SIR MA REFALO CENTRE FOR FURTHER STUDIES A LEVEL - PHYSICS 1st year Whenever required take the acceleration

due to gravity to be 9.8 m/s2. Section A. Attempt all questions.

ANNUAL EXAM 2009 TIME ALLOWED: 3 HRS

1. A particle of mass m strikes a rigid wall perpendicularly from the left with velocity v.

If the collision is perfectly elastic, find the change in momentum of the particle which occurs as a result of the collision. 2. a) What are the units of momentum? b) A force, F, varies with time, t, as shown by the graph and is applied to a body initially at rest on a smooth surface. i) What are the units of a small square of the area under the graph? ii) Calculate the momentum of the body after 5.0 s?

3. A body moves with simple harmonic motion of amplitude 0.50 m and period 4 seconds. Calculate the speed of the body when the displacement of the body from the equilibrium position is 0.30 m? A solid wooden cylinder rolls without slipping down two different inclined planes of the same height but with different angles of inclination. (a) Sketch the two planes. (b) Will the cylinder reach the bottom with the same speed in each case? (c) Will it take longer to roll down one inclined plane than the other? Provide explanations for your answers in (b) and (c).
(a) Three resistors, each of resistance 4 , are connected in series. What is the resistance of this series combination? (b) If a 2 Volt power supply is connected across the series combination of resistors in (a), find (i) the current drawn from the supply, (ii) the current in each resistor, and (iii) the power generated in each resistor. (c) Three capacitors, each of capacitance 2 F, are connected in parallel. What is the capacitance of the parallel combination? (d) A 2 Volt dc power supply is connected across the parallel capacitor combination in part (c). Find

the charge on each of the three capacitors (when fully charged).

4. Flywheels store energy very efficiently and are being considered as an alternative to battery power. The energy storage capacity of the flywheel can be improved by adding solid discs to the flywheel as shown in cross-section A in the figure, or by adding a hoop or tyre to the rim of the flywheel as shown in B in the figure. The same mass of material is added in each case.

State, with reasons, which arrangement stores the more energy when rotating at a given angular speed. Give definitions for the terms electric potential and electric field strength. a) A square box shed of side 8m and wall thickness 400 mm is situated in cold climate. The outside temperature is a constant -20C on all of its surfaces. Calculate the power output required from an internal heater to keep the inside temperature at a steady 15C. ( thermal conductivity of shed walls = 0.12 Wm-1 K-1 ) b) The shed in the previous question is coated with an additional layer of material of thickness 100 mm. What power output from the heater is needed in this case? Assume that the dimensions of the shed remain the same. ( thermal conductivity of coating material = 0.06 Wm-1 K-1 ) Show that in a stretched wire, the energy stored per unit volume = x Stress x Strain. Is this equation valid for all extensions of the wire or is there some limiting factor? Briefly explain your answer. One end of a steel wire, diameter 0.05 mm and length 1.5 m, is fixed firmly to a solid roof beam. If a mass of 500 g is attached to the free end of wire, calculate by how much the wire will increase in length if the Youngs Modulus of steel is 2x1012 Pa Two parallel wires are separated by a distance of 0.75 m. Wire X is 3.0 m long and carries a current of 2.0 A. Wire Y can be considered to be infinitely long and carries a current of 5.0 A. Both currents flow in the same direction along the wires. (a) What is the direction of the force that exists between the two wires? (b) Sketch a graph that shows how the force between the two wires would vary if the length of Wire X was increased. Wire X 0.75 m Wire Y A mass is attached to a spring and caused to oscillate.

a) Is there an instance in time when both velocity and acceleration are zero? If so, when does this occur? b) Is there an instant when velocity is zero and acceleration is negative? If so, when does this occur? Sketch the position and velocity as functions of time for two cycles. A turntable of mass 20kg and radius 0.5m is spinning at an initial angular speed of 20 rad/sec. A torque of 2 Nm is applied to slow the turntable. i) Find the angular deceleration . ii) Find the number of revolutions necessary to stop the turntable. ( moment of inertia of the turntable about an axis through its centre is (1/2)mr2 ) The pressure p of an ideal gas is given by both of the following equations.

