Electricity

Electromagnetism
Dave Sim @ Raffles Institution

In Gravitation, we learnt that a mass (A) gives rise to a gravitational field around it. Another mass (B) in this field will experienced an attractive gravitationalforceby mass(A).InElectricField, welearnt thatacharge(A) gives rise to an electric field. Another charge (B) in this field will either experience an attractive or repulsive force by charge (A). In ELECTROMAGNETISM, we will learnt that a moving charge constitute to current. Besides electric field, the current gives rise to a magnetic field around it. We will also discuss how a magnetic force can be created in the presenceofcurrentandmagneticfield.

INTRODUCTION MAGNETICFIELD A magnetic field is defined as the region in space in which a magnet will experience a magnetic force when placedatthatpoint. Werepresentthemagnitudeanddirectionofamagneticfield by the magnetic flux density B. (analogous to electric field strength,Einelectricfieldandgravitationalfieldstrength,gin gravitationalfield.) ThemagneticfluxdensityBatapointinamagneticfield The direction of the magnetic field is the direction in The number of lines per unit crosssectional area is proportionaltothemagnitudeofB.Ifthefieldisuniform,the fieldlinesareevenlyspaced. Direction ofBatP
N S N

is the force per unit lengththatactsona wire carrying unitcurrent,lyingatrightanglestothemagneticfield. ItsunitistheTesla(T).

which a small magnetic north pole will move if placed there.

F B = B IL s in B = FB IL sin

(a)Barmagnet

(b)Ushapedmagnet

Fieldlines closetogether Blarge

B small

Parallelfield linesBis constant,i.e.a uniformfield

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CONCEPT 1 - MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR CASE1MAGNETICFLUXDENSITYDUETOANINFINITELYLONGSTRAIGHTWIRE Aconductorcarryinganelectriccurrentalsosetsupamagnetic field. CASE2MAGNETICFLUXDENSITYDUESOLENOID Current flowing through a solenoid (L >> d) also sets up a magneticfield.
currentflowingoutofpaper currentflowingintopaper

where B=fluxdenstiy I=currentinthewire r=perpendiculardistanceofPfromwire r I P

B =

oI 2 r

0 = a constant of proportionality known as the permeabilityoffreespace( 4 107 Hm1 ).

current flowing out of paper

current flowing

Fig. 10

into paper

B = 0nI
n=numberofturnsperunitlengthofsolenoid,N/L ateitherendofthesolenoid,B=(nI) 3|Page
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CASE3MAGNETICFLUXDENSITYDUECIRCULARCOIL Current flowing through a circular coil (L << d) also sets up a magneticfield. I r P N=numberofturns R=radiusofthecoil Differencebetweensolenoidandcircularcoil:Thelengthofthe solenoidismuchlongerthantheradius. Twolongstraightparallelwiresareseparatedbyadistance2a. (a)
B= o 2 r

N I 2 r
0

Ifthewirescarryequalcurrentsinoppositedirections,whatisthemagneticfieldintheplaneof thewiresandatapoint

(i) (ii)

midwaybetweenthem,and adistanceafromoneand3afromtheother?

o a

o 3 a

AcircularcoilXhas15turnsofradius8.0cmandcarriesacurrentof1.2A.AnothercoilYwith10turnsand radius 4.0 cm is placed within coil X so that the two coils are coplanar and concentric. The current in Y is adjusted in magnitude and direction so that the resultant field at the common centre is zero. What is the
B=

currentinY?

o N
2r

0.90A

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CONCEPT 2 - MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

ACURRENTCARRYINGCONDUCTORINAMAGNETICFIELDEXPERIENCESAFORCE.

DIRECTIONOFMAGNETICFORCE

MAGNITUDEOFMAGNETICFORCE The magnitude of the force F on a wire in a magnetic field is directlyproportionalto 1) 2) 3) 4) thecurrentIinthewire thelengthLofthewireinthefield themagneticfluxdensity,B the anglebetweenthe current and the magnetic flux B I

density,B,whenbothareinthesamedirection.

1) Magneticforceismaxwhenis=90

FB = BIL sin

2) RighthandgrippleasenotethatforceisIXB,whereI andBareinthesamedirection.

Fmagnetic = L( IXB) = B I ( L) sin

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APPLICATIONS OF CONCEPTS CASE1:FORCESBETWEENTWOPARALLELCURRENTCARRYINGCONDUCTORS Case1:LikeCurrentattracts XY Note:MagnitudeofFB Theampereisthatsteadycurrentwhich,whenitisflowingineachoftwoinfinitelylong,straight,parallelconductorswhichhave negligibleareasofcrosssectionandare1metreapartinavacuum,causeseachconductortoexertaforceof2107Noneach metreofthewire. XY r r I1 I2 I1 I2 Case2:UnlikeCurrentrepels

