a boy S2 per day.
Verify by showing that these results satisfy the conditions of the given problem.
80
ALOEBEA
Ex.
2.
For
and
the price of
of tea and 2 1b. of sugar I pay $1-30, and 4 lb. of sugar I pay $2 20. What is one pound of each ?
1b.
does this problem differ from the preceding ? in the first statement so that the number of pounds of sugar would be the same -as in the second statement ?
How
Let
and
sugar.
(1) (2)
Then and
Multiply the
first
we
get
(3)
(2)
6x + 42/ = 260,
5x+42/ = 220.
Now
esults
solve (2)
and
you
get.
Ex. 3.Solve
3x+4y=39,
4x+3i/=38.
(2)
(1)
(2)
Multiply
(1)
by 4 and
by
and we get
12a;+162/
= 156,
12x+ 9y=114.
Complete the solution and
verify.
Ex. 4.Solve
5x-2y^U,
3x+4?/=42.
2,
(1)
(2)
(3)
Multiply
(1)
by
10x-42/ = 88.
To
instead of
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
81
Thus in Ex. 4 we eliminated the y. We might have ehminated the X equally well. Solve Ex. 4 by first eliminating the x. After performing the necessary multiplications, when do we add ind when do we subtract to eliminate the unknown 1
EXE1ROISE3 41
Solve for x and y and verify 1-21
1.
:
x+22/=8, x+ y=5.
2x \-3y=25,
2.
3x+5y=13,
3.
Qx+5y=23,
3x+2y=
6.
7.
3x+2y=n.
6,
4.
5x2y=lS,
5x+2i/=24,
2x3y^
7.
2x- y=
8.
7.
2x+3y=U.
^.
10.
3x+5y=lS,
2x-\-3y=12.
x-{-y=i,
5x6y=3l, 6x-3y=33.
' 3x-2y=2A,
2x-3y=\\
12.
11.
3x+ iy=
5,
3x+2^^24,
x-y=3.
13.
6x+12y=13.
tk.
2a;+3i/=10.
15,
3x 4t/=16,
lx+3y=62.
14.
2x+5y=
0,
yi^^
3x-'iy=23.
2x+3i/=32
18.
16.
3x=2y+
7,
O*^ 17.
2x='6y-l2.
19.
x^3y+20, y=2x-20.
20.
21.
3a;=2y,
2x-by=-33.
22;+3i/= 5x ^=17. 4x-52/=10?/-14a;=-ia
2x+l3y=
275,
14x-17t/=1385.
22.* If
23. 24.
25.
If
5x 1/=8 and
j/,
2a:-5^-31=6(/-9a;+57=0,
Solve
x+3=4 2i/,
equals 39
find
7(x l) + lli/=6.
If ax-\-by
is
when o
y.
is
3 and b
is 4,
is
5 and 6
2,
x and
26.
What
7
4:X-\-2y
each
equal to 6
27.
82
ALOEBRA
If the equations 57. Fractional Equations in two Unknowns. contain fractional coeffioients of x or y, the fractions may be
removed by
multiplication.
Ex.Solve
Multiply Multiply
(1)
(2)
^x^^y^
6,
8,
(1)
^a;+f?/=32.
by by
(2)
3z+ 2y=
verify.
48.
4,
z+10!/=128.
EXERCISE
Solve and verify 1-20
1.
:
42
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
21.*
83
^
x2y
+ :^= 2i
22.
z^-ky-l^y+Kx+y),
23.
ar+|y=y-2,
24. 5(a;+2/)-7(a;-2/)=26,
26. 8a;-7i/-12,
26.
x+l ^
10
- 3w 5 - a; ^. ^
2xy 4^3 _
27.
|?/-ix+24=f2/+^a;+ll=0.
EXBRCISB
Solve,
1.
48
by using two unknowns, and verify The sum of two numbers is 40 and their
difference
is 12.
Find
the numbers.
The sum of two numbers is 19. The sum 2. and 4 times the second is 64. Find the numbers.
3.
If
41b. of tea
and 7
lb. of
lb. of
tea
and
3 lb. of sugar' cost $2'68, find the cost of each per lb.
4.
first
is
greater than
make
5.
136.
If 5 horses
and 7
chairs, or 10 tables
?
and 2
chairs,
can be
men and
women
women
woman.
8.
is
2
a
26,
Find two numbers such that \ of the first and \ of the second and \ of the first and \ of the second is 8.
Three bushels of wheat cost 20 cents more than 5 bushels ot of wheat and 1 bushel of com cost $2 '30. What is the price of each per bushel ?
9.
6 2
84
10.
ALGEBRA
In 10 years a
man
will
ago the
11.
man was
If the
is
sum
;
the result
is
18
if
two numbers be added to 3 times their difference twice the sum be added to their difference the result
26.
Find them.
12.
at $25,
13.
merchant sells 33 suits, some at $35 each- and the others and receives $945. How many did he sell at each price ?
of the second
Find two numbers such that 5% of the first is greater than 6% by 3, and 7 % of the second is greater than 4 % of the first
3 algebras
by
7-5.
If
14.
$2-95,
15.
bull's
4.
In 10 shots a marks-
man
16. there
How many
kind did he
make
A
is
?
If
seating
accommodation
for 42 pupils,
seats
are there
17.
A man
at a gain of
$1030.
18.
bought 8 cows and 50 sheep for $900. He sold the cows 20% and the sheep at a gain of 10%, and received in all Find the cost of a cow ?
10
If
men and
men
receive $1
more
than 6
bo3's,
19. A man bought 20 bushels of wheat and 15 bushels of corn for $36 and 15 bushels of wheat and 25 bushels of corn, at the same rate, for $32'50. How much did he pay per bushel for each ?
20.
Find two numbers such that, if the first be increased by 8 it and if the second be increased by 31 it will
first.
farmer bought 100 acres of land for $4220, part at $37 and How many acres were there of each kind ? the rest at $45 per acre.
22.
Find two numbers such that 7 times the greater and 5 times
make
332,
and 51 times
their difference
is
408.
is
The quotient
is
divided
2.
by
3,
is
when
their difference
is
divided by
Find
the numbers.
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
24.
86
30c., the total
He
and gained
.$21.
How many
coffee at 35c.,
Three times the greater of two numbers exceeds twice the less 25. by 90, and twice the greater together with three times the less is 255. Find the numbers.
26.
The sum
Find the
of
two
If
fractions
respectively
is 2-9.
be
4*1.
fractions.
is
27.
by
17
Divide 142 into two parts so that when the larger part and the other by 19 the sum of the quotients will be 8.
farm was rented for S650, part of it at S6 and the rest at S8 If the rates had been interchanged the rental would have been S750. How many acres were in the farm ?
28.
per acre.
29.
the
sum
^'s age 3 years ago was l^alf of fi's present age. In 7 years Find their present ages. of their ages will be 77 years.
travelled 240 miles in 4 days, diminishing his rate each
distance.
?
30.
A man
The
first
miles.
How
far did he
go each day
EXBRCISB
1.
2.
2, how many
3. 4.
If
Solve 7x 22/=13,
51
65,
in
The average marks of those who passed an examination was If there were 1000 candidates and of those who failed was 25. all and their average was 53, how many passed ?
5.
Solve
2(a;
= 3(a;-4?/),
2/)
14(x
At an election A' a majority was 384, which weis 6. number of votes. How many votes did A receive ?
7.
of the
whole
8)-3 = J(a;-3).
Divide $5600 into two parts, so that the income from one part at 3% may be equal to the income on the other part at 4%.
8.
9.
Solve f 4- ?
3x
7j/
37
0.
86
10.
t of
ALGEBRA
Two numbers
If
the smaller.
of the larger
is
more than
11.
q
= 2,
find x
is
76
when p = 6 and
and 5% of ^'s
12. If 3% of ^'s salary plus 4% of B's salary plus 3% of B's is $111, find their salaries.
is
$93,
13.
14.
Solve
2l2/
+ 20x=165,
77i/-30x=295.
|
Solve 5x2]/ = 7x +
If 3
2!/
= x+2/+ 11.
5
men and 4 boys earn $26, and what would 7 men and 3 boys earn ?
17.
18.
men and
Solve J(x+l)-J(!/ +
If
2)
= 3,
J(a;
+ 2) + i(]/ + 3) = 4.
that a = 3 and
3x 4 = ax + 6
b=-4.
19.
I
a profit of
I sold the horse at bought a horse and carriage for $400. 20% and the carriage at a loss of 4%, and on the whole
What
2x
Solve
^2
is
27/
^= 2
7.
21.
A man
of bills
pays a debt
24,
of $52
in $5 bills
and $1
?
bills.
If
the
number
22.
how many
21x- I9y=
A's wages are half as high again as B's, but A spends twice as If ^ saves $5 and B $10 per week, what are the wages of each per week ?
23.
much
24.
as B.
If
is
x, find
x and
y.
married his age was I more than his wife's a 25. age. His age 8 years afterwards was } more than his wife's age. How old was he when he was married ?
26.
If
When
man was
3(5x-2i/) = 2(3x4-
6t/),
find x in terms of y.
27.
is is
A man has two farms rented at $5 per acre and the total rent WTien the rent of the first is reduced 20% and the second $1100. How many acres are there increased 20%, the total rent is $1120.
7
in aach
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
28.
If
87
+ i^ =
9,
+|
Seven years ago B was three times as old as A, but in 5 years 29. he will be only twice as old. What are their present ages ?
31.
Solve?25
+ ?-', !^ = 3 + ??.
CHAPTEK
When
Vlll
Factor.
a quantity
is
more
is
given quantity.
Thus, the factors of 3hc are
3, b
is
and
c.
The product
.'.
of 6-f-c
and a
ab-^ac,
or
Siroilarly,
= a{b + c).
by
a,
ab ac = a{b--c).
is
When
x-]-y-\-z
multiplied
we
a factor of each term, it ) ^-ry+^ x-\- y-{- z must be a factor of the whole expression. The remaining factor is the quotient found by dividing the
expression
by
a.
Then
ax^ay-\-az=a{x+y+z).
This is seen to be similar to the method in arithmetic. How do If we wish to factor 485, we see that 5 is a factor. we obtain the other factor ?
Ex.
18
Factor
On
4a2 6a6.
of
+ 6cx = 3x(
a(
ab--a*~a^^
).
The
and
may
81
be verified by multiplication
this
may
10.
90
ALGEBRA
The middle term in every case is seeu to be the of the two cross products, each taken with
r-f 5
sum
x-Z
State the pn
1.
x+l x+2
91
factors
must be
factors of
8,
so they
must be
x+1 x+8
Which
of these of
x+2
a;+4
T
when
What
The
6x+8
factors
x* 9x+14 must be
?
of
the form
(x
)(x
).
What
)(x-(-
),
since
15
in sign.
The
possible
x-15
X+I5
x+
Which
X-
x-5 x+3
x+5 x-3
of these sets of factors is the correct one ? In factoring a trinomial like x* 8x+15, we require two factors of 15 whose algebraic sum is 8. They are evidently 5 and 3.
.-.
x-8x+15 = (x-5)(x-3).
21 whose
In factoring x* 4x 21, we require two factors of algebraic sum is 4, and they are evidently 7 and 3.
.-.
The
Thus,
pupil
is
6x
x*+nxy-4:2y*
X X
X X
+2
EXERCISE
+14?/ 3y
x-6x-16 = (x-8)(x+2).
+ Uxy-4:2y* = (x+Uy){x-3y).
47 (1-15. Oral)
3.
6.
Factor:
1.
x2+8x+7.
a^+22a+2\.
a^+3ab+2b^.
2.
5. 8.
x2+6x+5.
x2_^8x+12.
t/2+8y+15.
4.
7.
62+106+24.
2/2+40xt/+39x*.
m^+lmn+lOnK
x2 7x+6.
a^-Uab+28b^.
9.
10. 13.
x2-5x+6.
x*ixy+3y'.
11.
12. 15.
x2-12x+ll.
14.
m^ 7mn+12n.
92
16.
19. 22.
ALGEBRA
X2-X-20.
17.
y^y-30.
18.
a^+a30.
a:2_i0a;-24.
a;4_i0a;2+9.
x2 5x 14.
a^b^+8ab + 15.
20.
23. 26.
m2-6m-40.
x2y2_ii_j.j^_^30.
25.
a2+6a + 9.
x^
14x+49.
_. ^y.
y*\2y'^+36.
Use factoring
-_ ^ ^o.
a2^5a-4
-f
a2+4o-5
.
a-ri
a+5
m^ 5to+6 m^-7m+l2
^B
(x''+3x+2)(x-5)
3x2--6x
2x3-4x2
x2-5x-f-4
"^
x2-3x-10
32.
3x
2x2
x-1
What
factor
is
(1) (2)
2x2-10x4-12.
If
34.
3a2+3a-36.
has two
all
35.
x3-8x2+7x.
wi ?
integral coefficients,
what are
37.
Is the expression
x2 3x 10
when
it is
written in the
formx(x-3)-10?
62. Square Root of a Monomial. When a number is the product of two equal factors, each factor is called a square
root of the
number.
Thus, 16 = 4x4, therefore a square root of 16 is 4. But 16= 4x 4, therefore a square root of 16 is also 4. Similarly, the square root of 25 is -(-5 or 5, and the square root of 9a* is -j-3a or 3a.
Thus
It
is
it
is
square
roots
customary to
number
Radical
Sign.
is
The symbol
-y/"
called
the
radical
sign
or root sign,
of a
root
number.
Thus,
^25 = 5, Va* = a,
V9x*y*==ixy.
81 MPLB
FACTORING
93
both the positive and negative square roots are must precede the radical sign.
is
-3 not +3, but V9=3, and Thus, V'9 = 3 not -3; read " plus or minus the square root of 9 equals plus or minus 3."
Thus,
-V9=
but
If
\/4+V9 = 2 + 3 = 5, +\/iV'9=23=5or
represent the square root of 16 by
x,
1.
we
then 0:^=16.
To
x=4.
includes the four
x= 4, which
+a;=-f4, ~\-x4:,
^=+4, x= 4.
If both terms of the last two be multiplied by 1, the statements become the same as the first two, which are represented by a;=4. We see then, that it is necessary to attach the double sign to the square root of only one side of the equation.
a;+l
= 5,
+ 5 1 = 5 I
or 6.
a;=
or
5 1,
=4
Show by
EXERCISE
State the two
48 (1-16. Oral)
94
20.
its side.
ALOEBRA
If
is
21.
If
is
the radius of
approximately.
radius, or
If the area of
is
what
a circle the area is nr^, where 7r=3^ a circle is 154 square inches, what is the the value of r, if S}r^154: ?
circle
22. 23.
whose area
is
616
its
sq.-in.
If r is the radius of a
surface
is
given by
is
If
?
164
sq. in.,
what
is
the radius
64.
Squares of
Binomials.
will
illus-
The
first
and
last
terms in
x^-\-2xy-\-y'^
is
and
the
y.
Therefore, the square of the sum of two numbers is equal to sum of the squares of the numbers, increased by twice their
product.
Also
{xyy=x^2xy-}-y^.
Therefore, the square of the difference of two numbers is equal sum of the squares of the numbers decreased by twice their product.
to the
In the square of a sum all the terms are positive, and in the square of a difference the middle term is negative.
Thus,
+ 2(3o){26) + (26), = 9a* + I2ab +46. (5x-3t/)' = (5x)-2(5x)(3!/) + (32/), = 25x* 30xy +9y*. (ix-42/) = (Jx)*-2(ix)(42/) + (42/), = Jx* 4xy -flGj/'.
(3a + 26)=(3o)*
Sfi
49
(1-16, Oral)
a+l.
2a+l.
y+2.
l-3x,
3.
7.
1.
4.
8.
4.
2x+3.
p-g.
3x2y.
3a;
f.
2a 3.
10.
TO 2n.
2!/ J.
11. 15.
12. 16.
4x 3(x.
13.
a;.
14.
Simplify
17.*
19.
(x+l)2+(z-D2.
(2x-|-l)2+(a;-2)2.
18.
(a-6)2+(a+6)2. (a+6)2-(a-6)2.
20. 22.
21.
23. 25.
26.
(3TO-n)2 (2to+7i)2.
(a:+l)2+(a;+2)2+(x+3)2.
{3x+2y)^{2z-3y)^.
24.
[z-l)^+{x2)^-{z-3)^.
2{a+l)2+3(o-l)2-5(o-2)2.
Find the value of
Simplify
a^-f-fe^-j-c^
27.
{x+l)^+{x-2)^+{x-Z)^-3{x-^)^
28.
From
the
sum
of the squares of
subtract the
sum
of the squares of
z 2, z 3,
differ
a; 4.
29. 30.
SimpUfy {2a-3b)^+{3a-{-2by-{2a+2b)K
If
is
two numbers
by
2,
difference of their
squares
31.
By how much
I
2,
X
32.
Show
that the
sum
numbers
is
greater
33.
of the middle
number.
The square
1,522,756.
34.
2^=2x3+^=^6^; the square of 5| = 5x6+J= In the same way find the squares of 6^, 8^, 20^. Prove method may be used to find the square of any number ending (Let the number be n+J.)
The square
of
65.
Any
is
trinomial which
is
of the
form
a^-\-2ah-\-b^ or a^2ab-\rb^
may
ALOEBRA
last terms must each be a square and the middle term must; be twice the product of the quantities which were squared to produce the first and last terms.
-.a
square, because
the square of 3x, 16?/* is the square of iy, (2) 24Ty is twice the product of 3a; and 4y. (3) -. 9a;*+24xi/+16?/* = (3x + 42/). .. the square root of 9a;* + 24x1/4- 16?/* is 3x + 4?/. Is 4m* 12mn+9n* a perfect square ? What is it the square of What in its square root ?
9x*
is
Similarly.
25x*- 10x+
= (5x(
1)*,
)*,
)*.
36x* + 24x + 4 = (
a*6*-6a6 + 9 =
Why is a*4-5a6-f-256* not a square ? How would you change it so'that it would
Is
ab
It
is
The square
is
root of a^-\-2ab-\-b^
is
a-\-b,
but
(a+6)
or
(-ab)^=a^+2ab-\-b^.
customary, however, in stating the square root of a trinomial to give onl}' that one which has its first term
positive
EXERCISE
Express as squares
1.
50
(1-24. Oral)
a;2+2x2/+j/2.
2.
5. 8.
y^'-2y+l.
9a2-24a-fl6.
3.
4.
7.
4a2+20a-l-25.
a^b^-2ab+l.
a^b^c'^-2abc+l.
is
l-6y+9y^.
10.
11.
x^+x+J.
x^-^xy+^y^.
What
13.
9a2+12a+4.
4a262_20a6 + 25.
16. 19.
'im^+2m+l.
912x4-4x2.
will
4-4a+a2.
20.
be perfeci
22.
26,
a^
+ b^+9
23.
x-.
.+4y\
. .
24.
27=
x^^Gx
.
.
4m*.
26.
9a*+lSa,
. 4a;v-|-4t/
T7P10 PRODUCTS
97
28. If 16o ma-f4 is a perfect square, what Give two answers and verify eacL
29.
is
the value of
What
Check by putting
a;=10.
30.
Vx^+2z-}-l + Vx^+10z+25=U.
3Vx^Ax+'L2Vx'^+6x+9=2.
(3)
31.
Show
2^02-60+9-^02 4o+4=3V'a2-2a+l-V4o2+4a+l.
66. a-\-b
Product of the
Sum and
Difference.
The product
a a
ot
and
ab
:.
is
a^b^,
{a-\-b){a-b)=a^-b\
+b b
-ab-b*
Here the two factors multiplied are the sum and difiference of the same two quantities a and b, and the product is the difference of the squares of a and b. Therefore, the product of the sum and difference
two quantities
Thus,
is
a*-\-ab
a*
-b*
equal
to the difference
same
{x+y){xy) = x*y*. (2a+36)(2o-36) = (2a)-(36) = 4o-96. (3a*-6)(3a*+6) = (3a)*-6* = 9o-6. (J + 3x)(J-3x) = (i)-(3x) = i-9x.
Factors of the Difference of
67.
Two
Squares.
I
a-b
-I
Since
a^b^~{a-{-b){ab),
the
factors of
the difference of
sum and
this identity
may
b
be illustrated geometrically.
Thus, 9a;*-252/*=(3x) (52/), which shows that is the difference of the squares of 3a; and 5y. Therefore one factor of 9x' 25^' is the sum of 3x
it
and 5y, and the other is the differeuoe of 3j; and 5v9j;-252/ = {3x + 52/)(3x-5i/,. That is, Similarly, ll6m-9-(47n) 3 = (4m+3)(4m-3>
98
If
is
ALGEBRA
we wish to factor Sx'^ 2y2^ we should recognize that 2 a factor of each term.
.-.
EXERCISE
State the products of
1.
:
51 (1-24, Oral)
m-{-n,
mn.
99
41.
xy
yi
-]
3.2
j,2
3.2
and
iQ
3.2
g -
x-\-y
X 4
x+3
42.
Solve ?!i:l
x+l
+ ?!i:i^ = X
10
2(x-5)(a;+5)=15+(a;-l)(a;+l).
68.
Numerical Applications
this
of
In
Chapter
we have developed
certain
formulae
(a-fe)2
=a2-2aZ) + 62.
(a+6)2
=a2+2a6+62.
(3)
(a+&)(a-6) =a^-b^-.
for all values of the letters involved.
By
see
substituting particular
numbers
for the
letters
we
will
how some
Since
(1)
(a-6)' = a*-2a6 + 6*, 99= (100- 1)= 10000-200+ 1 = 10001 -200 = 9801. 37= (40-3)*= 1600-240 + 9= 1609-240=1369. = = 998* = (1000-2)*= = = 89= (90-1)*=
{a
(2)
Since
(3)
+ b)* = a* + 2ab + b*, + 2)*= 8100 + 360+4= 8464. 121* = (120+1)*= 14400 + 240+ = 14641. = 75*= (70 + 5)*= = a*-6, Since (a + 6)(o-6) 92x88 = (90 + 2)(90-2) = 90*-2* = 8100- 4 = 8096. 65x75=(70-5)(70 + 5) = 70*-5* = 4900-25 = 4875. = = 27x23 = (25 + 2)(25-2)= = = )= 87x93 =
92*=
(90
1
(
)(
(4)
Since
a*-6*=(a + 6)(a-6), 53*- 52* = (53 + 52)(53-52) = 105x 1 = 105. 41*- 31 = (41+31)(41-31)= 72x10=720. = 727-627* = )= )( = 67- 33 = )= )(
( (
100
69.
(1)
ALOEBRA
Some
If a is
(leometrical AppliCwtons.
^ide of
small square
shaded portion
evidently
a^ 6^.
If
a
(2)
.".
we wish
a = 225 and
6= 125,
of the
two squares.
is
The
E
is
and
of the smail
circle is r.
The area
is ^-^-r^,
'^fR^
and
of the
small one
is
"^^{R^r^).
If iJ
= 39
and r=31,
The area
If i?
= 89
and
= V(-r) = V(39*-31) = V(39-f-31){39- 31) = Vx 70x8= 1760. = 82, show that the area of the ring is 3762.
In the right-angled triangle in the figure
in
it
(3)
'^
is
shown
geometry that
62-|-c^=a2 or
If
b^=a^c^
or c^^=a^
6^.
a = 41 and
If
a = 61 and
= 40, find the length of 6. 6 = a-c = 41-40=81xl=81, 6=-v/81 = 9. 6=11, show that c = 60.
.-.
SXERCISE3
Use short methods
1. 2.
52
in the following
4.
5.
If
If
x2=62-c2,
find
X when
= 13,
c=12
7x2=642-572,
101
of
the areas of
and b
a=
41
13
102
ALGEBRA
12,
a^-3a* + 2a.
= 7rr,
find r
Simplify (6+
Simplify
+ (6- l)* + (c-f l) + (c- 1). {x + y){x-y) + {x+2y)(x-y) + {x + y){x-2y). and 6 = 88, find the values of ab, a* b*, a* + b*,
l)*
using
What
is
the product
Simplify ^ ^
If
?^^%"-i^V^^xZy xy x2y
is
CHAPTER IX
SIMPLE APPLICATIONS OF FACTORING
70.
Highest
Common
it
Factor.
is
When
or
more expressions
called a
common
12
of
those
expressions.
Thus,
4
is
and
a
in
is
a a
and
20,
2a and 3a6.
factor
As
arithmetic,
all
common
(H.C.F.)
is
the product of
the simple
common
factors.
3,
and
Thus, the simple common factors of 3a '6, 6ab* and 9abc are therefore the H.C.F. is 3o6.
and
b,
may
be -m-itten
down
by
inspection.
The H.C.F. of 6, 12 and 9 is 3. The highest power of m which is common is m*. The highest power of n which is conamon is n.
..
the H.C.F.
is
3xm*xn
or 3m*n.
If
may
be written down
104
ALGEBRA
E3XERCISE
64 (1-12. Oral)
Thus.
.
.,
105
, Similarly,
am = = =
OCX
box
i
rbe
etO"
a*b*
a*bc
a6 abc
6 be
6
c
73.
Lowest Terms.
fraction
is
said to be
in
its
lowest
numerator and denominator have no common factor. If it is not in its lowest terms, it may be reduced by dividing both terms by all the common factors.
terms
when
its
EXAMPLBa.
18_18-f-6
42
15a6
2.
3
7-
42^6
25a6
_ "
\5a*b^5ab
25ab*-^5ab
_ ~
3o
*
66
x*y*
3.
x+y){xy)
^ xy
x+y
x*-\-2xy-\-y*
{x-\-y){,x-\-y)
x*
4.
+ 5xy-{-iy* ^
x*+3xy4y*
(x+y)(x+4y) (xy){x+4y)
^ x+y
xy
The attention
factors
of the pupil is drawn to the fact that it is and not terms which are cancelled from the numerator and
denominator,
Thus, in the fraction q-t-o
fraction
is
that the
equal to
|,
y\,
equal
J.
But
if
the fraction
is J,
7x2 -
we can now
cancel
twos and
But
a+c
is
is
It
thus seen,
that
108
ALGEBRA
KXBRCISE
55 (6-21 Oral)
Fill in
^15___30____6a:y
'
20~
ax bx
_
b
_ oc
~12~4a~ _ _ 5a _
bm
Zam
a^
b
^ g<P+g)
6(m+n)
Gfe""
6a'a;
*
a^x
_
(
a*a;
_
2x2
_
)
<*
12a2x2
a'-6'
*
K
(
a*-2a6-[-62
)a
^ ^.j
li. 21
7.
??. 6
8.
^. 25
1-^!^.
15to
?*. 6c
10.
?^.
00
11.
1^.
6x
12.
13.
^.
5a6
14
^"+^
6
'
15
'
3a+6a
12a
'
^^
'
4x
^^
'
2x2-8x'
^^^~y)
21
'
o(x-3) 6(x-3)
(~^) (a-b)^'
-
18
^(^-^)
(a;-l)2'
19
(^-l)(^-2
20
'
(x-2)(x-3)"
23
'
&a^
'
22*?!z:3 x^x
*
y'-y y^2y+l
a'-&'
24
'
^'-3^+2
x^ 4x+3
25
2g
'
g?
'
3^'"%'
3x2+9xy+6t/'
'
o2-|-5a6+46*
28.
a*
2.
^^. 4a*
30.
?;^^
x'
74.
Multiplication and
Division of Fractions.
The methods
in
by which fractions aie multiplied and divided ^re the same as in arithmetic
algebra
iO",
^
3
3><_5
15
10
^'
21
7_^_10 ~
15 21
15_25_
^ 4
"
a
b
c_axc_ac d~ bxd" hd
xhi
a* X*
ah
ab
xi/
x*y
o*
a
X*
xy
a
cd-\-d*
a*+os6
c*+cd ^ ab+b'
_ ~~
a{a+b)
c{c
d(c-\-d)
+ d)
56
b{a
_ + b) ~
ad
be
SXERCISE
Simplify
2.
1x^-^1. 15 7 14
xy
3.
5.
x |-be
25x2
6.
15^
7y
141/2
11
4a+6fe^
5x
^^
lOx
^,
2a+36
a2_3a_i_2
a2-7a+12
a'^-^a-\-Z
108
ALGEBRA
lowest
is
,-
The
common
is
multiple
(L.C.M.)' of
expressions
of factors
which
of
the L.C.M.
is
is y^,
in any of the given expressions is x* and must contain the factors x* and y^. the L.C.M. = 36 xxX2/S = 36x*!/'.
Why
is
EXERCISE
Find
1.
67
(1-9,
Oral)
the L.C.M. of
3, 4, 5. a, ab, a^.
2. 5.
8.
3. 6.
4.
7.
3a^
3x,
2a^, 4a.
9.
11. 14.
3x*+6x.
{x^-y)^.
12.
ab+ac, h^+hc.
^3.
16.
2X-I-2, a:"-!.
x^+xy,
a^-fe^,
15.
x^-\, x^-^x+2.
18.
a^-ab,ab-b^.
2x, 4a;+4,
17.
a2-2a6+62.
x^-x,x^-x.
^19.
2x^-2.
^.
Show that the product of x^+x 2 and 21. the product of their H.C.F. and L.C.M.
76.
x^ x 6
is
equal to
Addition
and
Subtraction
of
Fractions.
If
we wish
add or subtract fractions we must reduce them to a common denominator. As in arithmetic, the lowest common denominator is the L.C.M. of the denominators.
to
109
4
('^
12
12
12
.01
c
b
3
ac
be
ah
ac+ab
be
'
bc~
5
^ _ i^
a;(a;4-j/)
Soft
,
36-4a*+6qfe
aybx
x+x2/
2x
5.
a^+y
y{x+y)
2 ~ z+2 "
xy(x+y)
x 4
2 ~ x+2 ~
2 (x+2)(a;+2)
2z-2( z
(x
+ 2)(x-2) 2x-2z + 4
(x+2)(x-2)
Oral)
(x+2)(x-2)
BZERCISB
Reduce
1.
58
(1-8,
common denominator
2, 5. 3 9
.
46
r?
.
3.
1,1.
a
a^
4.
l.A.
3x
4
.
2x
36 -
a'^
^ O.
3a
-
43
,
4a -
b.
nm
, '
,16
7,
_, _.
2
-,
oc
S.
'
6'
c'
a*
'
'
'
36c
12
A.
13
*
^ ^
:
_L
14
*
+^
o
'
g 1 g+2
2a
'
3xy' 2x'
3o
"
+ ?. 3^4
3 5
16.
^ + ^. 2^3
6
17.
18.
^^_?.
_1_
<
19.
oi
I'
"
l-x"^l+x
2
J_
22 *
^ "3 - i^
-^ + J-. x-l^x+1
20.
^+ 3^5 ^ ^%^. ^
5::^.
2
+ ^
23
'
24
'^Z^-'^IZl
+ 3^4
'Lty.
26
-^
x-y
x+y
^.
no
26.
ALGEBRA
-JL + JL_ 8^. a+4 a 4 a* 16
27.
28.
XX
'
^^4-?!:? +
o
x
9 a
ox
29.
a* aft
a6 6*
30.
(Check when o
= l.)
31-
li-T o*+3a+2 q! 1 + ^T
Mixed Expressions.
a+a-2
77.
An
is
expression
which
is
partly
integral
and partly
fractional
mixed expression
in arithmetic.
in algebra corresponds to
a mixed number
Thus, 31
i3
a mixed
number and a + c
is
a mixed expression.
Note that
omitted and
in
3r-
a mixed number the sign of addition is means 3+?. But in algebra the sign must
c
ax- and c
not a
-\
Since Reduction of a Mixed Expression to a Fraction. 78. every integral quantity may be written as a fraction whose
denominator is unity, it follows that the reduction of a mixed expression to a complete fraction is a problem in
addition or subtraction.
Examples.
2
15+2
17
c
a;
c
a;
a.
o y
5y = -= 5y-x
y
a(6
y
c)
ac
*
ac
b
ab+acae
b
~bTc^~b+c
+ c~
+c
'
_ "
ab
b+e
111
Reduction
of
Fraction
to
Mixed
Expression.
To
separate
into
operation of addition.
rhus,
ab-{-bc
a
ab bdc
ab
be
a
bd
6
be
,
b
c
-\
a
,
and
ab 6 =T-
-6 = -'^-6'
(1-9,
EXERCISE
Reduce
1.
50
Oral)
to complete fractions
2.
2+|.
1+^.
x
3.
+ ?.
4.
aH ^4
5.
^3
6.
-.
c c
7.
x-^*.
n
a
8.
2x
+ ^. X
xy
9.
a6-^.
2a H
-.
10.
b+c
11.
x-\
^.
12.
ab
13.
x+l + l. 3z
14.
a-6-^. 2
:
15.
'
.-j/
+
i
"'+^
^_^y
16
^+^
4
'
17
'
?^^.
ab
'
18
5x-8j/
10a
'
19
6a2-36*
3o6
*
20
'
^'^^"^
21a6
3oc
'
21
'
^iJi?
6xy
r
'
. ^^
3in 4n ^-^r 2n
_
*
6a6c 96c-|-c'
*.0
. ^*.
(a 6)*+x
EXERCISE
1.
Define highest
common
5x-10.
112
3.
ALGEBRA
Find the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of x' + xy, xy + y* and x*y + Qry*. Find
*.he
4.
x 7x+10 and
is
Show
of their H.C.F.
and L.C.M.
:
6.
a*+ab
a*
'
X* x*
xy' 8a6
/6.
Multiply
,.,
3bd
6cd
Reduce
to lowest terms
a;
x*-2x x-5x+6'
J6.
Simplify
x~y , *,-, X
.
x+y K^~-^ X
,
2ax
xy y'
,
'/
0.
T^Divide
|'
Simplify
.,
x-3
3
x+4
~4
^^^
2x-l
3
, '
8-4x
g"
'
\/12.
xy
xy
t
yz
yz
zx
zx
,
/IB.
Zo
the
sum
36
of
+ 4a
and
6-6c
^t
^ ^ subtract
,
a+6c
^ 4.
Simplify
...
"^
x-3 x-5 -= ~K
3x
5x
and
3x-2/ xy
32-21/
yz
of
15.
Express
a*--b*
^r^-
as
the
difference
two frMtions
c*
c
in
their
lowest terms.
Do
the
same with
5_c*
,
o'c
and
a*
,
and
find the
sum
does
V 4 1 V5 exceed -= 4y 5j/
17.
a-\-o
r-., a
11
and
2a
,
j-,-
a*
o"
113
18.
By
?
wliat
must
3
_.
be multiplied to give
2;* -^
5a;
+6
b,b
n~~r'ity
the
product
19.
+4
-j
is
divided by
x*4-a; 12
-j
2U. 21.
cx
from
and
,
X X r ax h bx
,
cx
by '
first
subtracting
ax
ax
etc.
22.
x*--5x+6 a!-3x-4 ^
x*
+ 5x.
a;-9
_ a;+2a;-8 ~ x*-x-12'
CHAPTER X
REVIEW OF THE SIMPLE RULES
furnish
In this Chapter will be found such exercises as will a review of the elementary rules. In it is also included matter which it was not thought advisable to present to beginners in the subject of algebra.
80. 81.
Use
of Brackets.
We
a-{-{bc)^a-\-bc,
by the negative sign, be removed if the signs of all terms within the brackets be changed ; but when they are preceded by the positive sign, as in (1) and (2), no change
That
is,
when brackets
(4),
as in (3)
and
the brackets
may
is
made in
In
(3)
the signs
when
of
b
the
sign
in
a{b-\-c)
(
is
positive
as
the
a + 6 + c).
When
the brackets
removed we follow the rule and change -\-b into b. Sometimes we find more than one pair of brackets in the same expression.
Ex. 1.SimpHfy a-(3a-26) + (5a-4&).
Following the
rule, this expression
becomes
or 3a
a 3a + 26 + 5a 46
26.
it is
is
When
better
to
advised to
remove the brackets singly, and remove the inner brackets first.
the pupil
116
we
get
4x-{2x-3-x].
Removing the remaining
brackets,
we
get
4x-2x+3 + x
Ex.
The
3.
or 3x + 3.
Simplify
abcab+c
might have been changed into the simple form 26. problem again, simplifying at each step.
Work
the
When
removed.
the
are
multiplication
must
be
performed
if
the
brackets
to
Note. When the pupil has had some practice he should be able remove the brackets and perform the multiplication in a single step.
EXERCISB
Remove
1.
61
(1-e,
Oral)
(a-fe)+(c-rf).
2. 4.
6.
(a-h)-{c-d).
3.
6.
7.
-(a-6)+(c-d).
a{hc){de).
a+{6+(c-d)}.
a-{h+{c-d)].
-{a-h)-{c-d).
a{b)-{c).
a+\b-{c-d)\.
a-{b-{c-d)\.
8.
9.
10.
11.
a-{-h-{c-d)\.
12.
-[a-\h-{c-d)\].
I
116
Simplify
13.
15.
:
ALQEBhA
4a-26-(2a-2fc).
2(7a;-3t/)-3(2a; 3j/)
14. 16.
3(a-6 + c)-2(a-^6-c).
17.
3(a+6-c)-2(a-6+c)+5(6-c+a).
18.* 15a;-:4-[3-5x-(3x-7)];.
^.
20. 21.
2(a+6)+(p+?)
and
and 4(p+g).
1+z
2/,
1xy
1 z+y-
Remove
.
3{5x-3+2z2)_2(x2-5 + 3x)-3(4-5x-6x2).
2x(3x-2)-5(x-3)+6x(x-l)-2(x2-5x).
^(4x-3)-J(6-x2)+|(x2+8x-12).
:
4(x-3)-7(x 4)=6-x.
5x-[8x-3;i6-6x-(4-5x);]==6.
^JtQ.
^7.
28.
^9.
2(5
a [56 {a (3c-36)+2c-(a-26-c)n.
S{a-b+c)+2{b-c+a)-{c-a+b) 5{a-2b+c)-2{b-3c+2a)-{Uc-2a-nb)'
1/
'
31.
Solve (7jx-2J)-[4i-|(3J-5x)]=18J.
Insertion
of
82.
Quantities
in
Brackets.
The
trinomial
ab-\-c may be changed into a binomial by combining two This may be done in a number of its terms into a single term. of ways.
Thus.
Remove
to
equal
o 6+c.
117
Express
h-\-cd
may
as a binomial.
in
As we have
seen, this
be done
many ways
as a (6
c + rf),
Note. The pupil must exercise particular care when dealing with brackets which are preceded by the negative sign. The signs of all terms inserted in such brackets must, of course, be changed. He should, in every ^case, remove the brackets mentally to test the accuracy of the work.
last
Ex. 2. Express a-\-hc as a binomial by combining the two terms within brackets, preceded by the negative
a-\-b
sign.
c = a{ b-\-c), = o (c 6).
Either form is correct, but it is usual to make the first term within the brackets positive, so that the second form is preferable.
83.
Collecting
CoefiBcients.
for the
in
purpose of
an expression.
Thus,
ax-\-by cx dy = x{a c)-\-y(b d), mxny-\-px-\-qy = x{m-\-p)y(n q),
and
=x{m+p)-\-y{qn).
Verify these by removing the brackets,
BXERCISB
1.
62
Express 3a 26+ 4c as a binomial in three diff^ent ways and verify in each case.
2.
p^erify.
3.
verify.
xyzk
ways and
ax by ex
and y
dy.
mx ny px-{-qyax-\-by.
a(x-j/)+6(2j/-3x)H-c(5x+2t/).
6.
7.
8.
118
10.
AWE BRA
Enclose a-
bcde-^f
;
in
alphabetical
tcrrriH in ea<;h.
order in
brackets,
with throe
Arrange
11. 12. 84.
in
descending pxiwcrs of x
a<z2+4-3z)-6(3a:-5x2)-c{l-4;c).
(ix'^-hx+c-(2jjx^-'iqx+r){ldx^^-'icx+f).
Multiplication
with Detached
Coefficients,
The method
of
multiplying two
bino.aiaLs has
is
Chapter V.
Ex. 1. Multiply
(3)
ar-3x+4 X -2
Check
x=\
+2
-1
the two methods are the same, with the exception that the letters are omitted in the second method and the coefficients only are used. When the second method is used the first coefficient in the yjroduct must h>e the coefficient of the product of x^ and X, that is, of x^. The next must be the coefficient of x^ and the next of x, as the product will evidently be in descending powers of x, as both factors multiplied are so written. In {'4) the check is shown as explained in art. 42.
coefficients.
+ 07+
2
"
12 + 3
'14-0 "^ '
irj*
powers
of X
7-t-2 "t
119
Find
the coefficient of
.(''
in the
product of
-3.r~f--t.
(lio
)s
torin
which
contain x' arc evidently those which .', 3.v. by 2.r*, tU^ by 3x and
f
1
by
4.
thp coefficient of x* =
4.
- 2-6
+ 20 -= 30.
Ex.
Multiply
ax~-\-b.v-{-c
by 7nxn.
-\-bx
ax*
+0
~\-cin.v
is
,,,^
performed in the usual way. In adding the partial [)roducts, the coetVicients of
tiie
(n/i.r'
biiix*
aii.r*
powers
of
.v
are collected.
amx^
-\-
biix
en
BXBROISfil 68
Multiply and check
1.
a;2-3a;+2, -2.
2.
4.
6. 8. 10.
2a;-5.c-3.
.'^.)-2.
h.
3.
5.
7.
x-a;+l,a;+l.
a^-\-ab+b\ a
x^-x+l, x^+xi-l.
3.:2-2a;-r>, .r2-f-;i--3.
a'-6a-2.
'Za^-^rnib
a;-''|
\
aM -l
\
:W\ 2a'
|
[wh-'Ah^
0.
a \-b-c,a-b-\-c.
2.r-'
4.r
S.
.r2-4.r+4.
11. 12.
b^-b+l,b^+b+l,b*-b^-\-l.
x'xy-j-y^-'rx-^-y-^-l, .r-fj/
1.
Use detached
13.
ooefVioionts to multiply
3x3-4xa+7x-3 by
r>a*-6<i3-2(i'-
I
a;2-2.r-
1.
Ai.
16. 16.
by
2f/-
:hi
|-2.
4x'-5a;-2 by 4j;a-3.c-l.
(x2-a;-2)(2x-a:
l)(3.r-2).
Simplify
17.* (a;-l)(x-2)
+ (x-2){j:-3)+(x-3)(x-l).
120
18.
AWEBRA
(a+x)(6-c)+(6+a;)(c-a)+(c+z)(o-b).
(a+6)(c+d)-(a-6)(c-(f).
19.
20. 21.
(l_a;)(l+a;)(l+a;2)(l+a;*).
23. 25.
(x-l)(ar-2)(a;-3)(a;-4).
(x-l)(a;-3)(a;+l)(a;+3).
eoeffieient ofa;2 in the
(a-l)(a2+a+l)(a3+l).
:
Find the
26.
product of
27. 28.
29.
1+x+x^+x^ by
Add
together
Multiply
Show
is
equal to
^ (x+3x+l)2.
33.
Find the
2
first
+ 3x+4x2+5x3
and
l-2x+3x2 4x3.
product of
34.
Find the
coeflBcient of x* in the
X
36.
37.
