APPENDIX C CALCULATIONS USING BRFFISH STANDARD

This appendix contains the wind pressure calculations using the British standard. Wind pressure calculations for the 160 ft building follow the wind pressure calculations for the low building. The references cited herein regarding sections, tables, and figures, belong to the British standard.

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c . l Low Building

The basic wind speed used in the British standard is a mean houriy wind speed, measured at 10 m height in open flat terrain with an annual probability of occurrence of 0.02. The equivalent mean houriy wind speed for the 110 mph (49 m/s) 3-second gust wind speed used in the American standard is 72.7 mph (32.4 m/s). The equivalent suburban terrain category of exposure B used in the American standard is town category in the British standard. The basic wind speed, Vb of 32.4 m/s is modified by following four factors to give the site wind speed Vs. Altitude factor Sa: a value of 1.00 is assumed based on the following conditions (a) the building falls outside the local topographic zone (b) the site altitude A* is not defined (section 5.2.2.2) Direction factor Sa: l.(X), since the building orientation is ignored (section 5.2.3) Seasonal factor Ss: 1.00, since the present building is a permanent construction (section 5.2.4.2). Probability factor Sp: l.(X), since the annual probability is not changed from the standard value of 0.02 (section 5.2.5.1). From the above factors the site wind speed is calculated as Vs = (32.4)(1.00)(1.00)(1.00)(1.00) = 32.4 m/s. The effective wind speed Vc is given by the equation:
Ve = Vs(Sb)

from Table 4, for town terrain Sb is 1.352 with effective height He = 4.57 m and 64.4 km (40 miles) away from sea. 129

Ve = (32.4)(1.352) = 43.8 m/s The velocity or dynamic pressure is given by the equation: q, = 0.613V,^ = 0.613(43.8)^ = 1176 pa = 24.6 psf Design Pressures on the Main Wind-Force Resisting System: The design pressure on the main wind-force resisting system is given by the equation:
P = q-s[(CpeCa)]

External pressure coefficients: windward wall: 0.6 for D/H = 60 ft / 15 ft = 4, where D is the dimension of the building parallel to wind duection and H is the height of the stmcture. leeward waU: roof: -0.1 for D/H = 60 ft / 15 ft = 4 -2.0 for zone A -1.4 for zone B -0.7 for Zone C 0.2 for zone D Size effect factor for extemal pressures: windward and leeward walls: 0.84 for diagonal dimension of 30.84 m of windward and leeward wall (Figure 4) roofs: 0.82 for diagonal dimension of 35.56 m (Figure 4). Intemal pressure coefficients: values of -0.3 or -1-0.2 given in clause 9.1.2 is an appropriate choice for the present building. Size effect factor for internal pressure: diagonal dimension 'a' for the intemal pressure is 130

a = 10[y (internal volume of room)] = 137m from Figure 4 for a = 137 m, Ca = 0.71 Design wind pressure for the windward wall is p = 24.6 [(0.6)(0.84)] = 12.4 psf design wind pressure for the leeward wall is p = 24.6 [(-0.1)(0.84)] =-2.1 psf design wind pressure for the roof zone A zone B zone C zone D p = 24.6 [(-2.0)(0.82) - (0.2)(0.71)] = -43.8 psf p = 24.6 [(-1.4)(0.82) - (0.2)(0.71)] = -31.9 psf p = 24.6 [(-0.7)(0.82) - (0.2)(0.71)] = -17.6 psf p = 24.6 [(-0.2)(0.82) - (0.2)(0.71)] = -7.5 psf and p = 24.6 [(0.2)(0.82) -i- (0.3)(0.71)] = 9.3 psf Base shear and overtuming moment for the entire building: Base shear: = [12.4(15)(100) + 2.1(15)(100)] = 21.75 kips Overtuming moment: = [12.4(15)(100)(7.5) + 31.7(3.0)(100)(58.5) + 17.6(12)(100)(51) -7.5(45)(100)(22.5) + 2.1(15)(100)(7.5)] / 1000 = 2555.9 ft-kips Roof uphft: = 100[31.9(3) + 17.6(12) + 7.5(45)] / 1000 = 64.4 kips

