The Atomic Structure

A History Of An Atom Do you know this person?

D_m_cri_us

Small indivisible ball similar to a very tiny ball

John Dalton Imagined the atom as a small indivisible ball similar to a very tiny ball

Atom is positive charged sphere/cloud with electron embedded in it.

J.J Thomson

He discovers the electron. He described the atom as a sphere/cloud of positive charge which contains a few negatively-charged particles called electrons.

Protons are concentrated in the centre of the atom called the nucleus, with a cloud of electrons surrounding the nucleus.

Ernest Rutherford He discovers the proton. He suggested that protons are concentrated in the centre of the atom called the nucleus, with a cloud of electrons surrounding the nucleus.

Video: Rutherford experiment

The electrons are moved in shells surrounding the nucleus.

Niels Bohr

He suggested that the electrons are moved in definite orbits surrounding the nucleus. He proposed that the electrons in an atom move in shells around the nucleus

Nucleus consists of protons and neutrons, with the nucleus surrounded by electron shells.

James Chadwick

Nucleus consists of protons and neutrons, with the nucleus surrounded by electron shells.

James Chadwick

He discovered the neutron. He suggested that nucleus consists of protons and neutrons, with the nucleus surrounded by electron shells.

Video: The Earliest Model

Name of scientist John Dalton

Contribution Matter consists of solid particles called atoms.

J.J Thomson

He discovers the electron. He suggested that an atom is positive charged sphere/cloud with electron embedded in it. He discovers the proton. He suggested that protons are concentrated in the centre of the atom called the nucleus, with a cloud of electrons surrounding the nucleus. He suggested that the electrons are moved in definite orbits surrounding the nucleus. He discovered the neutron. He suggested that nucleus consists of protons and neutrons, with the nucleus surrounded by electron shells.

Ernest Rutherford

Niels Bohr

James Chadwick

Video: Atom song

The Properties Of The Subatomic Particles: PROTONS, ELECTRONS AND NEUTRONS Subatomic Symbol Relative Charge Location particle mass Proton Electron Neutron p e n 1 1/1840 1 +1 -1 0 In the nucleus In orbits around the nucleus In the nucleus

Video: Basic Atomic Structures Proton Element symbol number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Flourine Neon H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Proton numbe r 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 element Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium symbol Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca

Protons Number and Nucleon Number

1. 2.

3.

All elements are made up of small invisible particles called atoms. The proton number (also known as the atomic number) of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. The nucleon number (also known as mass number) of an atom is the sum/total of the number of protons and neutrons in the atom.
Nucleon number Proton number A Symbol of element Z

Nucleon number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons HW: pg. 19 WTO 2.4 no. 1,2 pg. 20 QRB no. 1-3

Isotopes and Their Importance

What is isotope?

The isotopes of an element are the atoms of that element which contain a same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons.

Video: Isotopes Isotopes of some element Element Hydrogen

1 1H

Isotopes
2 1H 3 1H

1 proton 0 neutron

1 proton 1 neutron

1 proton 2 neutrons

Carbon

12 6C

13 6C

14 6C

6 protons 6 neutrons

6 protons 7 neutrons

6 protons 8 neutrons

Oxygen

16 8O

17 8O

18 8O

8 protons 8 neutrons

8 protons 9 neutrons

8 protons 10 neutrons

Sulphur

32 16

34 16

16 protons 16 neutrons Bromine

79 35

16 protons 18 neutrons
81 35 Br

Br

35 protons 44neutrons

35 protons 46 neutrons

The uses of isotopes in daily life Field Isotopes applications

 Gamma rays from cobalt- 60 are used to kill cancer cell without surgery in patient. This treatment is known as radiotherapy. Medical instrument are sterilized using gamma rays. Radioactive materials such as iodide-131 are injected into patients to detect malfunction of thyroid glands. Archeology Radioisotope carbon -14 is used to study the age of ancient artifacts. Medical

Agricultural Carbon -14 is used to study the passage of carbon in photosynthesis of green plants.

Industrial

Isotope sodium-24 is used to detect leakage of underground pipes.

HW: pg. 21 WTO 2.5 pg. 21 QRC no. 1-4

The Electronic Structure

You must know the electronic structures for the first 20 elements in The Periodic Table

First shell: 2 electrons Second shell: 8 electrons Third shell: 8 electrons

Nucleus

The electrons in the outermost ocupied shell are known as valence electrons. Example: Sodium atom 23 11

Na

Electronic structure

Electron arrangement: 2.8.1 Number of valence electron : 1

Na

Example: Magnesium atom

24 12

Mg

Electronic structure

Electron arrangement: 2.8.2 Number of valence electron : 2 Number of proton : 12 Number of electron: 12 Number of neutron: 24-12= 12

Mg

Example: Chlorine atom 35 17

Cl

Electronic structure

Electron arrangement: 2.8.7 Number of valence electron : 7 Number of proton : 17 Number of electron: 17 Number of neutron: 35-17= 18
Cl

The electron arrangement of elements with proton number 1 to 20.

Element

Number Number Number Nucleon Electron of of of number arrangeneutrons protons electrons ment

Number of valence electrons

Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium

0 2 4 5 6 6 7 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16 18 22 20 20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1 4 7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20 23 24 27 28 31 32 35 40 39 40

1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8 2.8.8.1 2.8.8.2

1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2

[Periodic Table: pg. 176 (symbol of element)]

The electronic structures of elements with protons numbers 1 to 20 Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron

EA : 1 NVE: 1 Carbon

EA: 2 Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine

EA : 2.5 NVE: 5 Neon

Sodium

Magnesium Aluminum

Silicon

Phosphorus

Sulphur

Chlorine

Argon

Potassium

Calcium

EA : Electron arrangement NVE: Number of valence electron

HW: pg. 22 QRD no. 1 & 2 pg. 25 RQ Obj. 1-6 pg. 26 RQ Sub. no. 1&2

pg. 26 RQ Ess. no. 2

Kamal Ariffin, SMKDBL 2009