(x-2)(t-4)(x-6)(x-10) = (x-1){x-5)(x-7)(x-9).
Collect the coefficieni^
38.
(ay^-hy+c){ay+h)+{ay^^-hy-c){ay-b).
^^i^%.
x 2p
from the
product of
x-f-j>.
121
ah{a^h){a^-]^b^)
(2x+3?/)'=6x='
= a*b^a^b-\-a^h^~ab*. + 36xy-54a;2/2+27/3.
x^%x^y^xy^+2y^={x2y){x^-Ax-\-y%
41. Use the formula (a+l)(6+l)=a6+(a+6) + l to find the product of 2146 and 3526, being given that the product of 2145 and 3525 is 7,561,125.
dividing
by a Compound Quantity. The method of by a monomial has already been shown in Chapter V. The method of dividing by a quantity containing two or more terms is in many ways similar to long division in
85.
Division
arithmetic.
(2)
32)672(21
10+1
64 32 32
6ol0*+4.10
3.
10+2 3.10+2
form,
In
3
.
(2)
10+2 and
If
we
is expressed in the equivalent the dividend 6 102+ 7 10+2. substitute x for 10 the problem would be
the divisor
In more compUcated examples the method is precisely The division is continued until there is
122 J
J
Division.
ALGEBRA
is
found which
is
of lower
verified as in
arithmetic,
test
by
multiplication.
simpler,
for
involved.
Thus, in the preceding problem if we let x=l, the divisor is 5, the dividend is 15 and the quotient is 3, which shows that the result is very likely correct. If on substituting particular values for the letters involved, the divisor becomes zero, other values should be selected.
87.
As
in multiplication
may
be used.
Ex. Divide
Check
\4.x^-x^-2^x^-\-\2 by 7a;2+3a;-6.
x=l
4)-4(-l
-7-17 +
-7-
+6 -14-6+12 -14-6+12
3
Here the
first
term
= 2a;*.
x 2.
BXERCISB
a;2+3a;+2
1.
64
(1-6.
Oral)
'
x+1
a;2-4
,
a2-3a+2 a\
a2+2afe+62
'
a^
ab
3a;2-5x+2
'
x+2
:
5.
*
a+6
8.
3x-2
6x^+xy-l2y^hy3x-Ay.
9a^-\-6ab35b^hySa+lb.
6a;2+x-15by2a;-3.
9.
5x^Zlxy+&y^hyx&y.
10.
123
25a;-|-3.
7x3+96a;2-28xby7a;-2.
H^.
lOOx^-lSx^-^x by
yt3.
t^.
6a2+35 31a by 2a 7.
^^.
17.
^. 2a3+7a2+5a+100 by a+5.
18.
x'^+Sx^y+^xy^+y^hy x+y.
16to3 46wi2+39m 9 by
x^+ix^y3xy^+y^hyxy
,
^
19.
8m 3.
20.
j^^tf
22.
t^. 5x*-4x'+3x2+22x+55
1^.
^.
26.
27. 28.
30-12x2+x*-xby X-54-X2.
coefficients to divide
:
Use detached
29.
4x2+9+x+3x+x3 by 2x+3+x2.
(x2-x-2)(2x2+a;-l) by 2x2-5x+2.
30.*
31. 32. 33.
^Ox^+llx*-2s:^-\lx^-x-\^ by 2x''+x-l.
Divide
Simplify
x^y^
x+y
02+0+l
-!
xy
"'+^ o2 O+l
-
34.
Simplify
^!l,+
__ 3o.
Q , Solve
6x2+x-2
2x-l
3x2+8x-3 ,, -J =11. 3x
find x.
i6j
37.
If
x(3a2-a + l)+2=-3a3-7a2+3a,
is
The dividend
divisor.
a^+ea^+Ga^- 9o4-2,
the quotient
is
a'+3o 1.
Find the
38.
Divide
x8+x*y*+^ by
by x^xy-\-y^.
194
o11/
ALOSBRA
abx^x(ac+b^)-\-b
-^
,
acx^-\-x(nd+bc)+bd
bxc
cx+d
ax^+{b+ac)x+bc by ax+b.
x^+{2p-l)x+p{pl) by x+p.
a^x^
42.
43.
2abx+b^c'^
by ax{bc).
aV+(2a'+a)y'+(a'+2a)2/+(a+l) by ai/2+ot/+l.
88.
Inexact Division.
As
may
be a
may
remainder.
Thus, 34-^5 gives a quotient 6 and a remainder
/.
3ji
4,
= 6+4
is
or 34 = 6. 5
4.
Similarly,
when a*-r3a + 5
is
divided by
is
o+2
3.
a-t-1
o+l
or
+ 3a + 5 = (a+l)(a + 2) + 3.
That
Ex.
is,
dividend=divisorxquotient+remainder.
Express
l
-j
as a
mixed expression.
ia
+ x+x*+x'
is
1 a;)l ^-'
+x*{l+x + x* + x*
sind the
remainder
!
2x*.
+x
__ =
Divide
+ , + .. + .3+^_^
that
,
+ x*
+x* x'
1+x
4- X*
+ X* 1+x
,
+^ +* + x x
2s
any number
of
terms.
MVIEW
i2
by a;-7.
2.
a2+20a+70 by a+6.
a:3_4^2_^53._^20by
X 1.
4.
6.
y^7y^+8y-\ hy y^y+l_
x^y^ by x+?/.
x^+y^ by
i/,
^^
a;4-l
8
'
^^^
9
'
^~^^
fe
a+b
10 '
Q^^+7a:-3
x-\-2
of
l-^(l-x).
12.
l^(l+x).
is
13,
1^.
14.
l+a+2a' 1 a+a^
is
When
Divide
the dividend
a^ 3a + 7,
the quotient
a and the
I'emainder
16.
is 7.
Find the
divisor.
for
what value
of a
x^ mx+12
is
divisible
by
x 3,
bfe
\nd what
18.
the value of
By
division
show that
-;
^a+b + ao a~o
'
_L^=a-64-
a+o
a-]-o
BXERCISB
1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
66 (Review of Chapter X)
3x
+ 3ax*,
2o ox* x.
Ua- 26 + 5c 3d.
zero.
Subtract Subtract
3a + 46 c
from
6.
How much
and
c
Jx iy+^z
to produce
xy+z\
sum
of
7.
a 6, 6 c
8.
a.
Simplify
o-(36-4c)-(6+c-o)-2(ac).
im
Subtract 4x* 3x' 9. by substituting 2 for x.
10.
ALGEBRA
a;-|-2
from
7x' 6x* +
2x
and check
Find the value of o' + fe' + c' 3a6c when a=2, fc=3,
Simplify {a + b-c)-{b + c-a)-{c + a-b)-{a+b+c).
c= 5.
11,
,.,,-*2T
Multiply
l-4x-10x' by l-6x+3x*.
13.
x+ 2
and
X 3.
3x-2 by
3x + 4x 4 and
Multiply a*-'rb*-\-c* ab bc ca by a + b + c.
16.
-
a- 2, a+ 2, a* + 4. o*+ 16.
17. 18.
x+64 by
'coefficients
by x* + 2x-3, using detached and verify by multiplication using the same method-.
of x' in the
20. The expression 44x* 83x' 74x*+89x + 56 is the product ^two expressions of which 4x' 5x 7 is one. Find the other.
,
of
by
x* +
2x+l
and
check
by
powers of x
23.
24.
Subtract ax* + 6x + c from cx* + dx4-/. collecting the coefficients in the result.
1.
Show that
(a
25.
= x*-2xy + 2y^,
= x*-y\
find
the
27. 28.
= a + 6 + c,
in
find in terms of a,
a(3
b, c
the value of
29.
Arrange
descending powers of
cx).
When
RE'9'fEW
127
What quantity when divided by x* 2a;+3 gives x* + 2x 3 as 31. quotient and 9 as remainder
^.
33.
of:
30,
If
a = a;*-3x + 2,
6 = 3x-10x+8,
= 4x*-9a;+2,
find
the
value of (a+26-c)-^(x-2).
Arrange in descending order of magnitude and find the average -15, 27, 0, 3, -10, -2, 6, -8.
the
What number must be added to 5x* 13x'-|-2a; 1 so that sum may be divisible by x 2 ? Find the coefficient of x* when l+a; + x* is divided by 1 x x'. 35.
34.
y^.
37. 38. 39.
9x + c
is
divisible
by
x-|-4, find
c.
x 3.
Find the product of x-\-a, x + 6, x + c. Collect the coefficients of the powers of x in the product. From the result, write down the product of x4- 1, a;-|-2, x + 3 and of x 1, x 3, x + 4.
JLii.
Divide
x-2x'+l by x*-2x+l.
a = 3, h = 2\, c = 2, find the value of
>1.
When
-+
\/7a6(2c-o6)
(2o-36).
/42.
43.
p=X
and q
= x*
j,
show that
j)*(p*
+ 4) =
g*.
j^'^. Divide a' + 6' + c' 3a6c by a + 6 + c. of o'4-6 + c* 3a6c ? Compare with Ex. 15.
i^^ft5.
What
^.
47.
3a-26 + c.
by x* + ax+l.
As.
49.
of X.
in
descending powers,
Divide a*6 + 6*c + c*a ofe* 6c* ca* by a b, and divide the 50. quotient by a c.
51.
of 2x*
What
CHAPTER XI
FACTORING
89.
[continued)
In Chapter VIII. we have already dealt with the This Chapter will of factoring in simple cases. furnish a review of the methods already used, and an extension of those methods to more difficult examples.
subject
90.
Type
I.
Factors
common
to every
Term.
When
every
term of an expression contains the same can be found by inspection (art. 58).
Thus, 2xy
is
a factor of
.'.
4:X*y
6zy* + 2axy,
^
is
Also, x + y
When
this expression
Type II. Factors by Grouping. When every term has common factor, if the number of terms be changed by grouping, we may sometimes obtain a common factor.
91.
not a
Ex.
1.
Factor mx-\-nx-\-my-\-ny.
(1)
(2)
mx + nx + my-{-ny^
Here we changed from four terms to two, and we found a conunon two terms. The other factor of the expression was then found by division. The two solutions show that different methods of grouping may be If the first method tried is not successful, try othsrs. Rtaployed.
12S
/
Usually those terms are grouped which contain a simple common In the example we should not expect to be successful by grouping mx with ny, as these terms have not a common factor.
factor.
methods
of
x+l
Note. When quantities are enclosed in brackets, the pupil must not forget to verify by mentally removing the brackets.
EXBROISB
Factor:
1.
2. 3.
67
(1-9,
Oral)
3a;-2X
4.
5.
b^-5b.
7.
a{xi-y)-\-b{x+y).
2a-6.
a2-3a.
3a2_i5a6.
6x^yl2xy^.
8.
p{m-n)+(m-n).
x{ab)2y{ab).
6.
9.
Factor, using
multiplication
^ytO.
12. 14.
16. 18.
:
two
different
methods
11.
of
ax-{-bx+ay-\-by.
ambm-\-anbn,
bxax-j-abx^
x'^ax+bxab.
13.
15. 17.
2ac+^ad-2bc-3bd.
x^+x^+x+1.
a= a2 3a+3.
a;3+4a;2_3x-12.
xyxy+l.
a^- 7a 2 -40+28.
yt^.
20. Factor x^+x*x^x^+x+l by making three groups each containing two terms, also by making two groups each containing three terms.
3x^6x^+3x6 and
and
ax-\-ay-\-bx-\-by,
of
axyayax-{-a.
am+bm+an+bn
and
oi
x^x^+x1 and
x^x^-\-2x2.
130
24,
AIjOEBRA
Find a
common
it
is
x^ 3x^+2a; 6,
III. Complete Squares. We have already seen 64 how the square of a binomial may be written down. We have also seen in art. 65 how the square root of a trinomial may be found, when the trinomial is a perfect
92.
Type
in art.
square.
93.
Square of a Trinomial.
trinomial
may
be squared
of a binomial or
.-.
results.
Multiply a + 6 + c by a-\-b-\-c in the ordinary way and compare the Examine the diagram and see that the same result is obtained.
Similarly,
(a
and
Complete these two
(a_6-|-c)* =
in
*,
full.
If we examine these products we see that they consist of two kinds of terms, squares {a"^, b^, c^) and double products
We
The, square of
to the
of each of its terms, together with twice the of each pair of terms.
In writing down the square, care must be taken to attach the proper sign to each double product.
Ex.1.
(2x-3?/ + 42)
FACTORING
Ex.2.
131
(a-26+c-d)
Factor
a;*
Which
evidently the square of an expression of the form x+2t/ + 2. when squared will give the proper arrangement of signs ? Verify by writing down the square.
of these
EXERCISE
132
^ J
AL9SBRA
i
x^-
/.
.-
.+25.
,
40.
4a;2+.
.
+25y^.
a^+iab
:^\
*
.
42>/.'^'*r
.
12m+97i*.
43.
a2+962+.C
.-0a0-2ac
.
V .G'/^C
44.
45.
9x2+.y;.
Factor
.+.
...
.-6xy-l2xzi.^.C^Z-.
of 3x'^
+ 6a;+3
^
.
and of al -4-4026+406*.
->' ~
46.
c\-^ i^
"
Show that the square of the sum of any two consecutive integers than twice the sum of their squares by unity.
Divide the sum of the squares of a 26+c, 6 2c+a, of the squares of ab, bc, ca.
If
48.
c 2a+6
by the sum
49.
50.
i + X = 4,
-\
i
-.
X*
Factor {axYby)'^+{bxay)^+c^(x^+y^).
51.
52.
Find the
value
of
x2+2/^+22+2x2/+2xz+22/2,
when
Type IV.
The Difference
ohe
sum and
difference of the
of
to
(art.
sum and
and
95.
{a-\-h){ah)=a^h^, a'^-h'^={a+h){a-h).
The formula
may sometimes
for the product of the sum and difference be used to find the product of expressions of
FACTORING
is
133
The product
Ex.
2.
Here the first expression = 2a;+(?/ z), and the second =2x{yz), the product =(2x)*{y~z}*,
..
= 4x-(2/*-22/z+2),
= 4aj* 2/* + 21/2 z*.
Verify
by ordinary
multiplication.
Ex.
a and
3.
Multiply
ab-\-cd by a+bcd.
Note that the terms with the same signs in the two expressions are d These should be grouped to form the first term in each
a b+c d = {a d) {b c),
a-\-b
..
factor.
cd={a d)4-(bc),
Ex.
4.
Factor p^4:pq-\-'iq^z^.
first
:
may
[p*
What two
the factors
?
obtam
last three
by
multiplication.
i34
ALGEBRA
The expression
(2a+3)(2a-3). {xy+5){xy-5).
2.
(4x-l)(4x+l).
{abc){ab-{-c).
4.
6. 8.
(2m^+3n){2m^3n).
(x+J)(a;-i).
{abc-\-xy){abcxy).
(x2-y2)(x2+t/2).
9.
{x+y+z){x+y-z).
{a+bc){ab+c).
1.
(a-fe-c)(a-6+c).
(2x-|-3i/-5)(2x+3y+5).
11.*
13.
,
12.
14.
{p-2q+3r){p+2q~3r)
{\-z+z^)il+x+x').
15. 16.
{a+bc+d){ab-cd).
{a2b^c2d)(a-2b-c-^2d).
:
x2 9.
a%^-x^.
l-a262.
18.
20. 23.
26. 29.
32.
{x+y)^-'2o.
(a+6)2-(c-d)2. 30
a^
2a6-f-62_c2
35.
(4x+3)2-16x2.
^.
a^+b^+2ab-c^
FACTORING
45.
136
of
of
ba^\0ah+5b^-20c^ and
(a;-36)3 462x4-1263.
46.
of a^b^aH^bH'^-\-c'^d'^
and
of
(a2+62-c2)2-4a262,
47.
Factor
a'^x'^
b'^y'^ ^2aA^x-\-c'^
48.
a;* a;3_9x2+9x.
49. 50.
Simplify
that x^y"^
51.
'
Arrange x^{x^a^)y\y'^a'^)-{-2xy{x^y'^) so as to show is a factor of it, and thus find the simplest factors.
Use. factoring to simplify
:
'^Af
'''^^''^^'-(1)
'
-
(a2-3a+l)2-(a2-3a)2.
(2) (a;-22/+32)2-(32-x+22/)''=.
(3) (4)
(a2-3a-4)2-(a2-4)2.
(5x2-2a;2/+?/2)2_(5x2+2a;y-2/2)2.
52.
a 6+c
by
abc
and use
(a+b-\-c){a-\-bc){ab-\-c){abc).
53.
Show
that x{y^--z^)-\-y{z^x^)-\-z(x^y'^)
is
equal to
{xy){y^z^)-(x^y^){yz)
and then
54.
find
Arrange a{b^c^)-^b(c^a^)+c{a^b^)
form
o(62-c2)-6c(6-c)-a2(6-c)
and thus obtain the factor bc.
Find the other two
factors.
96.
Type V.
Incomplete Squares.
We have already
factored
many
of
which an expression
is
the
136
ALSEBRA
We
will therefore
a-' + y* if the middle term were add x^y* to complete the square and also
Then
.:
+ x^y* + y* = x*+2xh^* + y*-x*y*, = (x* + y*)*-{xy)', = {x* + y* + xy){x^ + y*-xy), x*+x*y* + y* = {x* + xy + y^){x*~xy + y*).
x*
seen that
In order that this method may be successful, it will be t1ie quantity we add to complete the square must itself be a square.
Thus, to change a* + ab + b* into a*-(-2a6 + 6* a6 is not an algebraic square.
is
of
no value as
06
made
,\
+ 46 = a + 4a*6-|-46*-4a6.
Ex. 3. Factor
the factoring.
4m< IBw^n^+gn*.
to
make
it
it
Complete
by making
How does this expression differ from the square of a*-f-6* c' T Express it in the form (a* + 6* c*)* 4a*6*, Write down the two factors and see if you can factor each of them again and thus obtain the result
(a
+ b + c)(a+b c){ab+c)iabc).
FACTORING
10.
137
26a;* 89z^*+642/'=
li-
x*+y*\\x^y^.
and x^+z^+x.
i^^x^lx*+l.
15.
of
x^+x^+lby
97.
Type VI.
Trinomials.
We
We now
where
98.
m is
term is unity (art. 61). wish to factor expressions of the t;^^e 'mz^-\-px-\-q, not necessarily unity
Method, by Cross Multiplication.
First
of the first terms of the factors is 2a;*, and therefore terms must be 2x and x similarly, the last terms must be
;
3y and y and the signs are evidently .'. the factors must be
all
positive.
2x+3y
z+
It
first
.'.
or
2x+ y x+Sy
in
is seen, by cross muitiplication, that the coefficient of xy product is 3 + 2=5, and in the second is l-i-6 = 7. the correct factors are (2x-\-y){x-ir3y).
the
3*
*2
3a;
2 3
3a;
6
I
3a;
138
ALOE BRA
Since the signs are different tor the last terms, when we cross multiply to find the ooefficien*^ of x in the product, the partial products must be subtracted It is easily seen that the second arrangement is the only one from which 7z can be obtained. Since the middle term is negative, the larger of the cross products must be negative.
.-,
(3x+2)(x-3).
This method
pupil will find
in the work.
liable to
be found tedious
when the
coefficients
have a number
little difficulty
after he has
99.
Second
Method,
by
Decomposition.
2x+3 and
(2a;+3)(3x+5)=3:c(2a;+3)+5(2a;+3),
=ex^-\-9x-\-l0x-\-15,
= 6x2+19x+15.
If
we wish
so
to
Gx'^+lQ^+lS, we
may do
Thus,
by reversing the
6x2+19a:+15=6a:2+9a;+10x+15,
{ax-\-b){cx-{-d)acx^-\-x{ad-\-bc)-\-bd.
of z,
Note that the product of the two terms ad and be, is the same as the product of x^, ac and the absolute term, bd.
15
In the trinomial 6z2-|-i9x-|-15 above, the product of 6 and is 90 and the two factors of 90 whose sum is 19 are 9 and 10, which shows that the middle term, 19a;, should be decomposed into 9x4- 10a;.
FACTORING
Ex. 1. Factor 6.c2+13a:+6.
The produc*^ The two factors
.-.
139
of the coefficient of x* of 36
whose sum
is
13 are 4
is
3&
of
60 whose sum
is
12x*-17x-5=12a;-20x+3x-5,
71 (1-18. Oral)
a:2^4x+3.
2. 5.
8.
a2+lla4-30.
3.
4.
7.
a2-lla+18.
x2_i5a.^l4_
x2-14a:+48.
a'^b'^-^ab+Q.
10. 13.
16.
l-21x+38x2,
x2--4x-5.
2/2_4y_2i.
x2-6x2/+8i/2.
a2-9a 22.
l-2a-loa2.
4x2 +8x2/ +32/2.
19.
.^.
2x2+5x+3.
20.
23.
^^^0^2.
25.
8x2+x-g.
3x2-35-2,
4x^+x 5.
1062-896
9.
26.
1562-196-8.
28.
29.
9x2 31xi/+12i/2
140
41.
ALGEBRA
Show
If
divisible
that the product of 6x2- 13a; -(-6 and 2x^-lx + 5 by 3x^ 5a; + 2 and tind the quotient.
is
42.
3x^-\-ax\'l
is
may
have.
of
43.
By
22a^-l^ab-Ub^
divided by
44. 45. 46.
Factor
Factor Za^ab2b--\-%a+4:b. Divide the product of x^-\-Zx+2 and a;* 1 by the product
of
Type
VII.
Sum and
x-\-y,
Difference of Cubes.
Divide x^-^y^ by
x4-y)x^
+y^{x*-xy-\-y*
and
.-.
x^y^ by xy.
a53+i/3=(a5+i/)(a52-aci/+i/2),
+^
and x^y^={xy){x^+xy-\-y^).
-^v ^v _ ^
Examine
factors.
+^
+y "^'^y
It
is
is
the
sum
divisible
cubes
iif
divisible
by their difference. The quotient in each case consists of the square, product and square of the terms of the divisor., with the proper algebraic signs
8a* = (2a)
may
is
.-.
Ex.
2.
Factor
a^x^64y'^.
oa;-64y = (az)-(42/*),
= (a!e-4v*Xo*a; +
4<ftB|f
s+ !8y>
FACTORING
Ex. 3. Factor
This
cubes.
.-.
141
.r-?/8.
may
use,
Complete the factoring by each method and decide wliich you if you have the choice, as here.
Itt
If
ALGEbBA
one of the factors of a product be zero, the product
also be zero.
must
If If
what can we infer a6=0, it follows that either a=0 or 6=0. If (x 3)(x 4)=0, then either x 3=0 or a:-4=0. (x-2)(x2-7x+12)=2;3 9a;2+26j;-24, Since x^ 9x2+26x 24 must be equal to zero when x=2, for then one of its factors, x2, is zero.
1
.'.
If
we
substitute 2 for x,
we
is
.
true.
a;3-9x +
26x-24=2-9
= 8-36
+ 26 2-24, + 52 -24 = 0.
Conversely, when any expression becomes zero when x=a, then xa is a factor of it.
Substitute
x=3
3-6
a;
Divide
it
by
.-.
&x*-^\\x Q and it becomes 3-6 = 27-54 + 33-6 = 0, 3 is a factor of x' 6a;* + llx 6. x 3 and the other factor is x* 3x + 2. x-6x*+llx-6 = (x-3)(x*-3x+2), = (x-3)(x-2){x-l).
in x^
.
3+ll
If x-|-
is
zero
when
Thus,
Any
zero)
expression
by
xa,
if
it
vanishes {becomes
when a
is
is substituted
for x.
This
Show Show
that x a that x + a
is
Ex.Factor x^ 9x+10.
If it
xl,
Testing for these factors
.-.
we
find that
x 2
is
a factor,
The
factoring
is
FACTORING
102.
of
Special Case.
148
It
is
x 1
x,
is
a factor
any expression,
Thus, ifx=l
for
when
is
substituted for
the value
of the expression
of its coefficients.
=
.'.
-2 -19 +20 = 0,
factor
is
X 1
is
a factor. xa
Similarly,
of
3x'
16a;*a
7a;a* + 20o',
since
3-16-7 + 20 = 0, 1-6 + 3 + 2 = 0.
and
a-b
EXERCISE
Each
all
73
of these expressions
is
divisible
by x 1,
x2
or x
3.
Find
z'-I0a;2+29a;-20.
2. 4,
6.
x^-Zx'^-\2x+\i:,
3.
5.
x3+5a;2 2x 24.
x-^x^-\-x+^.
2a;3-7x2+7x-2.
4x^-9x2- lOx+3.
Factor
^
(^
2x3-llx2+5x+4.
,8.
x'-2x2-x+2.
x3-19x+30.
x3-7x+6.
^^.
x+2 x+o
is is
is
11.
13.
14.
o3+a2-10a+8.
Show
Show
that that that
^f2^ a'^-'iab^-2b^.
a factor of a factor of
16.
16.
17.
Show
If
x 7
x^ lOx+a
that
by x+2,
Show
ab
the factors.
18.
is
show that x^ 2x
19.
Show
that
ab, bc and ca
are factors of
a(62_c2)+6(c2-a2)+c(a2-62).
and x2 are factors of x^ Sx^+ax+ft, find px3-3x2+gx-10 and qx^+2x^-\lx+p are both by x2, find p and q.
20.
If If
X 1
a and
b.
21.
divisible
144
103.
ALOBSBA
Equations Solved by Factoring.
We
if
then
z 3 =
or
x 4=0.
is
But and if
.'.
if
4=0,
a;=4,
are
3,
(x 3)(x 4) =
4.
The truth
If
of this
a;=3,
Ifa;
= 4,
Since
the given equation
may
be written
x-7x+12 = 0.
equation which contains higher power is called a quadratic equation or an equation of the second degree. The preceding shows that if we wish to solve a quadratic equation we may do so by finding, by factoring, the simple
104.
Quadratic
Equation.
Any
unknown and no
equations of which it is composed. The simple equations when solved will give the roots of the given quadratic equation.
Ex. 1.Solve
Factoring.
.-.
x2-6a:-7=0.
(x
7)(x+l) = 0,
Verification
X7=
Ex. 2.Solve
previous problem
3x^-\-lx=6.
3x-f7x-6 = 0,
.-.
FACTORING
Ex.
3.
145
Form
is
a;--2
and
x
x-t-5
= 9,
and therefore
or
{x2){x-\ 5) = 0,
+ 3a; 10 = 0.
Ex.
4.
is
If
is
x3
+ 3a;2-16x+12 = 0,
1
is
a root, then x
a factor of x^-\-^x'^
is
\Gx-\-\'i
and
x^-f-Sx 6.
.'.
the other
BXBIROISEI 74
(1-16,
Oral)
is
To what equations
aquivalent
i.
of
the
first
degree
each of
the following
(x-l)(x-2)=0.
146
27. 28.
If 2 is 3
ALQEBitA
root of j-'- 19j-+30 =0, find the other roots.
Solve
zero.)
of a
of
number and
its
square
is
42.
61.
31.
The
x.
105.
is
The subject
of factoring
one of the important parts of algebra, as it enters into so many other processes. We have already had examples of its use in solving equations and in performing operations on
fractions.
to
In the preceding exercises, in this Chapter, the expressions In the be factored have been classified for the pupil. practical use of factoring, however, he must determine for
himself the particular
method
This
to
is
usually
done by
to be used. determining
the
type
or
in
form
the
which
the
expression
belongs.
The examples
review exercise which follows will give the required practice. The types which have been discussed in this Chapter are
here collected for reference
I.
:
ax-\-a(j.
(Common
II.
ax-\-ay-\-hx-\-hy.
(Factored by grouping.)
III.
x^2xy-\-y'^.
(Complete squares.)
IV.
a^h^.
V.
VI.'
x*'-\-x^y^+y'^.
ax'^-\-bx-\-c.
(Incomplete squares.)
(Trinomials.)
or difference of cubes.)
VII.
VIII.
X^
y^.
(Sum
FACTORING
BXERCISE:
1.
147
x3y, 2x\, 3x 5.
5a-\ 2b
!ix4:y,7aZ,a*l,a-\
2. 3.
ab c.
a(o 6 + c), {x-\-l)(x-\^
of
x(a b),
value of
+ x+l)(x* + x-l)-(x*-a;+l)(x*-x-l). + b + c)* + {a + b-cy + {a-b + c)^ + {a-b-c)K (2a+36-c) + (3a + 6-2c) + (a-26-|-3c)*.
(x* (a
8.
9999-9998*.
9.
57432-4257*.
(a
:
10.
503x497-502x498.
11.
+ 99)-(a+98)2.
_^.
^^
x*-x-42.
x'
^3.
^^\.
y-^Q.
i.,^8.
4x.
X* a x
1
+ ax X.
+ 5x-4x-20. 4tx*.
^^20.
22. 24. 26. 28.
5a* + 32a + 9.
x*
abc*
>80.
32. 34.
36.
38.
4(x-2)*-x+2.
(a+26-3c)*-(3a + 26-c)
108a-500.
x-7x*-18.
X--X2/-1322/*.
x^
40.
42.
<i4.
+ y^ + 3xy{x + y).
o*-46-3a-66.
a* + 2ab + b*-\-ac
+ bc.
45.
o*-2o6 + 6*-a+6. L 2
148
46. 48.
x*-\-x*
ALGEBRA
+ x-y* y*-y.
47.
ia*-25b* + 2a + 5b.
x*
49.
61. 63. 65.
is
,60.
+ y*-18x*y*.
^62.
64.
x-Ux*+7x+3.
xc-c + x*-l.
3a-5a*-8a+10.
a'-a'' + 8a-8.
66.
Show
that a b + c
a factor of
+ 36.
Without multiplication show that
(a;-4a;+3)(z-12x + 35) = (x*-6x + 5)(x-10x + 21).
68.
Make a diagram
Find the factors when x = 2.
to
of a
+ ft-f-c + d.
being given
that
it
Factor (a-b)(b*-c*)-{b-c)(a*-b*).
of 6x'
vanishes
62.
of
(x*-6)*-4x(x*-6)-5x.
63.
to solve
x*-31x + 30 =
64.
If
is
two numbers
differ
difference of their
squares
65.
x*
(c a)x ca
66.
67.
Find the quotient when the product is divided by x' + (a 6)x a6.
Multiply
a*-b*-c + 2b by +^ +
{b c)x bc
and
a+bc
If x*
+ x^
-\-
ax* -\- bx 3
factor.
is
divisible
by
and x+3,
find a
and
69.
in
two
by
completing
the
CHAPTER
XII
{continued)
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
106.
In Chapter VII. the solution of simple examples two unknowns has been considered. The method there followed was to make the coefficients of one of the unknowns numerically equal by multiplication, and then that unknown was eliminated by addition or
of equations in
subtraction.
Elimination by Substitution.
Ex. Solve
x2y=
2,
(1)
5z-^ly=18.
Froin(l), x = 2 + 2y. Substituting this value of x in (2),
5(2
.-.
(2)
(3)
= 68,
Substituting
2/
= 4in(3),
2/= 4. a;=10.
Here we eliminated x by finding the value of z in terms from (1) and substituting that value in (2). We thus obtained an equation which contained only the unknown y. This is called the method of elimination by substitution.
of y
We might
Thus from
(2)
.'.
and substitute
in (1).
5x = 18-ly,
(1),
x=
2y
^^T^^
2.
'
Substituting in
^^~S^
140
roots,
150
ALOE BRA
The value of y might have been found from either equation and substituted in the other.
Thus from
(1),
2y=-x-2,
(2),
:.
j/=
=
78.
_,
Substituting in
5x
+
(2)
"^^^s^^^
and substituting
it
in (1).
will
be seen that, in
In
should
equations with two unknowns, the pupil examine them carefully and choose the unknown
will
which he thinks
108.
Elimination by Comparison.
E^-Solve
2a;- 3?/=
7,
(1)
(2)
3x-\-5y=39.
+ 3y _
2
39-52/
3
'
.-.
3(7
+ 32/) =
2(39-51/).
theNi;Dots.
of
xM^
of
comparing the
This
is
called the
method
of elimination by coln^arison.
might have compared the values Solve it that way. the two equations.
109.
We
y obtained from
Three
Methods
of
of
Elimination.
We
have
illustrated
three
methods
elimination,
by addition or subtraction,
by substitution and by comparison. When no particular method is specified, the pupil is advised to use the first method as no fractions appear in it.
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
EXERCISE
State the value of eaoh
1.
16i
78
in
(1-6,
Oral)
unknown
2.
4,
x+y^5. Zxy^%.
X y=3.
2a;+3;/=12
:
x+2y-ll.
5a; 4?/=
19.
5.
x+2y=\%, 2x+oy=i\.
/S.
11.
Zx+ y^
7,
4x+3y=ll.
3a; 4i/=10,
12.
2z t/=19, 5a;-32/=46.
8a;+ 9?/=
7,
10.
2z 32/=14,
\y
x-5y=
x+3y=
x-\-by--
0.
u^
2x+&y=\\.
:
10x+21?/=12.
14.
2x-rJ/= 26,
=
15.
3a;+4!/=10,
3x !/=
14.
4a;-3i/=
5.
\x-\y=2.
,17.
Zx^2y,
18.
2/=
-\x-\-&.
hx=ly-2.
19.
20.
fa;-
3'
^3
sy.
11|.
2^
3y~x=x,
!='
22.
3a;
a;+
3x-l
1.
+ 2 y+7 .11
2y
+ ?i^ =
10.
23
24.
x-52/+3=2a;-82/+3=7a;- lOy+16.
(x-l)(2/-2)-(y-3)(x+l) = 17,
(x-3)(2/-5)-(x-5)(2/-3) = -22.
25. 26.
lx+-21y+-52=01a;+01?/+3-0.
x+5 = 3(?/-3),
4x-
5x- 4
11
2x
9
19.
27.
-3y
4
_ lx-2y- 23
of
2x- 9y
28.
If
the
sum
two numbers
is
is
of the greater
number, the
the less
162
110.
ALGEBRA
Eqiy^iops with three
Un]^wns.
(1)
(2) (3)
Ex.Solve
2x-\-3y4z=12,
3x- y+22=15,
4a;+
*
'^
y-3z=19.
This system of equations differs from the preceding by containing three unknown quantities.
If
same two unknowns, the solution can be efiFected by preceding methods. How can we obtain from (1) and (2) an equation containing X and z only ? How can we obtain another equation from (2) and (3) containing x and z only ? Perform these two eliminations and find x and z from the
containing
resulting equations.
Now find y by substituting in any one of the given equations and verify by showing that the values you have found for x, y and z will satisfy all of the given equations.
The
solution might be written in the following form
(1)
:
Eliminate y from
and
(2),
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
163
EXERCISE
1.
77
(1-4,
Oral)
What
(1)
a;+?/-|-z=35
(1)
y from
of
and (2)?
What
is
the value of 2?
x+yl
2.
x-\-yz=25 x-y-\-z=\5
(2)
(3)
?
What
is
What
3.
is
operation will eliminate both y and z from (2) and (3) the value of a; ? of yz ?
How
from
(1)
and
(3)
What
of x-\-z
is
Which
in
No. 6
Which
in
No. 7
^\
x+2y+ x+Zy+
6.
2a: i/+3z=-
7,
7.
4x-3i/+ 2=10,
8v
-'
x+y
xy-{-
2=16,
^
9.
z=
4,
a;+y+22=22.
10.
a;+?/=25,
7x+8y-92=14.
2/+z=75, 2+a;=70.
.^
J 13.
'
a;+22/=12,
^.
3(2-1)
4(2/+x)
=^2{y-l),
32/+42=
2,
5z-2x=-21.
3+x=5+4!/,
2+x=3i/, 7?/=z+2.
2
^. ^
\
^^^^
'r
and
x+y-\-z-\-w=l2,
If
2x-\-y=8,
1/ 42=5
18.
If
is
a;=2, and 10
when
a;=3,
find a, 6
and
V.f.if
154
19.
If
ALGEBRA
ax^+bx+c
find its value
is 9 when x=l, when x = 3.
3 when x= 1,
18
when
z=2,
20.
Determine three numbers whose sum is 9, such that the sum twice the second and three times the third is 22, and the sum of the first, four times the second and nine times the third is 58.
of the
first,
21.
If
+ 6=12,
6+c=15, c+d=l9,
find
a+d.
111.
first
Two equations of the Special Forms of Equations. degree in x and y will usually determine the values of
:
2x-3^=10,
4j-+5j/=42.
(I),
if
(2)
2x-3y=l0,
4x-6.y==20.
(3)
2x-3y=l0,
4x-6!/ = 30.
In
way
we
find
that
x=8, y=2
of x
will
and y
them.
We
is,
they determine the values of x and y. In this ca.se the second equation can not be deduced from We therefore say the first, nor the first from the second.
that the equations are independent.
In
(2),
by multiplying by
may be deduced from the first These equations are dependent and
not independent as in (1). Any number of values of x and y will satisfy both equation^ because any values which will satisfy the first will also satisfy These equations are therefore indeterminate. the second. In (3), if the first equation is true, the second can not be
true.
They are therefore said to be inconsistent or impossible, and no values of x and y can be found to satisf}' both of them. We thus see that tioo equations in two unknovms can have a definite solution only when the equMions are independent and consistent. Zx-\-2y z= 5, In this set of equations, the third may be 4x y-\-Zz = 2Q, obtained by adding the other two. They are
therefore dependent equations
and consequently
lx-\-
y + 2z = 25.
indeterminate
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
156
EXERCISE
1.
78
2x-Zy=\2.
2.
Is it possible that
2x+3!/=13,
true at the
same time
What
8a;
is
Also about
4.
Show
x+z/+2=10, ^x2yz=l.
For what values
6.*
of a will the following sets of equations be consistent
7.
3x y= 5, x+2y=25,
3x+2/=
I0x-'iy=
7,
2,
8.
9a; ay=Q,
3x-
y=2,
x+4y=
9.
a.
3x+ay=ll.
ox^y=^.
Show
Ex.Solve
--- =
y
2
11,
(1)
+ - = 21. y
(2)
Here we could obtain the solution in the usual way by removing See if you the fractional forms, by multiplying each equation by xy. can complete the solution by this method. It is simpler, however, to eliminate v from the equations as they dtand.
166
ALOE BRA
(2)
Thus, multiplying
'^
1
by
95,
and adding
95x
=
8
19,
Substitute x
- in (1)
and 15
11.
y
2/
2.
The
solution, therefore,
is
x = l, y-
EXERCISE
Solve and verify
:
79
2,
^ X
y
1/
29,
^
5
24_21_j
y 6
2.
1^
X
X
!
y
2/
7_9 = 3. 1 - -
yi
*
_4
y
101.
+ 2t/ =
15,
+ ?=!..
1/
ii+i
y
--3y = 6.
?-? = 2.
y
2
^-1 =
3y5x=xy, 2y+3x=2exy.
9.
17.
x^22/
= i^ + l =
2x^3y
5^3^13575^3^
X
J/
J/
10.
3x
+?
y
12x
+-+
y
u
14
= - - 2x y
82
14.
11.
4.^1 + '
X
122
+ 17.
?/
Problems leading 113. Simultaneous to Equations. In Chapter VII. we have had illustrations of problems which were solved by using equations of two unknowns. We now give some further examples on special subjects which ^ere not then considered.
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
.
167
The number 47 might be written 4 10 + 7. What is the sum of the number ? What number would be formed by reversing the digits ? What is the sum of the number and the reversed number ? What is the sum of the digits of the reversed number ?
digits of this
Ex.
1.
number has two digits. If 18 is added to it The sum of the two numbers is 88.
digit,
the
number
:.
=10y + x, =lOx+y.
10i/ + a;+18=10x+2/, + a;+10x + = 88. 9a; 9t/= 18 or x = 2, lla;+ll2/ = 88 or x + = 8. z=5, y 3.
2/
1/
(1) (2)
and
Simplifying
(1), (2),
102/
2/
Solving
.'.
the required
:
number
is
35.
Verification
35+18 = 53,
35 + 53 = 88.
Ex. 2. If 4 be added to the numerator of a fraction and 3 to the denominator, the fraction becomes |. If 2 had been subtracted from the numerator and 5 from the denominator the result would have been ^. Find the
fraction.
Let
the fraction,
x+4
2/+3
168
ALGEBRA
better way, however, would be to represent the larger
Ix,
A
by
6.r.
By
doing so we
Ex.
2,
3.
The
S3a;
incomes of
and
and
Each saves
a year.
Let
Let
Solving
.-.
= yl's
^'s income
= $3x= $2400
and B's
.-.
= $1600. = $1200.
Note.
he frequently has the choice of using one, two or more unknowns. Except in special cases, he is advised to use as small a number of unknowns as possible. In each case the results should be
will find that
verified.
BXERCISB
1.
If
80
10 ^>oys, earn $96 in a
10
men and
4 boys, or 7
men and
ia
3.
is
numbers
is
370.
first
two
70 more than the third, and six times the Find the numbers. the third.
4.
of
by
7,
Divide 429 into three parts so that the quotient of the all be equal.
first
6. A workman can save $200 a year. He goes to another town where his wages are 10% greater and his expenses are 5% less, and he can now save $310 a year. What are his wages now ?
7.
If
The denominator
is
of a fraction exceeds the numerator by 3. subtracted from each term, the fraction reduces to |. Find
the fraction.
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
15
8. Divide 120 into three parts, so that J of the first part is greater than the second by 5 and J of the second part is greater than the third by 10.
9.
If 6
earn $57 in
men and 2 boys earn $56 in 2 days and 7 men and 5 boys J days, how long will it take 3 men and 4 boys to earn $60 ?
is
>
^10.
A number between 10 and 100 and if 45 be subtracted from it, the number. ^"V
8 times the
sum
of its digits,
Find the
^^1. The difference of the two digits of a number is 4. The sum the number and the reversed number is 110. Find the number. 7iJ
yf2.
of
The sum
of the
two
digits of a
number
is
^f
When 1 is added to both terms of a fraction the result is \. If had been subtracted from the denominator only the result would have been \. Find the fraction.
^/
Ai
oithe
A number
consists of
digits whose sum is 11. number thus obtained is number. What is the number ?
two
If
the order
greater
i-
by
p^
Snow
16.
The
difference
between the
is
digits of a
by reversing the
always 54.
is
The sum
of the reciprocals of
first is
^.
Six times
by
\.
'
(The reciprocal of x
is
-)
X
Divide 150 into two parts such that the quotient obtained by dividing the greater by the less is 3 and the remainder is 2.
18.
n?/
must
19.
wish to obtain 100 lb. of tea worth 34c. per lb. by mixing lb. with tea worth 40c. per lb. How much of each take ?
I
of sugar cost
$2-40.
If
tea
is
20.
is
Two numbers
I
are
in
the ratio
of
is
7 to
5.
What
quotient
sum
difference
100
21.
ALGEBRA
Show
that the
sum
of
any number
is
of
two
digits
digits
9.
^2^ A number
and
/
The
is
difference
times the
sum
of the digits
257.
What
the
number
Divide 126 into four parts, so that if 2 be added to the first, 2~be subtracted from the second, the third be multiplied by 2, and the fourth be divided b}^ 2, the results will all be equal. (Let the result=x.)