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Design Wind Pressures for Components and Claddings: The design pressure for components and claddings is given by the equation
P = q.s[(CpeCa) - (CpiCa)]

the internal pressure coefficient is the same as used for the design of the main wind force resisting system. The extemal pressure coefficients are tabulated in Table C. 1, along with size effect factor. The uibutary areas considered in the computations involving American standard are 5 sqft (0.465 m^) and 100 sqft (9.3 m^). The diagonal dimension for the 1.525 m X 6.1 m cladding area is 6.3 m, which from Figure 4 gives a size effect factor Ca of 0.98. For fasteners, the diagonal dimension for 0.305 m x 1.525 m area is 1.55 m, which gives a size effect factor of 1.00. The calculated values of design pressures are tabulated in Table C.2. Sample calculation for purhns and grits of tributary area 100 sqft: Positive pressure on wall middle surface: p = 24.6 [(0.6)(0.98) + (0.3)(0.71)] = 19.7 psf Negative pressure on roof eaves: p = 24.6 [(-2.0)(0.98) - (0.2)(0.71)] = -51.7 psf Sample calculation for fasteners of tributary area 5 sqft: Positive pressure on wall middle surface: p = 24.6 [(0.6)(1.00) + (0.3)(0.71)] = 20.0 psf Negative pressure on roof corners: p = 24.6 [(-2.0)(1.00) - (0.2)(0.71)] = -52.7 psf

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Table C. 1. Extemal pressure coefficients for components and claddings Building Surface Tributary Area 5 sqft + Cpe(Ca) roof middle surface roof eaves roof corners waU middle surface wall comers
-

Tributary Area 100 sqft

-Cpe(Ca) -0.7(1.0) -1.4(1.0) -2.0(1.0) -0.8(1.0) -1.3(1.0)

-i<:pe(Ca)
-

-Cpe(Ca) -0.7(0.98) -1.4(0.98) -2.0(0.98)

0.6(1.0) 0.6(1.0)

0.6(0.98) 0.6(0.98)

-0.8(0.98) -1.3(0.98)

Table C.2. Design pressures for components and claddings Building Surface Tributary Area 5 sqft + ve Design Pressures, psf 1 (roof middle surface) 2 (roof eaves) 3 (roof corners) 4 (wall middle surface) 5 (wall comers)
-

Tributary Area 100 sqft + ve Design Pressures, psf

-

-ve Design Pressures, psf -20.7 -37.9 -52.7 -23.2 -35.5

-ve Design Pressures, psf -20.4 -37.2 -51.7 -22.8 -34.8

20.0 20.0

19.7 19.7

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c.2 160 ft Building The basic wind speed Vb, used with the compuUitions involving the low building, and the factors modifying the basic wind speed to site wind speed V,, are applicable for the following computations. The site wind speed Vs is Vs = (32.4)(1.00)(1.00)(1.00)(1.00) = 32.4 m/s. Section 5.4.2.2 states that, the building should be considered as one part if the building height H is less than or equal to crosswind breadth B. The building should be considered two parts if building height H is greater than B, but less than 2B. The present building is considered as one part when wind is parahel to the 30.5 m side and is considered two parts when wind is normal to the 30.5 m side. Wind Parallel to the 30.5 m Side: Effective wind speed Ve is given by the equation
Ve = Vs(Sb)

The terrain and building factor Sb, for town terrain, from Table 4, based on He = 48.89 m and distance from sea = 64.4 km (40 miles) is 1.98. Hence, effective wind speed is Vc = (32.4)(1.98) = 64.15 m/s The velocity pressure is given by the equation q^ = 0.613V,' = 0.613(64.15)2 = 2522.6 pa = 52.7 psf Design Pressures on the Main Wind-Force Resisting System: The design pressure on the main wind-force resisting system is given by the equation
p = q.s[(CpcCa)]

External pressure coefficients, Cpc: 134

Windward wall: 0.8 for D/H = 100 ft/160 ft = 0.62, where D is the dimension of the building parallel to wind direction with height H (from Table 5) Leeward wall: -0.3 for D/H = 100 ft/160 ft = 0.62, (from Table 5)

