Government of India Central Electricity Authority: 140 MW Dikhu H.E. Project

50 000 MW HYDROELECTRIC INITIATIVE
Government of India Ministry of Power Central Electricity Authority
140 MW DIKHU H.E. PROJECT ARUNACHAL PRADESH
Preliminary Feasibility Report

June 2004
Consultant : ukFkZ bLVuZ bySfDVd ikoj dkWiksZjs'ku fyfeVsM North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Ltd.
ISO 9001-2000
(A Government of India Enterprise)
DIKHU HE PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000
Table of Contents
FOREWORD .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 SALIENT FEATURES .............................................................................................................................................. 2 CHAPTER I ....................................................................................................................EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................ 5 SCOPE OF WORK...................................................................................................................................... 5 HYDROLOGY ............................................................................................................................................. 6 POWER POTENTIAL STUDIES.............................................................................................................. 6 POWER EVACUATION ASPECTS......................................................................................................... 7 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS................................................................................................................ 7 ESTIMATES OF THE COST .................................................................................................................... 8 FINANCIAL ASPECTS.............................................................................................................................. 8 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER II................................................................................................................PROJECT BACKGROUND 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 NAGALAND............................................................................................................................................... 10 THE RIVER SYSTEM.............................................................................................................................. 11 THE PROJECT.......................................................................................................................................... 12 POWER SCENARIO ................................................................................................................................ 13 NECESSITY OF THE PROJECT ........................................................................................................... 14 INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................................................................................................ 15 PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS............................................................................................................. 16
CHAPTER III ................................................................................................................................PROJECT AREA 3.1 3.2 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT INCLUDING RIVER SYSTEM....................................................... 19 SOCIO ECONOMIC AND OTHER ASPECTS ................................................................................. 21
CHAPTER IV.....................................................................................TOPOGRAPHICAL & GEOTECHNICAL 4.1 4.2 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 27 REGIONAL GEOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 27
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PMs 50,000 MW initiative
4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8
STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................................................. 32 MINERAL DEPOSITS.............................................................................................................................. 35 SEISMO-TECTONICS ............................................................................................................................. 36 GEOLOGY OF THE DIKHU BASIN..................................................................................................... 39 GEOLOGY OF THE PROJECT AREA AND GEOTECHNICAL APPRAISAL............................ 40 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ........................................................................................................... 42
CHAPTER V ...................................................................................................................................... HYDROLOGY 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 GENERAL .................................................................................................................................................. 44 DIKHU BASIN CHARACTERSTICS .................................................................................................... 45 METEOROLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DIKHU BASIN ................................................................ 45 PROJECT PROPOSAL ............................................................................................................................ 45 DESIGN FLOOD STUDIES..................................................................................................................... 48 RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION STUDY ........................................................................................... 53 LIMITATIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER VI...................................................................................... CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT & PLANNING 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 57 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 58 RIVER DIVERSION WORK................................................................................................................... 58 DIVERSION DAM..................................................................................................................................... 60 POWER DAM BLOCK............................................................................................................................. 63 PENSTOCKS.............................................................................................................................................. 64 POWER HOUSE........................................................................................................................................ 64 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT .......................................................................................... 65 TAIL RACE CHANNEL .......................................................................................................................... 66 FURTHER STUDIES ................................................................................................................................ 66
CHAPTER VII ...................................................................................................................... POWER POTENTIAL 7.1 7.2 7.3 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 68 DISCHARGE DATA ................................................................................................................................. 68 FIXATION OF MDDL.............................................................................................................................. 69
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7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.14
FIXATION OF FRL .................................................................................................................................. 69 FIXATION OF THE TAIL WATER LEVEL........................................................................................ 69 RESERVOIR OPERATION .................................................................................................................... 70 OPERATING HEAD................................................................................................................................. 70 COMBINED EFFICIENCY ..................................................................................................................... 71 INSTALL ED CAPACITY ....................................................................................................................... 71 ENERGY GENERATION ........................................................................................................................ 71 UNIT SIZE.................................................................................................................................................. 71 SUMMARY OF STUDIES........................................................................................................................ 72 FURTHER STUDIES ................................................................................................................................ 72
CHAPTER VIII ................................................................................................................ POWER EVACUATION 8.1 8.2 APPRAISAL OF EXISTING POWER EVACUATION FACILITIES.............................................. 74 PROPOSED EVACUATION SYSTEM TO NEAREST FACILITY.................................................. 74
CHAPTER IX................................................................................................................ENVIRONMENT ASPECT 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 GENERAL INFORMATION................................................................................................................... 78 SUBMERGENCE AREA.......................................................................................................................... 78 RIVER SYSTEM ....................................................................................................................................... 79 SEISMICITY.............................................................................................................................................. 80 EXISTING LANDUSE/LANDCOVER AROUND THE PROPOSED DAM SITE .......................... 81 FOREST TYPES IN THE VICINITY OF PROJECT AREA ............................................................. 82 FAUNAL ELEMENTS AROUND THE PROJECT AREA................................................................. 83 EXISTENCE OF ANY PROTECTED AREA/ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES.................................. 84 HUMAN SETTLEMENT ......................................................................................................................... 84 RELIEF AND REHABILITATION........................................................................................................ 84 RECOMMENDATIONS AND MITIGATIVE MEAUSRES............................................................... 85