23,
^24.
is
two the
numbers.
25? The sum of the three digits of a number is 12. If the units and tens digits be interchanged the number is increased by 36, ariS if Find the hundreds and units be interchanged it is increased by 198. the number.
,-
Find three numbers such that the first with \ of the sum of / 26. the other two, the second with J of the others, and the third with \ of tb%others, shall each be 25.
work can be done by A working 6 days and B\2\ working 8 days and B 18 days. In what time could each of them complete it alone ?
27.
piece of
days, or by
28.
2 to 4 to
^
3,
5.
Divide 84 into four parts, so that the first is to the second as 4, and the third to the fourth as
29.
^oi the
first
Of what three numbers is it true that the sum of the reciprocals and second is |, of the first and third is \ and of the second
is
and third
30.
order.
Two numbers
The sum
15
consist of the
of the
numbers
is
same three digits but in inverted 1029. The sum of the digits of
is 5.
each
is
and the
.31.
Iflistance
stream flows at 2 miles per hour. A man rows a certain in 5 hours and returns in 1| hours. How many miles per hour could he row in still water ?
up stream
32.
rancher sold 50 head of horses, part at $125 a head and the After spending $50 he was able to make the payment of J of the purchase price of 1200 acres of land at $18
per acre.
How many
horses did he
sell
at $125 a head
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
33.
161
digit,
A number
2.
and a tenths
is
the units
by
1.
The sum
of the digits
less
than twice
the
number by
34.
of coffee.
at
He
advance
of
an advance
20%.
The
total selling
and 100 lb. and the coffee price was $148. Find the
lb.,
25% on
cost
number
35.
is
When
\.
is
equal to
Show
if
subtracted from each term of a fraction the result that the result would have
shown
in
AD=AE,
etc.
z.
If
AB=15, BC=U,
37.
19, If
= 13,
find x,
y and
where
?
the inscribed
circle
touch the
sides
38.
in
If A can do a piece of work in m days and what time can they do it working together ? If a; is the number of days required,
can do
it
in
n days,
then X
111 =
m
|-
m-\-n
separately in
(1)
A and B working work which could be done by A and B the following number of days
result to find in
what time
:
of
in 10, fi in 15.
(2)
in 20,
in 5.
(3)
in J, fi in IJ.
BXBRCISE
Solve and verify
:
81
(Review
of
Chapter XII)
/^~x
y. 7x-8i/=10,
^
Zx-2y=\Q.
2.
4a;+72/=-l, 3a;- y = 3.
-^
73x+2/=
76,
z+732/=147.
y
7
25
2y
32/
+ 4x:=2xy.
ALGHBEA
^
^'
3:r-^=6, /fit 5 o^ "4y
"'
/fg)
?i _ 1 - 2 y + 2- 2y+l~'^'
""3"
3(a;
- ^T~* + y) = 8.
^-5
^' =
12.
^
/^/
__
24-6
= 5,
x+ y+ z=-3. 2 = 0, 3x4- y + 62 = 0.
X + 22/+ y
a:+y + 2 = 24.
17
18.
X 1
^
to
2^^102+ix^g
x + y = 5,
?/-)-z
20.
= 3, 2 + 1^= 1, X w = 3.
(Add
and
subtract
th.
31x4-282/ = 146, 28x4- 31y= 149. 21. equationa and remove common factors.)
22.
23.
What
?
make
X 2?y ^
and
X 4* V
=--
each equal
x-10
24
Show
4?/
-52= -22,
10x4- 12?/-6z = 4,
are indeterminate.
first
part
mav
e^eed
26,
by
13.
its
A number
18 be
?
and
the
if
of two digits is four times the sum of added to the number the digits are reversed.
digits,
is
What
number
O^aT^.^
Wh&i> the The tens digit of a number is twice tiio units digit oumbr i^ dividend by tbAmjDo oi the digits what muBt thequoUeat be ^
t
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
28.
16S
exceeds
to
8.
such that
of the
denominator
/29.
if
'
Two
persons
who
iiTliey
walk in opposite directions, but are not together they walk in the same direction. What are their rates ?
JO.
'
A'a age
is
ago
was twice
as old as B.
equal to the combined ages of B and C. Ten years Show that 10 years hente A will be twice
as old as C.
Qi^ A bill of $19-50 was paid in half-dollars and quarters and four times the number of quarters exceeded twice the number of half-dollars by 12. How many of each were used ?
f
32j
lb.
If 5 lb. of tea
lO%''^in price
and 8 lb. of coffee cost $580, and coffee advances and tea 15% and they now cost $6o3, find the prices
per
refceive
sum at 4% and another sum at 6% and $42 interest. If the sums had been interchanged I would have received $850 more. What were the sums ?
/dS.y I invest a certain
If each side of a rectangle is increased by 5 feet the area is increased by 275 square feet. If each side is decreased by 5 feet the Show that the sides can not area is decreased by 225 square feet. be determined from these conditions.
35. 36.
40c. to
Solve
^-^i^^=^ = 4x-^=l.
mix tea worth
601b.
grocer wishes to
?
30c. a lb.
36c.
worth
lb.
How many
lb.
of each
37.
thata = 3,
or x='2 or
x=Z, show
3.
The tens digit of a number exceeds the units digit by 38. how much is the number decreased by inverting the digits ?
By
is
27 minutes late
is
?
when
it
makes
it
and
What
is
the distance
40.
or
by
A piece of work can be done by A working 6 days and B 16 A working 9 days and iS 14 days. How long would it take
it ?
days each
alone to do
41.
A number has
of the hundreds,
and J Find
the number.
y^
v_i
Wo^
184
ALGEBRA
When the greater of two numbers is divided by the less the 42. quotient is 5 and the remainder is 2. When 12 times the less is divided by the greater the quotient is 2 and the remainder is 12. Find the
numbers.
le
sum
Find four numbers such that when each of the remaining three, the results are
is
46,
respectively.
H|^M^''^*-'^>
44.
If the
is
sum
of
difference
CHAPTER
XIII
Function
of
x.
The value
x.
of
x=
4, 3, 2, 1,
3x-2=10,
7, 4, 1,
When
Thus,
of X, the expression
called a function of x.
2x 3,
is
What
-1,
when x = 2,
1,
0,
-2?
Instead of repeating the words " the expression " or " the function," we might represent the function by a symbol, say y.
Thus,
If
7/
-1,
= 5a;+ 1, when x= 1, = 6 x=3, y= 16. if = |x+4, what are the values of y when x has the -8 ?
2/ 3/
;
values
6, 3, 0,
115. Variables and Constants. A quantity that has nor always the same value is called a variable, while a quantity whose value does not change is called a constant.
Thus, the population of a city and tha height of the barometer are number of days in a week and the length denoted
mch
will
106
ALOE BRA
Two variables may be so 116. Connected Variables. connected that for every change in the value of one there is a corresponding change in the value of the other.
Thus, value of
if
y.
y = 2x-\-5, for each value of x there is a corresponding Here x and y are variable quantities, but 5 is a constant.
20 and 21 we have shown how the changes in two may be represented by a diagram. Those diagrams show that for each variation in time there is a corresponding variation in temperature.
In
arts.
variable quantities
A line so drawn as to exhibit the nature of Graph. 117. the relation of two variables is called a graph.
118.
iji
Arithmetical Graphs.
The
solution of
many problems
:
Ex.
mile.
Thb passenger rate on a railway Lg 3 cents per Represent graphically the amount charged for any number of miles from 1 to 10.
1.
In the diagram each unit on the horizontal line OX represents 1 mile and each unit on the vertical line represents
OY
3 cents.
;
1
Hj 12
12 cents.
What does
cost for 2
miles,
How
167
What Place a ruler on the points marked A, B, C, D, E, F. you notice ? Make a similar diagram, on squared paper, which will give the
4%
1
for
7.
any num-
to
not
much
of $1.
unit on
CJ 8
C
for 3 years,
is
?
5 years.
In
how many
108
ALOEBEA
They meet at at about 3.15 p.m. and at a distance from P ol about 26 miles. How far are they apart at the end of each hour from 1 1 to 5 ? Wken
did
reach
We
algebraically.
Suppose they are together x hours after 9 a.m. Then A has travelled x hours at 5 miles per hour, and B X 4 hours at 15 miles per
hour,
.-.
5(x-l)+15(x-4) = 60.
io
11
12
119.
The
last
problem
that the results obtained by graphical methods are approximate only. When the problem is solved algebraically we find that they will meet 26 J miles from P
illustrates
the fact
at 3.15 P.M.
169
enable you to change into miles any number of kilometres up to 20. Read the approximate number of miles in 3, 5, 11, 13, 16, 19, 20
kilometres.
6.*
a distance of 40 miles.
starts
from Hamilton
By means
of a graph, find
will meet.
to
B E
is
10 miles,
to
8,
to Z> 8, i) to
10 miles.
at 10 a.m., arrives at
at
10.24,
at 10.48,
at 11.12,
at 11.40.
An
and without stopping reaches A at 11.28. stops 4 minutes at each station, show graphically
at 10.24
(a)
(6)
(c)
mail train
when and
at
other,
11.12,
how
when
120.
The
call
the axis of
We will
OX,
X,
line
OX
is
called
y.
For the point A the x measureis 3, and the y measurement is 1. What are the x and y measurements for the points B, C, D, El. Examine the x and y measurements for each point marked on the line OP. What equation connects the values of x and y for each point on the line OP ? For each point on OQ, OR,
ment
OSl
of
is the graph of the equation y=2x, OQ of i/=4x, OR y=x, and OS of y'=lx. The X and y measurements of every point on the Une OP satisfy the equation y2x. This equation is not satisfied
OP
170
ALGEBRA
line
by the x and y of any point not on the by the x and y of the points A, C, D,
121.
satisfied
OP.
Is
it
satisfied
Equation
of
OP
of x
equation y2x is each point on the line points, the equation y=2x is called
Line.
Since
the
and y
for
the equation
OP.
OQ
?
What
122.
the equation of
of Oi?
of
OS
of a given
Equation,
Ex.
Construct the
graph of y=lx.
Here when
171
172
to tlic
ALGEBRA
or
OXy
two points and transferring the compasses to the line any other line, and reading off the distance. Plot the points (3, 5) and (6, 1), and see if the distance between them is 5.
BXBRCISEI
1.
84
(3,
4),
(4,
1), (5,
3),
(-1, -2)?
2.
3.
-6), (-3,
7),
(-5, -2).
is
points
0)
and
3,0). What
(-5,
the distance
between them
4.
Where
0), (4, 0)
situated
5.*
0,
What
8)
What What
?
kind of figure
order
?
(0,
0),
What
is
?
area
7.
kind of a triangle
(0, 2),
What
is its
area
8.
(2,
1), (3,
Join them
in order. 9.
What
is
letter is
formed
What
(1,
3),
order
10. The angular points of a triangle are (6, 0), (3, 4), ( 2, 0). Construct the triangle and find its area. Measure or calculate the
What
is
(5, 8)
127.
Complete
Graphs.
173
This
is
as
we would
expect because
x=2,y= l; x=4:,y=2; x= 6, y= 3,
all
128.
Linear
Equation.
It
is
graphs of
all
the equations so far constructed have been straight lines. This is true concerning all equations of the first degree. For this reason an equation of the first degree is sometimes called
a linear equation.
is
fixed or determined
are fixed,
it
an equation of
it.
we need
to
points on
129.
of the
Every equation
form
y=mz
the origin, because the equation is satisfied by x=0, y=0. If the equation contains a term independent of x and y, it represents a straight line which does not pass through the
origin.
Thus, 2/ = 2x4- 1 represents a straight line which does not pass through the origin, because this equation is not satisfied by x = 0, y = 0.
Ex.
are
1.
The coordinates of two points on the line x=0, y = \ and a;=l, 2/ = 3. Locate these two points and draw the un-
it also passes through points (2, 5), (1, 1), (-2, 3), (-3, 5). Do the coordinates of these points satisfy the equation ?
the
In constructing the graph of an equaby locating two points on it, the pupil should try and determine two points whose coordinates
tion
are inteaers.
174
A LOB BRA
2.
Ex.
Here
J and when
,
/x=l, w = 3
-
^ join
(1, 3)
and
(5, 0)
and
We might have found the points at which the graph cuts the axes. Thus, when x = 0, 2/ = 3J and when 2/ = 0, x = 5. The required line is then found by joining the points (0, 3|) and (5, 0).
If the latter
method
is
the coordinates of either of the points found, the unit of measurement should ijo changed, in this case, by taking /ottr
07ie.
not one space, it should be clearly shown on the diagram what the selected unit is
the unit
is
When
EIXBROISE
86
Find two pairs of values of x and y which satisfy x-{-y=6. 1. Plot the points whose coordinates are the values found and construct
the graph of the equation z-\-y-=6.
2.
What
Ex.
y=x+3.
y=3x2.
2x + 3y=\2.
4.
7.
y=x3.
x+2y=l.
3x-4y=\6.
5. 8.
y=2x-3. x-2y=l.
10.
11.
5x+6y=n.
12. Construct the graph which cuts off 4 units from the axis of x and 6 units from the axis of y. Find the area of the triangle which this
line
13.
i;
On
?
the
4-
2^=7.
/ntersect
same sheet construct the graphs of xy=^lO and Wliat are the coordinates of the point at which they Do the coordmates of this point satisfy both equations ?
175
(3, 4) lie
Which
(5, 2),
(
on the graph of the equation 4x+3?/=24 ? on it: (2, 6), (0, 8), (6, 0), (9, -4),
1,
By
9)
V^erify
15,
constructing the graph of 2a;-f 3t/=24, find three sets of and y which satisfy this equation,
is
Why
there an unlimited
will satisfy
2a; +3?/
number
=24
In this
x+y = 5
and
2x3y=lo.
The coordinates
which the lines both equations.
.*.
of the point P, at
intersect,
must
satisfy
The coordinates of P are (6,-1). x=6, ?/= 1, must be the values of X and y which satisfy both equations.
We
the
sohition
Graphically.
Since
lines
it
it is
can
inter.sect at
only one
there
is
point,
only one
pair of roots of
tivo
simultaneous equations of the first degree. In this diagram are shown the graphs of
(a)
x-y=3,
(6)
2x-y=7,
(c)
iJa;+?/=-7.
At what point do the graphs of (a) and (6) intersect ? (a) and (c) ? (6) and (c) ? Is there any point which is common to Are there any values the three lines ? of X and y which will satisfy these three equations at the same time ? When three equations in x and y are all satisfied by the same values of x and y, what peculiarity will appear in their
graphs
?
176
ALQEBHA
177
3x2y=6,
6.
x+ y=
2?/== x,
8,
7.
x 2j/=
6,
3xiy=lO.
6,
2x 3t/=ll.
10.
8.
2z+3y=
9,
x+iy=9,
3x-8i/=-3.
12,
3x-\-2y=14:.
11.
10jr=4x-2.
the
3x2y=5
12.
sistent.
of roots
and
find them.
are incon?
What
13.
graphically that no values of x and y will satisfy all of 2xy=ll, 4x+2/=13. What values satisfy
first
first
and
and third
14.
Show
cuts (1) the axis of x, (2) the axis of y, (3) the graph of
15.
?/=6 x.
3x4:y=0 and
Show by graphs
also
satisfy
BXEIRCISB
1.
87 (Review of Chapter
XUI)
The
axis of y
the graph of x
2.
first
of x-{-y = 5 cut the axis of x 7 Construct the graph. In the same way construct 4!/= 4. At what point do they intersect ?
it appear geometrically that two equations of the degree can have only one set of roots ?
How
does
3.* Plot the points (0, 0), (-3, 4), (3, 12), (-2, 0). distance between each conscoutive pair of these points ?
What
is
the
4. From a certain point a man walks 5 miles E., then 4N.; than 2W., then 3N., then 3E., then 4S. Using squared paper, determine by measurement how far he is now from the starting point.
5.
A man
walks 8 miles
W. and then
5S.
Find by calculatioo
how
far he
point.
179
ALOlCBiiA
If 11 lb. equal 5 kilogrammes, make a graph from which you 6. can express any number of kilogrammes in lb. or lb. in kilogrammes. Read from the graph 3J kilogrammes in lb. and 8J lb. in kilogrammes.
7.
What
is
points are
8.
of 5x
(3,
(3,
lie
2)
on
lies
on the graph,
5), (1,
it:
(6,
7)i
(5, 9),
-17),
(4, 1),
(-2, -12),
(5, 3)
9.
(8.
Find the area of the triangle formed by joining the points -6). (-7. -6).
the triangle whose vertices are (2, 0), (10, 0), (5, 6) and Why do the points (2, 0), (10, 0), (8, 6) determine a triangle of the same area ?
10.
Draw
x+2y=l2,
12.
3x-'iy=
0,
16.
t/-x = 4,
x='2.
14.
x~2j= 2. y-2x=-3,
x+2y=li. What is the
x = 4,
4x-3i/ = U.
15.
2x+7y = 52,
3x-5!/=16.
16.
j,'
!/
= Jx + 4. = Jx+5.
17.
equations are:
x= 2, y = 3, y=
?
On
the
of the equations
= 4x-2, y = 2x+2.
?
What peculiarity is presented by the graphs do you draw concerning these equations ?
What
conclusion
Draw the graphs of 2x-f-3y = 20, 4x-|-6!/ = 35 on the same 20. What do you conclude as to the "solution of these equations ?
Determine graphically whether these
or inconsistent
:
sheet.
21.
4x4-
X- y= 4, = 26,
2/
22.
x+2j/=10,
23
-x+
y=
8,
2x-5y=
2.
3x- y= 2x- y=
9,
1.
3x4-2?/=
13,
9.
5x-3i/=
.vhose sides are represented by the Describe the crianglt 24. 14, x-!- 102/= 14. W^hat are the equations: 3x-r2y=14, ox coordinates of its vertices 7 (Verify by solving the equatiorw *> oairs.)
%=
179
At what point do the graphs of 2x+Zy=\2, ? At what angle do they seem to intersect ?
3x 2y = 5
A teacher's salary is increased by $50 each year. His salary Construct a graph from which you can the first year is $750. What is his salary for the 8th year ? read off his salary for any year. In what year would his salary be $1300 ?
26.
for
27.
we have
2x-3y=l, 3x+2y = S.
4:x-&y=
I I
2,
x=2,
j
x=
|
2,
9x + 62/ = 24.
2a;-3y=l.
y=l.
On the same sheet show the graphs of each of these sets of equations, and thus show that they all determine the same point and that the
four sets are therefore equivalent
CHAPTER XIV
HIGHEST COMMON
In Chapter IX. we defined the terms highest common and lowest common multiple, and showed how they were found in simple cases. When the expressions under consideration can be factored, the H.C.F. and L.C.M. can at once be written down from
132.
factor
A few examples are here given of a more than those previously considered.
Ex. 1. Find the H.C.F. and L.C.M.
x^y-{-lxy^-\-12y^
of
difficult character
and x^yx^y^-~l2xy^.
Here the common factors are y and x+Zy, and since the H.C.F.
is
the product of
all
the
.-.
common
factors,
the H.C.F.=2/(x+3!/).
The L.C.M.
will
is
include
all
the expression with the lowest number of factors which the factors of each expression, .-. the L..C.M. = xy{x + 'iy){x + 2y)(x-iy).
x^+x^+L
the L.C.M.
= a;(x+l)(a;-l)(a; + a;-|-l){x-x+l).
H.C.F.
If
AND
L.C.M.
181
the multiplications be performed the L.C.M. will be found be x' x. It is customary, however, to leave the result in the factored form, as it is in this form that it is usually made use of.
to
BXBRCISB
Find the H.C.F. and L.G.M. of
1.* ^x'^y^z, 8xy*z% \2axyH.
2. 3.
88
x^y^, xyy'^,
x'^'xy.
a^~h\ o6+62,
a'^+2ab-\-b^.
4.
^.
Jo.
[/I.
^3x-6.
^. m3-8,
j^.
m*n^-47n^h^, 4i2-16ffi+16.
6a3-663, 2a^+2a^b+2abK
f^.
^12.
a^+ab-ac, a^-i-b^-c^+2ab.
x*+x^y^+y*.
- )^
14. 15.
j(^16.
u^v\ uv.
1^
18.
is
equal
and L.C.M.
-6
is
is
a3-3a2_4a4-i2.
L.C.M,
z' 7xy'+6v*.
182
ALGEBRA
and .r^-S.r+S.
factored,
Here
tlie
ar*
+ 2x 3
is,
is
readily
but
none
of
x* 8x + 3, except by
:
The
If
+ 2x-3 = (x-l)(x+3).
X 1
the expressions have a common factor it must evidently be either or x+3. By using the factor theorem, find if x 1 or x + 3 is a factor of
x-8x+3.
When x-l=0
or
x= 1,
.".
x3-8x-(-3=
1
-8-f3= - 4,
X is not a factor. When x+3-0 or x=-3, x-8x + 3= -27 + 24 + 3 = 0, x+3 is a factor. How can we obtain the other factor of x* 8x+3 ? x'' + 2x-3 = (x- l){x + 3), We now have x*-8x + 3 = (x+3){x*-3x+l). and
/.
the H.C.F.
the L.C.M.
and
factors of
it is
x*-7x+10
evident that
x 5
X 2
SiXBROISB
Find the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of
:
89
^*
2.
3.
/f.
yt
LC-.F.
AND
L.C.M.
VSa
6^^If X 2
is
yf.
Reduce
to lowest terms
a;2_5a;_j_6
Find two expressions of the third degree in x, whose H.C.F. and whose L.C.M. is x* lOx^+Soz^ oOx+24.
133.
Method
of
finding the
H.C.F.
of
From
the preceding
seen that Lhe chief difficulty in finding the H.C.F. of two expressions is in factoring the given expressions. If neither of the expressions can be factored by the usual
is
methods, another method may be used which depends upon the same principle as that of finding the G.C.M. of two numbers in arithmetic.
134.
Fundamental Theorem.
factor of
factor of
any two
quantities, then oc
is
also a
difference of
any multiples
of those quantities.
Then mx~nx, mxnx, pmx-\-qnx, rmx snx, sum or difference of multiples of mx and nx.
Thus, X
common
factor of
mx and
nx.
It is evident that each of these is divisible by quotient in each case being found by division, thus
:
x,
the
x)mx-\-nx
184
ALQEBRA
It is evident that x 3 is not a factor of either expression, since their terms are all positive. Therefore if they have a common factor it must be x+3. By applying the factor theorem, or by division, we find that x+3 is a factor of each, and since it is the only common factor, it must be he H.C.F.
is is
it
does not there is no common factor but unity. If it does divide evenly into one of them, it is not necessary to divide it into the other, for if it is a factor of one of them and also of their difference it must be a factor of the other.
by
and we get
27x-90x + 63 = 9(x-l)(3x-7).
Now since 9(x l)(3x 7) is the difference of two multiples of the Which given expressions, it must contain all their common factors. Complete the solution. of these factors may be discarded ? We might have obtained the H.C.F. thus The sum of the expressions is
:
9x-12x*-21x = 3x(x+l)(3x-7).
This expression contains
expressions.
all
the
common
factors
of
the
given
this
method.
is
The object
expressions
in
each
case
to
the
obtain
second
an
expression
of
this
not be factored, it must be the H.C.F., if there is any common factor other than unity. If it can be factored the H.C.F. can then be found either by the factor theorem or by ordinary division.
expression 'can
H.C.F.
AND
L.C.M.
185
In obtaining the expression of the second degree, the last problem shows that it is sometimes easier to eliminate the last terms than the first terms.
4a;-8x*+x+3 = (2a:-3)(2a;-a;.-.
1),
Why
is it
and 2x* x
and
Subtract
Multiply
terms.
(1)
(1)
(2)
from
(2),
and we get
3a;-14a;
+ 30a;-25.
(3)
by 2 and add to eliminate the absolute Remove the factor x and we obtain 5x3-14x + 22a; + 5. (4)
(1)
by
and
(2)
The common factor we are seeking must be a factor of both (3) and (4). Eliminate the absolute terms from (3) and (4) and show that the
H.C.F.
is
x-3x+5.
Here 4x
therefore
^x(x
3a;
is
+ a;+l).
Product of the H.C.F. and L.C.M.
of
135.
mx and
nx, so that
and
186
ALGEBRA
tlie
Then
But
L.C.M. of
mx and
of
nx
is
mnx.
xxmnx= mx x nx,
any two quantities is equal to the product of their H.C.F. and L.C.M. Is a similar theorem true concerning any three quantities
therefore the jiroducl
mx, nx and px ? If the H.C.F. of two quantities has been found, we might therefore find their L.C.M. by dividing their product by the H.C.F.
BZBROISB 90
Find the H.C.F. of:
6x3
+ 10a;2+8x+4,
6x32x2-4.
1/4.
2x3-5x2-20x+9, 2x3+x2-43x 9.
263
+ 562-86-1.5, 463-462-96+5. ^. *3x3 + 17x2j/-44xi/2_28)/3, 6x3-5x2^-33x?/2+28j/'. ij^ 2a3-3a2-4a+4, 3a*-4a3-10a+4. ^. 2x^-12x3 + 19x2 -6x+ 9, 4x3- 18x2+ 19x-3.
t^
9.
18^55_3a4ft_i2a36_3a26, 12a5c-6a*c-9a3c+3a2c.
10.
x3 x2-2x+2, X* 3x3+2x2+x 1.
:
j^2.
/3.
^4.
]jCb.
16.
of
x which
0.
is
will
make
'x3
13x+12
ta 7.
and
equal to
If
ooa
H.C.F.
18.
If
AND
L.C.M.
is
187
The H.C.F. of two expressions is x 2, the L.C.M. one of the expressions is x^lx+10, find the other.
x^ 39x+70.
factor,
19.
Two
integers differ
by
it
11.
If
they have a
common
be
EXERCISE
91
itf
''-
a*-b*,a*-2ab + b*,a^-b\ A. x3-2x*-15x, x^ + x* 14X-24. 4a'-12a-a + 3, 2a3 + a*-18a-9. y<^ 6. X* ax 6x-f-a6, x^ bxcx-\-bc. x 6x+llx-6, x* + 4x + x-6. 7. x + 3x + 3x* + 5x-12, x*-4x'- 19x+ IOx+ 12. 8. 2a+15a' + 39a + 40a+12, 2a + 9a-2a*-39a- 18. fin. x*6x*2/+13x2/*- 12x1/3 + 42/*, x* + 2x3j/ 3x*i/* 4xt/3 + 4V*. </ll. x* + x*2/* + 2/S X* 2x3?/ + 3x2^ 2x2/' + y*-
^.
'
'
12.
integers
common factor except unity. Two odd integers which differ by 13. other than unity. What must it be ?
14.
15.
x^
+ x*a* + a^.
is -=
H.C.F. of a and b
is
d,
If a is the H.C.F. and b is the L.C.M. of three quantities, show 16. that the product of the quantities is a^b.
17.
For what
?
x'
both vanish
18.
is
x-1
10, 19
Find two expressions of the second degree and L.C.M. is x^-Sx-^ + 17x 10.
whose H.C.F.
D J Reduce
-,.
^pr ^''
^^
CHAPTER XV
FRACTIONS
In Chapter IX. fractions were introduced, and simple ^ examples of operations upon fractions. In this Chapter the subject is extended and applications made to more complicated forms.
in the Form of a Fraction. Both terms of a be multiplied or divided by the same quantity without altering the value of the fraction. As previously stated, the only exception to this rule is, that the quantity by which we multiply or divide must not be zero. The rule might be stated in the symbolic form
136.
Changes
fraction
may
a_
b
ma ~~
mb
na _ a
nb
~~
The case
by
in
From
same
as
is
seen to be the
a -
, ,
so also
is
FRACTIONS
Since
189
it is
(a 6)
differ
/;(
!) = a-f-ft
1.
or h
a,
seen that
is
ab
and
ha
is,
equal to the
other multipHed
That
{ha) ah =
by
(
and
ba= {ab).
ab _ dc ~
ab _ (g 6)x( 1) _ ba _ ~ (c d)x( 1) ~~ dc ~ cd
Also, since
it
(
(
ba
cd'
follows that
m
(a-6)(c-d)
m
(6-o)(c-d)'
(a-a:)(b-y)
{ba){ay)
( x-a){y-b) (xb){ya)
a-x){y-b) (bx){ya)
(
^^^
E3XERCISE! 92
(1-29, Oral)
Express these fractions in their simplest forms with no negative signs in either term
:
-2
4
-6 9
-3a
a
2/
4o6
2b
m
axb
10.
a ax bx
^"
9.
3x 5 =
7
b
a.b
11.
x.y ^
J-b
c
ba xy
3
:i
a
:r
14.
0 r
15.
cd
5 a
-4
7
18.
x. y J a
4
a
19.
:i a
21.-=-25. 29.
22.-;:.
23.
-T6
ab What is
26.
a+b
ab
,
27.
x2 xy
.
28.
, cd
c+o
a , and icy
a
.
yx
a+b ab
;
and
b+a r ba
ba s ^ and 3
a 3
190
30.
rrr
ALGEBRA
Write
(?
.
?){? _
..
')
.
Which
Reduction
of
The formula
lowest terms.
ax
,
ox
a
7
may
^
the
common
factors.
Ex. 1. Reduce
x'
"^^
x* + x*y* + y* = {x*
.'.
x^+xy+y*
Ex. 2.-Reduce
"
Which
of
these factors
denominator
e.3+3.2-5.+ l
"
common
Here the factors of neither term can be readily obtained, 30 the factor must be found by the method of art. 134. Eliminate the x' and we obtain
33x* + 33x-ll or
1
l(3x
+ 3x- 1).
This expression must contain any common factor of both terms. Since 3x* + 3z 1 can not be factored, what conclusion can be drawn ? Complete the reduction.
FRACTIONS
EXBRCISB
Reduce to lowest terms
98
191
a2+3a+2
6a;2+a;
/2.
4.
x^-\-5xy
4x2+8x+3*
2-3j/-2y2 4_5y_62/2
7*
og+2a+l a3+2o2+2a+l
a;3
'
x^2x
*
8.
a;3-3a;2+4
a^-4a+3
4a3-9a2-15a+18'
11.
10.
_3x2 3x 18_
6a;6-12x*-18a;3"
2a:3 a:^+2x
12.
3x3+4x2 6a;
36a;3+27a;2_40a;-16'
2a: 4a;3 2a;2 12a;
2a;3+3a;2+4a;+3
13.
gg+gg 3g
g5irct*^a3+2g2 3a
Addition
14.
4a;*+2x3+6a:2 4x~
138.
and
Subtraction.
In adding or subtracting
fractions
we should be
careful to note
given fractions can be reduced to lower terms. result is obtained we should examine it to see
reduced.
When
if
the
it
can be
Ex. 1.Simplify
The expression
2y
xy'^+y^
x^xy^
y'{x+y) x{xy){x+y)
= xy + 2y X xy
^xy
^ _ ~
^P~..~ xy
"""
x{xy^
^
{xy)*+2xy-y*
x(xy)
x*
x(xy)
_ ~ xy'
a;
The form of the last fraction in the given expression should prompt the Dupil to examine whether it can be reduced.
192
ALGEBRA
2.
Ex.
Simplify
x-2
'
x2 +
x^3x-\-2
a;2 4a;+3
The expression
{x-l){x-2)
(a;-3)(x-l)'
_ _
(a-l)(a;-3)+x-3-2(a:-2) {x-2){x-l){x-Z)
g* 5x+4
(x-2){x-l){x-3)
(x4)(x~l) {x-2){x-l){x-3)
xi
{x-2){x-3)'
BXERCISB
Simplify
94
i.*_?_^__L. a+ft a
a 4 a 2
yf
2x'
2.
'
.
t/
3.
'
x-\-y
^+y xy
a'
-y
x-\-y
o a
2x2
2a2
2a
o* 6^
o+6
1
aa^
x'-4y' x*+2xy
3y
I
1+a'
x* 2/2
x^+xt/
^
'
^_y
x^ y2
^
t/
*
x-2y
x
2x
^JC x*+9x+20
,<ft^
__i
.j^
-TT;
^
y
^'+y'
x-y'^ x^-y*
2x
^^
x2-3x-10 x2-8x+15
x2+2x-3 x2-3x+2'
^
i^
Cj-'
'
x-y
x^
izy
x'+x'y x^y-y^'
a'ab+b^ _ a^+ab+b^
ab
0+6
a+6
V^* xy
Af^"
^ x+y
3x^-8 x^-l
_ yx ^. - %^
x-\-y
x^y^
^'
\\jf
a-fe
I
2(o+6)
^ 2(a-6)
o^+fc" o^-ft^
5x4-7
x^+x-j-l
"""x-r
x2-6x+5
a 6
(o4-6)(6+c)(c+a)
a6c
FEACTIOHB
a 6*+26c c
aj
cg+2ca+o^
^.
'
az-{b-c)^
(o4-c)2-62
o*
b^-{c-a)'
(6+a)2-c2
3a
"^
c^-ia-hY' (6+c)2-o2
2a
x+y
1
5a
oa-a-2
25.
6a-4
and
6o2+2a-4
xy
x-t/
1
x-y
?^
x+y
x^+y*
^
27.
^28
:6;I_i
i^.
x*+y*
a;+?/
1
x^+y^
2x
Q+a;^
2a=
3
,
a;
3+x
"^
I
4a'6
>
a-6
1
4 4x
'"
4+4x
2+22
1+z*
^"^"^
x^lk+6+ x^+lt+U
Types
in
x^+ll+2l
= l'
<^^^y-^
139.
Special
Addition
and
Subtraction.
We
(a 6)-i-(6 a)= 1.
Df
oecur in the factored denonainatoM which are to be combined, it is not leeessary to include both of them in the L.C.D.
different fractions,
When a 6 and 6 a
Ex.
1.
Simplify ^
-^
a
r ah
is
+? ba
it
we may uie
ab
or b
a.
vise
a
,
we
de<nde to
a b, then
6
form
a
i
ab
b
Then
a_|,
r + ba = ab
ab
= ab -= r
ab
I.
194
t:.
ALGEBRA
4
3
,
o o ir Ex.2.-S.mphfy--^-^j +
X^S
j-^,.
be changed to a;*
1,
The denominator
BO as to be the product of
rru expression The '^
.43
x 1
and
x-\- I.
xl
x+l
x-3
x*l
10
z
4(a;+l)-3(a;-l)-(a;-3)
(x-l)(x+l)
{x-l){x-2)
L.C.D.
1^2
'
{x-2){3-x)
{x-S){lx)
x 2,
x 3, required
in
the
therefore change the second and third fractions so that the given expression
1
9.
We
(x-l)(x-2)
Complete the
140.
(x-2)(x-3)
+
'
(x-3)(x-l)
simplification.
Cyclic Order.
6+c
{ab){a-c)
a-i-b
'
{b-c){b-a)
(c-a)(c 6)
The L.C.D.
and
it
might be written in
forms as
etc.
The
pupil
is
advised
to
write the
factors
in
what
is
Thus, if we write a b as the first factor, then changing a to 6, 6 to c, and c to a, we write the second
factor b c and the third c a. write the L.C.D. as (a 6)(6 c)(c a), we should change the fractions so that these factors appear in the denominators.
If
we
FRACTIONS
'Rie given expression then
b+c c+a a+b _ ~ ~ (ar-'b)(c -"7) ~~ {b-c){a-b) ~ (c-a){b-c) _ (6+c)(b-c -(c + a)(c g) (a+6)(a 6) ~ (a b){b c){ca) b* + c* c* + a^ a' + b* = 0.
)
195
(ab){bc){ca)
be
Ex.
Simplify
oivc
j {a-b){a-c)
+
,
ca
-j-
r-
{b-c){b-a)
+
'
at>
{c^cjjic-b)
result
equal to the
EXSRCisE
Simplify
1.*
1
gs
a^+ax
x'+ax
x+3_x3
x-2
a^ab
r'
5.
2^'
b^ab
3
_2
x2--3
Xl
X+1
1 X2
y
/^
xy y
a;+4
x 4
16 x*
^2 */ j3
3a+2x 3a-2x
^^
_ 3a- 2x
4
16x2_
3a+2x'^ ix^-9a^
_8_
3a:+7
j'
x-1
1-x
i+x^x2-r
>
IM
14
ALOEBRJi
-J^
i
'a-h){c-a)
16.
,
'
(6-a)fc-6)
*
(x-oXa-fi)
17.
f^
,
..,
(x-6)(6-o)
2
-^ +
3-x
l-3x
2
a
20
*
3+x
l+3x
'
l-16x
9x2-1
2
a;2-8x+15
<^+^
1
x2-4x+3
fe+c
"^
Gx-x^-S
J
"^
f +a
(a-6)(6 -!
(6-c)(c-a)
1
(c-a)(a-6)
21
(a-b){a-c)
n.^
?^
1 L ^ (b-cyh-a) ^ {c-a){c-b)
,
I
/22.
7)2
(a-6)(a-c)
(6-c)(6-a)
^ + ^ {c-a){c-b)
'
{x-y){x-z)
(y-z){y-x)
~r 7T
{z-x){z-y)
ax be
(a-6)(a-c)
a*
(6-c)(6-a)
62
"^
bxca
TTTT
,
+ (c-a)(c-6)
g "^ (c^TT^sj/^lTj;^
cxab
(/^^
(a2-62)(a2-c2)
(62_c2)(62_a2)
/
27
Q+36
463
0-6
2(b+a)
2{a^'+b^)^ b*-a'-'
Va;-6^x+5/
29,
Va;+3^x-3
a+1
x+l
+4
d
a+3 z+3
^4--^ a+2
1
30.
_L-|-_L
X 1
L.
(Checiwhena;=2.)
FRACTIONS
141.
Multiplication
197
and Division.
The ordinary
cases
in
multiplication
art. 74.
have been treated in Some special forms which appear are illustrated
of fractions
and division
Ex.
1.
Multiply
,
-\
by a
Here the mixed expressions should be reduced to the fractional form before multiplying.
_,
The product
a*ax-\-ax
'
a*+axax
o*
a*
a+z
!
x'
Ex. 2.Multiply ?
+-+ a
by
J+--1. a
We
and
1
first
expression
is
the
sum
of
t H
is
the difference.
1
Th produce
Or,
(I
1)'-
?,
1,
^^:
_ -! + +
^^:.
we might proceed
a*j^b* + ab ab
a*
as in Ex.
thus
+ b*-ah ^
ab
{a*
+ b*)*-a*b* _ ~
o*6'
a*+a*b*+b*
a*b*
6*
j,
This result
is
a*
i-i
0'
a'
may
Ex. 3.Divide
The dividend
:.
^+X y
by
^-- + -. ^
y
= ^^^^, =
the divisor
= ^*-^+y* =
^1^ y
the quotient
"^
xy'
, , x'xy+y^
'^'^
way and
-f-
1.
We
the
we can
invert
divisor,
take the
by inverting
198
ALGEBRA
each term of it, and change the problem to one in multiphcation, thus
:
The
a
reciprocal
of
,,
is
a-\-b,
but the
reciprocal
of
+r
_,
is
not
^ b
a-\-b.
or
1,1 = a
a-\-b
r and ab
.^
ab
=-
its
reciprocal
is
a-{-b-
EXERCISE
Multiply
96
a'^+b^ ab-b^ a a^ab' a*b*' b
^^ x^x6
'
x^2x 8
2.
'
M-2x-15
'
x^+lx- U
r*-b* a'
4.
a-b
x^+8x33' x^-{-9x+20'
a2 2a6+62' ^2^06*
^^
a+b
ab
x2
I
(Py + ^,!j I/
a;
^
a;+y'
-
y^
y *-" x*
a;2+l+-,
x^
9.
6
+ -2
6a;
^
12,
a^
+ 2 + a" ^2,
a2
-2+
-
~2
+ ^^,
a+a;'
Divide
11
a;^-lla;+30
,
o^5x
"^
o2._62
a;2_6x+9"
a;2-3a;
,
x^xy
by
a^-\-ab
I M* xyy
^.
b
'
o2+62_g24.2a6 c2 a2 62+2a6
a-\-b-^c
6+c
y
i+rby? + ^,
y3 x'
.<9. ^^^
x*y*
^-^->y^'-^' xv xy
gg 4 o2+5o
a''+2g
iplify:
0+1
a^2a
0+2
a^a
'
o*-4
a*a^
'^'
o2 25'
FRACTIONS
199
XJ^ ^'
2x2+x-l
2x^-5a;+3
2x^-7x+6
3a;2-7a;-6*
a;2-4a;+3 ^ 6a;2+a;-2
>. ( -^ + ^.)-(+-)^-
^ ^'
23
'
(a+6)^-(c+t^)^
^ (g-c)2-(rf-6)'^
(a+c)2-(6+d)2
a''-64
(a_fe)2_(d_c)2-
a2+24o+128
A
02+120-64 0^-64
\
^ a2-16a+64
"
'
a2+4a+16
26-a \ 26-3a/
24
^ _
Complex
26
2a
V0-6A
3a-26/
U+26
142.
Fractions.
complex
fraction
in either the
is one numerator or
Thus, -
is
a complex fraction
and
is,
way
of
writing r
-f-
It
,
is
way by changing
it
into
X be which
,-
d
-
equals r^
be
ad
A complex fraction may sometimes be easily by multiplying both terms by the same quantity.
Thus,
simplified
=
r
4.
ii ^-
a+2b
a+b
"^
6(a
a+2b
b
a_
(a+2b){a-\-b)
+ 26) + a(a + 6) _ ab
~ a+b
500
If
ALOE BR
th
L.C.D.
it is
is
both terms
of
the
fraction,
Ex.
Simplify z2
X-f2 x-{-2~
xl X2
x+3'
z^
2x
(x+2){x-2)
-10a;
(a;+2){a;-3)
= {x+l){x-2)-{x-\){x+2) (x+2){x-2)
= =
(a;-2)(z-3)-(x+2)(x+3) (x+2)(x-3)
-2x
(x+2)(x-2)
(a;+2)(a;-3)
the fraction
x-S
6(-2)
-lOx
BXBROISBl
Simplify
:
97
1
1.*
60 66
2.
11
ft
60
3.
12c
g a+6
a;
4.
xy
x^+y*
a;4-y
12c
1
1+*
6. 6.
0+6
1
06
7.
]
a;
+y
+y
1o
2zy_
x-\-y
l+x
a-j-6
a
g
2 a^5a
a
(a;+3y)g-(a:-3y)'
a
+ a
IV
(Zx+y)^-{Zx-y)*
2
10.
+ xy + m xhj[^ 1
t
+ 6-
a
6_'
c-H
12
\
_a
t-fc
13^
FRACTIONS
a
1*.
b
20%
a+b
I
a+b
I
16
"
a^
,
ab^ b^
16.
of
17.
-^^ when x= -^ y= ^ a-\-b ab x+y ^~^^+? when a - ^11^, 6 = fc^' (a:+2/)2 x+2/ l+2a+6
98 (Review of Chapter
EXERCISE
Simplify
^
:
XV)
a a
a
2a*
a
c
/^'
_
a;+3y
(a?-!/)*
Sy-a:
a:-9i/'
l_lj_!/
X y
1
ac_
^_x
y
/K
^_ ^ _i_
/i
/
.