Size effect factor, Ca: From Figure 4, for the windward and leeward walls, size effect factor is taken as 0.75 for diagonal dimension 78.17 m. Design windward wall pressure is p = 52.7[(0.8)(0.75)]= 31.6 psf Design leeward wall pressure is p = 52.7[(-0.3)(0.75)] = -11.9 psf Base shear: = [200(31.6(160) + 11.9(160))] /1000 = 1392 kips Overtuming moment: = [200(31.6(160)(80) + 11.9 (160)(80) -- 20(90)(58.5) + 80(40)(35.1))] / 1000 f = 15.5x10'ft-kips Roof uphft: = 200[58.5(20) + 35.1(80)] / 1000 = 795.6 kips Design pressures on Components and Claddings: Design pressures for the components and claddings are given by the equation
P = q.s[(CpeCa) - (CpiCa)]

The extemal pressure coefficients for windward and leeward walls along with the size

135

effect factors are shown in Table C.3. Size effect factor: For wall panels of Uibutary area 1.676 m (5.5 ft) x 1.524 (5 fO, the diagonal dimension is 2.265 m, which gives a size effect factor of 1.00 from Figure 4. For wall mullions of U-ibutary area 3.353 m (11 ft) x 1.524 m (5 ft), with a diagonal dimension of 3.683 m size effect factor is 1.00. The diagonal dimensions of areas of components and claddings on the roof are 3.063 m and 4.31 m, which also gives size effect factor as 1.00. Internal pressure coefficients: Section 9.1.2 indicates that for the present enclosed building, the intemal pressure coefficient be taken as -0.3 or 0.2; whichever gives larger net pressure coefficient across the wall. Size effect factor: For intemal pressure coefficient the diagonal dimension for obtaining size effect factor
IS

a = 10[y (intemal volume of story)] = 1 0 [ ^ ( 3 0 . 5 X 61 X 3.352) = 184 m the size effect factor for a diagonal dimension of 184 m is 0.66. The calculated values of design pressures for components and claddings are given in Table C.4 and Table C.5. Wind parallel to 60.0 m Side: Since the building height H is greater than the crosswind breadth B, the building is divided into two parts. Effective wind speed Ve is given by the equation

136

Table C.3. Extemal pressure coefficients for components and claddings Building Surface Tributary Area, sqft Pressure Coefficients -i-Cpe(Ca) 1 (roof middle surface) 10 100 2 (roof edges) 10 100 3 (roof corners) 10 100 4 (wall middle area) 28 55 5 (wall edges) 28 55
-

-Cpe(Ca) -0.7(1.0) -0.7(1.0) -1.4(1.0) -1.4(1.0) -2.0(1.0) -2.0(1.0) -0.8(1.0) -0.8(1.0) -1.3(1.0) -1.3(1.0)

0.8(1.0) 0.8(1.0) 0.8(1.0) 0.8(1.0)

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Table C.4. Design pressures for zone 1 (roof middle surface), zone 2 (roof edges), and zone 3 (roof comers) Building Surface TribuUiry Area, sqft 1, roof middle surface 10 100 2, roof edges 10 100 3, roof corners 10 100 Positive Design Pressures, psf
-

Negative Design Pressures, psf -43.8 -43.8 -80.7 -80.7 -112.4 -112.4

Table C.5. Design Pressures for Zone 4 (wall middle surface) and Zone 5 (wall edges) Height Above Ground, ft Design Pressures Zone 4 (wall middle surface) Tributary Area 28 sqft 0 - 15 30 50 80 120 160 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6 -49.1 -49.1 -49.1 -49.1 -49.1 -49.1 Tributary Area 55 sqft 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6
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Design Pressures Zone 5 (wall edges) Tributary Area 28 sqft 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6 -75.5 -75.5 -75.5 -75.5 -75.5 -75.5 Tributary Area 55 sqft 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6 -75.5 -75.5 -75.5 -75.5 -75.5 -75.5

-49.1 -49.1 -49.1 -49.1 -49.1 -49.1

Ve = Vs(Sb)

For part 1, the terrain and building factor Sb is 1.895 with effective height He = 30.5 m and 64.4 km (40 miles) away from the sea. For part 2, Sb is 1.980 for H, = 48.89 m and 64.4 km (40 miles) away from the sea. Effective wind speed Ve, is 61.4 m/s for part 1 and is 64.15 m/s for part 2. Design Pressures on the Main Wind-Force Resisting system: Design pressures for the main wind force resisting system is given by the equation
P = q.s[(CpeCa)]