CHAPTER X ........................................................................................................................... INFRASTRUCTURE 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 THE PROJECT.......................................................................................................................................... 86 THE PROJECT.......................................................................................................................................... 87 ACCESS ROADS ....................................................................................................................................... 87 CONSTRUCTION FACILITIES............................................................................................................. 88 PROJECT ROADS .................................................................................................................................... 88 PROJECT HEADQUARTERS, OFFICES AND COLONIES ............................................................ 89 EXPLOSIVE MAGAZINE ....................................................................................................................... 90 SCHOOL, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, BANK, PETROL PUMP ................................................... 90
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10.10 10.11 10.12
CONSTRUCTION POWER..................................................................................................................... 91 TELE-COMMUNICATION..................................................................................................................... 92 FURTHER STUDIES ................................................................................................................................ 92
CHAPTER XI.............................................................................CONSTRUCTION PLANNING & SCHEDULE 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 94 BASIS OF STUDY ..................................................................................................................................... 94 MAJOR COMPONENTS ......................................................................................................................... 94 MATERIAL SOURCES............................................................................................................................ 94 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................................................................... 95 CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS........................................................................................................... 95 SCHEDULE OF WORKING HOURS.................................................................................................... 96 CONSTRUCTION PERIOD .................................................................................................................... 97 STAGE I ACTIVITIES............................................................................................................................. 97 STAGE II ACTIVITIES ........................................................................................................................... 97 STAGE III ACTIVITIES.......................................................................................................................... 98 RIVER DIVERSION WORK................................................................................................................... 98 DIVERSION DAM..................................................................................................................................... 99 INTAKE AND PENSTOCKS................................................................................................................... 99 POWER HOUSE...................................................................................................................................... 100 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL WORKS.................................................................................................. 100 SWITCHYARD........................................................................................................................................ 100
CHAPTER XII .............................................................................................................................COST ESTIMATE 12.1 12.2 GENERAL FEATURES ......................................................................................................................... 102 COST ESTIMATE................................................................................................................................... 102
CHAPTER XIII .........................................................................................................ECONOMIC EVALUATION 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................ 104 PROJECT BENEFITS ............................................................................................................................ 104 INPUTS DATA AND ASSUMPTIONS................................................................................................. 104 ESTIMATED COST AND PHASING .................................................................................................. 105 DEPRECIATION..................................................................................................................................... 105 LOAN AMORTIZATION ...................................................................................................................... 105 WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS.......................................................................................... 106 ENERGY SALE PRICE.......................................................................................................................... 106 ESTIMATES OF WORKING RESULTS ............................................................................................ 107 INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR)............................................................................................... 107 DEBT SERVICE COVERAGE RATIO (DSCR)................................................................................. 107 PAYBACK PERIOD ............................................................................................................................... 107 CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................................... 107
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List of Annexures & Drawings
List of Annexures
CHAPTER I ....................................................................................................................EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 A conceptual layout map CHAPTER IV.....................................................................................TOPOGRAPHICAL & GEOTECHNICAL 4.1 4.2 4.3 Regional Map of North East India Seismic Zoning Map of North Eastern Part showing Location of Project Lineament and geological formations in the vicinity of proposed Dikhu project
CHAPTER V ...................................................................................................................................... HYDROLOGY ANNEXURES 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 FIGURES 5.1 5.2 5.3 Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Derived Flood Hydrograph Reservoir Classificatiion Dikhu Monthly Flow Sequences Dikhu Monthly Flow Sequences at dam site Calculations showing computations of SUG parameters Elevation Area Capacity Table Calculation of Sediment Volume Area Capacity Table A copy of letter from CWC on vetting of hydrology
CHAPTER VI...................................................................................... CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT & PLANNING Drawing No. : NP-PFR-DK-601 Drawing No. : NP-PFR-DK-602 Drawing No. : NP-PFR-DK-603 Drawing No. : NP-PFR-DK-604 Drawing No. : NP-PFR-DK-605 Drawing No. : NP-PFR-DK-606 Drawing No. : NP-PFR-DK-607 ANNEXURES 6.1 A copy of letter from CWC on vetting of conceptual layout and planning Conceptual Layout Concrete Dam - upstream view Concrete Dam spillway cross-section Non-Overflow Cross section Power House Cross Section Power House Plan Coffer Dams and Diversion Tunnel
CHAPTER VII ...................................................................................................................... POWER POTENTIAL Annexure 7.1 Tables 7.1-7.3 A copy of letter from CEA on vetting of power potential Power Potential Studies
CHAPTER VIII ................................................................................................................ POWER EVACUATION Annexure 8.1 Annexure 8.2 Annexure 8.3
Power Map of North Eastern Region Power Evacuation Scheme Proposed Switchyard Layout
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Annexure 8.4 Figure 9.1 Figure 9.2 Figure 9.3 Figure 9.4 Figure 9.5 Figure 9.7
A copy of letter from CEA on vetting of power evacuation Drainage Map of Dikhu River upto proposed Dam Site Map showing Submergence Area and Villages IRS-ID LISS III Scene of 7 km Radius Area IRS-ID PAN Scene of 7 km Radius area Landuse/Land Cover Pattern within 7 km Radius Landuse/Landcover Map of Submergence Area
CHAPTER IX................................................................................................................ENVIRONMENT ASPECT
CHAPTER XI.............................................................................CONSTRUCTION PLANNING & SCHEDULE 11.1 12.1 Construction Schedule Cost Abstract CHAPTER XII .............................................................................................................................COST ESTIMATE
CHAPTER XIII .........................................................................................................ECONOMIC EVALUATION Annexure 13.1 Annexure 13.1A Annexure 13.2 Annexure 13.3 Annexure 13.4 Annexure 13.5 Annexure 13.6 Annexure 13.7 Annexure 13.8 Annexure 13.9 Annexure 13.10 Annexure 13.11 Inputs and Assumptions Year Wise Allocation of Project Cost General Breakdown of Scheme Cost Calculation of Interest During Construction (IDC) Calculation Depreciation including Advance Against Deprecation Loan Amortization Calculation of Working Capital Requirements Calculation of Sale Price of Energy Estimates of Working Results Internal Rate of Return (Project) Debt Services Coverage Ratio Payback Period
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DIKHU H.E. PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000
FOREWORD
With the objective of accelerating capacity addition and developing untapped hydro power potential in India in a phased and systematic manner, the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) had conducted Ranking Studies, based on inter-se-priority for their development, so as to have a shelf of prioritized schemes. A noble initiative towards development of such potential has been taken by the than Honble Prime Minister of India, Shri A.B. Vajpayee, on May 24, 2003 at Vigyan Bhawan, by launching the 50,000 MW hydro electric initiative, to be taken up under the aegis of the Ministry of Power. North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Ltd. (NEEPCO) has been entrusted by CEA to prepare the Pre-Feasibility Reports for 18 hydro electric projects with an installed capacity of 4915 MW in the States of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. In the first stage of this ambitious programme, the Design & Engineering group of NEEPCO has prepared the Pre-Feasibility Reports of 15 projects in Arunachal Pradesh with an installed capacity of 4290 MW. The enclosed Pre-Feasibility Report of Dikhu Hydro Electric Project (140 MW) in Nagaland has been estimated at a cost of Rs. 723.63 crores (including IDC) at January, 2004 price level, with a first year tariff of Rs.3.18 /kWh with 12% free power and Rs. 2.80 /kWh without 12% free power. I am highly indebted and thankful to Honble Union Minister of Power; Honble Union Minister of State for Power; Secretary (Power), Government. of India; and
Chairman, CEA for the opportunity given to NEEPCO for undertaking the task and
being a part of the Mission 2012: Power for all. I also thank Messrs Premier Mott MacDonald for rendering necessary support service to NEEPCO in preparation of the reports.