4.
^_
^
4-
^
fi
^_ _
(l-a;)3
(l
L-
("-fe)' )
fe'
1
I
r"^
4a6
26c
V
,
2o&
26c
+ Q* \ /
V,
1
J,
+ (l+x)=' + a;)-(l-a;)'
6*
\(,
6c-c\
_1
x+1
a*ab a'-b
t/^
'
a;+3x+2"^a;3+6a;+lla;+6'
ab + b*
'
2a6
'
+ 68
a*+o6+6
v'o
a+x i_+
+oa;+a;*
ax - a* aa;+a;*
2x' zz
a*+a*a;*+x*
yi4.
(l-a)
|(l-a)
(a>-l)
(a
+ ^)}.
*
6+c
W^*
(o-6)(o-c)
c+a
(6-c)(6-o)
'"
0+6
(c-o){c-6)
202
^*
ALGEBRA
ix-y)ix-z)
'16.
y'
''
{y-z){y-x)
^
1
{z-x){z-y}
47 '
18.
^+6
6z
3x-9
2a;-3x-9
+ 6x-6"^
ISx-lO 9x-12x+4"
(a;_i)(2-a;)
(x-2)(4-x)
(a;-4)(l-T)
19.
How
x+a
XXX
x+b
-\
is
the
,
sum
b
I
of
'
x+c ^^
x*y*
y*_ ^^
x+a~^x+6
-
x+o
4^'
+y
xy
_^ ^
by "^
'
,
^^^
x+y
f'
x-t/* x
a*-(6 + c)*
6'-(c-a)
(a-fe-c)
f' '22.
/
Divide
^
a
7.
+ '-^ + b
^-:::i-i by
c
2-fl+UlY cl \a b
^
0/f,
x(l-y) + y(l-x')
(l_a;)(l-2/)-4x2/
(l-X3/)-(x+t/)
c=i5
o. 24.
25.
2,2 o=r
2
5. 2 d o=s X 2
2,2
prove a = x. ^
l+a:'
'^^'
" 10 26. Subtract . -^ from t- and determine which fraction o-\- 10 greater if a is greater than b and if both a and 6 are positive.
is
the
y
28. 29.
Add
(l
'
+ cq)(l+c6)
when x = a-\-b
as
it
(c-a){c-6)
Show that
xa
xb
has when
x=
j a+b
Bum
Prove that the product of any two quantities divided by the sum of their reciprocals.
is
equal to their
*,><'/
FRACTIONS
30.
If
203
c
,
y = ;
a 2= ab
,
^, ^ prove that
xyz + x + y-\-z = 0.
31.
If
a=^^^,
x+y
= ^-^,
y+z
z+x
(l_a)(l_6)(l_c) = (l+a)(l+6)(l+c).
32.
If
is
the greater
a+3 b
a+26
y33.
Simplify
-
a + 26
^"^
a+6
-6
^^
2(a+6)
a+3b
2(a*
4b
+ 6*)
zx
o*-6*'
x~y
Simplify ^ ^
yz
i/*
35.
xt
X ^ 3
,
-|
X 1
12
,
(z a;)*
^. X
36
When x=
a+c
iac
X* 4c*
^
I,
a;
y x
^
37.
Simplify J
j
_i^-^;-^ x(y-x)
^
-,(^-?\
\a; />
2/(y-a;)
CHAPTER XVI
FRACTIONAL EQUATIONS
If an equation involves fractions, the fractions may 143. be removed by multiplying every term by the same quantity. In Chapter VI. simple examples of fractional equations
were given.
The case
attention.
in
special
Thus,
if
is
multipUed by bd we have
bd.
- X bd
^ X a
ad=bc.
144.
Cross
Multiplication.
It
is
we can remove
the fractions
Ex. 1.Solve
Cross multiply,
.-.
z5 x1
a;
x-{-3
a;+9
+ 4aj-45 = x-4x-21,
8a;=24,
x=3.
Verify
by
substitution.
This method is applicable only when a single appears on each side of the equation.
fractioD
FRACTIONAL EQUATIONS
r. o Ex. 2. Solve
,
206
4a:+17
x4-3
r-
7 =^
3a:- 10
_ ~
4a; 18 a; 4
'
Now
and
verify.
SXBRCISE]
Solve and verify
^
:
99
3a;+l
2
_ a;+12 3~'
=
a;
2
*
3a:-5
3a;-l
io. r
a;
a;
11
-- 9.
4.
5x-Z~ 5x-\' x 2 a; 6 = ^
a;-3
x-5
3
0.
x4-2_a; 2 ~l 2
7a;-3
,
a;
1~'
x+1
~2
_ x 3 _ a;+30
13"
2x+5
3
a;2_^7x-6
/
9.
x2+5x-10
10.
X 1
^
x+2
x+1 x-1
x-(-l
= 2-^.
X
X 2
x-3
^
X 1
J_ + l = ^.
X
11.
J_ + J_^^.
2x+38 x+12
2x4-7
3
12.
3x 2
^i:i_2^ =
6x
o.
13.
_ 6x+8
2x+l
8x+19
12
,
^^
^^
.
y-S
2/2-87/+15
^.
y-l2
2/2-122/+30
10.
^^
= 5x+ll
7x+9
lb.
X 1 X 2
2x+7
x-5 = x-3
,
17.
._
6-8x
3 X
= 8.
/
x+1
^ /IS.
x+1
3x-5 5x+9
x+2
x+3
49.
4x3+4x2+8x+l 2x2+2x+3
_ 2xg+2x+l
X 3
/21
*
X
J-
^-^-^
1-6
"^1-25
_^ _
^=
1-8
2x-3
9
"^
"
206
oo 22.
to a
cbolve
1
ALOEBRA
3a; 4a;+5
3x
= 4a; 5a;+7 4x
by
-,
farst
mixed expression.
Find three consecutive numbers so that the sum of the second anu } of the third may be 30.
Divide 300 into two parts so that
7,
if
23.
first,
of ^ of the
24.
the other by
answers.
25.
How much
make
a
lb.
of a
4%
solution
of salt to
3%
solution
26.
number and
the
by
5.
What was
of tea
number
lb.
A man
bought 180
lb.
and 560
costing 1^ as much as the tea per lb. He sold the tea at a loss of 25% and the coffee at a gain of 50%, and gained $62-60 on the whole. What
lb. ?
1 lb. less,
some butter at 25c. a lb. If I had received 5c. more I would have received 2c. more per lb. How many lb.
did I
29.
sell ?
If I walk to the station at the rate of 11 yards in 5 seconds have 7 minutes to spare yards in 6 if I walk at the rate of 10 seconds I am 3 minutes late. How far is it to the station ?
I
;
145.
CI
^+6
2x-18
2z-\-3
16
3a;+4
Here we might multiply each term by the L.C.D., which is 132. be found simpler, however, to remove all the fractions but the first, to the same side of the equation, as they are easily reduced to a
It will
common
denominator.
g+6 _
2a; 18
2a:+3
16
3x+4
n "
U ~
a;
x+6 ^
Now
ettrrect
simplify,
cross
multiply
solution.
The
answer
is
=6.
FKACTWNAL EQUATION
This
if
207
of
problem
shows
that
the
denominators
certain
2a:+3
it
is
seen that
it
is
first
2x+3
Subtract the
the result.
T^
first
5a:+4
*
5x-{- 1
two
Ex. 3. Solve
Here
it
is
xl
X 2
x2
o a: 3
x4:
K xo
+ x5 = 0
,
xo
laborious to multiply all the fractions by the found easier to change the equation so as to have two fractions on each side, then simplify each side and cross multiply. Solve by transposing the last two fractions, also by transposing the second and fourth, and compare the results.
too
L.C.D.
It will be
Ex. 4.-Solve
AA^Addmg
u on each
-J
-1^
-1_
= ^-1-^ +
-1-g
,.
'
side,
2x+7 x*+7x+10
'
^^>
^^"'^ '^
(x^+lx+lO ~ x^+lx+u)
= ^'
x=-S^
or x^
Since the equation x* 7a;+ 10 = x^+7a;+ 12 is impossible, only root of the given equation is x= 3^. (Verify this root.)
If in line (1) we divide each side of the equation by 2x-\-'i an impossible equation will result. It is not allowable to divide both sides of an equation by a common factor unless we know that the factor is not zero. Here 2x-\-l might be equal
208
aW:BRA
to zero, and, in fact, would be if x= If x=Z\ the 3^. equation in line (1) is satisfied as each side becomes zero. Solve the equation by writing it in the form
ji
X-+5
a;+4~z+3
EZBRCISB
100
L--J
L
x-\-2'
2x+l
5
_ 6x _ 3a:
~T5
3a:+5
6a;+3'
^
'
2a:+3
4
6x4- 1
6x^ ~
3x-l
2
x\
_ x-\-2
2
a;+3
*
"t"
*
I
6x+2
3
_ 2a:4-l ~ 14
29
,
2x-l
=ft.
4 ^
3a;-2
x-8
_5
"*"
2a;-16
5a;
24
3x-24
12
12x+8
_ 6x4-7 ~ 9x+6
_ 7x-14 _ 23x-88 f2~ ~ 17X-66
13x 10
36
4x+9
~T8
1
3x-4 6x-9
5X-17 18-4x
1
,
12
6x-5 8x^12
23
2x-ll
14
3x-7
21
42
5x-7
lOx-5
10
4x-3 4x-2
1^
Jl
X 1
X 10. X 5
r^.
1111
X 2 X 3
X
l___l
X 7
X
x f6
-i^+
3x-fl2
3
'
'
6x+24
2x4-10
14.
5__
, 1
_8
1_
,,
,
.
15.
X 8
?; 10
X 7 7 X 5 X 4 = X 5 X 7 X 6 X 7 X
, 1
(transpose terms)
FRACTIONAL EQUATIONS
,^
lb.
209
2x-21
x-14
2x-n
z-9
17.
2x 27 x-14
'
into 2
+ x-14
'
4x-17
lOx-13
X
19.
2x 3
2x-ll
8x-30 2x 7
4X-55
5x-4
X
x-6
5X-64
X 13
X 6
X 14
x+l^x-2^x-l
21.
22.
Solve
b-\-c
If
is
1
\
c+a
a+b
it
3.
a^b^ab,
does
follow that a
?
must be equal to b)
What
Unknown. Equations often which the known quantities are represented bj" letters instead of numbers. These are called literal equations. The same methods are used in solving them as were used
146.
Literal Equations with one
occur
in
in solving
Ex.
1.
Solve az=bx-\-c.
ax~bx = c,
.*.
Solve
.-.
8a;
= 3>c+20
4.
8x-3x = 20,
5x=20,
c
.-.
x(db) = c,
x=^ =
ab
Here the letters a, b, c represent some known numbers whose values, however, are not stated, while x represents the unknown whose value is to be found in terms of a, 6 and c.
represent
represent
Usually the earlier letters of the alphabet are used to known quantities, and the later ones x, y, z to
are practically
coefficients
unknown ones. Compare the two solutions given. They identical. When we work with numerical
result
the
210
ALGEBRA
Note.
The
pupil
of giving
x=
as a sohition of ax
= bx-\-c.
but
it is
This statement
is
umknown
in
Ex. 2. Solve
Removing
brackets,
Transposing,
a;(a
+ 2) = 3a-t-6,
_3a + 6 "^"0+2'
The result should be verified by substitution, but this will frequently be found more troublesome than the solution. When it is not verified in the usual way, tue pupil should review his work to ensure accuracy.
T^
Ex. 3. Solve
Cross multiply,
r.
^^ ax
xa hx
bxb^ x^-\-bx = axa*x^-\-ax, :. 2bx-2ax = b'-a', _ ^' ' _ ^+a 2" ^~2{b-a)
Verify by substitution.
EXERCISE
Solve for
1.
x,
101
verify 1-12:
2.
mx-\-a=b.
x-{-a
ax=bx-\-2.
3.
a-\-h
c.
_7
3 6
_
'
"
xa_a
x-\-b
_
'
xc_ab
x-{-c
xa
b
.
a-\-b
a_
X
..
xa_xb
xb
xaxh_.
*
'
xa+b.
c
xa
** 11.
I
26
i
2a
L\
c\
ax
10.
=b
a
1
dx
.
Ti
d
12.
_ 1l_ 1 - 1 = 1_
X X
b
13.* (o+a;)(6+a;)=(c+a;)(d4-a;)-
FRACTIONAL EQUATIONS
14.
211
{ax-b)(bx+a)=a(bx^-a).
a
b
15.
16.
_ ab
xc
xa
zb
17.
x{xa)+x{xb)=2{xa){xb).
{x-a){x-b) = {x-a-b)^.
Xa
18.
19.
2a
'-^^
x
3a
x 4a
'-.
20
.21.
{xa)(xb)-(x+a){z+b) = {a+b)^.
{a+x){b+x)-a(b+c)^'^ + x^
b
22. 23.
(a4-z)(6-x)+x2=fc(a+x)-
a
a
is
a'^x^b^+abx=a^bH.
The excess
of a
24.
number over
three times
its
excess over
b.
may
may exceed
A
If
rectangle
is
feet longer and b feet narrower than a Find the side of the square.
a,
a number be divided by
of the
sells
the
sum
and one-third
29.
number
is 6.
A man
?
mth part
of his
farm and
How many
farm
30.
Solve {ax){bx)={cx){dx).
= - (a+i),
=
r
,
solve for w
for a
fori.
32
If 5
solve for a
for
I ;
for
r.
33.
for g.
V 2
212
ALGEBRA
147. Literal Equations with two Unknowns. Every simple equation in x and y may be reduced to the form ax-\-by=c, where a, b, and c represent known quantities. If two equations in x and y with literal coefficients be given, the equations may be solved by the same methods as were used with equations with numerical coefficients.
Ex.
1.
Solve
ax-j-byc,
axby=d.
Adding,
2ax=c-\-d,
.".
-x
Subtracting,
2by=c-d,
cd
,".
26
Ex.
2.
Solve
(1) (2)
ax-\-by=c,
(1) (2)
'mx->rny=k.
Multiply
Multiply
by by
n,
b,
nax-{-'nby=cn.
binx+bny=kb.
x(na 6m) = cn ^6,
Subtracting,
cn kb
nabtn
We
might substitute
it is
this value of x in either of the given equations simpler to solve for y in the same way as we did
bman
or
anbm
Ex.
3.
Solve
a^x-^b^y=c^, a^x+h^y=c.^.
They
a,, a.,, etc., are used to represent are read " a one, a two, b one, etc." There
known quanis
no relation
in
value between a^ and a.,, nor a, and fej. The notation is used to obviate the necessity of employing many different letter forms. Solve these equations as in the preceding example and obtain
62Cj-6iC^
ggCi-aiCg
ftjOa-ft^Oi
016,-026,'
FRACTIONAL EQUATIONS
EXERCISE
Solve for
1.
.r
213
102
and
y, verify 1-12:
mx-\-ny^=a,
2.
'
lx-\~my=m,
mx-\-ly=l.
3.
px-\-qy=r,
x-|-j/=0.
^'
mxny=b.
4.
ax-\-hy=a^-{-h'^,
5.
ax-}-by=2ab,
yji.
x-\-y=a-\-b.
bxay=b^a^.
8.
ax^hy=2, ahcb^y=ab.
^
J.
9.
axby=2a^+3b% bx+ay=ab.
a^x+bh/^a^ab+b^,
ax by=a b.
axby=2ab, 2bx+2ay=3b^-a^.
g^
10.
"^
a X a
13.*
+ 1 = 3, n b
y
b
,
^1. ^^ ^
n. a
+ f = 2, h b
12.
a^x-b^y=a-'+b^
r
axby=a^b^.
= 2. = _ ^,
^,
'
a2x+62y=a3-63,
14.
a^x+biy=Ci,
16.
3a
46
y
X
16.
(a+6)a;-(a-6)l/=^a2+6^
17.
^ + ^=c
X
y
xy=ab
X
18.
a:
+ a
^=^ +
2/
= 6.
19.
a-\-b
l:^ +
X
5a
a;
^==22.
y
'356
2/
_rt_
20.
If
If If
z.
ax-\-by=c and
x 2/=l,
21.
22.
x,
y=ax-\-b and
x=pyq, prove
6).
bx-\-ay-\-cz=ac-{-bc,
ax-{-by=ac,
cy-\-dz=ad,
solve
for
y and
23.
What
is
b,
if
the following
ax+362/=a2+362,
3x+i/=3a+6,
4tx~Zy=m
14
ALGEBRA
BXE3RCISE;(39ii^
mevlew
of
Chapter XVI)
5,7-.,-i.-.)=,(-8).
3
'
'
/2x-3
x-4
"^
x+1 _
~^
x~3
5-x
6~
*
2x-3 3x-7 _ ~ 21 5 V"- 2x+l + 3x+5~ a(x a) 6(x 6) = (o + 6;(x o 6). 12. ax+6 = 6x+a.
^,
,/^-
^,
4-x
"13
/*
>6. -^
+ -7
4x
^-^-
16.
+ f=l.
f-f,= 40
3a
5.
^J = ^. axb ex
^
17
A4-l-7l + -i--3
ax + 6i/ = 2o6, aw-6x=o-6. ^ ^
'
^18
tf
1
I
^^
b
19. y^
20.
X r , x+6
^
=1
^
I '
-r x+6
^
21
x+3
^^_^iJ_^+^_^^.
x+4
1^22.
xH-6
x+ 7
x+10
x-10
x-2
"
t/ ^^'
A/26. ^
a
2x
\-2b(a-c)
X +r=
c(a
+ b)-\
2x
c
27.
+ ^=^--3+7.?^-^ = 24i-4j,.
28.
1+2^-3x^3 7x-3y_^^^^
-
2.
+ -=
-7,
3x-2y=
-10a:y.
FRACTIONAL EQUATIONS
30.
31.
216
^ + ^ = 2lxy,
What
5y-2x = 24x7/.
make
equal to
,
,
value of y will
x+5
-^+V
,
yl
xl
?^? -^ + y+11
.
Two sums of money are together equal to $1000, and 5J% of 32. the larger exceeds 6J% of the smaller by 16 cents. Find the sums.
Find a fraction such that if 4 be added to its numerator 33. becomes equal to J, but if 4 be added to its denominator it becomes f
34.
If
it
clusion that X
= a c
indicating at
what point
it
is
assumed that a
and
c are
vmequal.
fractions whose sum is unity. Add between their squares. Show that the result
35.
is
A man
He
the latter.
has 30,000 invested, part at 4|% and the rest at 5J%. annum more income from the former than from How much is invested at each rate ?
37. The sum of three numbers a, b, c is 3036; a is the same multiple of 7 that b is of 4, and also the same multiple of 5 that Find the numbers. c is of 2.
38.
39.
If 5 If
b.
(2a
+ nd d),
solve for a
for d.
a;*
ax by = a*-{-b*, x y = 2b and
+ 2/* = c,
hill
find c in terms of
a and
40.
A man
hill.
and 3J
nailes
per hour
of
He walks 56 miles in 20 hours on a road no part is level. How much of it is up hill ? A farm cost 3| times as much as a house. By selling 41.
Jown
at
which
loss,
In 10 years the total population of a city increased 11%. 42. The foreign population, which was originally ^j of the total, decreased by 1160 and the native population increased by 12%. Find the total
CHAPTER XVn
EXTRACTION OF ROOTS
In art. 65 we have seen any trinomial, which is a perfect square, may be written down by inspection. We have also seen that every quantity has two square
148.
and
is
is
{a-\-b),
{ab).
or
{a-'rb)=a-\-b or
If
ab; (ab)=ab
in
is
ba.
form a root. It is usual, however, to give only the square root which has its first term positive, and we say that the square root of a^-\-2ab-\-b~ is a-\-b and of a^2ab-{-b^ is a 6 or ba.
its
we had
written a^2ab-{-b^
is
equivalent
b^2ab-\-a^,
it
seen
that
ba
EXERCISE
State the square
104 (Oral)
EXTRACTION OF ROOTS
WH
149. Formal Method of Finding Square Root. When the square root of an expression of more than three terms ia required, it is not always possible to write down the square
root
by
inspection.
Let us again examine the square of the binomial a -[-6, which is a2-(-2a6+62 The first term of the square root is a, which is the square root of a2. The second term of the square root, h, may be obtained in two different ways, either from the last term, h^, or from the middle term, 2ab. Let us now see how we could obtain the second term in the square root from the middle term 2ab. This term is twice the product of a which is already found, and of the last term of the square root which is still to be found. If twice the product of a and the last term is 2a6, then we can find the last term of the root by dividing 2ah by 2a, which
gives
b.
term
in
called the
trial divisor.
Since a'^-\-2ah-\-'b'^=a^-\-h{2aArh),
we
that
is,
the
trial divisor
it.
in the
The
(1)
a*-\-2ab-\-b* \o.-{-h
is
The square
root
of
a*
a.
The
a*
2a + 6
+2a6 + 6
2ab + b*
The
2a
trial
second
term
is
When
root.
(3)
The complete
divisor
is
multiplied by b
21
ALGEBRA
2ab-{-b^ there
is
no remainder.
Tlie
thnn
17
+ 6.
It might be thought that step (3) is unnecessarj-, as the root has already been found in (1) and (2). It is unnecessary if we take for granted that the expression is a perfect square. If you attempt to find the square root of a* + 2a6 + 46* and do not go beyond steps (1) and (2), you would get the result a-\-b, aa before. This, however, is not the correct result. Why ?
We can now extend the method to find the square root of a quantity of more than three terms.
9x*- 12x'+ 10x-4x+
9x*
1
|
3x-2a;+
6z^-2x -12x3+I0x2-4x+l
\
-12x+
4x
6x 4x+I |6x'-4x+l
6x-4x+l
After finding the first, two terms in the root, as in the previous example, the 3x^ 2x is treated as a single quantity and tlie second trial divisor is twice 3x^- 2x or 6x^ 4x. The square root is 3x' 2x+ 1.
150.
in
Verifying
Square
Root.
We
writing
down
the square ol
3:c- 2x-4-l.
to substitute a particular
number
^nd
When x=l, 9x<- 12r+ 10x- 4x+ 1 = 9- 12+ 10-4+ 1 = 4, =2. 3x2- 2x+ 1 = 3-2+1
Since the square root of 4
is 2,
we presume
the work
is
correct.
EXERCISE
1.
106
Find the square root, by the formal method, and verify the results
x2+12x+36.
9xH24x!/+16;/2.
?. 4. 6. 8.
9a2-6a+l.
25x'^\0zy+t/-.
3.
5.
\-\Sab + Hla'b'.
49a*-28a^b^+ib*.
7.
aH2a^-3a* 4a4-l
4x*+4x'+5a;+2a;+l.
EXTRACTION OF ROOTS
9.
21
z-6a;3+17a;2-24x+16.
a*-4a36+6o262_4Q/,3^ft4^
13. 14.
10.
9a*-12a3+34a2fiOa+25
a^-^a'^+^a^^.
11.
^12.
9a*
+ 12a36+34a262_(_20a63+256*.
x-4x5+6x3+8x2+4x+l.
a;*-2x3+2x2-x+i.
a*
15.
4a3
fc"
6*^
,
2a^_4a
fe2
ft
^
its
17.
o2_4a6+6ac+462 126c+9c2.
square root.
By
If
is
make
it
the value of
21.
Using factors,
(x2+3x+2)(x2+5x+6)(x2+4x+3).
22.
of
Find the
first
2x Sx^
and
4-12x.
23.
When x 10,
the
latter
of
In algebra, an expression of which the square root is is usually a perfect square. When such is the case the formal method may be greatly abbreviated.
151.
required
Ex.
1.
The The
.'.
first
x'
and the
is
last is
+3
or
3.
is
2x',
is
4x*-i-2x' or 2x. x* 2x + 3 or x* 2x 3.
22t
ALGEBRA
If -(v* square ar* 2x + 3, the term containing x will be twice the product of 2x and 3 or - 12x. If we square x* 2x 3, the term containing x will be +12x. We thus see that if the expression is a perfect square, the square
root
is
X*
2x+3.
by putting
Check
this
x= 1.
Ex.
2.
Find
4x4+20x3+ 13x2-30a:+9.
What is the first term in the square root ? What is the trial divisor 7 What is the second term in the root ? What may the last term be ? What is the square root ? (Verify your answer.)
Ex.
3.
descending powers of
a.
The
.".
first
term
is
The
3a'-^2a*
or 3a.
the root
is it ?
a* ^a-fj ora* 5a .
(Verify
Which
by squaring.)
Ex.
4.
Find
in
descending powers of
o,
+9
2
-.
The
la^t 13
first
term
2a, the
second
is
4a -r 4a or 1,
and the
+-.
~a
Complete and
verify.
cases that
It
is
it is only in the most complicated necessary to use the formal method in full. advisable to use the contracted method whenever it is
possible.
EXTRACTION OF ROOTS
BXBRCISB
Find the square
results.
221
106
Verify the
root,
1.
3.
5. 7.
x*+2x^-^x^-2x+l.
2.
x*-4kx^+6x^-4x+l.
o* 6084.502+ 12a+4.
9a*-6a3+13a2-4a+4.
4a;*+20a;3_3x2-70x+49.
67a;2+49+9a;*-70z-30x3.
a:+2x3-a;+].
4.
6.
x*+8x^+12x^lQx+^.
x*
+ 6xhj+7x^y^6xy^+y*
x^' l-l0z+21x^-l0x^+x\
10. 12.
9.
ai2_8a9+18a-8a34-l.
11. 13.
x^-2x^+?,x^-lx+^^.
a-6a2
+ ll --, + 1 a^ a*
i^a;2_^a;^i.
14.
15.
- - 3x3 ^
4
17.
54-
1
X^
!_2x+x2.
X
19.* (x+i/)-4(x+2/)3
20.
+ 6(x+2/)2-4(x+2/) +
l.
x2(x-5a)(x a)+a2(3x-a)2-3a2x2.
(a-6)2Ka-6)'-2(a2+62)f + 2(a*+6*).
(a4-6)*-2(a2462)(o4fe)242(a*+6*)(..
If
+ J.) + 4(.'+i^) + 6.
is
a;*+6x'+ 7x^^4-0x41
a perfect square,
what
is
the 7aiue
25.
If the
sum
of the squares of
of their product,
be a
26.
If
4cX*+l2x^y+kx'^y^-{-6xy^-\-y*
is
k.
27
If
m=X
and n=^ y
-,
y
show fjat
mn4V(m2+4)(n24-4)=2x2/428.
xy
Check when
a:=10.
222
152.
ALGEBRA
Cube
of
Monomial.
When
is
the factors.
Thus, the cube of 2a or (2a)3=2a 2a 2a = 8a', the cube of a* or (a*)' =a* a* a* = a^, and the cube of Za^ or (Sa')' = ^^a^ Sa' 3a= 27a*.
. .
. . .
.
is
the cube of
is
125a'6'x*.
153.
Cube
a-\-b
of
Binomial.
its
cube of
a-\-b.
by multiplying
also the
2a6 "^^
a^
+ 6
Find
cube of ab.
{a+bY=(i^+'^a''h + Zah-'-\-b\
Note that in each case the cube contains four terms, in descending powers of a and ascending powers of b, and the numerical coefficients are 1, 3, 3, 1. The cube of ab is the same as the cube of a-\-b, except that the signs are alternately plus and minus. From the forms of these two cubes, the cubes of other expressions may be written down.
Ex.
1.
Ex.
2.
Ex.
3.
+ 2yy = x^ + 3x^{2y) + 3x{2y)^ + (2y)\ = x^ + 6x*y+l2xy^ + 8y^. (32r-2i/)3 = {3x)3-3(3x)'(2i/) + 3(3x)(2i/)-{2i/)3, = 21x^-54x^y+36xy^-Sy^. (a^-6 + c)3 = (a-^-fe + c)^
{x
= (a + 6)3 + 3(a + 6)c + 3(a + 6)c + c3, = a + 3a*6 + 3a6 + 63 + 3aSc + 6a6c + 36c + 3oc* + 36c + c', =a* + b* + c' + Z{a*b + ab* + b*c + bc* + c*a + ca*) + 6abc.
EXTRACTION OF ROOTS
223
224
155.
ALGEBRA
Cube Root
of
Compound
Expression.
is is
root of a^-{-2a^b
+ 3ab^^b^
a-\-b,
a^2a~b^3nb^-b^
when an expression
its
ab.
Therefore,
a perfect cube,
and
last terms.
is
Ex. 1. The cube root of x^--6x*y-\-\2xy^ 8y^ cube root of x' is z and of Sy^ is 2y. Ex. 2. The cube root
of
x2y,
since the
a^-2a*b + lab*-
^^b^
is
evidently a-^b.
In the cube of a-\-b, the second term is 3a^b. After finding first term a of the cube root, we might have found the second term of the root by dividing Sa^b by Sa^, that is, by three times the square of the term already found.
the
Thus, the second term of the cube root in Ex.
1
is
and
in
Ex.
is
6x*?/-^3x* 2a*6H-3a'
or
2y,
or -6.
Here
trial
three times the square of the first term of the root is the
divisor,
corresponding to twice
the first
term in finding
Ex.
3.
Find
The The
first
8x+12x5-30x4 35a;3+45x2+27a; 27. term in the root is 2x* and the last is 3.
the second term of the root
is is
3(2x*^
or I2x^ .". the second term of the root .". the cube root is 2x*+s; 3.
12x^-1- 12x* or x.
It is thus seen that it is easier to find cube root by inspection than to find square root, as in finding cube root there is no ambiguity as to the sign of the last term in the root. 156.
root
Higher Roots. Since (x^)^=x*, we may find the fourth by taking the square root and then the square root of
the result.
EXTRACTTON OF ROOTS
Also, since {x^)^=z^
225
root
and {x^)^=x^, we can find the sixth by taking the square root of the cube root, or the cube
the
32x+16
is
x*
+ 4x + 4,
x-\-2.
is
of
x*-2z+l,
x 1.
BXE3RCISE
State the cube root of
1.
:
108
(1-15,
Orali
-64.
2.
27a3.
3. 6. 8.
-\25a%^.
4.
-8(a-6)3
5. 7.
x3+3a;24-3a;+l.
x^-'^xh^+Zxy'^-y^.
a3+6a2+12a+8.
9.x^-\2x^+Qx-\.
9.
a;V+3xV+3x2/+l.
125x3-75x2+ 15x-l.
10.
12.
64a3-144a2+108a-27.
27x3-27x22/+9x?/2-j/3.
11.
15.
m3
- 9w + -
first
'
"^
16.
:r-
- 6x< +
12x2m3
_ gw*.
What
'
f.
x+3x5+6x*+7x3+6x2-t-3x+l,
what
the
is
the
term
in the root
What
is
?
is
?
What
is
'
t.
^
27
27
^*l
u^^Sim
l-6x+21x2-44x3+63x*-54x5+27x.
^ 2-,-3+2x-7 + ---. + ^- -f
a;3
,
I-Z^^-Ja..*
**
-n a9.
20. 21.
22. 23.
x2
18
.^
-/
^l
^-iZ
Ik^im
^^
t^
27a-108a + 171a*-136a=+57a'=-12a+l.
(I
^q^"
VQ.
-/
?
+ 3x2)2-x2(3+x2)2.
will
^^''^itOiay
x3+3cx2+2c2x+5c3 be a
perfect cube
X* 4x^+6x2 4x+l,
'^i.i^-.'i.'n
(f)i
'^
226
24.
25.
ALGEBRA
Find the fourth root of a 12a3-)-54a* 108a Find the sixth root of
+ 81
EXERCISE
Find the square root of
1.* 9z*-24xt/
2.
3.
4.
6. 6. 7.
Jx-Jx+Vx*-5x+l.
12a3x-26a*x* + 25x + 9a-20ax3.
8.
9.
(2x'-x-3)(x*-4x-5)(2x*-13x+15).
4x
is
20x
33x
32x
34
+ -^ XX*
^_^
*
What
10.
11.
27-136x+225x-125x.
8x-12x'>+]8x-13x-f 9x-3x+l.
(a-fe)3
t,
'^*
'I**
"*"
12.
+ 36(fc-)*-f 3fe(-*) + i.
:
13.
l-2x, 1-a,
Find the value of y for which 14. square and prove by trial that your result
16.
last
+ x. x* 2(a y)x + y*
is
is
a complete
correct.
The first two terms of a perfect square are 49x* 28x*, and the two are -|-6x+|. What must the square root be ?
Prove that the product of any by unity is a -perfect square.
four
16.
consecutive
integers
increased
Find the square root of a* + 4a*+6o* + 4a+ 17. square root of 14,641.
18.
By
t.
If a
+ b)' + 3(a + b)*(a-b} + 3(a + b){a-b)' + {a-b)\ = fc4- 1, show tiiat a> fc- = 3a6.
l
3;
EXTRACTION OF ROOTS
227
Show that the product of any four consecutive even integers 20. How might the result be deduced increased by 16 is a perfect square.
from No. 16
21.
?
By
To the square
of the
integers,
of tlieir
double product of any two consecutive sum. Prove that the result is always
Express in symbols
The
of
their difference
difference.
Prove that
true.
The expression 8x9-36a:8 + 66x'-87a;+105x*-87x* + 61x-42x+12x-8 Find its cube root by getting two terms from the is a perfect cube. first two terms of the expression and the other two from the last two terms. Check when x=I.
What number must be added to the product of any four 25. consecutive odd integers so that the sum may be a perfect square ?
Show that the sum of the cubes of three consecutive integers 26. exceeds three times their product by nine times the middle integer.
27.
of the
4x*+
^y^<^-^
Q 2
CHAPTER
XVIII
QUADRATIC SURDS
157.
Surd.
When
is
the root of a
number cannot be
exactly
called a surd.
equal to
Thus, we cannot find exactly the number whose square is 2, and we represent the number by the symbol a/2
it is
called a
rational
By the arithmetical process of extracting the square root of 2, we can obtain the value of V 2 to as many decimal places as we pleaae, but its exact value can not be found. To four decimal places the value of V2 is 1-4142. Find the square of 1-4142 by multiplication and see how closely it approximates to 2. We can find geometrically a line whose length is V2 units. In this square, whose side is 1 unit, draw the diagonal BD. Then, from geometry, we know that
:.
:.
BD*=l*+\* = 2, BD =V2.
10 \inits.
thus estimate as closely as you can the value of V 2. Make a diagram like this to show how to represent
graphically lines whose lengths are V^, VS, etc. Take the unit line 1 inch in length.
vi, V5,
What
test
of
your drawing
Quadratic surd.
to be
surd hke
V2
in
root
is
found
is
QUADRATIC 3URD9
159.
228'
\/2x V'2=2=V4,
also
^4x^9 = ^/36,
because
2x3=6.
this
Similarly,
is
true
we might expect that -v/2x V3 = V6. That may be shown by finding the square of y/2 x V3.
(\/2xv'3)2=V2xV3x\/2xV3,
= \/2xV2x VSxVS,
=2x3=6.
.-.
a/2x\/3=\/6.
A/3xV'5=Vi5,
y/a x
Similarly,
and
Vb= Voft.
is
Therefore, the product of the square roots of two numbers equal to the square root of the product of the numbers.
Since
Vab=VaxVb,
;
.'.
\/f2=V4x a/3=2a/3,
and
V'50=\/25x V2=5\/2
Thus,
VT8a^=V9a^xV2a=3aV2a.
see that if there is a square factor under the radical sign, that factor may be removed if its square root be taken.
Conversely,
we
Vmy= Va'x*'my.
quantity
it is is is
Mixed and Entire Surds. When a surd 160. the product of a rational quantity and a surd, mixed surd. If there is no rational factor it
entire surd.
called a
called an
{a
b)Vx y
are
mixed
surds,
In the preceding article we have shown that a mixed surd can always be changed into an entire surd, and an entire surd can sometimes be changed into a mixed surd.
230
ALGEBRA
surd
is
said to be in
its
is
simplest form
integral
V50
is
5\/2.
EXERCISE
Find the product
1. of
:
V2, V3.
QUADRATIC SURDS
f
231
^4.
radius
35.
If the area of
(7r
circle is
= 3^).
of the squares of
The sum
is
of
which
is
double
the other,
36.
40.
The length
10 inches.
Find
One
side of a rectangle
is
is
96 square inches.
161.
Find the
sides.
rational factor
In the surd quantity 5\/3, 5 is a is called a surd factor. When aurds, in their simplest form, haye the same surd factor, they are called like surds or similar surds, otherwise they are unlike surds.
Like
Surds.
and
VS
Thus,
3V2, 5^2,
2\/3,
and
162.
" "^
Addition and Subtraction of Like Surds. Like surds be added or subtracted, the result being expressed in the form of a surd.
may
Thus,
Che
sum
Thus, V2-\-V^ can not be combined into a single surd, but the approximate values oi V2 and V3 may be found and added. Show that V2+v'3 = \/5 is not true, by finding the square roots of 2, 3 and 5 each to two decimals.
Is it true that V'i
+ VQ=VYZ
BXBRCISE
111
(1-8,
Oral)
3^2+5^2.
2. 6.
5-\/7-3V7.
3.
6.
2Va+3Va.
4.
2Vx+5Vx-Vx.
VS+V2.
^12+^3.
232
7.
ALGEBRA
Vis-Vs.
V75+Vr2+3\/3.
8.
V4a+V9a.
2V18+3a/8-5\/2.
2\/63-5\/28+a/7.
"^
11
13.
10.
12.
14.
Vi5-V2b+V80.
4\/f28+4\/56-5Vr62.
10^44-4^99.
15. 16.
A/45+V20-\/80+\|r80.
\/72+a/98-V128-V32-\/50.
:
Simplify the following and find their numerical values, correct to two decimal places, using the square root table
17.
VT5.
18.
V63.
19.
2^
V60+\/l5.
20.
VI^-2VI2.
21.
VI28-VT62.
V56+V'72+V'90.
ix2-4 = 19.
^x2=Jx2_47.
Find
1
x2=37***'^,
31x2=132.
27.
3x2+5=50.
i(3x2-ll)=53.
is
25. 28.
The area
of a circle
its
radius.
to 50
QUADRATIC HvltDS
233
It is thus seen that the product of two surds is found by multiplying the product of the rational factors by the product of the surd factors.
5V3x2V3=10.3=30,
also
It,
ay/cxhVc=abc.
therefore, follows that the product of two lik^ surds
i'
Ex. 1.Multiply
VSO by Vl5.
Ex.
2.
Multiply
2
+ 2V3
by 3-V2.
^~ ^^
6-j-6v3
~
6
+ 6\/3-2\/2-2V6-
2v2 2v6 ~ ^
164.
Conjugate Surds.
If
we wish
to multiply
5V3+2V2
we may
by 5\/3-2\/2,
follow the same method as in the preceding example. These expressions, however, are seen to be of the same form as a-\-b and ab,
:.
(5\/3
+ 2V'2)(5V3-2\/2) = (5\/3)2-(2\/2)2=75-8=67.
(3+ V2)(3- V2) = 9-2 = 7,
Similarly,
and
(2-Vl0)(2+\/l0) = 4-10=-6.
Such surd quantities as these which differ only in the s)gn which connects their terms are called conjugate surds. Note that the product of two conjugate surds is always a
rational quaniitv.
234
ALOEBRA
E3XERCISB
112 (1-12. Oral)
2V3,
3a/5.
2. 5.
5\/2, 6a/3.
{2\/3)2, (V2)2.
8.
3.
6.
aVb, bVa.
\/2+l, ^2.
4.
7.
W2,V3,V5.
A/3-1-V5,
-\/2.
\/a+V'6-l, Vc.
9.
V3 + V2, V3-V2.
10.
12.
Vro-
3,
VIO+3.
2v'2 VS.
11.
VxVy,Vx+Vy.
{\/3+a/2)2.
(3\/2-|-2V'3)2.
2\/2-|-\/3,
^?3a/6, 4V2.
15. 17. 19. 21. 23.
14.
3V^, 4\/7,J\/2.
(2\/6-V7)'-
16.
18. 20.
(Va+\^)2.
3\/2 + 2V3,
4-1-3V2, 5-3A/2.
5^2-3^3.
22. ZV5-W2, 2\/5+3"v/2. 3Va~2Vb, 2Va-3Vb. V5+V3+V2, ^5+^3-^2. ^Sk' V7+2V2-V3, V7-2V2+V3. 25. Va+b3, Va+b-]-2. Va+Va 1, Va Va 26.
1.
27.
29-.
(a/3+\/2-|-1)2.
28.
i^-^J!
(V'5+2\/2-\/3)^-
(Va+b+Va^)^.
(3V'^^-2Vx+y)^-
Simplify
31.
(6-2a/3)(6+2\/3)-(5-V2)(5+v/2).
.-/
^^,.32f"(\/3-\/2+l)2+{A/3-|-V2-l)2.
By
VlO-f Vs and
Vs+Vl,
find whicii
lies
is
the greater
3^3 V?
between what
38.
taches.
QUADRATIC SURDS
39.
inches.
235
7-(-4V2 and
7
The
4v'2
40.
is
The base
of a triangle is
2^3 + 3^2
3V3+2\/2
165.
inches.
Division of Surds.
Since
VaxVb=V^,
:.
Vab^Va=J-'=Vb. y
a
,
Inh
Similarly,
Va ~ Vh = 7= = \/ Vh ^ h
3\/l5-f2V5=|V3.
and
Ex.
(1)
1.
Find
might
V2
or p^
V2
We
and
required division.
(2)
,_,
V5
is
In
(3)
^
we changed
,
Vs
-^
into
VlO
,
that
is,
V2
we made
is
the
This operation
called
if
^2=14142.
we
first
V2
by
a/2
-jr-
of dividing
1-4142,
rationalize
the
Then
1 lxV2 = ^ = ^ y^
1-4142
\/2
v/2xV2
2 = ^
2\/6
is
-7071.
_-_,
Ex. 3. Divide
6^8 by
2^2 sVa
10a/27.
6V8
6x2\/2
mV2i
JOxsVa
2xV2xV3 sxVsxVs
2x2-4496
15
= -32W
236
ALGEBRA
4.
hx.
Rationalize
by
its
the denominator of
will
-
be rational
We
if
we
multiply
conjugate
3 V
5.
^ + Vh ^ + Vl ~ 9-5 ~ *
l l
in the fractional
form
2\/3
,_.
7-4\/3
rationalize the
.
EXERCISE
Divide
:
113
(1
QUADRATIC SURDS
Solve, giving the value of x to
JSSTi
two decimal
28.
31.
a;\/2=3.
29.
xVz=V2.
32.
30.
a;V'3=\/2 + l.
x\/2-xV2=\.
x2(\/3-l)==2(\/3+l).
xV5-5=2x-y/5.
33. 34.
The area of a triangle is 2 square feet. V6-\-VZ feet. Find the base to three decimals.
35.
The
altitude
is
Simplify
2+VlO
4\/2+\/20-\/18-a/5
Equations.
is
166.
Surd
the
unknown quantity
of the terms.
in
in
which one or
more
Thus, V'a;+7 = 4,
Vx+Vx 5 = 5,
Ex. 1. Solve
Square both
Verification
Vx^=2.
a; 3 = 4,
.'.
sides,
x=7.