(i) Use the equations to show that the average translational kinetic energy of a molecule = (1/2) k T. .(ii) Calculate the average kinetic energy of a molecule of an ideal gas at a temperature of 27 C. (iii) Explain why the answer to (ii) is independent of the mass of the gas molecules. (iv) A laboratory contains 2600 mol of air at a temperature of 27 C. Calculate the total kinetic energy of all the molecules of air in the laboratory. State one similarity and one difference between evaporation and boiling. (a) Define specific heat capacity. (b) In a physics lab experiment a student immersed 200 one-cent coins, each with a mass of 3.0 g, in boiling water. After they reached thermal equilibrium, she took them out and immediately dropped them into 0.240 kg of water at the room temperature of 20C in an insulated container of negligible mass. She measured the final temperature of the water and coins to be 35C. What is the specific heat capacity of the metal from which the coins are made? [Specific heat capacity of water = 4190 J/kg.K] The temperature difference between the inside and outside surface of a skylight of 12 K. (a) Calculate the energy per second transmitted through the skylight if the U-value for the glass used is 1.2 W m2 K1. (b) State and explain the effect on the U-value for the skylight if the single pane of glass in part (a) were replaced with two panes of glass of half the original thickness separated by a layer of air. A long rod, insulated to prevent heat loss along its sides, is in perfect thermal contact with boiling water (at atmospheric pressure) at one end and with an ice-water mixture at the other (see figure below). The rod consists of a 1.00 m section of copper (one end in boiling water) joined end-to-end to a length L2 of steel (one end in ice). Both sections of the rod have crosssectional areas of 4.00 cm2. The temperature of the copper-steel junction is 65.0C after a steady state has been set up. i) How much heat per second flows from the boiling water to the ice-water mixture? ii) What is the length L2 of the steel section?

The relationship pV = constant applies to a sample of a gas provided that two other variables are constant. Name the two other variables. An air bubble released from a divers breathing apparatus at a depth of 40 m has a diameter of 2.0 cm. When it reaches the surface of the water it has a diameter of 3.4 cm. Show that the volume of the air bubble has increased by a factor of approximately 5. Hence calculate the increase in pressure experienced by the diver when descending to a depth of 40 m, assuming that the temperature is constant. (Atmospheric pressure = 101 kPa) a) Define electric field strength E b) A charged sphere of mass 2.1 10-4 kg, suspended from a thread of insulating material, was placed between two vertical parallel plates 60 mm apart. When a potential difference of 4200 V was applied to the plates, the sphere moved until the thread made an angle of 6.0 to the vertical, as shown in the figure.

(i) Draw a free body force diagram for the sphere. (ii) Show that the electrostatic force F on the sphere is given by F = mg tan 6.0, where m is the mass of the sphere. (iii) Calculate the charge on the sphere. In a construction project various materials are being considered. Figure 4 shows the stress strain relationship for four different materials through to the point of failure, marked by the symbol.

Which of the four materials is the most brittle? Which of the four materials is the most ductile, and may most readily be drawn into a wire? In an experiment to measure the temperature of the flame of a Bunsen burner, a lump of copper of mass 0.12 kg is heated in the flame for several minutes. The copper is then transferred quickly to a beaker, of negligible heat capacity, containing 0.45 kg of water, and the temperature rise of the water measured. Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 K-1 Specific heat capacity of copper = 390 J kg-1 K-1 (a) (i) The temperature of the water rises from 15C to 35C. Calculate the thermal energy gained by the water. thermal energy gained = .................................... (ii) Calculate the temperature reached by the copper in the flame. Assume no heat is lost when the copper is transferred. (b) When the lump of copper entered the water, some of the water was turned to steam. (i) The specific latent heat of vaporisation of steam is 2.25 MJ kg-1. What further measurement would need to be made to calculate the energy used to produce this steam? (ii) Without further calculation, describe how this further measurement should be used to obtain a more accurate value of the flame temperature. (a) (i) Define the capacitance of a capacitor. (ii) Calculate the charge, in C, stored on a 470 F capacitor which has a potential difference of 2.3 102 V across it. (b) A 470 F capacitor is connected in a circuit which enables it to charged when the switch is in position S1 and discharged when the switch is in position S2. The arrangement is shown in the figure.