New Delhi June 2004 S.C. Sharma Chairman & Managing Director
PMs 50,000 MW initiatives
SALIENT FEATURES
LOCATION State River Location of Dam and Dam Site Longitude Latitude Access to the project Nearest Rail head Nearest Airport HYDROLOGY Catchment area at Dam Site Maximum average discharge at dam site Minimum average discharge at dam site DIVERSION DAM Type Full reservoir level (FRL) Minimum draw down level (MDDL) Deepest River Bed Level Total length at top of dam DIVERSION TUNNEL Shape Diameter Length SPILLWAY Width of spillway block Number of bays Crest level of spillway Spillway gates Design flood SUBMERGENCE Villages submerged Area submerged Forest Nil 1,302.46 ha 126.4 m 8 227 m 8 nos. 11.33 m x 12 m 12,880 cumecs Modified horse shoe section 5.3 m 300 m Concrete straight gravity 261 m 230 m 166 m 305 m 2781 sq.km 1386.39 cumecs 8.88 cumecs 9446' 59.4" E 26 39' 29.3" N By road from Sibsagar in Assam through Nagnimara in Nagaland. Amguri in Assam Jorhat in Assam Nagaland Dikhu
RESERVOIR Live storage INTAKE Intake gate size Trash rack PENSTOCK Number Diameter Length POWER HOUSE Installed Capacity Units Type of Turbine Design Discharge per unit Design Head Minimum TWL Annual Design Energy (90% dependable year) Annual energy in 90% on 95% machine availability FINANCIAL ASPECT Total Project cost Tariff for 1st year With 12% free power Without free power Levelised tariff for 35 years With 12% free power Without free power Cost per MW installed CONSTRUCTION PERIOD Rs. 2.56 per kWh Rs. 2.26 per kWh Rs 5.17 crore 5 years (excluding 30 months of pre-construction activities) Rs. 3.18 per kWh Rs. 2.80 per kWh 140 MW 4 x 35 MW Francis 45.7 cumecs 85 m 170 m 518.61 GWh 513.41 GWh 4 3.3 m 110 m 3.3 m x 3.3 m Semi circular 322.64 Mcum
Rs. 723.63 crore
CHAPTER - I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1
INTRODUCTION project is envisaged as a storage scheme with a moderate sized reservoir to absorb excess water in the reservoir during monsoon season and to utilize the inflow of the river and the live storage for peaking during the lean season. It envisages about 98 m high concrete gravity dam downstream of the confluence of river Yangnyu with Dikhu river near village Tamlu.
1.1.1 Dikhu H.E. Project is situated on Dikhu river in Mon district of Nagaland. This
1.1.2 The dam site is located at longitude 94o 46' 59.4" E and latitude 26o 39' 29.3" N. Presently the dam site can be approached from village Tamlu on foot track. Tamlu village is about 19 km from dam site. The nearest rail head is at Amguri in Assam, the nearest airport is at Jorhat in Assam, and the nearest seaport is at Kolkata in West Bengal. 1.2 SCOPE OF WORK
1.2.1 Dikhu HE project envisages construction of:
A 98 m high concrete gravity dam, having FRL at EL 261 m, and located at

downstream of the confluence of the river Dikhu with river Yangnyu. The length of the dam at the top will be 305 m consisting of 126.4 m of overflow section, 48 m of power dam section and 130.6 m of non-overflow section.
Spillway with 8 nos. radial gates each 11.3 m x 12 m, operated by hydraulic

hoists.
A flip bucket has been provided for dissipation of energy. A modified horse-shoe shaped diversion tunnel 5.3 m diameter and 300 m long
on the left bank of the river, for construction of dam and appurtenant works.
Coffer dams located approximately 150 m upstream and 200 m downstream

from the dam axis.
4 nos. penstocks each of 3.3 m diameter and about 110 m long. Surface power house on right bank of Dikhu river at the toe of the dam with 4
generating units of 35 MW each with Francis type turbine. The Minimum TWL is proposed to be at EL 170 m.
Short length of tail race channel discharging tail waters of power house back to
Dikhu river.
PMs 50,000 MW initiatives 5
1.2.2 The 140 MW power from Dikhu HE Project is proposed to be evacuated through 220 kV double circuit lines to Moriani grid station for onward transmission to the National Grid. 1.2.3 A conceptual layout map showing project components is placed as Annexure 1.1. 1.3 HYDROLOGY
1.3.1 The catchment area of river Dikhu at the dam site is 2781 sq. km. The discharge data of Sibsagar G&D site has been used for the preparation of PFR of Dikhu HE Project. The 4 years discharge data available at the Project site is too short and lot of inconsistencies were noticed in this 4 years discharge data. Therefore, in the absence of longer period data, the G&D data of Sibsagar site has been used to arrive at the yield series at Dikhu HE scheme as the last option. The yield series at Dikhu HE Project has been computed on catchment area proportionate basis. Therefore a monthly series for 24 years has bee arrived at for Dikhu HE scheme and is being used for planning purpose. 1.3.2 The peak of the design flood hydrograph works out to be 10,489 cumecs. Therefore a design flood of 10,500 cumecs is arrived by this approach. Since the PMF recommended by CWC in their earlier report for Dikhu HE Project is 12,880 cumecs. Therefore a PMF of 12,880 cumecs has been adopted for this scheme and is being used for designing purposes. The difference between these two PMF values is due to difference in basic input i.e. unit hydro graph as well as its time to peak. 1.4 POWER POTENTIAL STUDIES
1.4.1 The computed discharge series for 24 years for Dikhu dam site has been used to determine power benefit from the project. As per Government of India (GOI) notification for tariff, energy generated at 90% dependable year has been considered for determination of tariff. An installation of 140 MW comprising 4 units of 35 MW each with Francis type turbine is proposed. The annual energy that would be available in a 90% dependable year is 518.61 GWh as given below:
Particulars Annual Generation Annual Energy Generation (GWh) Annual Load Factor (%) Generation during Lean Flow Season (Nov-Mar) Power output (MWc) Load Factor (%)
90% Dependable Year
518.61 42.29
27.07 19.33
1.4.2 Design energy for tariff at 95% availability in a 90% dependable year has been worked out as 513.41 GWh. 1.5 POWER EVACUATION ASPECTS The 140 MW power from Dikhu HE Project is proposed to be evacuated through 220 kV double circuit lines to Moriani grid station for onward transmission to the National Grid. 1.6 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS of this area is more than 41% out of which dense forest constitute about 25% and the remaining area (16%) is covered by open forests. Shifting cultivation has severely degraded the forest cover and forests mainly secondary in nature. Therefore, degraded forest /scrub account for more than 27% of the area whereas are under jhum cultivation is more than 20%. River and flood plains also constitute a sizable percent of this area (2%). 1.6.2 The proposed reservoir would lead to submergence of about 1,302.46 ha land, which is mainly comprised of open forest. Of this 692.47 ha is likely to be submerged in Dikhu catchment and 609.99 ha in Yangnyu catchment. The tail of proposed reservoir would extend upto 16.52 km in Dikhu river and about 21 km in Yangnyu river.