2.
Vx^ = VT^ = Vi =
Ex. 2. Solve
Squaring,
Verification
V5^^-2a/^3=0.
\/5x\ = 2^/x-\-%.
Transpose 2\/x+3,
5x l = 4a;+12,
.-.
x=13.
the positive square root only,
-v/5a;
Note that
in verifying
E3XBRCISB
Solve and verify
1.
4. 7.
:
114
(1-8,
Oral)
2Vx=Q.
\/x+2=4.
2.
5.
Vx 5=4. Wx=V20.
8.
3.
Q\/x=l.
6,
Vx 6=a.
'
.
m+V'i=n.
9.
Vx2+9=9-x.
V9x2-llx-5=3x-2.
10.
7 Vx 4=3. Vx2+llx+3=x+5=
2x-\/4x2-10x+4=4.
11.
CBL
44^,
2a+Vz+a^=b+a.
V(x-o)+2a6+6=*-a+6,
38
ALGEBRA
EXERCISE
116 (Review of Chapter XVIII)
Simplify
1*
QUADRATIC SURDS
^2f\
239
Vs+l
and
V3
1,
what
28C ^^
I
oo^
30.
^5-1 Vo-2
V5-3 \/o + 3
jz:
and
j:z
V 3+V2 7^ V3-V2
of
V3-V2 ~
V3+A/2
7=
x+y xy
4.,afr^ Multiply
y = 2-V3.
2\/30-3V'5 + 5\/3 by
V3 + 2\/2-V5.
t,3gf^ Multiply
^7 + 2^6
by \/7-2V6.
is
The area of a rectangle is ISVlO 25 and one side 33. Find the other side to two decimal places.
3V5 V2-
CHAPTER XIX
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
quadratic equation has already "been defined in In the same article we considered the method of solving some of the simpler forms of it. Quadratic equations frequenlly occur in the solution of problems as shown in the following examples.
167.
art.
104.
Ex.
462.
1.
Find
is
a;(a;+l)
.-.
= 462,
x4-a;-462 = 0.
Ex. 2. The length of a rectangle is 10 feet more than the width and the area is 875 square feet. Find the dimensions.
Let
.".
in the width,
number
x(x+10) = 875,
.-.
a;+l Ox -875
= 0.
Ex.
Let
3.
squares
may
= one
part,
.-.
4x- 80x4-364 = 0,
x-20a; + 91
J40
= 0.
QDADRATIC EQUATIONS
exercise:
116
Ul
Represent the number to be found by x and obtain, in its simplest torm, the quadratic equation which must be solved in each of the
following
1.*
2.
3.
The sum
of a
number and
is
its
square
less
is
132.
its
156
than
The sum
numbers
is
149.
The product
of a
is
The length of a rectangle is 6 feet less than 5. The area is 440 square feet. Find the width.
The average number of words on each page of a book is 6 more 6. than the number of pages. The total number of words is 9400. Find
the
number
7.
of pages. of a rectangle
is
The area
is
38 inches.
168.
Standard
Form
of
the
Quadratic
Equation.
Every
quadratic equation
may
ax^-\-bx-\-c^O,
and c are any known numbers, except that a not be zero. The term not containing x is called the absolute term. It is frequently necessary to simplify equations to bring them to the standard form, and thus determine if they are quadratic equations.
in vv'hich a, b
'jan
Ex.
1.
(a;+l)(2a;+3)=4x2-22,
2x* + 5x + 3 = 4a;-22,
.-.
-2a;* + 5x + 25 = 0,
2a;-5x-25 = 0.
Here the equation is seen to be a quadratic. of a; is 5 and the absolute term is 25.
Or, o =
2,
The
coefficient of x*
is
2..
6= 5, c=-25.
242
ALOE BR A
2.
-j-
Ex.
4
:.
=
X
1,
7* + 4(a;-7) = 4x,
7x-28 = 0,
x-4 = 0.
Here a=l, 6 = 0,
c
= --4.
2x
a:
4-1
.-.
3x-6,
x+5 = 0.
Here a = 0, 6=1,
the coefficient of x*
c
= 5,
is
is
zero
EXERCISE
Reduce
in
117
of a, b
to the standard
is
and
c,
which a
1.*
3.
always positive
6x2=x+22.
19x=15-8x.
2.
6.
=
-^
5x.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Ex. 1.Solve
243
2x^3x=0.
a;(2x-3) = 0,
x=0
x=
Verify both roots.
or or
2x-3 =0,
f.
Ex. 2.Solve
.'.
ax^+bz=0.
x{ax + b) = 0,
x= x=
or ax or
+ b = 0,
b
.'.
a
zero, the equation
(2)
is
can always
be solved
Ex.Solve
.*.
3a;2 27=0.
3(z-3)(x + 3) = 0,
a;-3 =
or x-f3
= 0,
x=3.
Or thus,
3x-27 = 0,
.-.
x*
= 9,
when none of the quadratic expression, any of the methods previously
the
effected.
:.
x=3.
(3)
The equation
a,
b,
is
a complete quadratic
zero.
If
coefficients
ax^-\-bx-\-c,
is
Ex.
1.Solve
.-.
3x2-lla;=14.
3x-lla;-14 = 0,
(a;+l)(3a;-14) = 0,
a;
=1
or
Ex.
2.
Solve
x^mx-\-nxmn^=0.
t(x 7n)-(-n(x m) = 0,
.'.
(x
x=
m)(x + n) = 0, m or n,
E 2
244
ALGEBRA
EXERCISE
1-12.
118
Solve the equations in the preceding exercise and verify. Solve the problems in the
first
13-19.
^^.
24. 26.
a:^ mx 6/7j2=rO.
^^. x^ ax 6x+a6==0.
25.
27.
x2-L2x(a+6)4-4a6=0.
2ax2+aa; 2x=l.
(x a)(x-6)=a6.
:
x^ a2=(x-a)(6+c).
whose
170.
sum
is
Find two numbers Consider the problem 100 and whose product is 2491.
Let
100 x=the
.-.
a;(100-x) = 2491,
x2- 100^+2491=0.
.solve this equation by the preceding method, we must two factors of 2491 whose sum is 100, but this is exactly what the problem requires us to find. The necessity is therefore seen for another method of
To
find
the quadratic equation when the factors of the quadratic expression cannot be obtained readily by inspection.
solving
171.
Solution
by
Completing
the
Square.
We know
that
and
the
a.
first
asc
two terms of a square are x^A^lax, we know that it must be the square of x+a, and, therefore, a- must be added to x^-\-2ax to make a
complete square. What is the area of the stiaded portion in
"
the
diagram
Similarly, x*-i-4x must be the first two terms in the square of x+2. To make x'-(-4x a complete square we must add 2* or 4. Also, x* 8x are the first two terms in the square of x 4, and, therefore, 4' or 16
must be added.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
To complete
added
is
245
the square,
it is
Ex. 1. Factor
a;2^6a: 40.
Add
Then
9 to x'-\-6x to
make a complete
square.
x*
+ 6a;-40 = a;+6a;+9-9-40,
=a;*+6a;+9-49, = (*+3)*-7,
x^+5xS0Q.
Add
Then
(I)- or
^^-
Ex. 3.Solve
a;2-100a;+2491=0.
x"- 100x4-2500-2500 + 2491 = 0, x2-100x + 2500- 9 = 0,
(x-50)2-32 = 0,
.-.
Add
(x-50 + 3)(x-50-3) = 0,
{x-47)(x-53) = 0,
The
solution might be
:
contracted by writing
it
in the
following form
Add 2500
to each side,
root,
/.
/.
x 50=3,
x=503,
= 53
or 47.
246
ALGEBRA
Here the solution depends upon the same principle, but assumes a simpler form. It is thus seen that we effect the solution of a quadratic equation by finding and solving the two simple equations of
which
it
is
composed.
Thus by the first method of solving x2 100x+2491=0, we obtained the two simple equations x 47 = and x 53=0, and by the second x 50=3, and x 50= 3.
Ex. 4.Solve
Divide by 3 to
3.r2+x=10.
the
first
make
side,
term a square,
Add
(J) to
each
.-.
x+
ia;
+ 5V = V+irs = Vv-
root,
.".
2;+i
= + Y. x=V- 8 =
or
2.
The
1.
steps in this
method
are
Reduce
the
Divide by the
coefficient of
x^
if not iinity.
Complete
the
square by adding
to
Take
EXBRCISE
What must
square
1.
?
119
(1-8,
Oral)
make
a comolete
x^+2x.
2.
a;2-4x.
3.
7.
x^+\Ox.
x2-|-4ax.
4. 8.
x^-Ur. x^
:
x^+3x.
6.
x2 5x.
.J.c
Factor, by
making the
difference of squares,
and verify
-fT.
JO.
x2 54x-(-713.
x^ 2x 899
^^
x'-i^x+^.
(l4r'3x-|-16x-99.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Use the method
verify the roots
:
247
of
^
^.
21.
2;2^8x=9.
x2-9x+18=0.
2x2-3x=2.
If
&
22.
^. x2 6x=7.
x2+7x4-10=0.
2x2+x=1081.
Qi x^ 10x+9=0.
^
23.
x2-x=2.
6x2+5x=6.
24.
x2+x=l^,
+-
172.
In
all
the quadratic
equations
we have
solved,
completed the square on the left side, the quantity on the right was also a square. This would not always be the case.
Ex. 1.Solve
a;2-6a;-l=0.
a;-6x=l,
.-.
x-6x+9=10, x-3=v'IO,
x = 3v'ro.
The two
We
value
roots are 3 + VTO and 3-VTO. might go a step further and substitute roots
for
VlO
its
approximate
3- 16.
The two
would then be
3316 = 616
If
or
-16.
we
6x 1,
the result
will
not be exactly 0, as we might expect, because \^10 is not exactly 3-16, but the difference between and the value found for x' 6x will be very small.
Ex. 2.Solve
2x^+x=2.
x
+ ix=l,
x + i=\/H=iVl7.
x=-i^Vr7.
The two
substituting
roots are
-\-\-kV\l,
-\-kVV1,
or
'781,
-1-281, on
V 17 = 4- 123.
248
173.
ALOE BRA
Inadmissible Solutions of Problems.
is
a problem does not follow that the two roots of the equation wull furnish two admissible solutions of the problem.
solved by
When
means
of a quadratic equation,
it
Ex.
in 1^
man walked
less.
25 miles.
If his rate
hours
What was
his rate
to walk 25 miles
his time-
25 =
X 25
hr.
r hr.
x-\-l
Simplifying,
Solving,
x=4
is
or
6.
Therefore his rate was 4 miles per hour, the other root giving a
solution which
inadmissible
BXE3RCISE
Solve,
finding
120
three
decimal places,
x^4x=\.
:c2+8a;=19.
^:
6.
a;2
10x+17 = 0.
-3.
H2x-6=0.
2a;2+3a;-4=0.
x(a;+3)=J.
:
^6.
7.
a;2 6x=2.
8.
x'^^9,x=\\.
9.
4a;2 4a;=7.
10.
4x2-8x=37.
11.
3x2-5a;-ll=0.
<12.
\x^^\x=\.
In solving
verify the
The
by inspection where
and
possible
and
13,
The sum
of
two numbers
is
11
their
product
is
30.
Find
the numbers.
14.
The sum
of
is
85.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
15.
249
is
The
difference
is
between the sides of a rectangle 300 square inches. Find the sides.
13 inches
Find two consecutive numbers such that the square of their 16. 'sum exceeds the sum of their squares by 220.
17.
merchant bought
number
of yards
18.
18 rods
19.
The area of a rectangular field is 9 acres and the length more than the width. Find the length. The three
sides
of
is
right-angled
triangle
are
consecutive
integers.
Find the
sides.
20.
How
men into two solid squares men more than the front of the
so that the
other
The owner
double the size of the lot same amount. What should the increase be
22.
If x-\-2 in
men
in
x+5
x.
days do
five
times as
much work
is
as a:+l
men
23.
x 1 A
of
days, find
to be surrounded
by a frame
What must
3.
a radius
25.
inches less
in
One
less.
Find the
sides.
spends $90 for coal, and finds that when the price is increased $1-50 per ton he will get 3 tons less for the same money. What was the price per ton ?
26.
27.
A man
A man
bought a number of
He
kept 5 and
did he
on each.
How many
The sum
huy?
28.
The sum
of the
is
two
digits of a
number
is 9.
of the
f of the
number.
number
of cattle cost
more
250
30.
ALGEBRA
How much must
in
by 6 inches
be added to the length of a rectangle 8 inches order to increase the diagonal by 2 inches ?
31.
In
.
the
figure,
the
rectangle
AO 05= rect.
angle
CO OD.
(1) If
(2) If
find
OD. OD.
circle,
find
32.
In the
when OA
4,
8,
is
a tangent to the
OA^=^OC .OD.
(1) If
(2) If (3) If
0C=
0.4=
0.4
CD=
5, find
OA.
00.
0Z)= 10,
0Z)=16,
find find
= 15,
OD.
33.
I sold
an
article for
What was
the cost
34. The denominator of a fraction exceeds the numerator by 3. If 4 is added to each term the resulting fraction is f of the original fraction. Find the fraction.
35. An open box containing 432 cubic inches is to be made from a square piece of tin by cutting out a 3 inch square from each corner and turning up the sides. How large a piece of tin must be used ?
36.
and
it
alone can do
in 12
can together do a piece of work in 14| days, and A days less than B. Find the time in which /I could
do
it
alone.
BXERCISE
1.
121
What
it.
is
a quadratic equation
2.
Is (x+l)(a; 2)(a;+3)
{a;
Solve
3.
number
^4.
5.
6.
square
is
4.
Find the
SolvegA_+gA_ =
If x*y*
3;-L-^=l.
are the values of xy
1
6xy l = 0, what
7
is,
have they
C9
3t -r
*
251
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
8.
may
is
Divide 14 into two parts so that the be greater than twice their product by 4.
If
sum
of their squares
9.
it
follow that
x-2 = 7
What
The distance
is
seconds
{s) in feet that a body falls from rest in given by the formula s=l6lt*. How long will it take
a body to
fall
6440 feet
1
ir.i Solve 3x - 4x -
= 0.
of the
?
number.
13.
r
.
Ten times a number is 24 greater then the square Does this condition determine the number definitely
^R.
15.
16.
is
399.
3)-2(22; +
3) = 35.
The
units digit of a
of the digits
is 12.
number
7
is
17. 18.
Solve
If
a;+10
10
X 5
11
"E-
x+5
r-5
5 a; 3
15 =
5 3
it
would require
<^.
Solve (3j;-7)(2j;-9)
(5a;-12)(a;-6) = (x-2)(2a;-3).
number which
is
20.* Find, to three decimal places, the positive 'ess than its square by unity.
^yJH*-.
If 4a;
3xy^-y'=14,
find x
if j/
= x + 3.
34 feet and the length of the
"'22.
The perimeter
is
of a rectangle
sides.
is
diagonal
23.
13 feet.
Find the
which
is
Solve x* + (x 4)* = 40. State the problem, the condition expressed by this equation.
in
24. A line 20 inches long is divided into two parts, such that the rectangle contained by the parts has an area of 48 square inches more than the square on the shorter part. Find the lengths of the
parts.
25.
26.
Solve x^ + !/^ =
9,
when y = Zx.
is
The diagonal
If 5 is
of a rectangle
is
i'^
of the longer.
27.
252
28.
ALGEBRA
Find the price of eggs per dozen when 10
less in a dollar's
worth
The length of a field exceeds its breadth by 30 yards. If the were square but of the same perimeter, its area would be t^ greater. Find the sides.
29.
field
30.
31.
If
8x
= X
4, find
x to three decimal
pleices.
was S20. This was to be divided the men present. But four failed to contribute anytjjing, and thereby the cost to ea^h of the others was increased 25 cents. How many men were there ?
cost of an entertainment
equally
The
among
32.
in 3
If a man walked one mile per hour faster he would walk 36 miles hours less time. What is his rate of walking ?
If
A polygon with n sides has ^n(n 3) diagonals. 33. has 20 diagonals, how many sides has it ?
34.
a polygon
A can do a piece of work in 10 days less than B. If they work 35. together they can do it in 12 days. In what time could each do it alone ?
36.
If x'-L
X"
^ = 81.
*
and
is
of x.
37.
6 acres
The length
is
?
of a rectangular field
5-4 acres.
How many
CHAPTER XX
RATIO AND PROPORTION
174.
When we
in
wish tc
compare two magnitudes, there are two ways comparison may be made.
(1)
which the
We may
We may
other.
(2)
determine by how much the one exceeds the This result is found by subtraction.
determine how
result
is
many
;he other.
Here the
found by
Thus, if one line is 6 inches in length and another is 18 inches, we may say that the second is 12 inches longer than the first, or that the second is three times as long as the first.
Neither method of comparison can be used, unless the magnitudes compared are of the same denomination, or can be changed into equivalent magnitudes of the same denomination.
Thus, we can compare 3 lb. and 10 but we can not compare 5 lb. and 4 ft.
175.
Ratio.
lb.
;
2 yd.
1 ft.
and 2
ft.
9 in.
When two
are
compared by
division, the
magnitudes. Thus, the ratio of 3 to 4 is the same as the quotient of 3-1-4, which is usually written |. The ratio of 3 to 4 is written 3:4,
of the
.'.
3:4=3^4 = 1.
a
:
Similarly,
b=a^b =
-r.
254
ALGEBRA
may
be
It will thus be seen that all problems in ratio considered as problems in fractions.
Comparison of Ratios. To compare two ratios we 176. simply compare the fractions to which these ratios are
equivalent.
Ex.
i
1.
Which
is
is
4 or 7
is
The problem
or i
at once
"
Which
"
?
To compare the
in the
fractions
f
,
we reduce them
it is
forms ^l and
also
and
m.ight
compare them
to the same denomination seen that the latter is'the greater. We by reducing the fractions to equivalent
decimals.
Ex.
2.
Which
a
is
greater, a
a-\-2 or
a+1 a+3.
:
a(o+3)
(a
+ 2)(a + 3)
)
(a+l)(a + 2
(a+2)(a+3)
?
_ "~
a*+3a
the conclusion
177. Terms of a Ratio. In the ratio a b, a and b are called the terms of the ratio, a being called the antecedent and b
:
the consequent.
of
equivalent denominator.
o Thus, r
_,,
the
The antecedent corresponds to the numerator fraction, and the consequent to the
numerator -, denominator
-.
antecedent consequent
dividend
,.
divisor
is
178.
Equal Ratios.
Since a ratio
a fraction,
all
the laws
may
:
Thus, since -
mb
j-
it
follows that a
b=^ma mb.
:
Hence bolh terms of a ratio may be multiplied or divided by the same quantity {zero excepted) without changing the value
of the ratio.
Thus, 6
:
=2
3, i
i .23 = 3
:
2, ^-:
'
= ^^ *-
265
EXBRCISB
their lowest terms
1.
256
f28^
ALOE BRA
When
is
part
a sum of money is divided in the ratio 1 820 more than when it is divided in the ratio 2
:
2,
:
the smaller
7.
Find the
3um.
(_29.
to
make
it
equal to
(*Ji-^
(30^
13: 19
31.
What number
?
10 will produce
What must
is
What
32.
b to
produce
If a is a positive
number which
is
the greater-ratio,
, 7
Q
:
l+2a l+3a
The
rate of one train
is
14-3a
or
l+4a
is
?
What
is
Divide a line a inches long into two parts whose lengths are
:
in
the ratio b
c.
5's
If
income=3
spends
4,
6.
?
all his
income does
save
A's,
37.
two parts
in the ratio of 5
two parts
division
38.
in the ratio
3:5.
If the distance
is 1
Two numbers
if
10 be taken from
reversed.
is
Find
Two
bodies
ra feet in
a seconds
The are moving at uniform rates. and the second n yards in b minutes.
?
first
goes
is
What
of
179.
Proportion.
proportion
Is
the statement
the
equaUty of two
Thus, 3
:
ratios.
:
Therefore, 3
or
3, 4, 15,
20 are
257
d are in proportion or a
.b=c
d,
then
a
r
= cJ a
ad=bc.
proportion a:b=c:d, a and d are called the and b and c the means. Since ad^bc, it is seen that <^e product of the extremes is
In
the
extremes
Fourth Proportional.
When a:b=c:d,
10, 12,
is
called
a, b, c.
15
is x,
12=15
:a;
10 or yg
15
To find a Ratio, by Solving an Equation. From certain 181. types of equations in x and y, the value of the ratio oi x :y may be found.
Ex.
Since
1.
If
bx=Qy,
.*.
5x X X
:
= %, = ft/, _6
=
| or 6
:
the ratio of
5.
3x+7x =
Sy iy,
10"
y~
If
the ratio ot x
each term in the equation is of the first degree in x or y, y can be found, but it can not be found if there is a term not containing x ox y.
:
10,
the value ol x
258
ALGEBRA
{x-2y){2x-3y)
:.
= =
0,
x2y = 0or2x3y = 0,
2 or 5
of -.
If
we
we
get
In this form
we
is
a quadratic in
and we
Ex. 4. It
2x5y-\- 2=0,
3x+2/ 2z=0,
find the ratios of x, y,
If
z.
we eliminate
z in
we
get
7x-8y=0,
x
_8
259
2x=ly
\x=^'iy.
a:2=42/2.
14,
17.
32/=
12a;.
15. 18.
2x-i/=0.
S^z+llx^O.
2x=-Zy.
4x2=91/2.
19.
20.
21.
(x-Sj/Kz 5i/) =
22.
If
= -, show
d
that c
= -,
a
and a
= -.
c
2, 3,
:
(^
k,
18;
5,
7, 10;
\.
a, b, c
a, 26, 3c.
^4y
h,
{a-\-bY,
a^b^; and
2, 4, 17,
25
(Verify.)
x.
What
Find a
^'s age
their, ages.
a+3 a+15=3
:
4.
4.
to B's as 4
5.
Find
VS
is
2.
If
the altitude
is
to
two decimal
30.
places.
When
a line
drawn
j^arallel to
AC=15.
31.
similar.
Find
AE and EC.
ADE
and
ABC
are
D/.
When
^ /\
\E
^
same
:
ratio, so that
:
:
AD AB=DE BC=AE
If
AC.
32.
the
If
same
on their corresponding
sides.
is
AD^20
and AB=35,
ADE
if
the area of
ABC
735.
s 2
260
ALGEBRA
The
side of the square
33
/^
A BCD
is
10 inches and
EF
is
parallel
to
DC.
If
the length of
AE
is
3 inches, find
the
length of
34.
FC
to three decimals.
If the bases of
two
9, find
the ratio of
their areas.
J3tf^
From
y,
;
13x+5!/=9a;-f-13j/
ax+by=cx+dy
px-\-qy=0.
mxny^=nx-\-my
as^ Find
,>?r^
oi a
:
tv.'o
values ol x
y when
;
6x^l3xy+6y^=0
If
x^=4xy+5y^.
find the ratios
5a 36+2c=0
:
and a + b+c=0,
b,
c,
c.
38.
figure.
39.
of
all
If
long,
time,
at
the same
unknown, and
find
y.
:
J^.
A number
of
two
4 to the number
the
sum
of the
numbers
is
66.
^2.
The length
of a
:
room
If
is
to the width as
i/ to the height as 3
find the dimensions.
2.
187^ square
feet,
If 4 men and 3 women earn as much as 16 boys, and 6 men 43. and 5 boys earn as much as 10 women, find the ratio of the earnings of a man, woman and boy.
44. 46.
If
3ab+2b^:2a^-ab=9:5,
the angle
:
find a
b.
When
is
bisected,
:
AB AC^BD
(1) If
(2) If
DC.
AB=10, AC=S, BC=12, find BD and DC. AB=c, AC=h, BC=a, find BD and DC
261
The
described on
47.
diagonal
is
13.
sides.
The
sides of
is
a triangle are
10
and
?
12.
The perimeter
of
similar triangle
72J.
What
48.
If
=
5
= -~^-!
7
find x-.y.z.
When three numbers form a understood that the middle number is to be repeated. The three numbers are said to be in continued proportion, and the middle one is called the mean proportional between the other two.
182.
Mean
Proportional.
proportion,
it is
Thus,
4,
and 9 are
in
4:6 = 6:9.
Here 6
If
is is
X
.'.
~^,
27
..
= 81,
.-.
a;=+9. ~
the
3
i:
mean
+ 9.
Since
results.
tt;^
9 and 27
39 = - 9 27
;;
-,
it
is
Similarly,
if
is
the
.
mean
a X
h,
then
= -,
x=--Va&.
Therefore, the
is
mean
'proportional between
any two
quantities
183.
Third
is
Proportional.
If
a,
h,
are
in
continued
h.
proportion, c
Thus,
if
and
is
= lf,
X
6x=225,
.-.
x=37i.
262
ALGEBRA
BXSRCISB
124
;
o.
2a and 8a
and 30
5a and
lOaft
A.
34
is
is 15.
(/4.
Three
numbers are
in
continued
proportion.
The middle
12
one
is
12 and the
sum
of the other
two
is
51.
5.
semicircle
figure, the angle BAC being in a a right angle. When AD is drawn perpendicular to the hypotenuse it is proven in
C*
In
the
is
geometry that
AD is a mean proportional between BD and DC, AB between BD and BC, and AC between CD and (1) If BD= 4, DC= 9, find AD. (2) If BD= 5, AB= 8, find DC. (3) If BC = n, AC=\2, find DC, AB, AD. (4) If AB= 3, AC= 4, find BC, AD, BD.
7.
BC.
How
(1)
(2)
find
?
?
whose length
is
VG
inches
is
The
side of a square
whose area
12 square inches
A. tnem
is
32.
9^ Divide a
loV^est
is
four times
inches long into three parts such that the the middle one is a mean
184.
The
method which
has
many
263
^-^^
r
d'
= ^^35^
c=dk.
- let
each fraction
^.
.'.
k.
Then
a=bk,
c in
-,
= k,
.'.
3o+2b
a* 5b*
3c'
_ ~~
~
Sb^k*
+ 2b*
*
b*k*-5b*
d*A;-5d
3a
+ 2d _ 3d*P + 2d
cs_5d
'
+ 2 6 _
prove
3c
+ 2d'
Ex. 2.-If -
=^=-
^^^qip^q:^
(a+6+c)3'
r 6
185.
c =T rf
^^
.
then
^ = cd ao
a-\-b
^
c-\-d !^
Prove
this
by
letting a
was obtained
a similar
way from
is
-^
This principle
Ex. 1.Solve
Adding and subtracting,
.-.
3a+46
4a: 3
3a 46
Si*
^=
646x
= _
36a,
9a
^~T6b'
Solve also, in the usual way, by cross multiplication.
264
ALOE BE A
a prove r o
=d
-
2a+2d
a-\-d
2a-2d = ^^^,
ad c' + c~ 6 o + d _ b-{-c
ad
Adding and subtracting,
9^
a
bc
9~
'
b
*
d
a
'
b^c'
;2$
-%
EXBRCISB
^. ^
If -
=
:
h
If a
-, d^
:
prove that
2a+36
2c+3d
mc nd.
^.
3<
6=c
If
6=c
4
d,
prove a26d+6^c+6c=a62c+a6d+od.
5.
If
? y
= ?,
??!^.
6x2/4-2/2
=y ^.
3
,,
^
^-^
If
? y
-
= 3 and ? = ?,
6
"P^ 2az+3by
is
fii
.
^^
,
If
=-=
b
-,
equal to
o+fi-t-c
that
IB,
to
\ n -^ =
\J
bc
ca
J^=
-^, ab
prove x(6+c)+2/(c+a)+2(o+6)=0.
265
h^d-\-h(J^.
^?
d-c^
If
.1,
b, c,
and
h-d"^
are proportionals.
b
c
(3^"^
\^.
/i2J
nX
If
If T, If
+y
:
yz
:
z+x
b=b
c,
a+6+c+d = a 6+c
a-\-bcd
,
d
;
,
bc-\-a
show that
c -1^0 = -
6
16.
c ooJve
,
3x+46 3x-46
sum
of
= 5a+3b
5a- 36
If the
two numbers
is
^a 16.
equals
17.
T* If
,,
fraction
i-
f.
(Use Ex.
7.)
Solve
a
^^^=^^^^.
aa; 6+c
bx-\-ca
:
^.
19,
If
6=3
b
5, 6
c=7
9, c
oin:A. si>.
If -
a
also equals
=^=c
fraction equals
5a 36+2c
^I
and
ma-\-nb
pc
y^^.
21.
find the
Find two numbers such that their sum, difference and product
9.
if
are proportional to 4, 2,
If a, b, c are
c^b^
6^ a^=41
39,
numbers.
:
22. The length and breadth of a room are as 3 2, and if 2 feet be added to each, the new area of the floor is to the old as 35 27. Find the dimensions.
:
^^23.
If a
b=c
d,
prove a
a+6=a+c 0+6+c+d.
:
'4.
If
-^^^^
lOc+d 12c+d
a
:
show that ?
6
:
= -^
d
:
If
6=6
c,
then 0^+06
62=62+6c
c'
266
ALGEBRA
BXBRCISB
126
Write as fractions
in their simplest
w^7i:8|.
4.
^.
5,
1
x*-y*:{x-y)\
a*
^.
6^
.
,
+ 6
:
(a
+ 6)
l--i:l + -.
1
:1
a-1
^_
^
/f, x^
i
x*-5x+6' x'+z12
9.
,1 ^ >c^a+l + ^:a-l+^
3, 4,
11.
it
*^
r
10.
to 6
:
What must
7
?
7 to
make
equal
/* 4
11.
Write as a proportion
3. 6
in
two ways
^i^
:)ther
131*.
If
is 3,
what
is
the
extreme
7,
15,
a'
x + y, x y, x* w*
11
7.
:
35
r a-}-o
a*
b*.
)f
IfC
IS.
in the ratio 9
5,
the difference
whose
aquare^s
Two numbers
8,
and
if
is
in the ratio 6
5 so that their
sum
is
to the
x
:
is
h,
^a.
If
2x+3?/
3x-5i/ = 9
11, find
y.
WT
20.
If (5x-72/)(2x-32/)
If If
= (4x-52/)(x-j/),
%x+2y
: :
find x
y.
2x+32/.
^
21. 23.
24.
6x+152/*=19x2/, find X
:
2/.
Ifx* + x+l 62(x+l) = x*-x+l 63(x-l), find x. and 7x+6z/-92 = 0, find x:y,x:z and If 2x + 2/-23 =
:
x-.y.z
If
s.
'^^^-
3x+llj/
267
If az + by 26. X to y.
X
27;
a;*
and y^
bx-\-ay=9
11
and a
=3
2,
find
the ratio of
If
7'
of these fractions
is
equal to
mancpe mbndpf
j<?
Find two numbers whose sum, difference and product are 28. proportional to 5, 3, 16.
X
^
31. 32.
If
.b
=c
d,
show that
{ab
a+b
c+d'
2o*-36
2a*
+ 36*
2c--3d 2c*+3d'
u^
If
= ro-\-ca
any number
c-\-ao
= -T a-\-bc
-\-
prove that
x(b
If
c) -\-y{c a)
z(a
b) = 0.
show that each
ratio
is
equal
sum
sum
of all the
consequents.
If 3x-22/ + 42 = 2a;-32/ + 2 = 0, find the ratios + 2/* + 2*= 150, find the values of x, y and z.
of x, y,
z.
If
also,
a;*
^[3'r
The hypotenuse
:
iide as 13
5.
If
of a right-angled triangle is to the shortest the perimeter is 120, find the sides.
and height of a room are proportional to each dimension be increased 2 feet, the area of the four walls will be increased in the ratio of 10 to 7. Find the dimensions of the room.
34.
3,
The
length, width
4,
2.
If
d
35.
If r
6 = -,
show that
CL
C^ l-C
rr
,-r
b^
+ d^+P
r-
CLC&
5-r;
bdf
36. If the sides of a triangle are 6 and 8 and the base is 4|, find the segments of the base when the bisector ot the vertical angle is
drawn.
37. 38.
If
yiZ^ = ^^P^,
z-x+y
x-\-y+z'
show that
z*
= x*+yK ^
are Bf
6:7.
39.
If
The incomes of A and B are as 2 3 and their expenses ^ saves 25% of his income, what % does B save ?
:
ii
CHAPTER XXI
THE GENERAL QUADRATIC EQUATION
186.
Type
The equation
is called the general quadratic equation, because every quadratic equation may be reduced to this form. If the factors of ax^-\-bz-\-c can be obtained, the roots of the equation can be found by solving the two equivalent
equations.
187.
Solution
the
of
Literal
Quadratics.
The
to
methoa
of
completing
square
may
be applied
the
solution of
literal coefficients.
Ex.
1.
Solve
x*
root,
z^-}'2mx=n.
side,
+ 2mx-{-m* = n + m*.
x+Tn= Vn+m*,
The two
roots are
Ex.
2.Solve
p*
~- to each side, x*
x*+px= q.
p*
ir
Add
p* + px + ^ 9 + 4
'
p* 4o
'
root,
2=
X
-p = -t:
Vp*-4q
;;
26&
aa;2+6a;+c=0.
the
r*
first
make
term a square.
0.
-r
+-= 'a
Transpose,
X*
-\
X
-rz
Add
-r.
to each,
4a
x* H
-\-
=
4a*
fe* 4ac
4a
4a^
root,
+ 2^=
.'.
v'62_4ac
2a
h
K-
aJ
2a
+ V6* 4ac 2a
.
;j
'
_ -6\/&2 4ac ~
2a
The roots
of the general
as in art. 171.
0,
a]
(f
by^c
6M
is
Since the product is zero, one of the not zero, as the equation would not then
must be
quadratic.
zero.
But
+ 2^ +
270
ALGEBRA
eixbrcise: 127
2. 4.
6.
8.
a;2+46z-56*=0.
x^+4:pxp^=(i.
z* 6mx-H3m2=0.
z*-2az+6=0.
o+2ax=6.
x^^2bx-c=0.
ax2-i-26x+c=0.
9.
az* 6z c=0.
Solving
10.
px'^qx+r=().
roots
of
189.
by
Formula.
The
any particular
quadratic equation
of a, h
and
be found b}" substituting the values in the roots of the general quadratic.
may
Ex. 1.Solve
6a;2-7a;+2=0.
Herea = 6, 6=-7, c = 2.
Substitute these values in
,
.
x=
6+V6>-4ac
^^
2a
^=
=
+ 7V49-48
12
71
12
=r2'r2 = 3'2-
Verify by substitution.
Ex. 2.Solve
Here a=5,
6
5a:2+6x-l=0.
1.
'
= 6, c= _ ^~ -6\'36-(-20) _ -6+^56 ~ 10 10
'
~ -62Vl4 ~ -3VIi
10 5
if
necessary,
we may
Vli
5
its
-33-742
Note.
-6-742
or
z.
5
pupil
ia
5
to
,_ = -HS
or
_. 1-348.
,
The
warned
be
careful
of
the
signs
whoD
Rubatituting, particularly
when
c is
negative.
271
0=2,
6= 6, c = 6.
^4
In the preceding result the numericannot be found even approximately, for there is no number whose square is negative. Such a quantity as 23 is called an imaginary quantity, and the roots in this case are said to be imaginary. This is merely another way of sajdng that there is no real number which will satisfy the equation 2x'^6x-\-Q=0.
190.
Imaginary Roots.
191.
Methods
of
Solving
Quadratic
Equations.
When
a
it
quadratic equation has been reduced to the standard form, may be solved
:
(1) (2)
the square.
advised to try to factor by inspection,^ and if unsuccessful, then substitute in the general
will
it
is
The
roots of
ax^+ox-\-c=0
2a
128
EXSRCISB
Solve, using the formula
1.*
:
3x2-5x4-2=0.
2.
24x2-46x+21=0.
^^.
5.
575x2-2x=l.
247x2+5x=12.
4.
2x2-6x-l=0.
2x2- 13x+ 10=0.
1200x2- 10x=l.
^O
1
^
X
l^
i>a.
JJff 391x2+4x=35.
^
ft.
x^+x{3b-2a)=6ab.
}y 6x^-x-l=0.
2x2-25x+77-^0.
1800x-5x-I=0
272
Solve by any method.
13. 16.
19.
ALGEBRA
Verify 13-18
14. 17.
:
27a;2_24a:=16.
15x2+7a:-2=0.
15.
12x2-T-6=0
5-26a;+5x2=0
2x2-2x=.
1 * 2 3"'"9'"x"
2
4a;2-17a;+4=0.
460x2-3x=l.
3a;2+2=9a;.
18.
21.
9x+4=5a;2.
20. 23.
22.
4x2-4a;=79.
f-2/=2/2
24.
25.
- -^ =0.
a;+2
26,
^4-1
2
^2 =
29.
w
ac+
X
a
2
27.
28.
30.
(x-4)2-3(x-9) = 15.
(x-2)(x+3)=x(5x-9)-2.
2ax2+x(a 2)=1.
2x(x-2)=a2-2.
12
31.
= - + ex.
X
X
3
32.
33.
2-^x
(x+2)2
+ x'
+ 3)2=(x+6)*.
x+1
^36.
^x+2
x+3'
-^5.
-(x
x'^xy^y^- -12.
n y=2,
,
find X.
^7.
38.
39.
x+1
,
x+1
find
.,
2x
3x=20.
40.
are expressed
41.
The area of a square in square feet and its perimeter in inches by the same number. Find the side of the square.
of a rectangular field exceeds the
The length
is
width by 16 rods
32 acres.
Find three consecutive even numbers whose sum 42. product of the first two.
43. A line 10 inches long square on the longer segment
is is
| of
the
decimal places.
44.
is
of
whose
squares
45.
317.
of a square
The area
other.
doubled by adding 5 inches to one side Find the side of the square.
is
TOJD QiUNERAL
46.
QUADRATIC EQUATION
27S
number by
47
A.D
48.
is
Three times the square of a number exceeds eight times the unity. Find the number to three decimals.
r^
Mr. Gladstone was born in the year a.d. 1809. he was x 3 years old. Find x.
In the year
The area
of a rectangular field
sides.
is 8.
is
half
an
acre.
The perimetei
201 yards.
49.
Find the
One
root of x^bx-\-d=(}
other root.
50.
it
will
If a train travels 10 miles per hour faster than its usual rate, cover 480 miles in 4 hours less time. Find its usual rate.
51.
sum
of their squares
may
be 4.
52. I buy a number of articles for $4'80 and sell them but 2 at 6 cents a dozen more than they cost.
I
How many
C
did
buy?
53.
straight line
AB,
12 inches in length,
is
divided at
so as
to satisfy
length of
(1)
4C
to
two decimals
(2) (4)
in.
(3)
(5)
AC^-BC^^IQ
[.
(6)
AC{AB^BC)=2
sq. ft.
54. I buy a number of books for $6, the price being uniform. li they had been Subject to a discount of 5 cents each, I could have bought 6 more for the same money. What did each cost ? 55. Solve the equation ax^-\-bx-\-c=^0 by multiplying by 4a and completing the square of 2ax-\-h. =^ 56.
3+2a; c 1 Solve
2 3a;
2+a;
\^x-x^
a;2-4
2-x
1 =-
W4
ALGEBhA
x*- 10x2+9=0.
it
ii
Ex. 1.Solve
This
is ail
equation of the fourth degree, but we might write the form of a quadratic, thus
(x*)*-10(2:)
or
if
+ 9 = 0,
+ 9 = 0,
2/
we write y
for x*
it
.-.
(3/-9){t/-l) = 0,
But
i/=aj*,
.".
x*
=9 =9
or
or
1.
1,
a;=3
or
1.-
We
This
is
what we might
expect, as
an equation
Let
271
-^'4- 2a;
3 -. _^+^,^^ = 26
^
26
roots.
Ex. 5.Solve
Factoring,
.-.
z3-1^0.
(x
l)(x*-f-x+
or x*
X 1 = x= 1
1) = 0, + x+l = 0,
or X
-1V^ ^
We
degree,
if
a cubic equation, can he found by factoring, the equation can he completely solved. This equation might be written x^ = l, and each of the thi-ee roots when cubed must give unity, which shows that unity has three cube roots. This is what we might have expected, as we have already' .seen that unity has two square roots.
+1
and 1.
BXERCISE
Solve and verify the rational roots
:
128
,^.
3.
x*-5x2+4=0. V4-12=31y.
^J..
^.
i.
(.H5.^6)(.-9.+ U)=0.
(x2-4x+o)(x2-4x+2) = -2.
.,
^-9.
^
^t.
x- 13x2+36=0.
8i-65x3+8=0.
!i^+_^ =
x
2.
+ + =
a;
^^ a:2+x
.,***
(*2+x4-l)-4(x2++l)+3=0.
''!.
,11.
x3-4x2-4x+16=0.
6/'x
+ l)^-35/'x + lW50=0.
lA-
(i+x+x2)(x+x)=156.
t2
876
ALGEBRA
(Multiply
the
first
13.* (x+l)(4-2)(a:+3)(a;+4)=120.
factors
and
last
third.)
14.
a;(x-l)(x-2){x-3) = 360.
Find the three cube roots of 8 by solving the equation x' 8=0.
Find the four fourth roots of 16 by solving the equation
16.
16.
:fc4_16=0.
17.
^ 18.
Solve
x' 19x4-30=0
is
factor theorem).
19.
evident that 4
is
x(x-l)(x-2)=4.3.2.
Find the other two
20.
roots.
Find the
six roots of 8x
217x3+27=0.
21. 22.
(^Add to x?
\
X^
+ i-
the
x^
quantity
required to
make
it
the square of x H
) X )
BXERCISB
^\.
Illustrate
180
Explain the different methods of solving quadratic equations them, by solving in full the equation 3x* 4x 15 = 0, by each method.
^.
(^
is
The
104.
is
of their squares
V/C
5.
If
2( 1
+-
j,
find.
What
?
in the price
is the price of meat per lb. if a reduction of 20^ would mean that 5 lb. more than before can be bought
fo^ $3
sji.
Solve
10x-I9x-9 = 0.
\^.
The
o 10
and o+lO.
What
27'3
x\
Xi
x 5 = xo
4.
The sum
9.
is
j/ioT
11.
Solve 6375x-10a;=l.
is
The length of a rectangular field The area is 3 J acres. Find the sides.
12.
5 rods
What
|
equal
when a = ^\
10n+21a
may ^
\13. The perimeter of a rectangle is 56 and the area is 192. Find the diameter of the circle which passes through its angular points.
14.
Solve
OOTox'+Tox^
150.
15.
By
solving
,^.
17.
Two
is
One
of
speed
5 miles per hour greater than the other, takes ^ an hour less Find their average speeds. to travel the distance.
V.
9.
o Solve
,
^^^+-^ = ^.
,
a;
x*+\
109
much %
as
the
horse
^.
22.
Divide 25 into two parts so that the sum of the fractions formed by dividing each part by the other may be 4 25.
field
are
x+17 and
a;
17.
The
= 60.
x'= 1 25.
Find
all
Since x* 8x+ 12 (x 2){x 6), for what values of x will the 28. expression x* 8x+12 be equal to zero, and for what values will it be negative ?