Velocity pressure is given by the equation q , = 0.613V,' for part 1 qs = 48.3 psf and for part 2 qs = 52.7 psf Extemal pressure coefficients for part 1: windward waU: leeward waU: Size effect factor: From Figure 4 for diagonal dimension of 43.13 the size effect factor Ca is 0.80 Design windward wall pressure is Design leeward wall pressure is p = 48.3[(-0.233)(0.80)] = -9.0 psf Extemal pressure coefficients for Part 2: windward wall: leeward wall: 0.78 for D/H = 200 ft/100 ft = 1.247 from Table 5 -0.28 for D/H = 1.247
139

0.733 for D/H = 200 ft/100 ft = 2 -0.233 for D/H = 2

p = 48.3[(0.733)(0.80)] = 28.3

Size effect factor: For the loaded area of Part 2 the diagonal dimension is 35.61 m, which gives a size effect factor of 0.82. Design windward wall pressure is p = 52.7[(0.78)(0.82)] = 33.7 psf Design leeward wall pressure is p = 52.7[(-0.28)(0.82)]=-12.1 psf Base shear and overturning moment for the entire building: Base shear: = [100(28.3(100) + 33.7(60) -- 9.0(100) + 12.1(60))] /1000 = 647.8 kips f Overtuming moment: = [100((28.3 + 9.0)(100)(50) -- (33.7 + 12.1)(60)(130) + 10(195)(57.9) + f 40(170)(35.1) + 150(75)(15.1))] / 1000 = 10.7 x lO' ft-kips Roof uplift: = 100[57.9(10) + 35.1(40) + 15.1(150)] /1000 = 424.8 kips Design Pressure on Components and Claddings: Design pressures on components and claddings is given by the equation
P = qs[(CpcCa) - (CpiCa)]

The extemal pressure coefficients, along with the size effect factor, are tabulated in Table C.6. Velocity pressure is equal to 52.7 psf The internal pressure coefficients are -0.3 or 0.2; whichever gives the larger net pressure coefficient across the wall. The size effect factor used with the internal pressure

140

Table C.6. Extemal pressure coefficients for components and claddings Building Surface Tributary Area, sqft Pressure Coefficients -i-Cpe(Ca) 1 (roof middle surface) 10 100 2 (roof edges) 10 100 3 (roof corners) 10 100 4 (wall middle area) 28 55 5 (wall edges) 28 55
-

-Cpe(Ca) -0.7(1.0) -0.7(1.0) -1.4(1.0) -1.4(1.0) -2.0(1.0) -2.0(1.0) -0.78(1.0) -0.78(1.0) -1.3(1.0) -1.3(1.0)

0.78(1.0) 0.78(1.0) 0.78(1.0) 0.78(1.0)

141

coefficient is 0.66. The size effect factor Ca is 1.00 for waU panels of tributary area 2.6 m', waU mullions of tribuUiry area 5.12 m^, and for roof tributary areas of 0.93 m' and 9.3 m^. The calculated values of design pressures for components and claddings are tabulated in Table C.7 and Table C.8.

142

Table C.7. Design pressures for zone 1 (roof middle surface), zone 2 (roof edges), and zone 3 (roof comers) Building Surface TribuUiry Area, sqft 1, roof middle surface 10 100 2, roof edges 10 100 3, roof corners 10 100 Positive Design Pressures, psf
-

Negative Design Pressures, psf -43.8 -43.8 -80.7 -80.7 -112.4 -112.4

Table C.8. Design pressures for zone 4 (wall middle surface) and zone 5 (wall edges) Height Above Ground, ft Design Pressures Zone 4 (wall middle surface) Tributary Area 28 sqft 0-15 30 50 80 120 160 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 Tributary Area 55 sqft 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 Design Pressures Zone 5 (wall edges) Tributary Area 28 sqft 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 -75.5 -75.5 -75.5 -75.5 -75.5 -75.5 Tributary Area 55 sqft 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.5 -75.5 -75.5 -75.5 -75.5 -75.5 -75.5

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APPENDIX D CALCULATIONS USING CANADIAN STANDARD

This appendix contains the wind pressure calculations using the Canadian standard. Wind pressure calculations for the 160 ft building follow the wind pressure calculations for the low building. The references cited herein regarding sections, tables, and figures, belong to the Canadian standard.

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