1.6.1 The predominant landuse in the vicinity of project area is forest. The forest cover
1.7
ESTIMATES OF THE COST The project is estimated to cost Rs. 723.63 crores including IDC at January, 2004 price level. The preliminary cost estimate of the project has been prepared as per guidelines of CEA / CWC. The break down of the cost estimates is given below. Civil works Electro Mechanical works Sub total (Generation) Transmission works Total (Hard Cost) Interest during Construction Grand Total : : : : : : : Rs. 482.81 crores Rs. 124.29 crores Rs. 607.11 crores Nil Rs. 607.11 crores Rs. 116.52 crores Rs. 723.63 crores
1.8
FINANCIAL ASPECTS As indicated above, the Dikhu HE project, with an estimated cost of Rs. 482.81 crores (including IDC of Rs. 116.52 crores) and design energy of 518.61 GWh in a 90% dependable year, is proposed to be completed in a period of 5 years (excluding 30 months for pre-construction activities). The tariff has been worked out considering a debt-equity ratio of 70:30, 16% returns on equity, and annual interest rate on loan at 10.5%. 12% of energy will be given as free power to Home State. The tariff at the power house busbars for first year works out to Rs. 3.18/kWh with 12% free power and Rs. 2.80/kWh without 12% free power and the levelised tariff for 35 years works out to Rs. 2.56/kWh with 12% free power and Rs. 2.26/kWh without 12% free power.
1.9
CONCLUSIONS Dikhu HE project involves simple civil works and is proposed to be completed in 5 years (excluding 30 months for preconstruction activities). The project would afford generation of annual energy of 518.61 GWh at the power house busbars in a 90% dependable year. The cost, per MW installed, works out to Rs.5.17 crores. The Preliminary Feasibility Report indicates that the scheme merits consideration for taking up detailed Survey, Investigation, and preparation of DPR.
CHAPTER - II
PROJECT BACKGROUND
2.1
NAGALAND
2.1.1 Nagaland is one of the smallest states in North Eastern India with an area of 16,579 sq. km. sharing international boundaries with Myanmar in the East. The states of Assam, Manipur and Arunachal flank its Western, Southern and Northern borders. Forest covers about 82% area of the State and numerous turbulent streams, roaring rivers, deep gorges, lofty mountains, snow clad peaks and rich diversity of flora and fauna characterize the landscape. The Naga Hills run through this small state, which has Saramati as its highest peak at a height of 12,600ft. The main rivers that flow through Nagaland are Dhansiri, Doyang, Dikhu and Jhanji. The terrain is mountainous, thickly wooded and cutting deep river valleys. There is a wide variety of plant and animal life. Nagaland has a monsoon climate with generally high humidity; rainfall averages between 1800mm and 2500mm a year. Nagaland has a single-chamber legislative assembly with 60 seats. The state sends two members to national parliament; one to upper house and one to lower house. There are eight local government administrative districts Mokokchung, Tuensang, Mon, Wokha, Zunheboto, Phek, Longleng, Peren, Dimapur, Kiphire and Kohima. The capital is Kohima. Little is known about the early history of Nagaland, including the origin of several large sand stone pillars at Dimapur. The climate varies from sub-tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the north with some areas experiencing snowfalls during winter. 2.1.2 A wide variety of altitudinal gradients and climatic conditions have given rise to varied eco-systems which form the habitat of diverse plant wealth and wild life in the State. Due to its high species diversity, the region has been identified as a global hot spot for bio-diversity conservation. The pre-dominant forest types occurring in the state are Tropical Semi Evergreen, Tropical Wet Evergreen, Subtropical, Pine, Temperate and Sub-Alpine / Alpine Forests. There are also degraded forests and grass lands. 2.1.3 The State harbors a rich variety of wildlife which includes cats. The region is home to seven species of primates, large mammals like elephants, gaur and wild buffalo. High altitude animals include musk deer, bharal, Himalayan black bear, red panda etc. The bird fauna of the State include more than 500 species. This is the richest
state for pheasants with some species found at different altitudes. The rivers contain a wealth of fishes. The State also abounds in a variety of reptiles and amphibians. 2.1.4 The population of Nagaland is 1988636 (2001 census) with a population density of about 120/ sq. km. The State has a literacy rate of 67.11%. 2.1.5 The Nagas, inhibitants of Nagaland, are said to belong to the indo-mongoloid stock, a race whose presence was noted ten centuries before Christ, at the time of compilation of Vedas. The Nagas form more than 20 tribes, as well as numerous sub-tribes, each having a specific geographic distribution. Though sharing many cultural traits, these tribes have maintained a high degree of isolation and lack cohesion as a single people. The Konyaks are the largest tribe, followed by the Aos, Semas and Angamis. Other tribes include the Lothas, Sangtams, Phoms, Changs, Khiemnungams, Yimchungres, Zeilangs, Chakhesang and Rengmas. The principal languages are Angami, Ao, Chang, Konyak, Lotha, Sangtam and Sema. The official language is English however; Nagamese is spoken as the lingua franca. 2.2 THE RIVER SYSTEM and streams flow through the valley covering the entire land. Dhansiri, Doyang, Dikhu and Tizu are the main four river systems in the state in addition to Dzuza, Tsurang etc. which are small basins. Doyang is a tributary of Dhansiri which jointly flows in the westerly direction to join Brahmaputra and the river Tizu flows towards East and South East and finally enters Myanmar. Dikhu is an independent sub-basin of Brahmaputra on the left flank. 2.2.2 DIKHU BASIN The river Dikhu is one of the major tributaries of river Brahmaputra and receives numerous small tributaries from the hills through which it flows. The river Dikhu originates near Surumi at an elevation of 1897m and after traversing a tortuous northerly course of 107.5km through the dense forest in hilly terrain of Nagaland state enters the plains of Assam and thereafter traversing an approximate distance of 80km, joins the river Brahamaputra. The meandering river is confined in a
2.2.1 The water resources of Nagaland are in abundance. The arteries of perennial rivers
narrow gorge with steep moderate slopes near the project area. The Dikhu river varies in width from 40 to 100m, with banks varying from moderate to steep in slopes. The catchment area of Dikhu river upto the proposed dam axis is 2781 sq. km and is bounded between longitude 940 46' 59" E and Latitude 260 39' 29" N. The catchment area plan of Dikhu upto the proposed dam site is appended as Annexure 9.1. 2.2.3 The average annual rainfall of the state varies from 2000mm to 2700mm. Majority of the rainfall occurs in about 6 months from May to October. The climate is cool during the winter and occurrence of frost over large tracts is observed in the hill and hill ranges. The climate over the foothill is warm ad sub-tropical. The mid slopes and the lower ranges of the Western flank have a moderate sub mountain climate. Temperature varies from 50C to 250C on the hills and from 120C to 320C on the foot hills. Due to prolonged rains and high humid conditions, the natural vegetation over the lower ranges of the western flanks is characterized by subtropical evergreen rain forests. The eastern and south eastern plateau has characteristic coniferous vegetation. 2.3 THE PROJECT construction of a concrete gravity dam 98 m high with power house at the toe of the dam near village Tamlu where the river bed level is at EL 166 m and is situated in Mon District. Installed capacity planned for the power house is 140 MW. 2.3.2 The proposed reservoir would lead to submergence of about 1,302.46 ha of land which is under scrub forests while open forest. Of this 692.47 ha is likely to be submerged in Dikhu catchment and 609.99 ha in Yangnyu catchment. The tail of the proposed reservoir would extend upto 16.52 km is Dikhu river and about 21 km. in Yangnyu river. 2.3.3 The human settlements in the project area are scattered. 2.3.4 There are no monuments of archeological or national importance which would be affected by project activities directly or indirectly.