278
Solve
ALGEBRA
xa
29. 30.
xb
-.
a-\-b
The area of a square is trebled by adding 10 inches to one 31. side and 12 inches to the other. Find the side of the square.
32.
33. 34.
A man bought a number of acres for S300. If he had paid S5 more per acre, the number of acres would have been 2 less. Find the number bought.
35.
Solve
1
x-\-a-j-o
=
a
i +a+
b
^ b
36.
xa Solve z
b
x~b =
xa
a = xb
OX and OY are two roads at right angles. A starts at noon 37. along OX at 3 miles per hour. B starts at 2 o'clock along y at 4 miles per hour. Find to the nearest minute when they will be 20 miles apart.
38. 39.
= 0.
+ 6 =cx
,
6x*.
is
40.
it is
gra%'el
found that
Solve
8
of the field in
41.
= vt+\(>t*
is
What positive integer is that, the sura of whose square and cube 42. nine times the next higher integer ?
43. 44.
The
side of a square
is
34 inches.
may have
45.
What
and
of -
value of x will
CHAPTER XXII
SIMULTANEOUS QUADRATICS
193.
Consider the problem The sum of two numbers of their squares is 74. Find the numbers.
:
is
12
.'.
a;*
numbers,
12 a:
x=7
7.
or
5.
x = 7 or
5,
then 12 x = 5 or
7.
We
might have
a:
and
a;*
How
194.
Type
I.
280
W8
181
-6
x^y^l,
xy=12.
2/ x-y='k,
xy=60.
/3.
x-2y=Q,
x^-y^=27.
ji.
x-y=S,
a;2+y2=65.
^ x-y=6,
a;2-2/2=60.
8/;
0.
2x+2/=9,
x^-y'^=\b.
1* x+Zy=U,
^
\^tO
)
2x+Sy=l2,
a:2+2/2^13.
9^
'^
3a;-4t/=2,
x2+2/=27.
3x^+2y^=U02x -3i/=-]
x2+3a/ '-/2_^2x=3''
Kll\
I
J
3:K2_2a;2/+5x-?/=17
X j/=3.
12.
If
x3y=2
and x2 a;?/+2?/2=6,
of
and
i/
13.
The hypotenuse
is
a right-angled
sides.
triangle
is
25
and the
of the
their
perimeter
56.
Find the
14. .4 is 10 years older than B. Eight years ago the squares of the numbers representing their ages was 148.
sum
Find
15.
is
The diagonal
of a rectangle
is
50.
The
10.
16.
of the
The area of a right-angled triangle is 96 and the difference two sides about the right angle is 4. Find the hypotenuse.
Solve
17.
18.
3x+5y=2, 3x^-l0y^-xy+28=0.
the product of these the digits are
When
The sum
of the areas of
is
two squares
is
40 square inches.
The
20.
195.
and
y,
When both equations are of the second degree in x they can not always be solved by elementary methods.
282
ALGEBRA
in
/
^^,y ^^'
II.
'
^ ^\
\s<^
^^
^\J(j\JL
r^-Cf"^
cUc^s*^
^
o:.
196.
Type
Solve
z^5xy-\-4:y'^=0,
(1)
(2)
Factoring
(1),
(x-4y)(x-y) = 0,
x=-ly or x = y.
We
are
now
required to solve
x
+ 2/ + 3x=29\
x,
x=iyf
x=y /
+ 3/*+12j/ = 29,
22/*
17i/+12j/-29 = 0,
(j/-l)(17r/+29) = 0,
+ 3t/-29 = 0,
3+V24I
y=\ x=4
or or
-H. Vt':
-3+V241
-3V241
4
J^ or
= =
4 or
1/
or
3+^241
In this type the first equation contains only terms of the second degree. When that is the case the left-hand member may be factored and each of the resulting linear equations may be combined with the second equation, thus giving two
cases of
Type
I.
BXEROISB
Solve and verify 1-5
vl.
182
x2-?/2=0,
2.
x2+xi/+y2=36.
,
x2-4xy+3y2=0, x2+y2=10.
x2+2/2+2x=12,
3a!+2xy=y*.
3.
3x*-2x2/-j/*=0,
x+y+y*=32.
>
QUADRATICS
283
4:c''+20a;y+V=0,
2ary+l=0.
(6>
^ + ^=14,
x\=y^.
^'^
9.
x^xyy==\.
Find four solutions
6a;^+4i/2=ll2;y.
of the equations
Type
III.
Homogeneous Equations.
Solve
x2 xi/=6,
y^+^xy^lO.
(1)
(2)
(2)
by
bx*-UTy-Zy* = Q.
This equation
Tj^pe II.
(3)
is
of
the
(1)
Grouping
(3),
(3)
with
Factoring
{x-'iy){t.
284
ALGEBRA
The pupil should be on the look out for special methods of obtaining f'-om the given equations an equation of the first degree. Here we might have done so by simply adding the equations and taking the square root. Solve it by this
method.
BXHRCISB
Solve and verify 1-9 ^^ (jC. 3a;2-5j/2=28, Q^.
:
188
3xy-iy^^S.
3i/2-a;2+l=0.
7.
2x^-3y^=23, 2xy-3y^^3.
C^.
G.'
x^-xy+y^=2\, 2xy-y^=15.
x^xy=5^, xy-y^=18.
x--4y^^20, xy=\2.
32y^=^2xy+n, x^+iy^=lO.
x^+2xy^Z2, 2y^+xy^\6.
x^-3y^=i, x-+xy+y'^=28.
3x^-5zy+2y^=U,
2x^-5xy+3y^=6.
)^.
^.*
13,
J^
x^+xy+y^=7, 3x^l=xy.
14.
ht
^^
2x^dxi/+9y^=5, ix^-10xy+l\y^=3o.
x-+xy+y^=l,
2x^-{-3xy+i:y^^2A.
15. 10,
3x^-3xy+2y^=2x,
2x-
+ 3y^-xy=-ix.
105
when
the
is
sum
of the digits
is
the product
198.
40.
Special Methods.
it
Since {x-\-y)^={xy)^-{-'ixy,
of
follows that
if
the values
any two
xy
Ex. 1,Solve
Squaring
Ftoxa. (2),
x+y=U,
xy=\%.
(1)
(2)
(1),
Subtracting,
SIMULTANEOUS QUADRATICS
If
285
+ 2/=ll,
38<
ALGEBRA
(a;+?/)2 5(x4-i/)
Ex. 5.Solve
6=0,
(1) (2)
Factoring
(1),
(x
+ 3/-6)(x-t2/+l) = 0, x-f^ = 6 or 1.
and
,
Now
solve
x + y=6, * xy = o.
x+" v=
'
xj/
It = 8.
'
EXE3RCISE
Solve,
184
by finding
x+y
J".
x+y=S, xy=
xy=4,
xy=12.
{x-y)^=l,
J^
x2+2/2=25,
X j/=l.
1;">.
4.
x2+w2=61
J7.
j^
xy=30.
8
x2 x2/+2/^=57. x-y^8.
x'^+xy+y^=19,
x^xy+y^=19,
x+y=5.
9.
i
x+y=U.
10,
5x2
+ xy+ 52/2=23,
x+y=l.
x2+?/2=:89,
xyiO.
^. x^-lxy+y^=-lOl,
xy=^30.
p.
l4.
2x2+3x2/+2y2=.8,
X2/= 6.
x^-y^=l9,
'J-
xy^l.
x^xy+y^^Z9,
x^+y^=35l.
^
1^
V-'
x3+2/'=1064,
x+t/=.14.
X*
+ x2?/2 + y4 = 21,
x2+xy+t/2=7.
X*-x2i/2 + y4^13^
17.
x+x2j/2 + 2/<=133.
18.
x^~xy+y^=lt
{x+y)^-S{x+y)-28=0, x-y^3.
(x-i/)2-(x-2/) + 12=0, X2/=12.
x22/2- 27x^4- 180=0,
xy=2.
x+y=8.
is
22j
The perimeter
Find the
of a rectangle
is
[3 inches.
sides.
SIMULTANEOUS QUADRATICS
The diagonal
sides.
287
300.
of a rectangle
is
is
Find the
72-5.
of two numbers is 12 and the s^m of their squares Find the numbers. *'**t*'*****^ 7Cm .
The product
of
byB
26.
is
two numbers is 270. If each number is decreased Find the numbers. T/^^a^- /R.O
^^
A.
27.
The sum of two numbers is 10 and the sum of their reciprocals Find the numbers. 3-
28.
A and B
.nore than B,
The area
of
of
is
63 square inches
is
12
inches
more than B.
is
of
whose
reciprocals
2'i^.
30.
Solve x3-8!/3=56,
x-2y=2.
31. The sum of the two digits of a number is f of the number. The sum of the squares of the digits is 4 less than the number. Find
the number.
32.
is
The area of a rectangle is 1161 square yards, and 140 yards. Find the dimensions.
Solve 1 X
its
perimeter
33.
+1=
y
of a
is
-3,
-i
- 1=
y^
03.
x^
34.
The sum
number of two digits and the number formed by 121. The product of the digits is 28. Find tlie
a right-angled triangle whose perimeter
is
number.
35.
of
is
24 square inches.
if
area.s
Solve x^+xy-\-y^=l-15,
x^xy+y-=5-2o.
What must
be the dimensions of a rectangular field containing the greatest distance from any point in its boundarv to
is
50 rods
288
39.
ALGEBRA
The sum
is
?
of the radii of
two
circles
is
8 inches
is
of
their areas
whose radius
What
What must
field
that contains
a square rods
b rods long.
199.
Graphical
Methods.
What
?
is
the
distance
of
the
Since
.-.
OP^=OM'^-\-MP\ OP2^42+32=25,
.-.
OP
=5.
the same
If
any point
{x^y) is
is,
then the point {x,y) must lie on a circle whose radius is 5 and
whose centre
is 0. But the square of the distance of the point {x,y) from the origin is x^-\-y'^, :.
x2+i/2=25.
It
circle
is
thus seen that the equation x^-\-y^=25 represents a whose radius is 5 and whose centre is the origin.
Similarly, x*-r2/*=16, x* + y* = 100, x* + y*=l8, represent circles with the origin as centres and whose radii respectively are 4, 10, Vl8.
It is seen that it is a simple matter to draw the graph of the equation of the circle in the form x^-'ry^r^. All we
require to do
jentre
is
is
whose
When
Here
a:
a surd as in x'^-\-y^=l8,
it
is
simpler
=3,
y=3
satisfies
and y which satisfy the equation. the equation, and the circle is then
(3, 3).
SIMULTANEOUS QUADRATICS
289
290
ALOE BRA
BXSRCISB
/I,
"are
186
circles
graphs of the
whose equations
x^+y^=^'i,
2.
xy=l.
Find graphically the positive integral roots of a;2+2/*=25 and 2x+3y=l8; x^+y^^lO and 2xy^5. Approximate to the
3.
other roots.
of two numbers is 8 and the sum Show, graphically, that this is impossible. the sum of the numbers is 7 instead of 8 ?
4.
The sum
of their squares
Is it impossible
is
if
25.
BXBROISB
dy
2.
3.
is
Solve x + 2/ = 28,
The sum
is
of their squares
58.
4.
5.
= 56.
5
6.
18 g.
The sum
of
two numbers
is
of their reciprocals
7.
2x~7y + 5 = 0,
8.
A field whose length is to its breadth as 3 to 2 contains 664 9. square rods more than one whose length is to its breadth as 2 to 1. The difference of their perimeters is 60 rods. Find the dimensions of each field.
10. 11.
x2/
+ 2?/* = 33.
y'-2xy = 20.
The area of a rectangle is 300 square feet. 12. If the length is decreased by 2 feet and the width by 3 feet, the area would be 216 square feet. Find the dimensions.
13.
Solve x(x4-t/)
= 150,
2/(x
2/)
= 75.
14.
14. 15.
Sodding a lawn at 9 cents a square yard coetB $108. If it had been 10 yards longer and 6 yards wider the cost would have been half a much again. Find the dimensions.
SIMULTANEOUS QUADRATICS
16.
17.
291
and x*t/*-6x7/ + 8 = 0, find the (x4-t/)*-7(x4-J/)+12 = values of x + 2/ and xy, and thus solve these equations for x and y.
18.* If
19.
The product
of
two numbers
is
is
Find the
20.
sum
numbers.
21.
= x+ a/2,
x*
+ 2/=l.
is
Find two positive integers whose sum multiplied by the greater 22. 192 and whose difference multiplied by the less is 32.
23.
Solve
+ y* = X*
a*
fe
ab
10,
xy
3.
24.
If
25.
The product
is 5.
of their
squares
26.
Solve
^+y= y*
6,
x-w = 4. ^
\~.
Solve (x + 2/)(x+22/)
= 300,
^=
^
3.
A regiment consisting of 1625 men is formed into two solid 28. squares, one of which has 15 more men on a side than the other. What ia the number on a side of each ?
29.
Solve
1
-(
292
Solve
ALGEBRA
36. 36.
-+- =
-,
-4
=
xi/
Tr'
= 6.
two consecutive odd numbers
37.
is
The
218.
38.
39.
= 28,
x*
40.
is
The diagonal
of a rectangle
s.
What
obtained to find the sides of and one side is 7 inches longer than the other.
and the difference of the sides Apply the formula thus ? a rectangle whose diagonal is 13 inches,
is d,
Solve 9x* + i/* 21(3x + 2/)+ 128 = 0, xi/ = 4. (Make the first 41. equation a quEwlratic in 3x + i/, by adding to 9x* + ?/* what is necessary to make a complete square.)
42.
xi/
=8
43.
x2/
+ x2/* = 30.
CHAPTER XXIII
INDICES
BXERCISB
1.
137 (Oral)
?
What
2. 3.
Simplify 3
22
3x10'; SxO";
03-f-4.
:
4.
5. 6.
7.
What
( 2)
and
32, 2^
52.
What
does x*
mean
How many
x^xx*
8. 9.
is
is
divided by x'
What
the quotient
10.
What
x*^x3, x^^x*
^;.3
Trr
O20
0^
?
a*b^^
a^b^
its
x'
11.
What does
(a2)3
mean
Read
12.
13.
What
does
(06)*
mean
What
/a\3
does
(
mean
Read
14.
Express as powers of 10
IO2,
10-rlO.
298
29*
15.
to.
ALGEBRA
Simplify
What
is
Express 32,794
in
descending powers of
10.
202.
Definitions of a"'.
a,
As a^
is
each equal to
to a.
so a'"
is
the product of
to
a^"
a.a.a
factors.
Here
203.
it is
understood that
is
a positive integer.
We
a^xa*=a^^^=a\
a'=^a^'=a'^'^^a^.
(a2)3=a2^3=a.
{ah)*
= a*b*.
a'
/a\3
letters to
Let us now express these statements in general form, using denote the indices.
(1)
(2)
(.3)
n"'ya"=a"'*".
n"'
a"=a"''".
{fi"')"
= (i'"".
(4)
{ffhy"^a'"b*>^.
laws.
The
(2)
letters
m
is
and n
greater
?n>n {m
make
The
laws, as stated
may
INDICES
204.
295
Law
I.
Law
for Multiplication.
a'"xa"=a'"^".
By
definition,
a'"
=a = (o =a
a a
.
to
m factors.
n
factors,
.
0:^=0
a
.
to
.
o"
Xo''
to
m factors)(o
to
factors).
a ... to (m + n^
factors,
= 0"*+",
Also,
a'"
by
definition.
205.
Law n.
a"*
Law
a a
. . .
for Division,
rf"^-:- re '*=*'.
o"
a a
.
a
a
to to
m factors
n
factors
if
=a a = a~".
Here the n factors
in the
a ... to (m n) factors,
w>n,
in tiie denominator cancel with an equal number numerator, leaving factors in the numerator. If, however, n>m, the n factors in the numerator cancel with an equal number in the denominator, leaving ntn factors in the denomi-
mn
oator.
when m>n,
and when n>m,
206.
a"'-:-a"
a"*
-:-
= o'"",
a"
qh m
Law
(a"')''
in.
.
Law
o
o
. . .
of Powers.
. . .
('")" =a"*~.
= a'^ = (a
=a
.
a""
.
to n factors,
.
to 7n factors) (a
o ... to
factors)
the
a =0".
Also, {(a"')"}p
a ... to
mn
factors,
= (a'"")^=o'"'v.
IV.
.
207.
Law
(06)"
Power
ab
.
of a Product.
(&)'="&'*.
= ab = (a
to
factors) (6
to
factors)
Also, (a6c)"=(o6)"
c"=o"6c".
296
ALGEBRA
Law
V.
208.
Power
of
a Quotient.
{l)"
= l-l-l---^oniactors.
to 6
.
n factors
to
factors
have given five index laws. They are not ail The second and thirH laws jnay easily be deduced from the first.
209.
We
independent.
(1)
When m>n,
.'.
o"'-^o"
o""
(2)
Law
I.
Similarly,
a"'
xa
n
and
a"*
a"'
a"*
to
factors =0"'+'"+"'
(a'")"
to
n ter'js=aM
= o"'",
is
which
is
Law III.
called
For
this
reason the
first
law
frequently
the
EXERCISE
Simplify
1. 4. 7.
:
a^xa^xa^.
(a263)2.
2.
6. 8.
x'xx'-fa;'.
(32)2.
3.
(x^)*^x^.
(33)2^(32)3.
6. 9.
(abf^a^b.
6'
5*^5*.
((-2)2)3.
(oft)"
(-1)7
13.
16.
oC'xxf'Xaf.
x
+
14. 17.
a'.av.a'-v.
(a263c*)2.
15. z"*-"xa;2' + .
18.
a:"
*-^x-^
x* + '
a5
'
".
-'Ko^y^*-
^-
2<'
+ *va;2*'*''x JC*"
*"*
INDICES
297
t^
\b)
dTn + n y^
\c)
\a)
^'
a"*P
2^
26.
of 3.
3.
^
a'"
2nx2"-i X
.
22
Simplify
and
9"x3
+6
g^^i
28.
Solve
2*. 4^
8^=16^=^"'.
and Negative
Indices.
We
have defined
This
to
mean
the product of
w
tell
definition requires
us
what
what
means.
If
it is
we wish
it
necessary that
we
would be very inconvenient if we gave to these new forms of indices such meanings that the index laws, alreadj' established for positive integral indices, would not apply to them. We will, therefore, give to fractional, zero and negative indices such meanings as will make the index laws
valid for
211.
Now
them
Meaning
we suppose
it
a;.
follows that
X x^ = x^ "^ ^ = xi=
Thus, x' when multiplied by x^ gives the product x, or the square of x^ is x. But we have already represented the quantity whose square is X by Vx,
298
ALOE BRA
this
is
That
follows
might appear
aa
We know
case.
If
x*= Vx^, x*= Vx*, x^= Vx*, the index of the quantity in each case being hiMpi the index in the preceding now we take half of the index on each side again, it wouIq
that
X x^ X x^ = x*
*"
"*"
= x.
x^='^x
Also, x*
= Vx (the
fourth root of
x).
and
x^= y/x
is
a positive integer
Thus,
By Law
(x^)
= x*,
x=-^x.
Similarly,
(x?) =x-P,
E
.".
9i
We
if
as to positive integral
the same laws apply to fractional indices indices we are led to the conclusion
q are
the
that x^^^vx^,
when p and
is
positive
integers, that
is,
when
the.
index
a fraction,
By Law
III,
x
p
= UV
=(xP),
?'
So that
x^
p"'
power
of the
q'^
root
is tc
be taken, or the
Thus,
Of
root of the
j"'
power.
8=i?/8=-^6i = 4,
8^
= (^8) = 2 = 4.
INDICES
It will
299
first
be seen that
it
is
power.
Thus,
212.
32'^
= (\/32) = 2 = 8.
Meaning
I,
of a
Zero Index.
o''xa'"
By Law
= o+'" = a".
Therefore,
positive
if
integral
the same law applies to zero indices as to indices, we are led to the conclusion that
index zero
is
any quantity
Thus,
213.
equal to unity.
30=
Meaning
I,
1,
(ox)''=l,
(-2)=1, (-106)0=1.
of a
Negative Index.
a
By Law
Similarly,
We
to
to
a negative index
is
equal
index.
Thus,
300
Thus.
ALGEBRA
-^^
-^ = 8; -^ =
a^/8^x V^IG^
;
4x-a3 = -^
Ex.-SimpHfy
i^S'x
{^^J^
16 9a6
VW^ = 8^ X
16*
/ 9a* \'g
9"'
64
27ae6
EXERCISE
What
1.
is
the meaning of
ai
INDICES
Simplify
301
^*
16" i
59.
215.
Negative
Indices.
The
applied to
the
multiplication,
how
The work will usually be simplified if all expressions are arranged in descending or ascending powers of some common
letter.
-i_|_a;2
would be written
in
descending
Divide
^x"^
ab by
ahh^.
(2)
(1^
3a;i_2
&x
a a^b^
+9x^- 3 -4x^- 6+
ix'^
-10-15x~^ + 5a;-i
8a;
+5x^-I9-13"* + 5a;-i
302
ALGEBRA
of 9.r 12^*4-
10 4.r-i4-x-i.
9a;-12x* + 10-4a;"'^+a;-i 9x
3x^-2 + x'^
^-2
I
-12a;^+10
-12x^+
6x^-4 + x'^
6-4x'^ + x-^
6
4x
^
^-j-x'^
by the method"
of
art. 93.
Also
EXBRCISB
Multiply
1.* a;2+3, a;^-2.
3.
5.
140
2.
4.
(J.
x+x^ + l,z^-X,
3x-2a;^+5, x~2x^
x-^-x+x^-1, x^+l.
a^_l-f-2a~i o2 + l-2a"i
{a-a^ + l)^.
(x^
7. 9,
x+5xi+6xKx^-l-x~^.
8.
x+x^^+y, xx^y^+y.
10.
a+5aM+66
a;3 a;2+a; 2
by a^+2bk
2a;-
2 2a;-8 by
a;+24-2a;
*.
13. 14.
1 5a;" X by 1 x^+3a;^,
"
+ 6a^+9
16. 17.
a2+4a2-f6a+4o^+l.
4a;^'-20a;3+37a;-30a;^+9i
INDICES
18.
SOJ
49-30x^-24a;~^+25x34-l6z"i
19.
Show
that
'-'^^+^^
by x- a;
= (a^+fe^)-'.
2.
^^
21.
12.
'Divide x^-z~-
Divide
^3.
24.
(Vo+l)(\/o-l)-(\/3a+\/2)(V3a-V'2).
x^AxVx+\0x\2\/x+9.
will
216.
illustrate
how
Ex.
If
1.
Multiply
x+z^4 by
a;4-x^+4.
= (x + x2)-4,
= a;* + 2x^+x-16.
Ex. 2. Divide
Since a
2;3
[{a
+ b){a-b) = a*~b*.'\
a+b by a^+bK
b of b^, this is similar to
is
dividing
j/3
by x + y.
{x^
Since so
Ex.
3.
What
is
is
This
last
.'.
is
first
term
is
2x' and
term
3t/^.
is
2x* Sy*,
if
is
a perfect
cube.
Usir^ the method of art. 155, the cube root of complicated expressions may be found.
more
804
217.
ALQEBRA
Factors with Fractional or Negative Indices.
If
we
are
permitted to use fractional or negative indices, many expressions may be factored which were previously considered algebraically prime.
Ex.
1.
(a^)-(6i).
.-.
Ex.
2.
3a5
(Sa;-
multiplication
3.
x*-\-xy-\-y*
an incomplete square.
may
be written
{x-\-y)*
{x-y^)*.
-\-y){x
x^y^ -\-y).
141
EXSRCISE
Use contracted methods
in the
foUowing
a^l)^-
yV'i.* Multiply
2.
x^-2 by
x^ + 2
by J+fet
Multiply
a^l+a"^ by
of
a^ + l+o~i
3.
x x- 1
and
l
of
2a 2 o~^.
4.
and
of
1 x-.
5.
Multiply
11
11
6.
7.
a+2aM+6 c
common
r
by a^-\-lhc^.
8.
9.
10.
^-
Simpufy
x5xi+Q
x+x^-6
a-b
.
-j
::z-
a3-63
a+y/ab+b
INDICES
3
jL
306
11.
What
is
8,
?
and of
12.
the
square root
of
4x-*-fl2-?-3_|_ 93.-2^
and
of
x2+4a:+2-4a;-i+a;-2>
EXERCISE
1.
2.
Explain
how meanings
are
assigned
to such
quantities
as
/S.*
When x= 16, = 9,
t/
jk.
of
Jb.
Show that
i'%*
X ^^8^=
108.
^6.
^/7.
Simplify 32"^-i-(^i.)J
^nd 812^^(iVrV-
when
x= i,
1, i^ |.
J&.
J9.
710.
JlI.
yl2.
13.
Simplify
Simplify 5^ X 5^
5^
16^''
X 16" x
16"".
Solve
a;^
= 8,
2^ .4^
= 64
-^'3
and
,
{83
+ 42)x 16"^.
^A 14.
15.
1*
2"+!
6-"
jgr-
3.2''-4.2"-i
and
:
^-g^^.
a^+ab *-*'
'
506
16.
ALOEBKA
Multiply
17.
Miiltiply x' y
-\-\-\-x~^y^
by x^y~^ \-\-x~^y^.
4
18.
Divide
x*
y-*
by x^-\-x^y
3-8 ^
-
-\-y
'
and
19.
20.
o^+1-f.a"^ by
Divide a*"'-6*'" by a"'-6'".
a^+]+a"i
The dividend
is
is
1.
J/-+22/*
St/ 2, + x~^)*
the quotient
is
J/- i/'-l,
the remainder
21.
3i/^
Find the
{x
divisor.
-4(x x~ij.
j'-fc^j'
22.
What
If
is
23.
x = a+l and
2/
= a->+l,
show that
^ + ^~y = xyx+y
o.
24.
Simplify -008^
If
1-728^,
2-25s,
-0625'^.
25.
x + y = a^ and
x~y = a
26
^,
and x*+v*
in terras of a.
26. 27.
If 2a
= 2^-t-2-^
and
= 2^-2"^
find a*-b*.
x*-'ix^y^+l0x*y-l4:x^y^+l3xy*-6x^y^+y'.
28.
Simplify
-^
c
-rb
-i
''
29.
Factor
x*
y,
x 5x-
6, x 1, 4a 6* and
^nd
IQi-Bosii.
x-4x+10-12x-i + 9x-.
30. 31.
If 10-30103 If 7*<i
= 2,
= 50
and
7<'6
= 55,
2n+l
32.
/2r.-l)+l
^.;,
Simplify
y^^^^ x
INDICES
33
34. 36.
36,
307
Solve 3'+
+ 2" = 35,
3'^
+ 2''+ = 41.
Divide
Show
that x^'^^={xVx)''
satiafied
by x=2l.
U2Vx)^-2x^+x+4x*+ Vi-i-
^.
'ii
CHAPTER XXIV
bURDS AND SURD EQUATIONS
218. In Chapter XVIII. we have ah-eady dealt with elementary quadratic surds It was there shown by squaring
that
VaxVb = Vab.
might now deduce
IV,
.-.
We
it
From Law
Letn = i,
(afe)"
= a"6".
{ab)^
= ah^\ Vab=VaxVb.
Similarly,
.-.
L L L (a*)"=o"6",
\^ab=VaxVb.
219.
Orders of Surds.
We
surd as one in which the square root surd is one in which the cube root
to be taken.
to be taken.
. . .
A
n"",
cubic
When
they
higher roots are to be taken as the fourth, fifth n}^ orders. are called surds of the fourth, fifth
.
. .
may
Changing the Order of a Surd. A surd of any order be expressed as an equivalent surd of any order which is a multiple of the given order.
220.
n
Thus,
\/x=x^=x^=x^ = x^'\
\/x=-\/x*='\/x^= Vx".
n
Similarly,
x^ = x'' = x^ = x^'',
08
309
may
To Compare Surds of Different Orders. Any two surds be reduced to surds of the same order and their values
compared.
Thus, to compare the values of
v/2 = 2^
if/3
V2
and
"^3,
= 2 = v/2 = v^8.
than V2.
= 3* = 3^ = V''3*=\5'9.
222.
Changes
in the
Form
of Surds.
Any mixed
surd can
TO
n).
^TO + n =
1
/m n
/ 'V^
.
(to
+ n)*
,
..
mn=
TO
+n
Vto
^ n.
Conversely,
^I'=^fil =
^^x ^Too=i^Ioo.
148
iJ^^^8T=^^^7x^3^ -3-^3,
BXBRCISEl
Express as mixed surds
1.
:
\
V32^,
V363a62.
2.
-^16,
3.
v'32, -^243;
5.
-2^16^
a^S^fe,
-^^,
2v^5.
6.
(a+6)y^. (TO+)yzLi.
^y^.
310
1
.*
"^
Z^^ ALGEBRA
to surds of the
;
same
order.
V^S.
Also reduce
^2
8.
and V^S
\/2,
f3
and
Which
;
is
the greater:
;
3\/2 or 2\/3
Sv^G or 7\/3
V"^ or v'^lO
:
1-26 or \'/2
^^3 or y/51
Reduce
9.
to like surds
and simplify
\/8
+ \/l8+V98.
10. 12.
^500+^80-^20.
'^l6--^r28+v^^250.
11.
13.
15.
3V32+5\/50-iV'r28.
1^96 -2^ ^^12 + ^'324.
14.
\/75-3\/l2+5V'300+2v/48-7Vl47+3\/i.
x\/x^-y-ir\/x^+xhf-\/{x-\-yf-V{x^-y^){x-y).
Express as equivalent surds of a lower order
\/9, v/l25,
:
16.
17.
\/^,
\/l6^6,
A?^32.
18.
If
'^2=1-26 approximately,
i^J, ^^002,
f^6^.
Show
that
2xV2xv^2xv^4=4.
223.
When
the numerical
the value
is
When the denominator contains only two terms, it may be rationaUzed by multiplying by its conjugate (art. 164).
BXBRCISB
Multiply
1.
:
144
^'
t-
r^j
2.
5.
Oa .^
_^^
"ff
2^3,
3\/5.
i/5.
^201,
-N/3ai.
3. 6.
Vi, Vxy.
-^
4,
^4,
6Vl4, JV21.
'^-'""^^^
-2,
^-4.
7.
^^=^. ^^+6,
's/i+2,
^iH^.
8.
311
V2+V3-V5, V2+V3+V5.
^'
'
'
10. 11.
12.
^-1, ^a-2,
i^a+3.
Ve-VIT, Ve+VTT.
(Vl8+\/l2+\/8)2.
is
What
each case
13.
must be
What
is
the product in
3V2.
312
39,
ALGEBRA
The three dimensions
to the nearest inch.
of
room
is
are equal.
If
the longest
room
equation contains a single is written with the surd alone on one side, the surd may be removed by squaring both sides of the equation (art. 166). If the equation contains three terms, two or three of which
224.
Surd Equations.
When an
must be performed
'
twice.
Ex. 1.Solve
Squaring,
l-\-Vx=Vx-h25.
l-f-2\/x+a;=x+25,
,-.
2Vx=24:,
Vx=\2,
Verification:
VxVx+2^l
solutions.
and
in
the form
= \/x+26 Vic,
Ex. 2.Solve
Squaring,
\/x=a/x+25.
\.y^
Compare, line by line, this solution with Ex. 1. The answer is the same to both, although the equations are different. We have verified Ex. 1, and we know that a;= 144 is the correct result.
Let us
now
verify Ex.
2.
Verification:
seen that our attempt at verification shows that the correct root of the equation in Ex. 2.
It is
x=
144
is
not
If in verifying we could say tliat \/l44 is 12, the equation would But this is not allowable, as the symbol \^~ always be satisfied. repreeente the positive square root (art. 63).
318
may
be explained as follows
\
The equation
is
Vx=Vx-\-26
is
impossible of solution,
l
as Vz-{-25
Vx
must
be positive, that is, x must be less than 1. But it is evident that no value of x which is less than 1 can satisfy the equation.
(2) If
we square both
is
sides of
equation
the case.
Let
Squaring,
.'.
K= 6.
x*
= 36.
6, and
is,
the equation x* = 36 has two roots -pB and therefore, not equivalent to the given equation.
Now
This
is
which both
sides of
by a
an equation unknown.
x = 2.
-3,
.-.
x{x-3) = 2(x~3),
.-.
cc*-5x+6 = 0.
3, is
The equation a;* 5x+6 = 0, which has the roots 2 and equivalent to the given equation.
225.
not
Extraneous Roots.
b}'
an equation
roots.
first
Refer to Ex. 4, art. 145, where reference is made to the effect dividing both sides of an equation by a factor containing the
unknown.
have already seen the necessity of verifying the results In the case of surd equations there is an added reason for verifying, for although there may be no error in the work, the root which is found may not be a
in the solution of equations.
We
ALGEBRA
BXERCISB
146
:
\/2x^-3=0.
3a;^=a;^+4.
\/3x-2=2\/x^.
3.
^4. ^5x-7=2.
fi.
5.
2x^
= Z.
2^3a;-25+3=7.
7.
2(x-7)^ = (x-14)i
^.
JO.
12.
Vi+Vx+5=^.
l
9.
Vx+i5-\-Vz=9.
+ Vx+2==Vx.
11.
VxTi+V'^+T5=ll.
Va;
\/4a:2+3a;-16=2a;+2.
13.
-7-== + 5 = Va;
14.
^
V4x
= 4.
15.
Vi-3^V5+1,
Vx+Z
a/5-2
(12+x)^-fx^=6.
16.*
Vx+4-V^4=4.
(x+8)^-(x4-3)^=2a;i
17.
18.
19.
"
*U.
6\/x-ll_2\/x+l
-77^
3Vx
22.
Vx+6
36
z=:
21.
Vx-{-Vx9--
Vx
23.
vx 15
24.
\/x+3+V'xHF8=2V'x.
25.
\/x+4a--\/x=2\/6+x.
,
26.
^x3-6x2+llx-5=x-2.
27.
5(70x+29)^=9(14x-15)*.
28.
\/^+6+Vx=6_ -^-^_-_^^_3.
29.
V5x+1
^!r^
^1 + ^^-^
2
30.
vg^+v^ ^c.
-v/o+x Va
<1
315
226.
Ex. 1.Solve
Transposing,
Squaring,
x-\-\/x+6=l.
Verification
v/x+5 = 7 x. /. a;+5 =49 14a;+x^ a;-15a;+44 = 0, (x-4)(x-ll) = 0, x = 4 or 11. When x = 4, x-f Vx+5=4+ \/9 = 7, When x=ll, x4- \/x+5= 11 + VT6=15,
.*.
.'.
liK>
.-.
.".
is 4.
evidently a root of x
y/x-\-o =7.
Ex. 2.Solve
Transposing,
Squaring,
V8x+I-Vx+I=V3i.
.-.
\''8x+
= -\/3x+ Vx-\- 1.
'.
/.
x-3x=0,
x = 0or3.
^ y^^^ ^_^i^ ^
-zl
f^
^.^(^^i^ot'^
Here we
Ex. 3.Solve
2V2x+l=S-3Vx^.
is
Solve as in the preceding and the roots are 4 or 364, neither of which satisfies the equation.
Of what equation
4 a root.'
Of what equation
is
364 a
root.^
Ex. 4.Solve
If the
x^-3x-6Vx^-3x3=-2.
to one side,
surd
is
removed
we get
x-3x-L2=-6v'x-3x 3.
If
sides to
will
obtain an
we cannot
easily solve.
i ^0
316
ALGEBRA
from x
to
\ X*
,
We may obtain the solution by changing the unknown 3x 3. similar to the method employed in art. 192. Let Vx* 3x3 = y, X' 3x-3 = y*, r*-3x = y* + 3.
y*
:.
+ 3~6y=-2,
y = 5 or
1.
y*-Gy + 5 = 0,
or
.-.
.-.
.".
x*-3x-3=l, x*-3x-4 = 0,
x=4
4,
;
or
1.
We,
therefore,
4,
1.
each of these and show that they all satisfy the given equation. Here both values of y were positive if either of them had been negative it could at once be discarded as impossible.
V^erify
Ex. 5.Solve
x-{-yVx-\-y=20,
(1) (2)
xy2Vxy=l20.
From From
(1), (2),
Vx+y = 5
V'xy=
or 4.
12 or
- 10.
Vx+2/ = 5, Vxy=^l2.
x + y = 2b,
x!/=144.
Solving these,
x = 9 or
16,
!/=16 or
9.
EXERCISE
Solve and verify 1-17.
1.
146
:
x+Vx=20.
x-\/x=20.
3.
5.
V'3x^+V^^=3.
3x4-a/5x2+11+5=0.
2 -7=
/= 5 2Vx.
\/3x-5-V'x-2=3.
3x + 5=-v/5x2+ll.
6.
7.
8.
3x-2A/7a;+4=15,
317
V4X
10.
V4-X
11
13. 14.
Vx-fl6
12.
a;3_u 2x2
10a;+5=i-l.
Vx+a+Vx+b=Vab.
V2^+5-\/x^=2.
4(x+a;+3)^=3(2a;2+5a;-2)^.
3(a;+\/2^^)=4{z-V2^^).
15.
16.
2
18.
fx-1
= 7.
17.
2Vx+3Vy=12,
3V'x+2V^=13.
xy V a-?/=30,
x+y=13.
19.
x+Vxy+y=28, zVxy+y=12.
20.
x+2/+V^+^=30,
a; 2/+Va; /=12.
21.
x^+xy+y^=^\,
22.
x+Vxy-^y=\^.
23.
24.
x^-Zx^&-^/x^-Zx+%=2.
vx^
x_6=36.
X+2/-10.
25.
Vi"^Vi~^'
227.
Square Root
of a
Binomial Surd.
(Va+V6)2=a+6+2Va6.
(\/a-\/6)2=a+6-2Va5.
The square of Va+V6 is made up of a rational quantity a+6, which is the sum of the quantities under the root signs, and a surd quantity 2\/ab, the ab being the product of the
quantities under the root signs
318
ALOE BRA
The form of the square of Va\-\''h will show us how we can sometimes find, by inspection, the square root of a binomial surd.
>/ a-\-h-\-2Vab=y/a+Vh,
\^a-\-b2Vab = Va Vb.
Ex.
4 and
1.
Find
+ 2\/l2.
is 7.
whose sum
4
They
are evidently
7
.-.
+ 2V'l2
_=
+3+
__ 2V'4.
3.
'\/7
+ 2V'l2=\/4 + \/3=--2+\/3.
- a/3.
Similarly,
V'l-2Vl2 = 2
Verify by squaring
2+ VS
and
2 VS.
Ex.
2,
Find
14 6V5.
first
To put
change
6^5 into
2\/46,
14-6V5=14-2\/45 = 9 + 5-2V45,
.-.
Vl4-eV5=V9-V'5 = 3-\/5.
BXBRCISB
Oral)
147
?-
(1-7.
_^
r-^
319
Here we require two factors of 720 whose sum is 56. When the numbers are large, as here, it may be difficult to obtain the factors by inspection. When this is the case we may represent the factors by a and b and find the values of a and 6 from the equations
o6 = 720,
a + 6 = 56.
Solve these equations by the method of obtain
art.
194 or of
art.
198 and
a=36
6
or 20, or 36.
= 20
The required
.-.
and
20.
56-24-^/5=56-2^/720 = 36 + 20-2^36.
20.
.-.
\/56-24\/5=\/36-V'20=6-2\/5.
Verify by squaring.
Ex.
2.
Find
+ VS.
4"^
the square root
^ 9 + 4\/5 ^ 9 + 2\/20 ~ 4 4
is
or -^
(-
1.
Ex.
3.
Find
=\/2(l +
\/5).
EXERCISE
Find the square root and verify
1.
4. 7.
:
148
94-42\/5.
107-24\/r5.
67
2.
38+12\/l0.
94 + 6V245.
3. 6.
9.
47-12\/T5.
101-28\/T3.
5. 8.
7v^72.
28-5\/l2.
xy^2yVxf^.
320
10.* Find the valve of
ALGEBRA
l^Vl6 6a/7
to 3 decimal places.
11.
of
^I
-.
7+4\/3
12.
By
first
(1)
by taking the
square roots,
by squaring.
14.
Simplify
3+'v/i2+\/49+8a/3.
15
^ By changmg
.
V 3,
also of S
+ V2
less
and
of
V+^Vl
1,
IG.
From
is
a positive
quantity
17.
If
than unity.
a;2(14-6\/5)
sides
= 21-8\/5,
find
x to three decimals.
are
18.
The
of a right-angled
triangle
Vs
and 3-f2V2.
228. Imaginary Surds. When we solve the equation we obtain a;= 3, and we know that this is the correct
a;2=9,
result,
+3
or
is 9.
x^=5, we say that the value of a; is Vs, and we can approximate to the values of the roots as closely as we wish bj'^ finding the square root of 5 by the formal method. If we are asked to solve a;2= 9, we might say that the solution is impossible, as there is no number M'hose square is 9. This statement is correct, but we find it
solve
we
convenient to say
if
x2^-9,
~
then
= V^^.
321
quantity,
5,
^,
jV7,
is
etc.,
We may
which are called real quantities. define an imaginary quantity as one whose square
have already seen how imaginary quantities sometimes appear in the solution of quadratic equations (art. 190). We will assume that the fundamental laws of algebra, which we have applied in using real numbers, apply also to imaginary numbers.
Thus,
We
V^^=V9xV^l = 3V^^.
\/
a*=Va*x
V^=aV^.
These examples show that an imaginary quantity cau always be expressed as the product of a real quantity and the
imaginary quantity
V
the
The quantity
1 is
sometimes
229.
Powers
is real,
of
Imaginary Unit.
is
of
v/ 1
imaginary.
definition,
Thu3,
.-.
(\/^)= - 1, by
(V^)3=-v'^n[,
(V^^)=(-i)*= + i.
.-.
.-.
(\/^6_(V^n:)x
v^=+a/-i,
etc.
230.
Ex.1.
V^^x V'^=V'2
V^X V3 V^,
.
= V2 V3x(V^^)*=-V6.
.
iiere is
VG,
not %/6.
322
ALOE BRA
Ex.2.
sV^xsV^^eV^xisV^i,
Ex.3.
Ex.
4.
^
V-2
(x {a
= 90(v'^)*=-90.
=.
Ex. Ex.
5.
6,
V 2 and we get
3(1
+ V^^)_ ^
V-2)
(l-\/-2)(l +
l-(-2)
+ V32) _
^32
BXBROISB
1.
149
(1-0,
Oral)
Express as a multiple of
V^
V4,
V \6, V 81, V a*
?
V^^Wd, V^^9x*,
2.
V^^-b)\
What
is
4.
6.
What
7.
the product of
8.
V^, V^.
^-25, V^IOO.
V'^^^
V^P
Simplify
10.*
11.
3V^3+2V^^5-4:V^-[2+5V'^^48.
(3-|-6\/^)(3-5\/^)+(5-3\/^)(5 + 3\/^).
(4-3\/-i)2-|-(2+6\/^)2.
12.
13. 15. 16.
2-^(l-V^).
14.
(-l +
v/^)^(-l-V^).