(i) Calculate the time constant of the discharge circuit when the switch is in position S2. (ii) The capacitor is fully charged and then discharged. Sketch a graph to show the variation of the potential difference across the capacitor with time for the discharge of the capacitor. (c) The figure shows the variation of charge with time for the charging of the capacitor.

Explain why the charge across the capacitor changes in the way shown by the graph. A satellite is placed in orbit around the Earth at an orbital radius of 4.2 . 107 m. The gravitational field strength at 4.3 . 107m from the centre of the Earth is 0.23 N m-1. (a) (i) Show that the orbital period of this satellite is about 24 hours. (ii) The satellite is to be placed in a geostationary orbit. Explain what this means and give one use for such a satellite. (b) The speed of the satellite in orbit needs to be changed by 2.3 m s1 as part of the manoeuvre to make the orbit geostationary. Fuel is ejected from the satellite at 95 m s1 to accomplish this. If the final mass of the satellite after the gas ejection is 1800 kg, show that about 44 kg of gas needs to be ejected. (c) (i) Dust particles collide with the satellite. A dust particle has a mass of

1.2 . 104 kg and a speed, relative to the satellite, of 58 km s1. The collision takes 1.4 ms. Calculate the resistive force acting on the satellite as a result of this collision. Assume that the dust particle was initially travelling in the opposite direction to the satellite and after the collision is imbedded in the satellite. (ii) Suggest what effect these dust particle collisions will have on the motion of the satellite. (a) The moment of inertia I of a body can be defined using the equation. I = T/ State the meaning of the symbols T and . (b) A fairground ride spins the passengers around a circle of radius 5.0 m. The maximum centripetal acceleration allowed for a human on the ride is 50 m s2. (i) Show that the maximum safe angular speed of the ride is about 3 rad s1. (ii) The ride starts to rotate from rest and the maximum angular acceleration allowed during this start-up phase is 0.6 rad s2. Calculate the minimum safe time to reach this speed. (iii) The moment of inertia of the ride when it is fully loaded is 4.3 . 105 kg m2. Calculate the torque required to accelerate the ride. In 1774, Nevil Maskelyne carried out an experiment near the mountain of Schiehallion in Scotland to determine the density of the Earth. The figure shows two positions of a pendulum hung near to, but on opposite sides of, the mountain. The centre of mass of the mountain is at the same height as the pendulum.

(b) (i) Explain why the pendulums do not point towards the centre of the Earth. (c) The next figure shows measurements made with the left-hand pendulum in the previous figure.

(i) The mountain is in the appropriate shape of a cone 0.50 km high and 1.3 km base radius; it rises from a locally flat plain. Show that the mass of the mountain is about 2 . 1012 kg. volume of a cone = 1/3 r2 h density of rock = 2.5 . 103 kg m3 (ii) Figure 2 shows the left-hand pendulum bob lying on a horizontal line that also passes through the centre of mass of the mountain. The bob is 1.4 km from the centre of the mountain and it hangs at an angle of 0.0011 to the vertical. Calculate the mass of the Earth.

b) The figure shows an electrical circuit.

The battery has e.m.f. 4.5 V and has negligible internal resistance. The resistance wire has resistance 4.0 , length 15 cm and cross-sectional area 2.3 108 m2. (i) Suggest how you can arrange switches S1 and S2 (e.g. opened or closed) so that the circuit has a total resistance of 12 . (ii) Calculate the resistivity of the material of the resistance wire. (iii) When both switches are closed, calculate the total resistance of the circuit, the total electrical power delivered by the battery and the ratio (current in the 12 resistor)/(current in the resistance wire).