2.3.1 Dikhu H.E. Project is located in the upper reach of river Dikhu. It envisages
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2.4
POWER SCENARIO the national average of 373 kWh. The State plans to harness its enormous natural resources like forests and hydro power and exploit its mineral wealth to usher in an era of economic development and raise the per capita electricity consumption to 500 kWh by the end of Eleventh Five year Plan period i.e. 2012.
2.4.1 The per capita power consumption of Nagaland is below 100 kWh as compared to
2.4.2 The power scenario has therefore to be viewed in the national perspective. According to 50000 MW Hydropower Initiative of the Ministry of Power, the energy requirement of the country in 2002-03 was 5,45,674 MkWh of which only 4,97,589 MkWh were available, leaving a shortfall of 8.8%. While the peaking requirement was 81,492 MW, a peak of only 71,547 MW could be met leaving a shortage of 12.2%. The region wise shortage of energy and peaking capacity is depicted in the following graph:
Energy and Peak Load Shortages 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
NR WR SR
-0.7 7.5 8.6 10.7 7.9 3.1 -1.6 -1.6 7.8 19.1 14.4 13
ER
NERs
Overall
Supply Shortages
Peak Deficit
Source: Blue print for Power Sector Development MoP 2001
2.4.3 Against the present installed generating capacity of 1,07,973 MW, the share of hydro, with 26,910 MW capacity, is only 25%. Thermal (coal, gas and diesel) accounts for the maximum share of 71% with 76,607 MW. Nuclear capacity is about 2.5% with 2720 MW and wind 1,736 MW i.e. 1.6%. This is graphically depicted below:
13
Shares in Installed Capacity - March, 2003

25%
Hydro, 26910 MW Gas, 11633 MW Diesel, 1173 MW Wind, 1736 MW

58% 11% 1% 3% 2%
Nuclear, 2720 MW Coal, 63801 MW
2.4.4 Most of the regions of the country are suffering from power shortages leading to irregular and unreliable supply. The problem becomes acute during peak hours. Based on the projections made in the 16th Electric Power Survey, an additional generating capacity of over 100,000 MW needs to be added to ensure Power on Demand by 2012. This, in effect, means doubling the existing capacity which has been created in the last half a century in the next ten years. Not only has the capacity to be added but also the present hydro-thermal imbalance of 25:75 has to be corrected and brought to 40:60 to meet the peak load requirements, achieve frequency and voltage stability and provide system operating flexibility under changing seasonal and diurnal load pattern. For achieving a 40:60 hydro thermal ratio in an installed capacity of around 200,000 MW the total requirement of hydro capacity will be 80,000 MW which means that 53,000 MW additional hydro capacity has to be created in the next 10 years. 2.5 NECESSITY OF THE PROJECT different river basins all over India total to 7800 MW as shown in the table below:
2.5.1 According to categorization of schemes by CEA the Category A schemes in
14
River Basin-wise Summary of Categorisation of the Schemes Ranked by CEA S. No. River System Category A Nos 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Indus Ganga Central Indian East Flowing West Flowing Brahmaputra 11 20 3 11 1 52 MW 4088 2023 283 1412 35 7800 Category B Nos 51 54 9 26 10 97 MW 8811 9616 1425 6469 958 42574 Category C Nos 17 1 1 2 14 19 MW 6080 600 186 88 1508 12954 Total Nos 79 75 13 39 25 168 MW 18979 12239 1894 7969 2501 63328
Source: 50000 MW Hydro-electric Initiative May 2003 2.5.2 The entire Category A schemes needs to be taken up for completion by 2012. Out of the above, Nagaland has 3 schemes with a total installed capacity of 970 MW against which have been allotted to NEEPCO. There is therefore scope for development of all these projects subject to their technical and economic feasibility. NEEPCO has already carried out pre-feasibility studies for fifteen projects totaling to 4290 MW in Arunachal Pradesh and has now taken up similar studies for three more projects in Nagaland as per directive of the Government of India. Construction of 140 MW Dikhu H.E. Project on high priority is justified on the basis of pre-feasibility studies carried out by NEEPCO. 2.6 INFRASTRUCTURE The 140 MW power from Dikhu HE Project is proposed to be evacuated through 220 kV double circuit lines to Moriani grid station for onward transmission to the National Grid. Couple of hydro electric power stations is planned in the Dikhu Basin. As only a small portion of the power generated at these stations will be utilized in Nagaland itself, it will be appropriate to pool the power at Doyang Hydro-electric Project sub-station for being exported to other regions of the country. Scheme for evacuation of power from Dikhu HE Project is given in Chapter VIII Power Evacuation.