{a+bV^)^+(a-b\-iy\
Show
that
i(
l
+ \/^)2=i(-l-V^).
SURDis
17.
is
323
this quantity
By
show that
(art. 192,
Ex.
5.)
?
Are
If
2 V^^,
the roots of
x^-ix+7=0
19.
a=2+3V'^
Impossible
and
6=2 3V^,
231.
Problems.
We
?
obtained
question,
the
"
imaginary
is
to the
What
said,
the
is
"
As we have
this
When we obtain an imaginary result in solving may conclude that the problem is impossible.
Ex. 1. The sum Find the number.
Let x=the number,
a problem, we
of a
number and
-
its
reciprocal
is
1|.
.*.
its reciprocal,
2a;-3a;+2 = 0,
3+\/9^=T6
3V^^
Here the roots are imaginary, and we conclude that there is no number which answers the condition of the problem. In fact, it may be shown that the sum of a positive number and its
reciprocal
is
never
less
than
2.
per yard.
The
= x(
x) = 30.
10+ V'^=20 x=--2
a;*-iOa;+30=0,
What
Would
it
be impossible
if
for $30
we substitute $25
$20
y2
324
ALGEBRA
BXBROISB
150
:
if
line
which
is
10 inches long
40 square inches.
The length
of a rectangle
is
twice
its
1
width.
If
the length be
is
doubled
1
Solve also
increased
foot.
A man
take him
will
4.
%x
hours.
At what
If it is possible
that
not negative,
of a be
BXERCISB
!.
2.
161
Multiply Multiply
+ \/3-V'2by
\/3+ \/2 by
3 \/8+V20
V5+V2
x+\/x^=\\.
6.
V4x+7+\/4x+3 = 6.
7.
\/z+\/z^=
Vx
35
,-
8.
V6x+7-Vx+2=V2Vx+i.
9.
Vx+5+ Vx-IQ=V'l^+x
Vx+5
^^
10.
Vl6-a:
Vl9+
'
325
12.
V'2+V3+V5 by v'5+V3-V'2 and x+y + 2Vx+y by x + y 2Vx+y. When x = 2+V3, y=2V3, find the value or
Multiply
2x+y
x--2y
xy
13.
result
x+y
Check the
14.
15. 16.
p + xV2px+x* = q.
VSO and
^2+^3- VB.
vf Simplify
3\/2
2V6
Ve
V3+V2
,
18.
When
X
19.
x'
:
x'
.r
V 12+6\/3 and ,T
,
V3-(-l
21. 22. 23.
If
^ / TO n
.
/m+n
\ TO+n
/m 7'
x=-l-f-2V'^,
x-12x.
T+ViS
and 2a \'4a' 4.
6x 6-\/x* + 3x 3 = 45.
24.
SimpUfy (Vs^-
^/2)*.
26.
Solve
3x*
9x+
11
=4Vx* 3x + 5,
.
the
roots
to
two
decimal
26.
pleices.
^^t Simplify
Va + b-{-Vab
Vo+6 Vo 6
Va + bVa~b
Va+b-^-Vab
, ,
326
ALGEBRA
Show Show
that
,
27.
V16 + 2V'63
28.
V16-2V63
^=
3.
unless a* b
is
va+Vb
\
Vx+Vy
29. K
^ (-^)+(^:^==)
'
<
30.
Simplify (3-2\/2)'^
+ (3 + 2\/2)'.
31.
of
x^+x*4-x-i-i when
x= v'3-trV.
CHAPTER XXV
THEORY OF QUADRATICS
232.
Sum and
Product of
the Roots.
x2-lla;4-10=0.
2.r2- 3.r-
The
1.
5=0.
f,
-L
=
10.
15a;H26a;+ 8=0.
the
,,
-|, -^.
In In
Tn AiX
(1) (2)
sum
,,
of the roots
,,
,,
,,
= =
product
,,
=-f.
j^.
8
CW \fJ
/
jg,
Examine the sum and the product in each case and state how they compare with the coefficients in the given equations.
Every quadratic equation may be reduced to the form
ax^-{-bx-\-c0.
b+Vb^-'iac
^
2a
J and
-6 V62-4ac
^
.
2a
m and
n,
= -b+Vb^-4:ac-b-Vb^-4MC
2a
-26
2a
and
mn =
{-b-^Vb^-4ac){-b-Vb^-4:ac)
4a2
62-62+4ac
4a*
4ac
~4a=
328
ALGEBRA
results with the coefficients a,
:
Comparing these
equation,
b, c
in the
quadratic equation, in the standard form, is equal to the coefficient of x with its sign changed, divided by the coefficient of x^, and the product of the roots is equal to the absolute term, divided by the coefficient of x^.
Sum
coefficient of
x
a;*
of the roots
coefficient of
absolute term
coefficient of
a;*
The formulae for the sum and product of the roots furnish a convenient means of verifying the roots.
the roots of 3x*-\-x2 = to be 5, 1, but the sum of and the product is |, which agree with the sum and product given by the formulae. Therefore, these are the correct
Thus,
I find
is
and
roots.
Reciprocal Roots.
If the
reciprocals (like
c
and
),
their product
unity,
and therefore
=1
is
or
c=a.
the
coefficient
of
or
1.
234.
Roots equal
(like
in
in Sign.
If the
and 3),
sum
will
be zero, therefore
_- =
a
or 6
= 0.
So that any quadratic equation in which the second term is missing will have roots equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.
and ox* c = 2a;* 9 = Verify by finding the roots.
Thus,
have such
roots.
THEORY OF QDADRATIC8
EXERCISE
State the
1.
32^
152 (Oral)
:
of the roots of
x2 7a:+12=0.
a;2+6a;+l=0.
3a;2-12a;-7=0.
2.
x2_5a._ii^0.
2a;2_i0a;+6=0.
3.
5. 7.
4.
6. 8.
4a;2-17x+4=0.
ax^{b-\-c)x-\-a=0.
ax^bxc=0.
px^q=0.
3x^-4:z=6.
9.
10. 12.
ax^+a=0.
(ai-b)x^-x+a^-b^=0.
have reciprocal roots
?
V
11. 13.
Which
of
the
preceding
equations
Which have
14.
15.
S+V2, 3V2
the roots of
x^6x+7=0
In which
16. 18.
x2-7a;J-10=0;
a;2-13a;4-36=0;
17.
x-2+3a;-28=0
7,
;
-4.
4, 9.
19.
x2-12x+27=0
2a;2-5a;+2=0
is
;
4, 8. 2, J.
20.
x2-4a;-5=0
5, 1.
21.
found to be
41.
What
How
roots of
1-125
and
2-
24.
of a
?
If the roots of
Qx^lOx-^a=0
are reciprocals,
what
is
the value
25.
If
the roots of
jnx^{m^9)x-'rm^=0
is
the value of
What would
then be
235. To form a Quadratic with given Roots. First Method. In the equation x^-^-px-^-q^O, the sum of the roots is p, and the product is q. Since every quadratic equation may be reduced to the form x^-}-px-]-q=0, by dividing by the coefficient of x^, any quadratic equation may be written thus
;
X'^X (sum
of roots)
+ (product of roots)=0.
330
If
ALOEBRA
the roots are given, the equation can at once be writi^a
down.
Thus, the equation whose roots are 3 and 5
is
x*
a;(3 + 5) + 3
is
= 0,
orx-8x+15 =
The equation whose
roots are
2-}-
\/3 and
2 VS
is
x-x(2+V3-|-2-V3) + (2+\/3)(2-\/3) = 0,
The equation whose
roots are a
or
x*-4x+l = 0.
+b
and a b
x*
2ax-f-a* 6* = 0.
p and
q
is
roots are
are
and
is
t-^
3)(x 5) = 0,
or
x*-8x+15 = 0.
The equation whose roots are and J is (3x-2)(4x+3) = 0. The equation whose roots are 2 \/3, 2 \/3 is
(x
)(x+|) = 0,
or
(x-2- V'3)(x-2+\/3) = 0,
or
(x-2)*-3 =
or
x*-4x 4-1 = 0.
Either method is simple enough to apply, but the first is probably easier when the given roots are not simple numbers. The second method may be applied to form an equation with any number of given roots.
Thus, the equation whose roots are
2, 3,
is
(x-2)(x-3)(x + 5) = 0, or x3_
19a;
+30=0.
EXERCISE
-7. -1.
2.
6.
3, i,
3.
7.
-3,
4.
-3,
I, J. 0,
-7
ii
a, a.
-h-\.
3, 0.
8.
9.
10, 14.
a, b.
11.
12.
16.
m.
13.
3,4,5.
2,3,-1.
15.
a,b,c.
a, 6, 0.
:
Reduce
17.*
20.
23.
m+n, mn.
1|,
2a b, 2o+6.
-2, -4,
6.
3+V3, 3-A/a
i, \, \.
-2i.
21.
22.
Show
x00a;''-589*+580==0.
THEORY OF QUADRATICS
24.
331
is
sum
of the roots
and the
14.
25.
Form
the equation
where a^-\-b^=2bi
a-\-b=l.
26.
Form
ab
27.
(1) (3)
ab
i(4\/7).
-
,_
(x-2)2=5x-3.
x{x-p)=p{x-q).
Solve
If
(2) (4)
{x-a){x-b)=ab.
(2-+a)2+(a;+6)2=(a;4-c)2.
is 5.
28. 29.
x* 21x2 20x=0,
12x+a=0
is
what are
the values oi
236.
When m and n
of ax^-\-bx-\-c=0,
m-\-n=
Here
it
mn = -
a
the product of the
while the separate
will
sum and
expressions,
If we wish to find the sum of the squares of the roots, we can do so in the following way
:
m^+n^
= (m-\-n)^2mn.
62
2c
62_2ac
It
can also be found by taking the square of each root Find it that way and see if you get
332
ALGEBRA
1.
Ex.
When
1
ni
of a,r2-|-6.T-f c=0.
m
_
+ -.
n
b
_
n
c
'
-|
m^-i-n^,
m~n.
m-\-n
b
c
m
f>^
,
n
''^
mn
6_
n
2c
m
,
_ w* + n* _
mn
(m + n)* 2mn
a*
c
b^
2ac
ac
mn
,
3 3 m^ + n^
/ N3 / (m4-tiy o 3m,n(m + n)
,
= fe
a^
-= 3a6c-6
36c
^
a*
a'
or
/
m,^-^n^
= =
+ n) *3mn} =
>
etc.
(m n)'
.\.
(m + n)* 4wn
/
V.
= .
a*
6*
4c
6* 4ac
a*
s
mn = H ~
Vfc*
4ac
.
The same two values of the last expression might have been found by simple subtraction, the sign depending on the order in which the roots were taken.
Ex.
2.
If
The sum
of the roots
is
Ex.
.'.
{i^+i)x+'-,*. = 0,
1
or
6x-37a;+42 = 0.
We
might have solved the problem without finding the actual roots
THEORY OF QUADRATICS
Let
333
p and
Then
.'.
= 0. tis
the
sum
i5-
+ * = V-.
is
x*-^x+7 = 0,
When would the second method
Ex.
4.
or 6a;*-37x + 42
= 0.
tirst ?
+q=
and pq
k = m
q
The
and
p
Find the sum and product of - and p complete the solution. Compare the new equation with the not write down, mentally, the equation
of the roots of q
given one and see if you could whose roots are the reciprocals
The following method will be found useful in solving 237. such problems as the three preceding.
Ex. 1. Find the equation whose roots are each greater by 5 than the roots of 4a;2 5x+7 0.
Let y be the unknown
in the required equation.
Then
Substitute
y = x + o or x y x y5
in
5.
the
given
equation,
and
the
required
equation
or
is
Of
S34
A
2.
WEBRA
Ex.
Find
Then
.'.
y x* or
is
x=+Vy,
a{Vy)* + b(Vy) + c = 0,
or or
ay-\-c= '+bVy,
a*y* + 2acy + c*
= b*y,
this
or
a*y*^y(2ac b*) + c* = 0.
Solve Ex.'s
2, 3,
4 proceding,
by
method.
BXEROISE
1.* If
154
m
,
-|
n
1
m
,
m
I
m^-j-mn-j-ri'.
2.
of Sa;^ 4x+5=0.
p and
3x^+2a: 6=0,
-, V^'P'-P?+9'+ p' p g2
4.
of
z^x+a=0.
are
Find
the
equation
whose
roots
double
the
roots
of
less
by 3 than the
roots of (1)
7.
x2-llx4-28=0,
(2)
x2-x-l=0.
Find the equations whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots
of (1)
2x2+x-6=0,
If
(2)
x^-pz+q=0.
find the equationfl
8.
(1)
i and
(2)
- and n
(3)
m' ad
n.
THEORY OF QUADRATICS
9.
SP
roots of x'^-\-ax-{-h=0.
10.
Find the equation whose roots are the squares of the roots
of x^-\-pxq=:0.
11.
Find the equation whose roots are each greater by h than the
roots of ax^-\-hx-\-c=0.
12
Find the equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots
of x^-\-x=\.
13.
If
of
and
mn
14.
Form
and
n,
where
m2+n2=20, w+7? = 6.
If m and n are the roots of x'^-\-px-\-q=0, show that m-{-2n 16. and 2m-\-n are the roots of x^+3px-\-2p^+q=0.
16.
If
p and
p*-\-p^q^-\-q* in
terms of
and
c.
238.
x2 6.r+ 9=0,
6a:2+ a:- 15=0,
3,
3,
|,
-.
10
(3)
5x^-{-lx- 2=0,
-7V89
(4)
2a;2-3x+ 2=0,
the roots are equal.
3V^
We
might say that there is two roots,
In
(1),
we
which
In
in this case
happen
(3), the roots are irrational, but we can approximate to their values by taking the square root of 89.
In (4), the roots are also irrational, but we can not even approximate to their values. Here the roots are imaginary, while in each of the others the roots are real.
336
ALGEBRA
and
and
rational. rational.
In
and
In
In
If
real.
are irrational
and imaginary.
we examine
we
is
will see
The
6+v'62 4ac
2a
and
6 a/62 4ac
2a
:
From
(1) If
these roots
we may conclude
a, b, c
is
b^^ac=0,
evidently equal to
a=\,
fe=
6, c = 9.
6-4ac = 36-36 = 0.
its
.-.
(2)
If
b^4:ac
is
.-.
(3)
If
b^^ac
is
positive, the
6*
4ac
in equation (3).
b^4:ac
is
6*
4ac
in equation (4).
Hence, the roots of ax^-j-bx+c^O are real and equal if b^ 4ac=0, real and unequal if b^ 4ac is positive, imaginary if b^ 4ac is negative, real and rational if b* 4ac is a perfect
square.
THEORY QF QUADRATICS
^Sl
The Discriminant. We see then, that we can deter239. mine the character of the roots of a quadratic equation without actually finding the roots. All we require to do is to find the value of b^4ac. This important quantity is called the discriminant of the
equation ax^-{-bx-\-c=0.
Ex.
1.
>i
the roots of
(1)
(2)
(4)
i2x^-2ox-\- 12=^0.
(3)
2a;2-16x+32=0.
The value
4ac)
in (1)
157,
49,
.".
the roots are real and irrational, the roots are real and rational,
the roots are imaginary, the roots are real and equal.
in (2) in (3)
is is
.'.
11,
0,
.'.
in (4) is
.'.
Ex.
The
that
is,
2.
For
?
what values
if
of
efqual roots
6* 4ac = 0,
or
if
^-*-64 =
i=8.
if
Ex.
Here
3.
EXERCISE
1.
155
(1-5,
Oral)
?
What What
is
What
? ?
is
the
What
What
If
6^ 4ac=0
x^5x+7=0, x^ 6x-l-9=:0,
a;2 4a; 6=0
is
?
x'x6^Q,
5.
the discriminant
is -25,
what
J38
ALGEBRA
:
23-H 5x4-3=0.
7.
4x2+7a;+15=0.
abx'^+x{a'^+h^)-\-ah=0.
9.
9x2-12r+4=0.
x'^-mx\=^.
all
10. 12.
11.
Show
If If
negative values
Jh.
13.
14.
roots, find k.
a.
all
ax-\Qx+a=0
k.
16.
Show
If
values of
16.
17.
it
roots, find a.
By
4x4-5=t,
X
show that
if a;
is
real,
cannot be
18.
than
the
1.
Show
is
that
roots
of
| 1
are
real
if
x4-a
x4-o
a^ab + b^
19.
positive.
Eliminate y from the equations y=mx-\-c end?/*=4ax, and find the value of c if the resulting equation in x has equal roots.
20.
of
If
and
240.
When
of ax^-^bx-\-c=0,
m 4- n
,'.
b
,
mn =
a;
c --
a
4- j
ax^-]-hx-\-c=a(x^ 4- -
of ax^-\-bx-\-c^O, the
are a{xm){xn).
THEORY OF QUADRATICS
339
like
We
can,
therefore,
find
ax^-\-hx-]-c
Solving by formula,
Ex. 1. Factor 6a;2+a; 40. we find the roots of 6x* + a;-40=0 are ^,
.-.
|.
6a;+x-40=6(a;-5)(a;+f)
= (2a;-5)(3a;+8).
Ex. 2. Factor 12x2-47a:+40.
The
roots of the corresponding equation are
.-.
\,
|,
12x-47x + 40=12(x-|)(x-|)
= (4x-5)(3x-8).
241.
Character
of
the
Factors
of
Trinomial.
it
Since
when 6^ 4ac=0,
is
follows that
ax^+bx+c
..
a square, when
b^ 4ac=0.
factor 3
30a;+7o
ia
a perfect square
is
removed.
// 6'^ 4ac is a perfect square, the expression ax^-\-hx-\-c has two rational factors, for under this condition the corresponding
Surd
Factors
of
a Trinomial.
we
usually
As we have
is
seen, this can always be done when h'^AiOC a perfect square. When there are no rational roots we may use the preceding
method
Ex.
x^ 6a;-[-4.
nx-6a;+4 = 0,
.-.
^^^^ = 3 Vs.
e2
a;-6x4-4 = (x-3-V5)(a;-3+'\/6).
Verify by multiplication.
340
ALGEBRA
EXERCISE
156
Factor, by trial
if
:
3x2-17x+10.
a;2_2.f-1783.
2. 4.
6.
20a;2+3x-108.
3.
5. 7.
lS00a--5a-l.
221a:2-458ax+221a2.
299^2+ lOx-1.
Show
8.*
of
it.
x-+4x 3
If If
9.
X- 8x4-Z;
is
k.
is
10.
find k.
ax^kx-'rQa
removed,
11. 12.
Express
Factor
x^ 6x 11
as the product of
two surd
this
factors.
When
expression
y.
is
x2
is
By
ax^+bx+c,
is
which
must connect
243.
and
when
this expression
a perfect square.
Equation cannot have more than two have seen that the equation ax^-\-bx-{-c0 has two roots, and since this equation represents every quadratic, it follows that every quadratic equation has two roots. It cannot have more than two roots.
Quadratic
Roots.
We
Let
Then
a{xm){x7i)0.
Since this product is zero, one factor must be zero. But a is not zero, for the equation woukl not then be a quadratic.
Therefore, either
xm=0
or
X'
nO.
THEORY OF QUADRATICS
But no values
of
.r
341
other than
and n
will
make
either of
m
roots,
roots.
Since the quadratic equation ax^-{-bx-\-c=^0 has only two then the quadratic expression ax^+bx+c can be resolved
way.
EXERCISE
1. 2.
XXV)
?
What
is
the
sum and
When
3.
(3)
Under what condition are the roots of ax*-i-fea; + c = magnitude but opposite in sign ?
When
If
of
ax*-\-bx
+ c = 0,
:
(1)
equal,
(2)
real,
imaginary,
4.*
p + 9 = 4 and pq=5,
6.
of the roots of
(3a;-2)(a;-3) = (x-l)(a;-5).
of
of the roots
= 0.
Find the equation whose roots are twice as great as the roots
of
24x*-38a;+15 = 0.
9.
will
roots
10.
and mn=35.
11.
12.
Form
and
m+w = 4.
Find the sum of the roots of {xa)* + {xb)* = {xc)*.
13.
Construct the equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the 14. roots of 17x* 53x 97 0.
16,
342
ALGEBRA
16. Construct the equation whose roots are each greater by 7 than the roots of 2x*+ llx-21 = 0. 17.
of ax*
Find the equation whose roots are each three times the roots
+ 6x + c = 0.
If
18.
of ax*-^bx
+ c = 0,
19.
roots.
has
rational
x*px+q =
is
If and n are the roots of x*+/)x g = 0, 21. are the roots of x* + x(m + /i mn) mn(m + n) = 0.
22.
all
Show
=4ox
values of m.
23.
for
x{2 + k) + k + 37
Show that it is impossible to divide a line 6 inches in length 25. mto two parts such that the area of the rectangle contained by them
may
26.
be 10 square inches.
Verify
is
27. 28.
+ mx + n = 0.
Find the
sum and
a
X
30.
find a
If
_
b
'^
c
equals their product,
the
sum
6x+ 12a =
(x
and
verify.
31.
It is evident that a is
one root of
c)
(x 6) = (a c) (o 6).
THEORY OF QUADRATICS
343
If a;* 5x 3a and x* lla;+3a have a common factor, it must 32. be a factor of their difference. Make use of this; to find the value of a for which x'' 5.t 3a = and x* lla;+3a = will have a common Verify by finding the roots. root.
The absolute term in an equation of the form x*-\-px + q = is 33. misprinted 18 instead of 8. A student in consequence finds the roots to be 3 and 6. What were the roots meant to be ?
34.
If
1
ax^-\-bx-\-c
0,
show that
m+n
and
35. Two boys attempt to solve a quadratic equation. After reducing it to the form x^-\-px-\-q = Q, one of them has a mistake only in the absolute term and finds the roots to be 1 and 7. The other has a mistake only in the coefficient of x, and finds the roots to be 1 and 12. What were the corrnct roots ?
36.
in x.
CHAPTER XXVI
supplementary theorems and exercises
Additional Examples in Factoring
244.
If
we multiply
the product
The
first
c,
are evidently the product of a 2b and 2a b. The last term, Sc^, is the product of 3c and c. If we wish to factor the product of two trinomials, we may do so by the method of cross multiplication, which we used to
the letter
factor a trinomial.
performed
2a*-5o64-26-5ac-{-6c- 3c 26 3c a
b 2a + r,. the terms of the factors are written under the terms from which they are obtained, it is not difficult to obtain by trial the factora of an expression of this type.
If
4o-8a6 + 36*-8ac-12c*
-I-
2c
-36
6c
Show by
SUPPLEMENTARY THEOREMS
BXBRCISE! 158
Write, mentally, the products of
1.
r
346
a-26-i-c
2.
Zxy-\-\
8.
a~ b-c
4.
3x-|-
3x+y2
5.
o 6+4
2a
6.
2x3y+3
7.
3x~-2ySz
2a~3b-5c 2af36
8.
3m 2n+l 2m 3+4
9.
a^2a+3
a^-\-3a2
a^~^ab-r4:b^-a+2b-12,
2x'^-i-xy6y^+2xz+llyz~4z*.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
6a^+at>-l2b^-2a+3lb-20.
a;2 a;z 6z2 2xy+&y3.
17.
^p^7pq-r3q^~2pr+3qr-Qr^
18.
If
3x-\-2y5z
is
a factor
of
and
19.
z'^-{-x{yl){2y^10y-\-12).
Write the expression x^4-xy2y^x-{-l0y~l2 in the form Solve the corresponding equation for
Solve
x25ax+6a*+7a;-17a+ 12=0. (W bv
factoring. {2\
by
general formula.
346
21.
ALOmBRA
Express, in the factor form, the L.C.M. of
6a2 5a64-6--(-ac c^
and
245.
Sum and
aS + 63
Difference of Cubes.
We
= (a + 6)(a-a6 + 6*),
(a
a^-b'' = (a-h){a'^-\-ab-\-b*).
Similarly,
and
Ex. 1. Factor a^+h^^c^Zabc. Add to a' + 6' sufficient to make the sum
add 3a6 + 3a6^
is,
Then
a^ + b^ + c^ Zahc, = a3 + 63 + 3a6_^3oj4.cS_3aJft_3a5i_3a6c, = (a + fc) + c-3a6(a + 6 + c), = (o + 6 + c)!(a + 6)*-c(a + 6) + c*-3afe}, = (o + 6 + c)(a + 6* + c*-a6-6c-ca).
The factors of this expression are important, and the pupi' should endeavour to retain them in memor3^
The expression
is
the
sum
quantities
One
the
factor is the
sum
and
the other is
sum
sum
of their products
We
form as
should recognize expressions which are of the same this type expression.
may
+ 6' + (-c)S-3a6(-c),
and
and it is now seen to be the sum of the cubes by three times their product.
c, diminished
The factors of a^ + ^^ c' + 3afec may at once be written down from the factors of the type form by merely substituting c for c.
.-.
a* + b^-c^ + 3abc = {a + b-c){a* + b' + c*-cih + bc + ca). o_fe3-c8-3a6c = o + (-6)' + (-c)-3a(-6)(-c), = (a-b-c){a* + b* + c* + ah-bc + ca).
8x'
SUPPLEMENTARY THEOREMS
Ex. 2.~Factor
a^-\-h^^l '6ah.
34T
= (a + 6+l)(a*+6+i--a&-a 6V
Ex.
3.
(a:+t/)H(y+2)3+(z+a:)3-3(a;+2/)(y+2)(3+a:).
This
is
of the
b=y-\-z,
Ex. 4. If
This
is
a+6+c=0, show
that
a^+h^+c^=Zahc.
if
Now
to zero,
one of
But a-\-b+c
given equal
.,
a3+6+c' = 3a6c.
We
zero, the
sum
if the sum of three quantities is of their cubes is equal to three times their 'product.
Prove
this also
by substituting h c
for a.
(a-6)3-^(5-c)3+(c-a)3=3(a-6)(6-c)(c-a).
Here the sum
result follows at
Similarly, (a
+ 26- 3c)3 + (6 + 2c- 3a)' + (c + 2a- 36) = 3(a 26 - 3c)(6 + 2c - 3a)(c + 2a- 36 of a + 26 3c. 6 + 2c-- 3a, c + 2a 36 is zero.
-f-
),
EXERCISE
Factor
1.
159
(a+26)9-c3. (a+6)'+8c'.
2. 4. 6.
8.
a'^-{h-c)\
(aJ-6)3-t-(c+i)'.
3. 6.
7,
{x-y)^~{a-h)\
(3a-6)'-(a-36).
a*b^-\-c*+Zabc
[2x-yY-\-{x-2y)K
8(3a-6)3-27(2a-3i)s.
%i^-iry^-\^z^~%xyz.
9,
tO.
348
11.
ALGEBRA
a3+6-l+3a6.
8x3-1/3-1 253=' -SOxyz.
is
12.
l+c-rf3+3c<f.
13.*
14.
(a4-6)HcH'-3c(a4-6l
What
15.
16.
the product of
abc 1-a-b
and a^-\-b^+c^-{-ab+acbc.
17. 18.
What
19.
the quotient of
1a^+b^+Zab by la+b.
20.
21.
What
22. 23.
one factor of
(4a+36)3-(a+26)3.
(a:2-3x+7)3+8.
(o2-3a+2)3-(a2-5a+7)3.
{a+b)^+{c+d)^-l+3{a^b){c+d).
Prove that the
is
difiference of
the
of
cubes
of
4a2+a+l and
2a2_2a-f3
27.
divisible
by the product
is
2a
and a+2.
Show
that
a^+b^+c^ 3abc
equal to
^{a+b+c)>{a-b)^Mb-c)^-\-{c-a)^\.
28.
^x2y+z
29.
If If If
a factor.
What
is
30. 31.
x=y+z, show
that x^=y^'^z^+3xyz
Show
Show
(x-y)3-l-(y-2)3+(z-x)3-3(x-J/)(i/-2)(z-x)=0.
33.
that
STTPPLJfl,f^fJ7TARY
34.
If
THEOREMS
that x'^-\-y^^Zxyz=^z^.
349
35.
a^-h^->rC^-\-'ioiic.
when a=-32,
6=--46, c=-14.
36.
Reduce
to lowest terms
2a2-5a6+3624-a-3c2
37.
(a:-2?/)2+(22/-z)2+(3-a;)3*
first
degree of
{ax-\-hy-\-azY-\-{hx+ay+bzY.
38.
x^-\-y^+z'^Zxyz=2{a^-\-h^+c^Zahc).
39.
if
a, 6, c
be each
40.
Solve (a;-a)3
+ (6-.T)3+(a &)^=0.
246.
Grouping Terms.
We
have
already seen
(art.
91)
that
we can
by
The
this
method.
'
The expression
.-.
cr(6*
differs
on.y in sign
Also,
350
ALGEBRA
=a^(6 c) 0(6' c') + 6c(6* c*),
and obtain
Factor also by using the second method of Ex. 1, writing the expression in the form (a' 6^)(6 c) (a fe)(6' c*). What are the factors of 0(6^ c') + 6(c* a')+c(a* 6^), and of a6(a'-6) + 6c(6*-c*) + ca(c-a) ?
descending powers of
a,
= a*(6+c) + a(6* + 26c + c*) + 6c{6 + c), = {6+c)(o+o6+oc+6c), = (6+c)(a + 6)(a+c) = (o + 6)(6 + c)(c+a).
Ex. 4. Factor
are easily factored
{a'^h^)x^-{-{a'^-{-h^)x+ah.
when
Z.
by
way.
(a-6)x* + (a*-6*)a; + a6
(o
(a
+6 )x b)x
and
(a
+a +6
6)x+6.
160
The
factors are (a
+ 6)x4-a
BXERCISB
Factor and verify 1-8
1.
:
acx'^+x{ad-{-bc)-\-hd.
2.
3. 4. 5.
mpx*-\-xy(qmpn)nqy*.
a;2(o-62)+4a6a;-(a2_62)_
(p*-g')y*+22/(p2+g2)+l)2-g2.
z*(a+6)+a;(a+26+c)+6+c.
a;*(a2_a)^a.(2a2_3a^2)+o2-2a.
o{6+c)+a(6+36c+c)+6c{6+c).
o6(a+6)+6c(fe+c)+co(c+o)+3a4*'
6. 7.
8.
SUPPLEMENTARY THEOREMS
9.*
10. 11.
351
xHy-z)+y^z-x)-\-z^x-y).
xy{xy)+yziyz)+zx{zx).
x{y^-z^)+y{z^-x^-)+z{z^-y^).
a(b^-c^) + b{c^-a^)+c{a^-b^).
12.
13.
a^b*-c*)+b\c*-a*)+c^{a*-b*).
Divide
14.
a^b-c)^b^{c-a)+c^a-b) by a2(6-c)+62(c-a)+c2(n-6).
Solve and verify
15.
abx^x{ad-\-bc)-\-cd=0.
16.
17.
18.
{a^-b^)x^-Aabx=a'^-b\
x2(c-6)+a2(6-a:J+62(x-a)=0.
a6x2-x(a2+62)+a2-62=0.
{a^-ab)x^+{a^+b^)x=^ab+b\
Find a
19. 20.
common
factor of
abx^-\-x{a^2abb^)a--r-b^ and
a^x^a^xabb\
The Factor Theorem. Ws have already seen that 247. any expression is divisible by x~a, if the expression vanishes when we substitute a for x (art. 101). Any expression whose value depends on the value of a; is
called a function of x (art. 114).
Any function of x may be conveniently represented by the symbol /(a:), which is read " function x." The factor theorem might be stated thus
f{x)
Thus,
if
is
divisible
f{x) /(2)
by
oca
if
f{a)=0.
= x^-lx^+nx-2, = 8-28+22-2 =
2,
.'.
If
then
,*,
T* 4x*a
-|-
divisible
362
248.
ALGEBRA
Factors ol x'^
a**.
We
x* a'^ = {xa)[x-{-a^,
a;o
(1) Is
is
a factor of a;^o^
?
xa
When we
ST!
U-
" a"
(2) Is x-\-a
is
divisible
by a; a,
a;"
a factor of
o"
When we
substitute
~a
for x,
a;" a"
= ( a)" o".
( o1" = cf", and
tins
will
true only
when
is
X"a^
Thus.
*"
divisible
by x+ct when n
is
even-
o*,
(3) Is x-\-a
a factor of
x"-{-a" ?
it is
Examine
* is
this, as in
(4) Is
We thus conclude that, when w is a positive integSK, (1) x a is always divisible by xa (2) x" a" is divisible 6y x+a when n is even. (3) x+a" is divisible by x+a when n is octd. (4) x+a" is never divisible by s a.
249.
1)
Quotient on dividing
a?""
a:* a*
by act.
,
,
^2 o
xa
= x-f-a.
-
xa
^^^^
, , =sx'-\-x'aA-!ea*+a*.
. ,
~
=a*4-ir'C--i-a*
=af* J-a?"o+a;*o*+a'-i-<**
SUPPLEMENTARY THEOREMS
353
Verify these results by division or miiltiplication. Notice that the signs are all positive, and that the powers of x are descending and those of a are ascending.
Similarly,
= x^ + x^a-\-x*a*-\-x^a^-{-x*a*-\-xa^+a*,
X a
and
(2)
a;"~^+a;"~*a+a;"~*o*-f
x-\-a
+xo""*+a"~*.
x-j-a
=xa.
=x^x^4-xa*a\
and
-
of
x-\-a
x-\-a
(3)
^ = x* x+o
xa-\-a*.
=* x'a+a;*o* xa'+a*.
x-\-a
x'
+ a'
x-\-a
and
x*"+^
of
+ o'"+';
x-\-a
EXERCISE
1.
If
161
What
2.
x^ Sx^+lGx 12
If
/(-I), /(-2).
?
What
3.
divisible
by
xy
and x+y.
4.
5.
is
divisible
x^'-j-y^' is divisible
is
fivisible
by x+2.
:
6.
^^
7,
a* 6* ^.
x-j-y
ab
a:*-81
'
8.
a*b*
a-\-b
9.
x'\ =.
10
*-i+32 a;+2
^'-"'
^^
'
j^
'
13
'
(+fe)^-l
(o+ft)
x-\-Z
x^a'
+r
A A
364
14.
ALGEBRA
State one factor of
;
m''+,, {x+y)^-l.
What
15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
is
the product of
o^4-a*+o+l and
a 1. in^-^m^m-\-l and m*
m-\-l.
divisible
by x'+l.
Show
If
that
x+y,
x^+y^, x^+y^, x*
+ y*,
X a
is
o,
p
is
and
g
If
21.
f{x)=Tnx^+nx-]-r,
find
/(a)
divisible
by xa.
a; 1
is
22.
If
a factor of x^k^x^
+ lOkx10,
k and verify.
23.
(3)
(4)
xa x+a xa x+a
is is is
is
250.
Symmetrical Expressions.
An
expression
if
is
said to be
symmetrical with respect to any two letters when those two letters are interchanged.
it is
unaltered
Thus, x + y and x* + 2/* are symmetrical with respect to x and y, but x^ + xy is not symmetrical. Similarly, a + b + c and ab + bc + ca are symmetrical with respect to a and b, b and c, c and a, for if any two be interchanged the expressions remain unaltered.
An expression is said to be Symmetry. Cyclic 251. symmetrical with respect to the letters a, b and c, if it U unaltered when a is changed to 6, 6 to c and c to a, that is, when the letters are taken in cyclic order-
SUPPLEMENTARY THEOREMS
Thus,
a,
366
a* \-b^-\-c*
c,
ab~bc ca
6*
and
+ c*+o* 6c ca a6,
which
a,
equal to the given expression. The expression a^ + 6* + c' 3o6cd is symmetrical with respect to b and c, but not with respect to a, b, c and d.
is
with respect to
k{a-\-b-\-c).
The only expression of the first degree which is symmetrical a, b and c is a~\-b-\-c or some multiple of it as
of the second degree, a^-\-b^-\-c^ of
any multiples
of these, such as
k{a^-\-b^-i-c^)+l{ab-{-bc+ca),
a, 6, c.
Symmetry
be
applied
to
Factoring. of
The
factor theorem
may
applied to
the
factoring
many symmetrical
expressions.
we put a = b, the
a6
is
a factor.
Since the expression is symmetrical and a b is shown to be a factor, it follows that b c and c a must be factors. We have thus found three factors each of the first degree. But the given expression is of the third degree, and, therefore, there cannot be another literal factor. There may be a numerical factor.
Suppose
.-.
A;
is
a nimaerical factor,
true for
all
values of
6
a, b, c,
then
:.
In finding the vaUie of k, any values of a, 6, c may be used provided they do not make both sides of the identity vanish on substitution.
A A 2
366
ALGEBRA
(a+6+c)3+(a-6-c)3+(ft-c-o)34-(c-a-6)3.
Ex. 2. Factor
If
.".
we put a = 0,
o must be a
and
c.
Complete the solution aa before, and show that the expression equals
24a6c.
As
.-.
and
factors are
Ex.
4.
Simplify
26)2+(a+6+c)2.
(a-6-2c)2+(6-c-2a)2+(c-a
This expression is symmetrical with respect to a, b and c and is of the second degree. In the simplified result there can be only two kinds of terms, squares like a* and products like ab.
1+4+1 + + fe*+c*). The coefficient of ab is -2-4+4 + 2 = 0, the complete result is 7(o* + 6*+c*). Check by letting o = 6 = c=l.
The
/.
or
7,
7(o*
.*.
Ex.
5.
Simplify
1
(a+6)(a+6-2c)+(6+c)(&+c-2a) + (c+a)(c+a-26).
The
/.
The
.*,
coefficient of ab is 2
the
;.
the
+ 2-2 or 2, other part of the result is 2(a6 + 6c+ca), complete result is 2(o*-i- 6* + c* o6 6c ca).
is
2(a*
fe*
+ 1 or + c*).
2,
SUPPLEMENTARY THEOREMS
FIXBRCISB
With
1.
S5l
respect to
what
symmetrical
3.
a+b.
a+cb.
5.
x'^+y'-'rxy.
4.
6.
ab+bc+ca.
a^+b^+c^^3abc.
x^+y^+x-y.
7.
3{p^+q^+r^)-2{pq+qr+rp).
first
8.
What
is
degree which
a, b, c
is
a, b
and
and d
What
is
symmetrical with
respect to o, 6 and c
10.
Simplify
{a^by-+{b+cy+(c+a)^
11.
to a, 6
li a-{-b is
a,
and
{a-b)^+ib-c)^+{c-a)\
factor of
and
c,
what other
factors
12.
of a^
When
is
{a-\-b)^-\-{b-{-c)^+{c+a)^
is
simplified,
the
coefficient
2,
?
of a^b
3 and of abc
is 0.
What must
the simplified
form be
Simplify
13,*
14. 15.
{a-b+c)^+{b-c+a)^+{c-a+b)\
{a+b){a+bc) + {b+c){b+ca) + {c+a){c+ab).
{xy){px-\-pyz)^{yz){py+pzx) + {zx){pz+pxy).
16.
(a-6)H(6-c)^+(c-a)3.
Factor
17.
x^{y-z)+y^{z-x)+z^{x-y)
xy{xy)+yz{yz)+zx{zx).
18.
19.
a'^{b+c)+b%c+a)+c\a+b)+2abc.
20.
21.
(a+6+c)3-(a+6-c)3-(6+c-o)3-(c+a-6)3
(x-y)3+(2/-2)3+(3-a;)3.
a(6-|-c)2+6(c+a)2-|-c(a+6)2-4a6c.
22. 23.
ab{a^-b^)+bc{b^-c^)+ca(c^-a^).
24.
a2(6*-c)-|-6V-a*)+c^(a*-6*).
358
Simplify
25.
:
ALGEBRA
^(y+g) {x-y){z-x)
y(8+a^)
, ,
2(a:4-y).
(yz){x-y)
{z-x){y-z)'
26.
^
(a:-y)(x-z)
?^
+
+
'
y"
{y-z)(y-z)
+ +
!!
iz-z){zy)
"^
27.
^
+
(c-a)(c-6)
28.
{a-b){a-c)^ {b-c){b-a)
bc{ab){ca)
29.
--4-
--J
c^ba
"^
ca{bc)(ab)
-+
ab(ca){bc)
b^ac
(a-b){b-c)
"^
(b-c)(c-a)
cajc+a) {bc){ba)
a^cb {c-a){ab)
ab{a-\-b)
30
bc(b+c)
(ab)(ac)
(ca){cb)
31.
32.
(a-6)''+(&-c)^+(c-a)' a(62_c2)+6(c2-a2)+c(o2-62)
33.
SimpUfy
(a+b+c)'^-{b+c)^-(c+af-(a+bf+a^+b^+c',
is
a factor of
it.
34.
Sliow that
ab
is
a factor of
What may
35
.
An
symmetrical
in x,
y and
When x=t/=z= 1,
it
equals 64.
it is
(1)
(2)
(a*+6*+c2)(a+6+c)=o3+6'+o2(64-c)+62(c+a)-
a^+b^+c'-Sabc=(a+b+c){a^+b'^+c^-3ab).
(a-6)(6-c)(c-o)=o6+6c+ca*-ac2_6c*-6a*.
(3)
SUPPLEMENTARY THEOREMS
253.
Identities.
359
of
is,
We
all
algebraic
expressions
have already had many examples which are identically equal, that
values of the letters involved.
Any of these may be shown to be identities by performing the operations necessary to remove the brackets on one side, when the result is the same as the other side.
Ex.Show
that (a+fe+c)^
=a3+&3^c3-3a6c+3(a+6+c)(a64-&c+ca).
Here the cube of a-\-h-\-c may be found by multiphcation or by any other method. The brackets are then removed from the right and the terms
collected.
The two
is
sides are
also
:
now
an identity. We might
by
factoring, thus
(a3 + 63-[-c3 3a6c) + 3(a + 6 + c)(a6 + 6c + ca), = (o + 6 + c)(a + 62-j-c*-a6-6c-ca) + 3(a + 6 + c)(a6 + 6c + co), ==(a+6 + c)(o* + 6+c* + 2a6 + 2ac+26c), :=-^(a + + c)^, which proves the proposition.
fe
254.
result
equal, the
that their
difference
zero.
The
(1) (2)
diflference
may
be zero,
because because
all
it
is
.iGO
ALGEBRA
1,
Ex.
Prove
(a-6)3 + (6-c)3 + (c-a)'-3(a-6)(6-c)(c-o) = 0,
(a-ft)3+(6-c)3+(c-a)3=3(a-6)(6-c)(c-a).
Here we may prove that
by removing the brackets when
all
(1) (2)
by observing that (a 6) + (6 c) + (c a) is a expression and this factor is identically equal to zero (art.
of
the
Ex.
2.
If
Here, as in the preceding, we may show that a* + 6c t* ca = 0. by showing that a-\-h c is a factor of it and this factor is given equal to zero, or by substituting c = a-\-b in each side or in the difference. Solve this problem both ways.
Ex. 3. If
a+6+c=0, show
c,
for
that
{a-\-b)(b+c){c-\-a)-\-abc=0.
For
a-{-b
substitute
b-\-c
substitute
a, and
for
c+a
substitute
Ex.
4.
If 2s=a-\-b-j-c,
prove that
s2+(s-a)2+(s-6)2-i-(5-c)2=a2+6Hc2.
