Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
ti ..-
Present Simple
Affirmative I work
Present Continuous
Afflrmative
Present Perfect
Affirmative
j have worked
You work
He works Negative ete
.
ete
1haven't worked
You haven't worked
! haven't
beon workinq
Am I worl<ing?
Are you working? ls he working?
ete
Have I been working? Have you been working? Has he beon working? etc
actions
started
in the past
a caravan.
permanent truths or laws of nature Water bofls at 1ooC. repeated/habitual actlons (especlally with
this week.
changing Of developlng sltuatlons Mary ls pult/ng on weight. frequently repeated aetlons with always, constantly,
;.~..
.sr~
and cOiltinuing up to the present. He has been washing flis bike for an nour. (He started an hour
age and he's stili washing it.)
frequencyadverbs:
often. usually,
continuallyexpresslng
annoyance or criticlsm
with
-.- _~~.,Jnstated
time reference
ayy.~~E,~~~t-~'~1!!1~~~+.::z::z~.:.;;:::,::,:;;t~t~1!-~.~,":~$~~~~'~;!;.~;'~f/;;pfp'#f"
revlews/spot1s
cornrnentartes/
dramatic narrative
personal experlences/
changes happene which have
at
to express anqer, trrnanon, armoyance, explanatlon or criticism Someone has been Iying to me. (annoyance)
Present Pertect Continuou$ or how long to put emphasls on duration is
In
Present Simple
every day/week/month(
year, usually, sometlmes,
Present Continuous
t=
from a
always, rarely, never, otten, in the morningl evening/afternoon, at night, on Mondays etc
startlnq point in the past), for (:: over a period of time), today, this weeklmonth etc For and slnce are usual!y used with Prcsent Perfect Continuous to ernphaslse the duration of an action f1ti :J:'" j'~! .:
'I bz>,
,_ J
D \
~~,
(!()
t~,
\
: jJJt'~Jf:'
'
o",
_-'~I..:.' ~
-;:
PastSimple,
( VAaMA.O -
Past Perteet
Af1irmative ! had workad You had worked
Affirmative
I worked You worked He worked ete
Negative ! didn't work You didn't work He didn't work etc lnterroqatlve Dld I wcrk? Did you work? Did he work? ete past actlons which
lnterroqatlve Had! been working? Had you been wori<ing? Had he been working? etc action continuing over a period up to a speclfic time in the past Sile had been trying to get a visa for months before she gJve up. past action of certain duratlon which had vlstble resutts in the past Her fjngers hurt because she had been playing the
guitar all day_
,
i
past action in progress interrupted by another past action, The longer action ls in the Past Contlnuous, the shorter action is in the Past
"'h'
week" . stated past time) complete past actions n.W. S2Dnect~d to the present with a stated or Implied time reference Elvis Pres/ey made lots of records. (Elvis is dead; Ile
Present Pertect
There was no pudding tett; lie had eaten it all. (Presen! Peiiect: There 's no pudding tett; he hes eaten it
all.)
won't
the Past Pertect Cont. is the past equlvalont of the Present Perfeet He stayed in bed that day because he had beef) feeling iii ali week. (Present Petiect: He 's
stay;ng in beo today
Past Continuous
Past Pertect for, since, aireaoy, after, just, never, yet, betore, by, by the time etc
Past
Pen. Continuous
Whire;;~:-~-~k the
moment that ete
fer, since
Bc going to
Affirmative 1am going to work You are going to work He is going to work ete NegaUve
Future conuuocus
Affirmative i will be working You will be working He will be working etc Negative i won't be working You won't be wor~ing He won't be working ete lnterroqatlve Will I be workinq? Wi!i you be workinq? Will he be working? etc
Future Pertect
Aftirmative I wifl have worked etc Negatlve r won't nave worked etc Interroqative
lnterrogatlve
Shall/WiH I work? Will you work? Will he work? etc
InterrogatIve
Will I have been working'? etc Futllf'C Perfect action finlshed betore a stated tuture time They
will have (inished building their house by May,
deelstons taken at the moment of speaklng (on-the-spot declslons) !t's cold in bere. f'1i tum on the heating.
actlons intended to b{! pertermed in the near future rm going t9 bar sotne new cJothes next week,
actlons in progress at a stated tunrre time l'Ube skiing in the A/ps this Christmas.
hopes, fears, tnreats, onere, promlses, warnlngs, predietions, requests, comments etc, esp. with: expect, hope, believe, I'm sure, I'm afrald, probably
planned actlons or intent!ons Now that she's rich, sbe' going to travel round the
world.
until tomorrow,
actlons Of predlctlons which may (not) happen In the tuture She'lI probabfy wit. or actions which we cannot control and will evidence that somethlng will definltely happen in the near futura Il tooss. fike
the plane
is
going
to
lake sick!
off now,
I think t'm going
to ne
Inevitab!y happen
The baby wiil IJe bOrTI after Cflri.stmas.
when we ask potitely about people's arranqements to sea if they can do sth for us er because we want to ofter to do sth for thern. you tie driving into town /his
wm
nev
been studying
eiternooti?
cl lift?
thlnqs we are not yet sure about or we haven't declded to do yet
Maybe !'lI buy
a car,
thir.gs we are sure about or we have a!ready decidad to do in the near tuture Thev ere going to
otter the job to Ann. (It hes been oecioeo.)