2.6.1 Power Evacuation
15
Communications 2.6.2 The dam site of Dikhu H.E. Project is located in the upper reach of river Dikhu where the river bed level is EL 166m with its co-ordinates at 9446' 59.4" E and 2639'29" N. The proposed dam site is 19 km from village Tamlu. The nearest railhead is at Amguri in Assam which is 90 km from the dam site. The nearest civil airport is Jorhat in Assam, which is at a distance of 120 km from Dikhu Project. Amguri and Sibsagar are the business centres located near the project. 2.6.3 Telecommunication facilities in the State comprise a number of telephone exchanges, which have STD facilities. In addition numerous PCOs have STD facilities. Internet connections are also available. 2.6.4 Central assistance is being provided for infrastructural development in the State and is being utilized for accelerated development. 2.7 PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS mainstream and downstream industries based on: (a) (b) Abundant resources of hydro power potential, biodiversity of rich forests, tourism, horticulture and floriculture. Access to the large markets in south-east Asian countries if traditional trade routes are re-established and developed. 2.7.2 Rich Natural Resources Rich natural resources of the state can be converted into real goods if limitations, which the State is confronted with, are overcome. A study commissioned by the State Government has listed various limitations to the development. The important ones are: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Gestation period of the projects is much higher as compared to other States of the country. Prolonged rainy season leading to less effective working time per year for building infrastructure. Higher cost due to long distance of transportation. Inadequate industrial infrastructure, lack of industrial experience and nonavailability of technical expertise.
2.7.1 Nagaland is very rich in natural resources. The state has a strong base for
(v) (vi) (vii)
Reluctance of investors. Prohibitive cost of laying power line for longer distances. Inadequate investment in exploration of untapped natural resources.
2.7.3 The State is fully seized of these problems and has taken various steps to encourage investment. The industrial policy encourages establishment of industries in the private and cooperative sectors for the accelerated development of the State. The incentives include: Central capital investment subsidy scheme; Transport subsidy scheme; Central interest subsidy scheme; Comprehensive insurance scheme, etc.
2.7.4 Incentives have also been announced by the State government to encourage private sector participation (both Indian and foreign) in the development of hydro-electric / gas based power projects. The state is thus poised for accelerated development and is an attractive destination for investment.
17
CHAPTER - III
Project Area
18
3.1
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT INCLUDING RIVER SYSTEM River System
3.1.1 The water resources of Nagaland are in abundance. The arteries of perennial rivers and streams flow through the valley covering the entire land. Dhansiri, Doyang, Dikhu and Tizu are the main four river systems in the state in addition to Dzuza, Tsurang etc which are small basins. Doyang is a tributary of Dhansiri which jointly flows in the westerly direction to join Brahmaputra and the river Tizu flows towards East and South East and finally enters Myanmar. Dikhu is an independent sub-basin of Brahmaputra on the left flank. 3.2.2 DIKHU BASIN The river Dikhu is one of the major tributaries of river Brahmaputra and receives numerous small tributaries from the hills through which it flows. The river Dikhu originates near Surumi at an elevation of 1897m and after traversing a tortuous northerly course of 107.5km through the dense forest in hilly terrain of Nagaland state enters the plains of Assam and thereafter traversing an approximate distance of 80km, joins the river Brahamaputra. The meandering river is confined in a narrow gorge with steep moderate slopes near the project area. The Dikhu river varies in width from 40 to 100m, with banks varying from moderate to steep in slopes. The catchment area of Dikhu river upto the proposed dam axis is 2781 sq. km and is bounded between longitude 940 46' 59" E and Latitude 260 39' 29" N. The catchment area plan of Dikhu upto the proposed dam site is appended as Annexure 9.1. 3.1.2 The river Dikhu originates in the upper Himalayan ranges at an elevation of about 1900m and has a total length of about 107 Km upto project site with an equivalent slope of 1 in 162. Bed slope curve of Dikhu river is shown in the figure below:
19
BED SLOPE OF DIKHU RIVER
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
16 62 20 00 030 30 0 04 40 00 050 50 0 06 60 00 070 70 0 08 80 00 09 90 00 010 100 00 0 -1 11 10 00 0 12 120 00 0 -1 13 30 00 0 14 140 00 0 -1 15 50 00 0 16 160 00 0 -1 17 70 00 0 18 180 00 0 -1 90 0
3.1.3 Dikhu River in its total route of about 200 km carries the discharge of all its major and minor tributaries and drains a total catchment of about 2781 sq.km. upto Dikhu proposed dam site. The catchment area extends across international border and some of the tributaries have origin in Myanmar. About 20% of the total catchment area in the upper reaches remains snow bound throughout the year and keeps contributing to the river flow during the lean months in the form of glacial melt. The remaining catchment area of about 80% is rain fed. The basin receives varying amounts of rainfall, ranging from a minimum of 1000 mm in the upper reaches to about 3000 mm in the foothills annually and the average rainfall is fairly high. The river flow in the Dikhu river system is, therefore, quite large and the variation in river flows in different months is not as large as in the case of purely rain fed rivers. Comparatively less variation in flow and high discharge and bed slope make the river very suitable for setting up a few hydro electric schemes. 3.1.4 The catchment is covered by thick forest which gives the advantage of maximum runoff of the rain water into the river and also ensures minimum inflow of silt. The Dikhu river system passes through a thick forest cover having rich bio-diversity. The area has a number of species of flora and fauna and abundant aquatic life in the river.