An ideal gas system, with an initial volume of 1.0 m3 at standard temperature and pressure, undergoes the following three stage cycle. Stage 1 - an isothermal expansion to twice its original volume Stage 2 - a process by which its volume remains constant, its pressure returns to its original value and 104J of heat is added to the system Stage 3 - an isobaric compression to its original volume, with 3x104 J of heat being removed from the system. i) How many moles of gas are present in the system? ii) Calculate the work done on the system during each of the three stages. iii) What is the resultant change in the internal energy over the whole three stage cycle? (At STP, temperature = 0C = 273.15K and pressure = 1atm = 1.01 x 105 Pa, R=8.31 J K-1 mol1 ) The International Space Station (ISS) is in orbit around the Earth at an altitude 380 km . (Radius of Earth = 6.4 106 m, Mass of Earth = 6.0 1024 kg, Total mass of ISS = 5 105 kg, Universal gravitational constant G = 6.7 1011 N m2 kg2 What is the period of the ISS in seconds? (a) (i) Draw a p -V diagram showing adiabatic, isothermal and isobaric compression from an initial volume V1 to final volume V2 . Indicate the direction of these thermodynamic processes with an arrow on each curve. (ii) With the aid of your p -V diagram, rank in increasing order the work done in adiabatic, isothermal and isobaric compression. (b) In a diesel engine, air in the cylinders is adiabatically compressed to 1/15 of its initial volume. The high temperature of air attained as a result of this compression causes the injected fuel to ignite spontaneously without the need for spark plugs. Let the initial temperature and pressure of the air in the cylinders be T1= 27.0 C and p1 1.01 x 10 5 Pa respectively. Assume that air is mostly a mixture of diatomic oxygen = and nitrogen and can be treated as an ideal gas with = 1.40. (i) Find the final temperature and pressure after the adiabatic compression. (ii) Calculate how much work the air does during the compression if the initial volume is V1 = 1.00 10-3 m3 (Hint: A diatomic gas has CV =5 2 R).

(a) (i) Explain what is meant by the spring constant k of a spring. (ii) Give the unit of k. (b) The figure shows the stages in a bungee jump.

In bungee jumping, the participant jumps from a high point attached to an elastic cord (step 1). After a period of free fall, the cord slows the fall of the jumper (step 2) with the system eventually undergoing oscillation (step 3). A bungee jump is to be set up from a suspension bridge with the jumper of weight 700 N falling towards the river below. The roadway of the bridge is 76 m above the river surface. The bungee cord is adjusted so that the jumper just reaches the river surface at the bottom of the first oscillation. The unstretched length of the elastic cord is to be 12 m. (i) Calculate the time taken in free fall, that is before the cord begins to stretch. (ii) Show that, when jumping from the bridge to the river, the jumper loses about 53 kJ of gravitational potential energy. (iii) Calculate the extension of the cord when the jumper is momentarily at the bottom of the first oscillation. (iv) Calculate the spring constant of the cord. (v) Calculate the time period of oscillation of the jumper. (c) Calculate the tension in the cord when the jumper comes momentarily to rest for the first time.

You are asked to design a circuit to detect a customer as they enter and leave a shop by walking through a light beam. The light source is a light-emitting diode (LED), and the light sensor is a light-dependent resistor (LDR). The circuit is shown in Figure 3.

In order to test this design you first consider the LED circuit by itself; this is shown in Figure 4 along with the LED current-voltage characteristics.

What is the current in the circuit of Figure 4? Show your working and express your answer in mA. Having established that this works correctly you now consider the complete circuit, including the LDR. The characteristics of this device are shown in Figure 5.

When the light beam is not broken the incident light intensity at the LDR is 100 lux. Calculate the current in the LDR circuit, ILDR. Show your working and express your answer in mA. When the light beam is broken as a customer walks through the door, the voltage measured across the 900 resistor in series with the LDR is measured as 0.01 V. What is the incident light intensity at the LDR? Show your working. readily be drawn into a wire?