!caves
at 8
Shali is used:
with I/we in questions, SU9gestions,offers asking for advlce, Shali we go for a wafk? Who shali f invite? or wnon to express
Will is used:
.~ "
Futura Pertect before, by, by then, by the time, (until ls used only In negative sentences with
this tense)
~INK
COME J?_EE . .. .
HAVE
I-~E
_~__
'"";.'--l-=
==r=-CONTINUOUS
~I
I
+
J
I
mental"ac_t_iv_it..LY __ travel,....;.f_r_o_m~.
consult
-I
--l
1 .__ __
various activities
behaviour _
SMELL
T ASTE
perception meosuremenr
I
I
;,<
WEIGH
ex~~~~tnce------touch --------4
f-------. MIND
..__~ake care of
_r;>EPEND ON
FIT
__
__
!equire .. be t.he..!:!.9~t.E~e._
seem
su~po:,e ._
o
__ reiy_!:!pon ._
APPEAR
EXPECT
r J.
__~~
toke port
be preqncnt
.
__
FEEL (experience)
HURT
ACHE
THE FUTURE
It has been often said that English dQeS nntJJm a future tense as many other languages do. Instead, there are several forms which express future events, and which one the user selects depends on how he or she sees the avent as much as its certainty or nearness to the present The main forms are given heta in order of frequency:
cc=
Future Sjmpl~
i.J(-SS .
.-._~.-_~
1. simple predictions or expectations..e...:1 lj('. +('j j The sun will rise at 6.30 tomorrow morning.
[II.
Going to Futura
.
=:::-------.- \) --!
~------]
\):'Yfpi"-~'e-d'
1. ~~~editated intentionsand plans '---.. -, -,: After Christmas, I am going to get a job and save up. I am going to decorate the bathroom this weekend. 2. predictions based on evidence of knowfedge. My nose is tickJing. I am going to sneeze. Theyre looking very angry. I think they are going to start throwing
stones.
[m.
Present Continuous
The Present Continuous is used to 1refef to Mure actions of event which have already been arranged (usually for the near Mure).
We are spending the summer with our friends in Greece. Are you doIng anything interesnog this weekend?
Rememberl
/--~--",.~
The Present Continuous cannot be used to express a Mure event that h~Snot<:'j been arranged ~ human beings. <. ~// It is raiRiRg tomorrow The sun ls tising at 5.00 tomorrow morning.
[JY..
The Present Simple is used to express a Mure event which is seen as beiog
certain because of a timetable, schedule or calendar, What time does the film start:? My train gets in at 11.00. The Cup Final takes place on April 17.
[v.--=The
Future
~ontinuous__
.
around a specific time in the future.
wm be in progress
This time tomorrow. I will be travelling through France. This time next week, we will be thinking about the holidays and not future forms. 2. actions that will occur in the natura' CQUrseof evef!t.. independentJy of the will ar intention of anyooe directly coocemed. This tense can also be used to predict future trands. developments or tendencies. In a few minutes we will be landlng at pleso Airport. In the 2~ century peop1e will be IlvIng to the age of 130. The bus will be leaving any minute: Hurry upi 3. casual or polite question abou! someone's futura pIans. The speaker is trying
not to impose hislherwiU in anyway. Will you be using the car tonight? ff not. couk1l have it?
Form: S + will + have+-F'asfPaiticiple mahl (SimJlte) -. -.. -.- .. -.s + will + have + been + Present Participle of the main verb (Continuous) The Future Per1ect expresses an action that will have finished before a definite time in the future. .
I will have finished my work by the time you gat back. By the year 2007. you will have left your grammar schooI. On Saturday we will have been livlng hera for ttvee years. HOTES
arthe
vero
..-
1. Shali is sometimes used mstead of will after I and we. 2. Shali must be used to start a question which are suggestions and offers, Shali we phone to soo what time the film starts? Shali Icarry that heavy case for you? OTHER WAYS OF REFERRING TO THE FUTURE
1. To be about to + infinitive This is used to talk about acaons ar events which we expect to happen in the imrnediate futura. I must huny - the train is about to leave. 2. To be on the point of + Present ParticipJe of the main verb The train is on the point of Jeaving. CIose the doors!