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Project Features 3.1.5 Dikhu H.E. Project is proposed on Diku river which is also known as Tzela or Nanga river in Mon district of Nagaland District. The catchment area of Dikhu river upto Dikhu Dam site is 2781 sq. km. It is envisaged as a storage scheme with moderate sized reservoir to absorb excess water in the reservoir during monsoon season and to utilize the inflow of the river and the live storage for peaking during lean season. The project involves utilization of Dikhu river water through construction of 98m high lift dam with toe of dam Power house near Tamlu village. The dam site is located just downstream of confluence of Dikhu with Yangnyu with its co-ordinates at 9446' 59" E and 2639'29" N. 3.1.6 A 98 m high dam is proposed with its deepest foundation at a level of EL 166 m to utilize a gross head of 91 m for hydro power generation. The proposed dam site is 19km from village Tamlu. The nearest railhead is Amguri in Assam which is 90km from the dam site. The nearest civil airport is Jorhat in Assam, which is at a distance of 120km from Dikhu project. Amguri and Sibsagar are the business centres located near the project. 3.1.7 Exposed rocks appear to be present on right bank of the river, where as on the left bank thick overburden is present. 3.1.8 It is estimated that the project will receive an inflow of about 2533.24 Mcum in a 90% dependable year and the design flood for the project is estimated at 12880 cumecs. The installed capacity of Dikhu HE project would be 140 MW. 3.1.9 Dikhu HE project is envisaged as a storage scheme with 98 m high dam. The bed level of river at dam site is EL 166 m. The FRL of the dam is kept at EL 261m from the consideration of topography and seismicity. Considering the volume of silt likely to be deposited in 70 years, the MDDL is kept at EL 230 which provides a live storage of 322.64 MCum. 3.2 SOCIO ECONOMIC AND OTHER ASPECTS development of infrastructure such as roads and bridges, buildings, educational institutions, hospitals and health care units etc. The economy of the State is largely
3.2.1 The State has been developing steadily through Five Year Plans with emphasis on
agrarian. Other areas important to the economy of the state are horticulture, forest and small and medium scale industries. 3.2.2 The state of Nagaland is bestowed with rich natural resources which include rich forest area, mineral resources like dolomite, limestone, graphite, marble etc. Development of hydro projects will give ample scope for development of agrobased industries and industries with basic mineral resources. Other socio-economic benefits to the people, from these projects will include employment to workers, development of communications, markets and other benefits consequent to large scale construction activity. 3.2.3 The per capita income during 2000-01 at current prices was Rs. 11,368. Transport, tourism and public administration has contributed to the increase in the tertiary sector. 3.2.4 Nagaland is largely rural with 85 percent of its population living in villages scattered all over the state. The indigenous people are tribes with rich and glorious heritage of arts and crafts. The State has 20 major tribes and a number of sub-tribes having their own ethos, dialects and cultural identities which present a unique scenario of unity in diversity. Most of the tribal communities are ethnically similar having derived from an original common stock but their geographical isolation from each other has brought amongst them certain distinctive characteristics in language, dress and customs. 3.2.5 The total literacy in the State is 67.11%. The state has a total land area of 16,579sq.km and a total population of 19,88,636 with population density of 120/sq km. The state has one university, 40 college, 236 high schools, 2 polytechnics and 5 Industrial Training Institutes. Tribes 3.2.6 The Nagas form more than 20 tribes, as well as numerous sub-tribes, each having a specific geographic distribution. Though sharing many cultural traits, these tribes have maintained a high degree of isolation and lack cohesion as a single people. The Konyaks are the largest tribe, followed by the Aos, Semas and Angamis. Other tribes include the Lothas, Sangtams, Phoms, Changs, Khiemnungams, Yimchungres, Zeilangs, Chakhesang and Rengmas. The principal languages are
Angami, Ao, Chang, Konyak, Lotha, Sangtam and Sema. The official language is English however; Nagamese is spoken as the lingua franca. Cultural Group 3.2.7 The Nagas are handsome and friendly people. High cheek bones, almond eyes, sparkling eyes and bronze skins set the Nagas apart. In colourful tribal outfit, with bamboo shield shesthed in the bear skin and decorated spears, the Nagas are simple people, almost entirely tribal. The social position of a Naga is borne out by the number of bone necklaces he wears. 3.2.8 Weaving is the traditional art handed down through generations in Nagaland. Each of the major tribe has its unique design and colours. Warm and colourful Naga shawls, hand woven shoulder bags, decorative spears, table mat, wood carvings and bamboo works make magnificent souvenirs. Tribal dances of Naga give us an insight into the inborn reticence of these people. War dances and dances belonging to the distinctive tribes form the major art form in Nagaland. In colorful costumes and jewelry the dancers go through amazing mock war motions. Festivals, marriages, harvests or just the joy of movement are the occasions for Nagas to burst into dances. Some of the important festivals are Sekrenyi, Moatsu and Tokhu Emong. 3.2.9 The tradition Naga religion is animistic, though conception of a supreme creater and after life exists. Nature is seen alive with invisible forces, minor deities and spirits with priests and medicine men mediate. In the nineteenth century, with the advent of British rule, Christianity was introduced, and Baptist missionaries became especially active in the region. As a result, the population now is predominantly Christian. 3.2.10 Nagaland is a rural state. More than four-fifths of the population lives in small, isolated villages. Built on the most prominent points along the ridges of the hills, these villages were once stocked, with massive wooden gates approached by narrow, sunken paths. The villages are usually divided into khels, or quarters, each with its own headman and administration. Dimapur, Kohima, Mokokchung and Tuensang are the only urban centres with more than 20,000 people.
23
3.2.11 Dikhu H.E. Project will have an installation of 4 x 35 MW to generate 518.61 MU of electricity in a 90% dependable year. The project would provide benefits of free power to Nagaland amounting to 12% power generated. The development of project will enhance the quality of life of the people living in and around the project by way of development of roads and communication, availability of reliable, dependable, un-interrupted power for development of small/medium industries, development of tourism etc. Mineral Resources 3.2.12 Geologically, Nagaland is the less explored state but preliminary studies of geological formations promise important mineral deposits in considerable quantities. Chromium, nickel, cobalt, iron ore and limestone are found in Nagaland but only low-grade coal deposits are mined in the state presently. Boreholes drilled in the western districts of Wokha have yielded oil and seepages in Dikhu valley, near Assam suggests the presence of exploitable oil reserves. Power generation depends mainly on diesel plant, though hydroelectric power generated in Assam contributes about 50% of Nagalands requirement. Agro-industries 3.2.13 The industries identified are (i) sugar mill, (ii) alcohol based on molasses, (iii) beer brewing, (iv) dehydrated ginger (v) frozen vegetables and spices (vi) mushroom processing (vii) mini-paper plant (viii) newsprint from bamboo, bamboo board and tiles and (ix) medicines based on wide variety of medicinal plants. Art and Craft 3.2.14 Nagaland is a land of beautiful handicrafts comprising a wide range and variety. Different tribes specialize in different articles. The main products are: i) Weaving is the occupation of women folk and products exhibit beautiful sense of colour combination. Notable products are shawls, jackets and scarves, and bags. ii) Cane and bamboo work of very high standard including hats of different shapes and sizes, baskets, elaborately woven brassiere of cane and fiber, bamboo mugs etc. iii) Carpet making is the specialty of the tribals. They produce unique combinations of colour and design.
iv) v) vi)
Wood carving by tribals consisting of beautiful cups, dishes, and fruit bowls etc. Wooden masks are also carved. Ornaments are mostly made of beads and bones. Tribals weave them into attractive designs. Wood carving unique and artistic articles are produced in abundance through out the state.
3.3
Dikhu H.E. Project will thus provide the much needed infrastructure to the State for its all round development and improvement in the quality of life of its people. The project will also be a valuable source of hydro power to the rest of the country.
