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Central Bicol State University of Agriculture

San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur

College of Development Education Education 2 (Child and Adolescence Development)

Factors that affect Brain Development

Heredity
Several studies of twins suggest that autism-- or at least a higher likelihood of some brain dysfunction -- can be inherited. For example, identical twins are far more likely than fraternal twins to both have autism. Unlike fraternal twins, which develop from two separate eggs, identical twins develop from a single egg and have the same genetic makeup.

Pregnancy and other problem


Throughout pregnancy, brain is growing larger and more complex, as new cells, specialized regions, and communication networks form. During this time, anything that disrupts normal brain development may have lifelong effects on the child's sensory, language, social, and mental functioning.

Environmental Factors
may interfere with normal brain development. Viral infections like rubella (also called German measles), particularly in the first three months of pregnancy, may lead to a variety of problems, possibly including autism and retardation. Lack of oxygen to the baby and other complications of delivery may also increase the risk of autism. However, there is no clear link. Such problems occur in the delivery of many infants who are not autistic, and most children with autism are born without such factors.

MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN

FUNCTIONS and CHARACTERISTICS

Cerebrum

 or cortex is the largest part of the human brain  With functions like imagination, thought, perception, judgment and decision to its credit, the cerebrum is undoubtedly one of the most important parts of the nervous system  The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called "lobes": the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe.

Brain stem

 this is the "simplest" part of human brains  This structure is responsible for basic vital life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.  Plays a vital role in basic attention, arousal, and consciousness.

Cerebellum

 or "little brain", is similar to the cerebrum in that it has two hemispheres and has a highly folded surface or cortex  is a region of the brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception, coordination and motor control  In order to coordinate motor control, there are many neural pathways linking the cerebellum with the cerebral motor cortex (which sends information to the muscles causing them to move) and the spinocerebellar tract (which provides proprioceptive feedback on the position of the body in space)

Limbic System

 often referred to as the "emotional brain", is found buried within the cerebrum

 This system contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus

PARTS OF THE BRAIN

FUNCTIONS and CHARACTERISTICS

Hindbrain

 is the oldest part of the human brain  it's in charge of our primal instincts and most basic functions. . Things like the instincts of survival, dominance, mating and the basic functions of respiration, heartbeat all come from this area of the brain

The Spinal Cord

 This is the information superhighway of the body. It carries information up to the brain and instructions back down.  Helps control the body's autonomic functions (things you don't need to think about to perform) like respiration, digestion and heart rate  Has roles in your level of arousal or conciousness and sleep. Relays sensory information to/from the brain. Also involved in controlling autonomic body function  Mostly deals with movement. It regulates and coordinates movement, posture and balance. Also involved in learning movement.

The Medulla Oblongata

The Pons

The Cerebellum

Limbic System

 the "emotional brain" or "Old Mammalian Brain" is the next brain to have evolved in the more primitive mammals about 150 million years ago

The Amygdala

 his is where our emotions reside, where memory begins and where these two functions combine together to mark

behaviors with positive or negative feelings y The Hippocampus  It helps in storing and classifying emotionally charged memories. It plays a large role in producing our emotions, especially fear.  It's primary role is in memory formation, classifying information, long-term memory.  It monitors and controls your circadian rhythms (your daily sleep/wake cycle), homeostasis (making sure your body is running smoothly), apetite, thirst, other bodily urges and also plays a role in emotions, autonomic functions and motor functions.

The Hypothalamus

The Thalamus

Neocortex

 The Thalamus is THE relay station in the brain. Most of the sensory signals, auditory (sound), Visual, Somatosensory (from your skin and internal organs), go through this organ on their way to other parts of the brain for processing

The Frontal Lobe

 This is where we find the brain power to develop language, abstract thought, conciousness and imagination  The Frontal lobe is responsible for functions such as reasoning, problem solving, judgement, impulse control  The Parietal Lobe is involved in processing pain and touch sensation  The Temporal Lobe is involved in auditory (sound) sensation and is where the Primary Auditory Cortex and on the left hemisphere, Wernicke's Area (language recognition) are located  The Occipital Lobe controls visual sensation and processing. The Visual Cortex is resides here.

The Parietal Lobe

The Temporal Lobe

The Occipital Lobe

Broca's Area

The Corpus Callosum

 This part of the cortex controls speech, language recognition and facial nerves.

 This is the neural bridge that connects the two hemispheres to each other, located centrally in brain.

ELEMENTS OF THE BRAIN

FUNCTIONS and CHARACTERISTICS

Frontal Lobe

 - is where we control our body movement and how we express ourselves. This part allows us to speak. Our personality also grows and develops here. It is also where we solved our problems and do most of our leanings. It allows us to organize plans.

Occipital Lobe

 it receives messages from the eyes and recognizes shapes, colors and objects. It also controls our eye movements.

Parietal Lobe  it gives you a sense of me. It figure out the messages you receive from the five senses. It tells you what is the part of your body and what is the part of the outside world Temporal Lobe  our brain has two parts, one behind each ear. They receive messages from the ears so that you recognize sound and messages. Also recognizes speech and is how you understand what someones says to you. Also helps your sense of smell. Your short term memory is kept here.  it controls your sense of balance. This allows you to stand up, walk in straight lines and know if your are standing up or sitting down  it controls your heart, lungs and blood pressure. It receives messages from the rest of the body. It is the

Cerebellum

Brain Stem

Ventricles

most important part of your body because it keeps you alive.  make the cerebro spinal fluid (CSF) that protect and cushion the brain and spinal cord. CSF also helps to keep the brain healthy and working properly .  the very middle of the brain is made up of smaller parts known as limbic system. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control things like your body temperature, how fast you grow and tells you when you are thirsty.

Thalamus

Prepared by: COLARINA, Rachelle B. BEEd-2A

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