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Three long vertical wires pass through the corners of an equilateraltrianglePQR.PandRcarriescurrentdirected into the plane of the paper and wire Q carries a current B Three long wires W1, W2 and W3 carrying the same current I are arranged in the configuration as shown below.Whatisthedirectionoftheresultantforceacting B ThefigureontherightshowsalongwireXYcarryinga current of 30 A. The rectangular loop ABCD carries a currentof20A.Given:a=1.0cm,b=8.0cmand L= B=oI/2r. 6.0104T 6.7105T 3.2103N towardsthe wire. 30cm. (a) Calculate the magnetic field due to the current inXYalong (b)

A E P B C D Q R

directed out of the paper. All three currents have the samemagnitude.Whicharrowshowsthedirectionofthe resultantforceactingonP?

a W1 W2 a W3 I

onW1? A B C D Totheright Totheleft Downwards Upwards a

30A

20A L

(i) (ii)

AD BC Y D a b C

Calculatetheresultantforceactingontheloop.

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CASE2:TORQUEONACURRENTCARRYINGCOILINAMAGNETICFIELD MagnitudeofFB Case1:=0i.e.whentheplaneofthecoilisparalleltoB. Case2:=90,i.e.whentheplaneofthecoilisperpendicular toB Q I P S Y (a)SIDEVIEW (b) TOP R I B current down P b B Q current out

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Thefigureshowsasimpleformofacurrentbalance.ItconsistsofahorizontalrectangularcopperloopABCDEF, freelypivotedontheaxisAF.TheloopisinsertedintoalongsolenoidSsothatthesideCDisinthemiddleof thesolenoidandperpendiculartotheaxisofthesolenoid.Theloopandthesolenoidareconnectedinseries 0.011T 3500 I C A I B rideronanon conductingrod S D E F with a battery. When the circuit is switched on so that a current I = 2.5 A flows through the loop and the solenoid,ariderofmass0.20gplaced4.7cmfromtheaxisAFisneededtorestoreequilibrium. GiventhatBC=12.0cmandCD=2.8cm,calculate (a) themagnitudeofthemagneticfieldBsetsupbythesolenoid, (b) thenumberofturnsperunitlengthnofthesolenoid. (FluxdensityatthecentreofthesolenoidisgivenbyB=onI.)

AsquarecoilofNturnshassidesoflengthLandismountedsothatitcanpivotfreelyaboutahorizontalaxis PQ, parallel to one pair of sides of the coil, through its centre. The coil is situated between the poles of a magnetwhichproducesauniformmagneticfieldoffluxdensityB.Thecoilismaintainedinaverticalplaneby movingariderofmassMalongahorizontalbeamattachedtothecoil.WhenacurrentI flowsthroughthecoil, equilibrium is restored by placing the rider a distance x along the beam from the coil. Starting from the definitionofmagneticfluxdensity,showthatBisgivenbytheexpression

B=

Mgx L2N

coil x

rider

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CONCEPT 3 MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CHARGED PARTICLE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

MAGNITUDEOFMAGNETICFORCE Considerachargedparticlemovinginauniformmagneticfield Case1:PostiveCharge withvelocityv. v FB

FB = BIL sin dq FB = B L sin dt FB = Bqv sin

Fm=BQv

FB

FB = Bqv sin
Note: 1) Note the sign of the charge when determining the directionofFB 2) The path travelled is a circular path as the magnetic forcewhichisalwaysperpendiculartothedirectionof motionprovidesthecentripetalacceleration.

Case2:NegativeCharge

Anelectronofchargeeandmassmdescribesacircularpathofradiusrwhenitisprojectedwithvelocityvinto auniformmagneticfieldoffluxdensityB.Showthatthefrequencyofrevolutionisgivenby f = Howmanyorbitspersecondaremadebyanelectronifthefluxdensityis1.0103T? (e=1.61019C;m=9.11031kg.)

Be . 2 m

2.8 107 Hz

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An particle, of mass 6.7 1027 kg and charge +2e , was injected at right angles into a uniform magneticfieldoffluxdensityB=1.2T.Ittravelsinacircularpathofradius0.45m.Calculate (a)
2.610 ms 7 1.110 s 12 2.210 J 6 7.010 V
7 1

itsspeed, itsperiodofrevolution, itskineticenergy,and thepotentialdifferencethroughwhichitwouldhavetobeacceleratedtoachievethisenergy.

(b) (c) (d)

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Thefigureshowsaparticle,ofcharge+qandmassm,enteringauniformmagneticfieldBthatisdirected downwards into the plane of the paper. The particle is travelling with velocity v at right angles to the field.

A uniform electric field is applied in the same region as the magnetic field so that the particle passes throughundeflected. (a) (b) WithanarrowlabelledE,thedirectionoftheelectricfield. Stateandexplaintheeffect,ifany,onaparticleenteringtheregionofthefieldsiftheparticlehas (i) chargeq,massmandspeedv, (ii) charge+q,mass2mandspeedv, (iii) charge+q,massmandspeed2v, (iv) nocharge(i.e.particleisneutral),massmandspeed2v.

Undeflected Undeflected Upwards undeflected

region of uniform XXXX particle XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX magnetic field into planeofpaper

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