When
the
first
side
is
simplified
it
= 4 2(a + 6 + c) + o+6* + c*, = 4s-2(2s) + a* + + c*, = o*+6* + c*, which was required.
i'*
Of course,
s
this could
is
ol
at once.
It
usually
BXBRCISB
Prove the following
1. 2.
identities
:
les
a(6+c)2+6(c+a)24-c(a+6)2 4a6c=(a+6)(6+c)(c+a).
{x+y)*+x*+y*=2{x'+xy-hy^)''.
3.
(o+6)3+(a-6)3+6o(o+6)(o-6)=8a.
StTPi'LEMENTABY THEOREMS
4.
5.
If
361
2(a3+6'+c3-3a6c)=(a+6+c);(a-6)2+(6-c)2+(c-a)2|.
a(b-c)^4-b{c-a)^+cia-b)^={a-b){b-c){c-a){a+b+c).
that
a+6+c=0, show
6.
7.
(3a-26+4c)2-(2a-36+3c)2=0.
8.
9.
(3a-6)3+(36-c)3+(3c-a)3=3(3a-6)(36-c)(3c-a).
a(62+6c+c2)+6(c2+ca+a2)+c(a2+a6+62)=o.
If
a+6=l,
If
a; z
14.
If
-^ + y = -^
z
-,
2.
= ^-^, b =
X
y
15.
If
-H a a
a;
c ab
2/
r,
prove that a
-\
+ - = -. c b
x^
-\-
16.
If
+-
show that x^
= y^2
^
= y^ 3y
x*^-=y*-4:y^-\-2.
X*
If 2s=:a-\-b-\-c,
show that
17. 18.
19.
s{s~a)+{sb){sc)=bc.
a(s-a)+6(s-6)+c(s-c)+252=2(a6+fic+ca).
(s-a)2+(s-6)2+(s-c)2+2(s-a)(s-6)+2(s-6)(s-c)
(2a5+6c)(26s+ca)(2c5+a6)==(a+6)2(6+c)2(c+a)2
J_ + -L + -L_l=
sa
sb
sc
s
'^
s{sa){sb){sc)
22.
I6s(s-a){s~b){s-c) = 2bh^2c^a^+2c^a^-a*-b*-c\
23.
If6
+ -=l5C + - = l, prove + r =
and a6c
1.
362
ALUEH HA n
If
24.*
a 4- -
= 3,
+1
26.
26.
in
If
terms of a and
27.
Eliminate
and
?/
from
the
equations
x-{-y=a,
xy=b^,
28.
29.
x=a+6 c, y=6+c a,
xH2/3^z3-3x2/2=4(o3+fc^+c^-3a6c).
EXERCISE
1.
XXVI)
x-\-y-\-z,
Show
divisible
by
and hence
show that
2.
(fe-c)'
Prove that
3.
If
o + 6 + c + d = 0, prove that
4.
Prove
is
+ b){a + c){a + d) = {b + c){b + d)(b + a). that (a 6)" + (6 c)" + (c o)" is divisible
{a (o
by
when n
an odd
integer.
is
If 6. 23+i-|.i
divisible
by
11,
6.*
same typa
is x^
of which
7.
^x+}y ^z
that
a,
is
a factor.
Show
Show
is
is
when n
9.
an odd integer.
If (^
and
only.
SUPPLEMENTARY THEOREMS
10.
If
a;
363
-f 2/
(1) x* (2)
(a;+2/-2)' +
11. 12.
13.
14.
Simplify
Solve
_ c) + ca(6 - c)(6 - o) "^ ab{c - a)(c - 6)' (x-a)3 + (x-6)3 + (x-c)3 = 3(x-a)(a;-6)(x-c).
tc(
fc)(a
Show
If 2s
(1)
(2)
(3)
that (o + 6)5-a5-65 = 5a6(a-r6)(a* + a6 + 6*). = o + 6 + c, show that s(5 6) + (5 a)(s c) = ac. s+(5 o)( 6) + (5 6)(s-c) + (s-c)(5-o) = o6 + 6c+ca. (s-o)3 + (s-c)3 + 36(s-o){s-c) = 63.
is
15.
divisible
by
17.
18.
19.
x c x b - c) "^ 6(6 - c)(6 - a) "^ c(c - a){c - b) If x = a^ bc, y h^ ca, z = c* ab, prove that ax + by-\-cz = {a + b-\-c)(x-\-y-{-z). a(6 - c) + 63(c a) + c3(o 6) Simplify -^r .,. 'J, ^ ^ (6 c)3 + (c a)* + (o o)' If a6 + 6c + co = 0, show that (1) (a + fe+c) = o* + 6 + c*. (2) (a + 6+c) = o4-6' + c3-3o6c. (3) (o + 6 + c)* = a* + &* + c*-4a6c(o + 6+c).
If *i"^P*"y
?
a{a
6)(a
'
20.
Show
is
divisible
by (x
1)*,
when n
is
positive integer.
21.
by x*+l, o* 32 by a 2.
22. 23.
Factor
,.,
x*-l-3(x-l) + 4{x-l).
o(fe*
Simplifv
-f
b){a (a Tv; r c)
6c
24.
V
is
Show
If
is
changed to
y to
y-\-a, z to
z+a.
25.
r*=+l, show
that x = 5x+3.
364
26.
ALGEBRA
Find two
linear factors of
(ax+h)^-\-{hx+cy + {cx\-a)3-~3(ax-\-b){hx-rC)(,cx+a).
27. 28.
If
= 0.
If a
29.
in X, y,
A homogeneous
z.
symmetrical
Its value is 42
it.
when x = y = z = 2 and
a;
is
16
2=0.
30.
31.
32.
Find
+ = o,
2/
xy = b, x^-\-y^ = c.
x+3/ = 3 and
x^-\-y-
ANSWERS
TO
ANSWERS
No answers are given to elementary examples, oral examples or examples which may be verified or checked without difficulty. In each exercise the number of the first example to which the answer is given is marked with a star.
Page 8
15. 108,
38, 10. 32, 60.
16.
3, 14, 39, 0.
17.
9, 29, 18.
19.
2.
21
25.
22.
44, 7.
Page 10
9. 47.
10.
70.
12. lOz+10.
13. xft.E.
14.
15.
16. 2a8+2a2+3a.
17.
11,5a;.
Page 12
24.
37.
25.
17.
26.
34.
27.
1.
28.
1.
29.
^.
Page 14
30. (1
4-
A^ hours.
31 . (5a;+20y-72)
34. 1234, 4019.
20, 20.
cents.
32.
3,
^^
ceata.
33. 5x+10y+5(K.
35.
24.
36. X
+ -. y
37.
38.
S67
39.
968
ALGEBRA
Page 38
7.
la+eb-15c.
8.
lOx^-Ux+9.
9. lOa-76.
10. 4o+46+4c.
13. 8o-4fe.
16. 2x+2yz.
Page 40
18.
0.
19. 15x+5y.
20.
46c.
21. 10a2+o6.
22.
4.V*.
23.
2o 6 ^.
Page 41
13. -3xy. 18.
0.
14. 19.
z.
0.
15. 4p2.
16. 10TO-3n.
17. 6.V-4?.
Page 44
15. 3a-2b.
16. 2a+5c.
17. -Sx^.
19. 4a2_4o-15.
23. z^+Gar-S 26. 2a;-3.
20.
26.
21. 13r-p.
Page 46
11. 3x+2y.
15. 3a+6-3c.
22.
6, 4, 4, 6, 10.
ANSWBBS
Page 47
1. 6.
o.
am
2. 4x46. 7.
3. 5n.
4. 8.
5c.
5. 46,8a. 9. 14,
6.
2a+26+6c.
a;+y-5z.
12.
3a-2b2c.
31.
9m-2n.
16.
x-U.
2x.
17. 26-4c.
19.
20. 3a; 6.
l
21. o-^6+^c.
25.
20.
26.
+ 2x.
27.
7.
38. 7n+4a;-2TO.
3-o-6-c.
30. 5c-36.
Page 52
19. 21.
1, 4, 5,
7.
20.
22. 28.
23.
3, 16, 35.
a2,
81, 32.
30.
29, 81.
23.
24.
25.
90.
26.
6.
27.
29. -20.
30. -50.
31. -100.
Page 53
13. 8o+76+9c.
17. 4o+i6.
15. dm.
16. 9o-6.
19. a^
20. x^-9x^+10x.
28. 7a*-5a.
3x^+xy+Zy^, x^+5xy+y^.
Page 56
19. 2af2+4x-4.
20. 5a2-8a-22.
23. 214.
24. 'ki^-db\
27. 14a;+30.
32. 3x2+10.
33.
15a.
34. 3x2+12x+14.
B B
i70
ALOEBHA
Page 60
18.
1.
19. x^-Zx+2.
20.
2y.
21.
5.
22. o-b.
23. a\
24. x+13.
Page 60
2.
9, 16,
-12,
25,
-7,
27,
-64,
91.
3.
1,
-1,
1, 16,
-27.
4. 4a2.
9. 12x2+12.
5. 8a2-9a.
6. Sa^-Sft^.
8. 30a+406.
13. 13m2+137i2_24TOn.
'20. 3a2-12a-rl4.
16. 4x2.
21. 6x2-2x!/-6!/2.
22. 4-a.
23.
8, 19.
24. x*-16.
26. a^-b\2,a^-b\
Page 81
22.
27.
7,
-2.
23.
-8.
24.
5,
-2.
25.
5, 6.
26.
^, 2.
6. 1.
Page 83 21
.
4, 5.
23.
4, 9.
24.
5, 3.
25.
12, 12.
26.
19, 3
27.
15,
-56.
Page 92
28.
2a.
29.
1.
30. x+1.
31. 3a;-8.
34. 3(a+4)(a-3).
Page 93
17. 7,-11. 18. 10,-4.
19.
5.
20. 10
in.
21.
7 in.
22. 14
in.
23. 3^
in.
ANSWERS
Page 95
17. 2a;+2.
371
18. 2a^+2b^.
19. 5ar+5.
20.
4tah.
21. 5OT*-10TOn.
24. a;2~4.
23. 3x*+12a;+14.
3x2-4a;2/4-6i/2.
27. 16z-34.
28.
36a;.
29. 9a^-8ab+%^.
31.
8.
Page 98
25. 5o-5. 26. 3a2-862.
30.
15.
27.
0.
29. x<-a.
33. a(o4-l)(o-l).
+ 3p)(l-3p).
41.
2a;, 7.
36. {x+y){x-y){x^+y^).
38. {x+l){x-l){a+b).
;7(ii;+r)(i?-r).
42.
4,
8.
Page 102
22. a;(x+l)(a;-l), 3(x-2)(x4-2), a(a-l)(a-2).
24.
2.
23. 8,-2
2,
-1.
2m(m+3)(m-3), {x+y){x-y){a+b){ab).
28. 3x2-5i/2. 32. Sx+6y.
30. 12a6-3862.
Page 104
13. a + 2b.
18. a-2.
23. 2(3a+26).
14.
a 6.
15. tw n.
16. x+y.
17.
m + 2.
19. x-3.
21. a+b.
2, 3.
22. x-5.
24. a(a-l).
Page 106
22.^+1.
X
23. -J^.
y^
24.^:^. X
29. ^^1-^
2
25.^^.
m
30. x^^l
26.-^.
a-f46
27.
x+2y
^^.
28. o+l. ^
BB
372
ALOE BRA
Page 107
10.?.
11.4.
12.-.
ay
13.^ 13.^
x-\-2
14.^^.
a
IB.
Page 108
10. 14.
o(a
+ l).
11- 3x(x+2).
12. ab{b+c).
ar(x+j/)2.
15. (x4-l)(a;-l)(2;-2).
17. (a+6)(a-6)2.
18. x(x-l)(x+l).
20. (t/_l)(j/+l)(y_2).
Page 109
22. ?^^.
6
23.
^^-^y
.
24.
^^.
12
25.
?-t^.
x^-y^
26.
0.
21.^.
X
28.
2
-"^
29.^-^.
ah(ah\
6(x+2)
30
^+^^
(o+l)(a4-2)(o+3)
31.
(a-l)(a+2)
Page 111
2.
X 2,60(x 2).
a6
3. x+y,xy{x+y).
4.
x3/i6
a
e^
"
.yj
46'c
'
^-
a
'
x4-2 2(x 3)
a+&
9
13.
2a
6-4c
46c
18.
x-2 x-3
ANSWERS
Page 116
18. 7x+6.
373
19. 0+6.
21. 3z+3^+3z.
24. a;2+8x 12.
30.
2.
31. 4|f.
Page 119
17. 3a;2-12x+ll.
18.
0.
19. 2ad+2bc.
20.
0.
22. l-x8.
23. x*-10x3+35x2-50x+24.
26.
13.
24. x*-10x2+9.
28.
0.
25. a6-l.
l
27.
0.
-^
29.
+ 3x+6x2+10x3.
30. 2x3+9x2+3x-l.
33.
31. 28x^+x*y-S3x^ij^+3lx^y^+20xy*-12y\
2-x+4x2-2x3
34.
195.
35.
5i.
36. abx*+x'^ib^-ac)+adx^+x{bd-c^)+dc.
Page 123
30. x2+2x+l. 33. -2xy.
31. -x3+9x2-l.
34.
2a.
35.
2aa;.
6.
a^+Sa 2.
38. x^+xy+y^.
39.
40. x+c.
41. a:+p 1.
42. axbc.
43. ay+a+l.
Page 125
1.
4.
2.
-5.
3. 22.
4. 2/+5.
5.
2j/'.
6.
-2y\
7.\
1^.
-l-. + x+l
8.1+. ab
12.
9.2--^.
a-\-b
10.
5x-3+~^.
x+2
l+x+x2+x3.
1x+x^x^
16.
6.
13.
+ 2x+2x2+2x3
7,
14. l+2a+3o+o'.
15. o-3.
17. z-i,
374
ALGEBRA
Page 126
16. a- 256.
17. x2-4x+8.
19.
21.
7.
23.
28. 2(a6+6c+ca).
35.
31.
G.
x* 4a;2+12x.
36.
34.
35.
p^+p-2.
41.
9.
40. x*+2x^+3x^+2x+l.
45. x*+x^(b+p)+x^q+bp+c)+x(bq+pc)+cq.
46. 3a+2bc.
47. x*+x^+x^a-a^)+x(l-2a)-l.
6 c.
52. x^+y^+xy-2x-'iy+i.
Page 129
21. 3(x-2)(x2+l), a(x-l){y-l). 22. a+b, x-1.
24. x-3.
Page 131
34. 14x2+191/2.
35. 3a2+362+3c2.
36. 2x+6x2+2.
37. 3a2-f362+3c2-2a6-2ac-26c.
45. 3(x+l)2, a(a+26)2.
38. 8{x^-z^-xy+yz).
48.
3.
49.
14.
0.
50. (x2+2/2)(a2+62+c2).
51. {ax+by)^+{ay-bx)\
52.
Page 134
11. a2-62-c2+26c. 13. p^-iq*-9r^+l2qr.
15. a*-62+c2-d2_2ac-26d.
16. a^+Ab^-c^-4:d^-4dab+'icd.
(a-x)(a+x)(a2+x2).
44. 2(x+2)(x-2),
o(o+l)(a-l),
AN S WEBS
Page 134 {continued)
376
{7nn+Smn){mnSmn)f
50. {x+y){xy)(x+y+a){x+ya).
24o+9a2 Ga',
20a;2|/2 40a;3?/.
53. (x-y){y-z)(z-x).
Page 137
13. 2(x2+2x+2)(x2-2a;+2), x{x^+x+l)(x^^x+l).
14. {a-b)(a+b)(3a-b)(3a+b).
15. (a;2-a;+l)(x2+2;+l)(a;*-a;2+l).
16. (a+6+c)(a+6-c)(a-6+c)(a-6-c).
17. (a2+3)(3a2+l).
Page 139
31. 3(a;+8)(x-9).
32. 2(a+l)(a+3).
33. a:(3a;-l)(2a;-l).
^4. (x+l)(a:-l)(x+2)(a;-2).
36.
(a
+ l)(a-l)(3a+l)(3a-l).
37. (a;+l)(x+3){a;-l)(a;+5).
40. a;2-5a;+6.
38. (x-2)(x-7)(a;4-l)(x-10).
44. (a;+2/)(a:+42/+l).
45. (3a+26)(a-6+2).
Page 141
22. 2(a-2)(o2-|-2a+4).
24. a{a+l){a^-a+l).
23. 3(y+3)(y^-3y+9).
25. 6(a4-6)(a2-a6+62).
26. {a^+b^){a*-a^b^+b*).
27. (a;+2/+a)(x2+2x2/+2/2-aa:-ai/+o2).
30. 2o(a2+362).
28. x(x2-6x+12).
31. x+y.
29. {2a-b){a^-ab+b^).
33. o2(a*-6a26c+1262c2),
2/22(3a._2^2)(9a.2^3a;y2+t/222).
376
ALGEBRA
Page 143
7. (x-l)(2a;2-9x-4). 9. (x-l)(x-2)(x+3).
8. {x-\){x-^\){x-2).
10. (a;-2)(x-3)(x-f5).
11. (a-l)(o-2)(a+4).
16. -12.
-4
21
2, 3.
Page 147
4. 2a;2+2a2-262.
7.
14a2
5. 4x3.
B. 4a2+462+4c^
8. 19997.
+ 1462+14c2+14a6-10'?/:-22ftc.
10. -5.
!1-
9. 14,860,000.
2a+19'7.
31. 3a(2a-6)(4a2+2a6+6-;
34. 4(3a-5)(9a2+15a+25).
36. (x-3)(x+3)(x2+2).
38. {x+Uy){x-\2y).
40.
(x+2/)3.
41. (x-36)(ax-2).
42. (a+26)(a-26-3).
44. (a+&)(a+6+c). 46. (x-j/)(x2+xy+j/2+x+2/4-iy
48. (2a+56)(2a-56 + l).
43. {2x-y){2x+y+a).
45. (o-6)(a-6-l).
50. (x2+4x2/-2/2)(x2-4x?/-!/2).
52. (x-l)(x2-10x-3).
54. (x4-l)(x-l)(c+l)(c2-c^l;.
55.
(a
+ l)(a-l)(a+2)(a2+l)(a'*-2tt^
1,
60. (a-6)(6-c)(c-a).
61. (x-2)(2x+3)(3x-2).
5,
6;
5.
0,
1,
6,
-7.
65. x^c\
67. 4,
68. (x-a)(2x+a+6).
ANSWERS
Page 153
16. 21.
30.
16.
377
17.
13.
18. 1,3,10.
19.
29.
20. 1,3.5.
Page 155
6. 45. 7.
4.
8.
1.
Page 169
6.
About 2
h.
35 m. after
A started C towards
;
31 m. from Toronto.
D.
(6)
22 m., 17 m.
(c) 11.10.
Page 172
5. 13. 9. 54. 6.
square, 16.
5, 6i, 8.
7. Right-angled,
4.
8.
M.
10. 16;
11.
6.
Page 177
3. 5, 10, 13.
4. 6|.
(5, 3).
5.
13.
6. 7|,
4.
7. 30, 30.
24.
8.
(1,
9. 112i.
10.
17.
24.
18.(4,4).
25.
26. S1200,
12th.
Page 181
I. 4xyh, 24ax^y*z':
2. xy,xy{x^y^).
3. a-\-b,b{ab){a+b)^.
4.
x-Z,
(a;-3)(a;-4)(a;+3)(a;+5).
5. a+5, (a+5)(o+3)(a-7)(a-2).
7.
6. 3(a:-2), 3(a:+l)(a;+2)(a;-2)2. 8.
x-y, y{x-y){x+z),
m-2, 4m^2(^_^2)(m-2)2(m2+2m+4).
10. a+6-c, a(a+6-c)(a+6+c).
9. 2(a+o6+62), ^{a^-b^).
J78
ALGEBRA
Page 181 [continued)
16. u v, {uv){u+v)(u^-\-v^){u^-{-uv-\-v^).
17. x2-8,
(a;2_8)(a;4-2)(a;4-3).
19. -a.
20.
2;2_3a;y_^2?/2,
x^+xy-B?/^.
Page 182
1. 3.
x-l,(x-l)(x-2)(x2_5x4-3).
2. a-l,(a-l)(a-5)(o''-18o-l).
x-2, (x-2)(x24-4)(2x2-3x-6).
6.
(x-2)(x2+5x+l)(x2-2x-l).
a^+2ab-\5b^
7^,
. ,
-1.
2x4-4
8.
x3-6x2+llx-6, x3-9x2+26x-24.
Page 186
1.
x-5.
2. (o-3)(a-4).
6.
3. 2(3x2+2x+2).
4. 2x-9.
8.
5.
262-6-5.
2x-ly.
7. a-2.
x-3.
9. 3a2(o-l).
10. x-1.
12. (x+l)(x+2)(x+3)(x+4).
14. (x-l)(x-2)(x-3)(x-4).
16.
3.
17.
35.
18. x2^5x-14.
Page 187
1. 2.
x-U,
(x-9)(x-10)(x-ll)(x-13).
x-3, (x-3)(x-12)(x2-2)(x24-3x+9).
^. (2a+l)(o-3), (2a+l)(a-3)(a+3)(2o-l),
ANSWERS
Page 187 {continued)
6.
3T9
x-b, {x-a){x-b){x-c).
7. a;-l, (a:-l)(a;-2)(a;-3)(x+2)(a;+3).
13.
3.
14. a;*-a:2a2+o*.
17.
1, 3.
19.
3a;+2 2a;+3
Page 191
""^^
o2+o+l
11
'
8.-^.
a;-2
~^
9.
4o2+3a-6
'
'
10.
="+2
23?{x+\)
^^
x+1
12
'
=^'-^
13
-3
14
"
^-3
2a;- 1"
l2x^-lx-4:
a-2o3+2a-5
Page 192
^
a'+b\ o 6*
g_
2y
a;2-^2
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a;2-y2
4.
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.
5.
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x2-i/2
(x+^){x+5){x+l)
14.
^^
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xy
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19.
^.
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x^Y
21.
2.
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0.
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20.
0.
22.
23.
1.
24.
2(a+l)
26.
25 29 29.
^^
^^
30.
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27.
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3' 28.
c-62"
^?L 44.
-^
l_a;8
2.
8W
ALGEBRA
Page 196
1.
^~
oa;(a+a:)
2.
3. J?_.
2a-36
g
'
x-2
4.
~^
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g
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ab{ah)
x+ax
a{xa)
^
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_1_
x^1
12.
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20
9.
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'+^' ac{ab)
10.0.
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15.:
(c o)(c 6)
3a+2x,
^.
16.
13.
x*-l
14.
(x o)(a; 6)
21.
0.
17.
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x{x-y)
18.
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1-9x2
19.
0.
20.
0.
22.
1.
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24. -1.
25.
0.
(x y)(y-2)(z z)
d.
26.
27.
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28
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{a+b){a^+b-^)
(x-9)(x-25)
29.
^(o-fl)(o+2)(a+3)(a+4)
30.
^^
(a;-l)(x-9)
Page 198
1.
2.
o 6*
-J.
8.
3.
'
^I^.
x+4
4 ?!i'.
'
5
'
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1.
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11.
7. x*+l-f-l. X*
o*+l.
a*
9.
1.
10.
'^.
X
12. y(~^)
13.
a+&
14. ?
+ ??+l.
15.
^l-l
+ g.
ANSWERS
Page 198 (continued)
16. --^-+J!-*.
381
17.
x^+y^
20.
<^.
{a
2)^
18.?!^Z^.
a^
1.
19.i2. x2
24.
--.
o* x2
21.
^.
o2
22.
23.
J-.
^(+f a 66
Page 200
1.
_?_.
106c
2.
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56 8.
3.
0^62
9.
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1.
4.
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a:i/
5. 1.
6.
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6
7.
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1.
10.
^y+\
16.
11. i'.
12.^-^;.
13.?.
14. a+6.
15. a+6.
^,.
17. ^,
Page 201
___^a* 6*
1.
-i^.
8.
2.
?^^
6c
3.-?^.
--
4.0.
a;2 9i/2
5. ^
-?-.
la*
6.2.
x
7.1.
2
1^'.
2a;
9.
6+c
^^
10.
^+^
x^+iar.+S
11.-^+^
o_oi+68
15.0.
,..
12.
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0+6
,
13.
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a*+ax+x2
14.
i^.
^
16.1.
17.
^"^"^^
(2x+3)(3x-2)
25.
18.
-i-. x-1
32.
20.x.
21.1.
22.1.
*'
x+x^
26.
?.
27. -1.
"^ a+6
33.
(a+b){a^+b')
34.
0.
35.
4^^:10x
(-l)(a:-2)(x-3)(x-4)
gg Q
^__
x+j/
38S
ALOBBRA
Page 210
13.
^^.
a+6
a2
-.
a-\-hcd
14.
-.
a-\-h
15. ah.
16.
a-\-hc
17
'
18
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a+b
19
'
^
'
20
' "
_^^
2
'
21
'
6*
22. ^'.
23. a-b.
24.
a6
?^.
2
'
25.
6+c
-^,
^.
64-c
26 ""+^ om 6
TO+n' m-{-n
o/\
__
-g 3a6 3a^
_g
,
*
wn(a+fe)
ah
o+3
-^ 31.
mnmn
,
30.
oft cd
-.
a-f-bcd
32.
8-,r-\-rl,
a+l
2s
2s In 28 an
,
^-"+
r
li:^.
33.
?^=^, H^=^.
2t
fi
Page 213
13.
a,
-h.
Oj
.
Cj
0,
15.
2a,
-b.
16.
o, 6
^^^
oA-oA^ a^V-oA
"2^1
O1C2
O1C2
19.
^a.
ife.
fflaCj
22.
c, 0, a.
23. 4a -36.
Page 214
25.
^'f 36
.
26. 30.
afcc.
27. 5,5.
31. -3.
J, 2.
38.
??i::!^^,
2n
^Z^.
n^n
42. 182040.
39. 2a='+26^
40.
35,
ANSWERS
Page 219
18. a^-fSa+l.
383
19.
6.
20. -4.
21. {z+l)(x+2)(x+3).
Page 221
19. ix+y)^-2{x+y)-\-l.
22. a2+62.
20. x^-3ax+a^.
.
21. 26.
13.
024.6?.
23.
x^
+2+-
24. -6.
Page 223
21. 2a^+{iab\ 6a^b + 2b^
23. 2a^+2b^+6a^b+Qab^+6ac^+6bc\
27.
27.
28. 242.
Page 225
M.
x'+x+l.
19. 22.
4c.
?_1J.?.
3
20. 3a2-4a4-l-
23. x-l.
24. a-3.
25. x2.
Page 226
1. 3z2_4xy+22/2.
2.
x3+2x2-3x+l.
3. x+3a;*-2a;2+2. 6. 2x2 9.
4.
hx^-lx+l.
5. 5a;2-2ax-3a2. 8. (a;+l)(x-5)(2x-3).
+ 3a+7.
a;
7. (a:+2)(x+3)(a;+4).
2x2-5a:+2-?.
12.
a.
11. 2x^-x-^l.
\-^a-la^ 2+^x-^x^
0,
15. 7a;2-2a;-3.
21.
-81/3.
24. 2x^-3x^+x-2.
25.
16.
27. 6x-4.
28. 7a;*-2ar+l.
984
ALOEBRA
Page 230
32. Vl3.
37. 4\/2, 12\/2.
34. V2\.
38. 5\/2.
Page 232
9. 10\/3.
10. 7\/2.
11. 5\/5.
12.
-3V7.
17. 866.
13. 7^2.
18.
7*94.
16. -4\/2.
21. -141.
22.
25-46.
25. 6-782.
26. 6-481
29. 7483.
Page 234
13. 24\/3.
17, 30 + 12\/6. 14. 12\/7.
15. 5+2V6.
16. 27-4\/36.
19. 2+3\/2.
18.
a+6+2\/^
21. 6 + \/l0.
22. 6a+66-13\/^.
24. 4V6-4.
25.
a+6-6-\/^.
26.
1.
27. 6+2\/3+2\/2+2V6.
28. 16+4Vl0-2Vi5-4\/6.
30.
29. 2a-\-2Va^^'^.
32.
nx-5y-\2^^^y\
34.
70.
31.
1.
12-W2.
33. 6V6.
35. 30-5\/6'.
46.
37.
42, 43.
38.
39. 9\/2.
Page 236
13. 14+8\/3. 17. Vl5.
18.
14.
6V2+W3.
.
15. 5+2^6.
-577.
16.
~_^
21.
-817.
^^~^^
19.
20.
3-636.
ANSWERS
Page 236 {continued)
22. 27. 32.
-318.
-072.
386
23.
1-491.
24. 29.
084.
-82.
25.
30.
1-225.
1-39.
26.
31.
-894.
28. 212.
3-15.
11-71.
33. 2-73.
34.
1-008.
35. V2.
Page 238
1. 12a/2. 6.
2. 12\/6.
7.
3. 10V3.
4. 62.
5. 191. 9.
^.
-4^2.
22-12^2.
11.
1.
8.
12-W6-2VZ+W2.
Vl2+Vl0.
17.
10. 9-4-V/5.
14.
I.
12.
2VT3+2V2.
16.
13. 74+11V6.
1,
15.
1-732.
2.
^VU,
i(4v'2-2\/3).
1-291, -518.
27. 25V3.
31.
30.
28. 2\/2.
6.
30. 202.
32.
33.
4-83.
Page 241
1. a;2+a;-132=0. 4. a;2+6a;- 112=0. 7. 2. a;2-a;-156=0. 5. 5a;2- 6a; -440=0.
6. 3. a;2-49=0.
x2+6x-9400=0.
a;*-19x+88=0.
Page 242
1. 5.
6,
1,
-1, -22.
-10, -19.
9.
2. 6.
6,
2,
-25,
-5,
21.
3.
8, 19,
1, 4,
-15.
4. It, -11,2. 8.
6,
2.
7.
-32.
0. 2, 7.
-27,
0, 1,
28.
9. 9.
44.
10.
2,
-6, -3.
11.
12.
-1.
386
ALGEBRA
Page
2^
3. 1-646, -3-646. 6. -851, -2-351.
I. 4-236
--236.
2. 7-828, 2172.
5. -232, -3-232.
4. 1-916, ^9-916. 7.
3Vll.
5_V157^
o
8.
-43\/3.
,2. -JiV2-2.
9.
iV2.
10. l^vTl.
II.
Page 251
20.
1-618.
14,
21.
4.
2^,
-1.
25.
a;
22.
5, 12.
1.
23.
6,
-2.
24.
6 or 16,
or
2,
t/=2 or
26. 540.
1-449, --949.
28.
20c.
29.
33.
60, 90.
30. 34.
8.
^, ab
a+b
20, 30.
x=2
or
^.
37.
4.
Page 255
18.
2-54, 1-0936
:
19. 8
27.
20.
:
-192, 1-302,
21. 3937
6336.
22. 4:5, 11
27,
a+3 o+5.
:
31
35.
10.
-^^
cd
39. 20fem
:
32.
an.
1^ l+4a
b+c b+c
-^
Page 259
29.
11-55.
30.
10|,
^.
:
31.
3.
AE=6l DE=1\.
35.
2,
32. 240.
,
33. 9-899.
34. 2
c m
-^ n
,
ANSWERS
Page 259 (continued)
36. ior, 5or -1. ^
^
387
37.- = -=
5
3-8
^.
38.
39. 147
ft.
40. 3 or
61, 5J
;
43.5:4:2.
46. 2
:
or
-i.
48. 110
:
45.
15
:
-^,.
b-{-c
b+c
-^
3.
25, 30.
17.
Page 262
6. 6
;
7^
U^,
5,
4,%
5, 2f, 1*.
8. 2,
8.
9.
3, 6, 12.
Page 264
4.
H-
5. -17^.
6.
Ih
14.
'^.
IB. V-
17.
-^.
18. 7:
16.
Page 266
17.-^.
23. 1
18.^.
19.
2, |.
20.
f.
21.
I, |.
22.6.
26.
= 1 = 5.
24.
ft.
25.^,-1.
39. 1,3,4.
i.
38. 41|.
Page 270
1. 3a, -a. 5.
2.
b,
-5b.
6.
3.
ZmmV6.
7.
4. - 2p^\/6.
oV5236.
-6a/P+c.
feA/6''+4ac
.^^ '
-l^--f
2p
1.
g^
--bV^ac^
a
'2a
?vg^^^
CO
2
M8
ALGEBRA
Page 271
1.
1.
2.
I,
I.
3.
^,
7.
-55.
4.
i\Vn.
5.
A, -T%.
6. i,3^V89.
A. -^3.
i,
8. .^. -j\j.
9. 2a, -36.
10.
7,
J^i.
11.
-\.
^,
12.
:j>5,
-jig.
20. 3Jv/57.
33.
21.
-^.
22. ^2\/5.
12V2
3.
V6.
6-18,
35. l2\/6.
382.
39.
43.
63.
Page 276
13.
15.
1,
-6,
-|^V^39.
16. 2,
14.
6,
-3, %\y/^^l\.
17.
3,
2,
-l\/33.
I,
\,
|.
2\/^.
2,
-5.
18.
1,
20. 22.
3,
-ii\/^, -ft^v'^a.
-l\y/l.
-1, -2.
1.
1,
Page 277
26. -4,3,
-i^V^^.
-,
27.
5,
-f|A/=^.
a+hV'^^db+b\
30.
--
a
31.
12.
15.
32.
o c o+c
-8
34.
'+^*
0,
38. ai.
a
a-f 6
0+6 o+6
-^.
^.
ANSWERS
Page 277 (oorUintied)
40. 6076
nearly.
389
41.
->^^^+64.
32
in.
^g.
46.
3.
43.
-^^V5I, -|iVl3.
44. 10
from a comer.
27.
Page 281
7.
(6. 2).
(-V.
8.
9.
(6, 4).
(-f^, -ff ).
(-5,
10.
(4, j.),
i-l -^).
(-2-275, -1-425).
k)-
11.
(2, 1),
-^).
12.
(2-525, -175),
19.
4-196, 4-732.
Page 283
8.
4921\/5
(2, 1),
-7 + 3\/5\
2
7.
(4, 3),
2/
(-1,
-3),(3^(-I,
_).
8.
9.
(1. 2).
(-5, -10).
{-'-/'',
=^^y
Page 284
23
II
12.
(3.:p^),(^,^^j. 13.(4.l).(13V,V5^/^).
(^, +^).
17.
35.
15.
(^. A).
ALGEBRA
Page 286
+2\/^),
(2V^, tV=1).
40. ^b+^Vb^-l6a.
21
Page 291
18.
(2,
2),
(2,
1),
(1, 2),
19.81.
21.
(-^-.^).
23
(-2V^. -2q:V^).
-1),
39. (-1,
2), (2,
{-it^vTS, -i|\/T3).
41,
(4^ 1)^ (2, 2), (J. 12), (f, 6).
40.
^+^^'-^'', -s+V2d^-s\
43.
42.
Page 296
19.
be
.
20.
x*"***.
21.
1.
22.
1.
23. a\
2,
24.
1.
25.
22", 312.
26. 3
27.
2, 9.
28.
7,
3, 2.
Page 301
45.
51.
J.
Tig.
46.
8.
47. 625.
32.
48.
4.
11 J.
.
49.
55.
^.
125.
^.
50. 56.
J.
52.
53.
54.
16^ g^ gi,
J|.
57. ^.
58. -^"53.
59.
1^
ANSWERS
Page 302
1. x-\-xi-6. 5.
391
2. x2_i.
3. a;2_i.
4. 6.
3a;2_8x2+9x-10xi
01+40-^40-1.
a2 2a-^ + 3a 2a^+l-
7. a;i+4x-lla;^-6a:^.
9. x^+xy+y'^.
8. a:2+8a;^+24x+32a;2
+ 16.
20. x^+x-^-l+x'^+x'^
21. 5a^"+4a"'-2.
22. 2x2+6a:+2.
23. l-2a.
24. a;-2Vz+3.
Page 304
I.
3.
x-4, a3-63.
2.
a+l+a-i.
x^-2x^-x+2xi+l, 4a2-8a+4o-i+o-2.
a2+3a+3aJ+l, 1 3x5+3x-a;i
5.
4.
6.
x*+xy +
!/*.
x^+yK
7. a^-\-b^+ck
i
8. (x+2/)(x2 y2)(x^+2/5),
9.
J-bk
x-x^ +
1.
10.
?^,
x2
a^+oM+fti a-Vod+fc.
X+2-X-1.
II. x^-2,
12. 2x-2+3x-i,
Page 305
3.
5, fo, 49.
4. 4, J^, 25, 4,
1-333, 5-62.
^,
8,
,^5.
6. S^g,
2.
7. 3-162, 1-778,
8.
4.
9. 1-732,
2.
11. 100.
15.
12.
4,
13.
i,
1^.
14.
I,
f.
Vo+4
^^,
3xi+2,
^p^o26 62
16. x^y^Sx^y^
an
ALGEBRA
Page 305 {continited)
18.
z^y~\ a^ l+a"i
21.
* 2 a;-V
i/'o
22. ia'-ift".
24.
Vs -lY
+l
a6c
2,
26. 30.
1.
27. e'+e-',
32.
x^ 2a:2/^ + 3^y yl
32.
^.
M.
33.
4,
31. 2750.
36. 2z+x,^-a;"i.
Page 310
7. >^4,
^27;
V^16, ^27";
10. 12V5.
11. 33\/2.
12. 3^2.
13. 7-^12.
14. 10v^2.
15. 9V3.
16.
0.
xV^,
r^ix, V2.
18.
2-52, 3-78,
126, 1-26.
Page 311
25. 3\/iO.
26. i\/5.
28. V2.
29.
U2V2-V3).
30. ^02+6*4-6.
33. 2-517,
1-364.
Va+b-Vc.
34.
194.
37. i\(18-34V5).
in.
ANSWERS
Page 314
16. 21.
393
No
a.
root.
17. 22.
25.
4.
18. 23.
64.
f|.
19.
root.
100.
20. 25.
9.
24. No
5^1^
2a
26.
3.
27.
10.
28.
10.
29.
|.
30.
C2-1-1
J^
Page 317
18.
(4, 9), (9, 4). (9, 1), (1, 9). (2, 8), (8, 2).
19. 22.
20.(17,8).
2, 1.
21. 25.
23.
24.
7,
-6.
Page 320
10. 2-823.
11.
-196.
14. 1+VS.
^, ^. ^. VS V2 V2
,
17. 2-309.
18. 2+3V2.
Page 322
0. 25\/^.
14. 11.
68.
12. -25.
13.
1+V^.
-l-y^.
2
i5_ 2a2-262.
Page 324
I.
5.
2+2v^-2\/3.
9.
2. 2+|\/6.
7.
7i.
6. IJ.
8.
-1.
9. 20.
10.
13.
13. 4a4-2\/4a2-6.
14. ^(i'*-2p?+g2).
3M
ALGEBRA
Page 324 {continued)
16. x*-lx^+2x+2.
17.
0.
19.
ANSWERS
Page 338
6. Rational. 9. Real and equal. 7. Real and irrational.
396
8. Imaginary
10. Rational.
11. Real.
13.
4.
14. 5.
16. -i.
19. -
tn
20.
2,
-?.
Page 340
8.
(x-{-2+Vl){x+2-Vl).
9. 16.
10. 6a.
14. 62^4a.
Page 341
4.
6,
^,
|, 4,
-14.
5.
f,
A.
6.
16x2-40x+21=0.
7. 12^,
8. 6x2-19a;+15=0.
9. -25.
10. x212x+35=0.
12. x^-'kc+3=0.
13. 2a + 26-2c.
15. (x+3+V'2)(x+3-a/2).
17. ax^ + 3bx+9c=0. 19.
1,
+^~^
a+ft+c
23. 12.
26. 4.
27.
3mn-m^
32.
28.
a.
29. 33.
t^ 0+6 c o+o
^
1.
30.
31. c+6-a.
o=8
or
8,
35.
6. 2.
36. (x+b-{-Vb^^){x+b-Vb*^).
SM
ALGEBRA
Page 345
16. 2a-6+3.
M.Pllll^. vq+r
18.-7,1,19.
20. 2o-3, 3o-4.
Page 348
13. (2a;-7/-53)(4a;2+2/24-2522+2x?/+10xz-5i/2).
14. (a+6+c+l)(a2+62+c2+2a6-ac-6c-a-6-c+l).
15. a3-63-c3-3a6c.
17. l-a3-t3-3a6. 19. 16. 8x3-?/3+2723+18x?/2.
18. 8a3-27fe3-64-72a6.
l+a2+&2+a-6+a*.
22. 3a+fe.
20.
9w2+n2+l+3TOn+3m-.
24. 2a-5. 35.
0.
21. a+56-1.
23. x2-3a;+9.
25.
a+6+c+d-l.
2a-36+3c
'
28. 27x3-8!/3+334.i8xj/z.
^
40. a,b.
"l
^^- (-+2/+^)(a+6).
Page 351
9. (-2/)(t/-3)(a;-2).
10. {x-y){y-z)(x-z).
12. (a-6){6-c){c-o)(o+6+c).
14. a+6+c.
a, 6.
11. (x-?/)(y-z)(z-x).
13. {a-6)(6-c)(c-a)(a+6)(6+c)(c4-a).
15.
^,
^.
6
16. ?-^
^-:::^-
a 6
17.
18.
b-\-a
^^ a
^=^.
b
19.
*,
*^.
ba
20. ax-a-b.
ANSWERS
Page 353
10. x*-2x^i-4x^-Sx+l6.
307
11. r-3a;2+9a;-27.
13. (a+6f-(a+6)2+o+5-l.
15.
o*
X 4, m+-, a;+y 1.
1.
16. m*+l.
20. a2+ap+3=0.
22.
1, 9.
23.
II
'11
a;3
4-a;3a3_|_a3^
x^ x3a3_^a3^
ii
5.1
a2
la
a;5_|_a;5a5_j_a;5a5_j_x5a5-j_o5^
Page 357
13. 3(a*4-6^+c'^)-2(a6+6c+ca).
16. -3(a26-afe2_^62(,_jc2+c2a-ca2).
14. 2(a2+62+c).
15.
0.
17. {x-y){y-z)(x-z).
20. 24a6c.
19. (a+6)(6+c)(c+a).
22. {a+b){b+c)(c-^a).
23.
(a-fe)(6-c)(c a)(a+6+c).
25.
1.
26.
1.
28.
-4-abc
29.
0.
30. a+b+c.
31. -{x+y+z).
3.
33.
6abc.
Page 362
24.
18.
27. a=c*+26.
28. o+2c=3a6.
808
ALGEBRA
Page 362
e. k^+ri\y^-^iZ-{-kxvz.
9. x=(a-l)(l-6).
H-
aoo
12. l(a+b+c).
16.
~ooc
18. -i(a+6+c).
22. {x-\){3^-2x-^+2xi2).
-a-6-c.
26. (x+l)(a+6+c).
31. 9,17.
30. o2=26+c.
HR
38-05
4^'J4
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CURRKUUM
--
LABORATORY
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university of
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