25
Chapter IV
Topographical and Geotechnical Aspects
26
4.1
INTRODUCTION Dikhu H.E. Project envisages the construction of a 98 high concrete gravity dam across Dikhu river at 940 46 59.4 E long and 260 39 29.3 N, and a power house at the toe of the dam. The river bed level at the proposed dam site is 166 m and full reservoir level (FRL) has been proposed to be 261m with installed capacity of 140 MW. The geology and seismo-tectonic set up of the project site are discussed below.
4.2
REGIONAL GEOLOGY The geology of the Indo-Burman range is very complex because of its involvement in subduction related crustal processes leading to polyphase magmatism, sedimentation, deformation and metamorphism at ancient continental margin (Ghose and Agrawal, 1989). From east to west, four litho-tectonic domains have been recognized in Nagaland (Annexure 4.1, Table 4.1). These are: i. Metamorphic Belt (Nimi Formation) ii. Ophiolite Belt iii. Flysch Belt (Disang Group) iv. Belt of Schuppen Metamorphic Belt
4.2.1 The Metamorphic Belt, named as Nimi Formation, is a sequence of epimetamorphic folded sediments composed primarily of a calc-psammopelitic rocks tectonically overriding the ophilite belt. The main rock units are represented by phyllite, quartzite, quartz-sericite schist, quartz-muscovite schist and limestone with tectonic slices and enclaves of ophiolitic rocks. Ophiolite Belt 4.2.2 The ophiolite of Naga-Hill (Maastrichtian-Palaeocene) is a crescent-shaped belt running discontinuously for about 200 km across the states of Nagaland and Manipur (Annexure 4.1). It extends in NNE-SSW strike direction and is juxtaposed between the upper Cretaceous-Eocene flysch sediments (Disang in the west and the low grade metamorphic complex (Nimi Formation) in the east. The tectonicslices/slivers of ophiolite are represented by meta-peridotites (tectonites), layered complex of mafic-ultramafic rocks with minor plagiogranite, splite, basalt,
pyroclastics, amphibolite, glaucophane schist, eclogite, volcanogenic-pelagic sediments, radiolarian chert and minor late felsic intrusives. Paucity of sheeted dyke complex is characteristic of this ophiolite belt. Pervasive serpentinisation, spilitization, and minor calcic metasomatism with the formation of rodinggite are notable feature of the belt. The structural features and metamorphism indicate a mechanism of tectonic shift and implanation to their present configuration of a subduction zone environment. Disang Flysch Belt 4.2.3 Disang Flysch belt (Upper Cretaceous to Eocene) is tectonically juxtaposed to the west of the Ophiolite. Some brine springs occur in this belt. The localization of the springs is mostly structurally controlled. These springs are more prevalent in the contact zones of flysch with ophiolite. The Disang shales/slates contain illite, montmorillonite chlorite, quartz and other fine detrital grains, whereas the sandstone and limestone members, except for minor compaction and recrystallisation, retain their original sedimentary structures and clastic texture. Thus, the Disang sediments in general have not passed the diagenetic stage of Winkler (1976). In Lephori-Lacham-Avankhu sector the major members of this formation are alternation of shale, fine grained sandstone and siltstone (Acharyya et al., 1986). Phyllite and quartzites are minor. Generally the shale dominates over sandstone. The compositional banding is usually preserved. Near Tizu gorge, the slates are traversed by 30-40 cm thick quartz vein. Around Kenjong, fragmentary carbonized ferruginous plant remains are common along with worm trails and burrows. The fine grained sandstone and siltstone show greywacke to subgreywacke composition with subangular poorly sorted clasts in a matrix (up to 15%) of argillaceous to chloritic composition. Molasse of the Schuppen Belt 4.2.4 It represents the shelf margin in Naga Hills. It is marked by a long (250-300 km) but conspicuously narrow (20-25 km wide) tectonic belt (called Belt of Schuppen after Evans, 1932 which embodies imbricated thrust sheets of the Tertiary mollassic sediments.
28
The pre-Quaternary geology of Upper Brahamaputra (Assam) Plain and NagaPatkoi ranges is more or less the same. Therefore, for a better appreciation of sedimentological and tectonic evolution of these region, the stratigraphy is usually dealt together. The Lithostratigraphy of the region worked out by Evans (1959, 1964) and Mathur and Evans (1964) has been often used as the basic framework for all geological purposes. However, the term Series has been replaced by Group in later framework, following the code of stratigraphic nomenclature. The Cenozoic succession for the Assam-Arakan Basin is presented in Table 4.2. These rock formations are present in Central Disang Belt and Western Schuppen Belt in Nagaland (Table 4.1). The Disang Group is divided into two distinct formations in Ophiolite and Disang Belts of Nagaland. The distinct lithology of the two formations are given in Table 4.3. The contacts between Lower Disang and Ophiolite Belts and Lower Disang and Upper Disang Formation are thrusted. The contact between Disang and Barail Fm is gradational.
Table 4.2. Lithostratigraphy of Cenozoic succession in Brahmaputra Plain and Naga-Patkoi Range Age Group Miocene to Lower Pleistocene Lithology Alternation of conglomerate and blue sandy clays. Fossil wood common ----------------------------Unconformity------------------------Namsang/Dupi Tila Coarse to gritty, poorly (about 2300 m) consolidated soft sandstone, mottled clay, conglomerate, at places containing pebbles of coal derived from Barail Group. Fossil wood ---------------------------Unconformity-------------------------Girujan Red, brown, purple and blue (800-2000 m) mottled clays with minor beds of ferruginous sandstone. Occasional pink and white clays. Lignite, silicified or partly silicified wood, partly carbonized wood Formation Dhekiajuli/Dihing (250-300 m)
Nahorkatia
29
Age
Group
Formation Tipam (1000-2000 m)
Surma (1250 m)
Boka Bil Bhuban
Oligocene
Barail
Renji/Tikak Parbat (620 m)
Jenam/Baragolai (>830 m/2720 m)
Laisong/Naogaon (>1750 m/>1400 m)
Middle-Up Eocene
Disang/Kopili (>3,000 m)
Lithology Sandstones, moderately coarse, occasionally gritty, thick bedded and ferruginous, bluish to greenish in colour, weathering to orange or brown, at places calcareous, ripple marked and current bedded; minor blue and mottled clays Sandy Shale, Ferruginous sandstone Alternations of Sandstones and Shale Basal Conglomerate Sandstone, massive, medium to thick bedded, fine-grained well sorted, hard with lenticular and herringbone current bedding, current ripples, parallel laminations, flaser bedding. Few thin coal seams, carbonaceous shale, thick with coal seam, mudstone, clay and fine to medium grained sandstone Shales with subordinate sandstone. Sandstone occurs as thin bands and as lenticular bodies with tabular crossbedding. Brakish water foraminifera Trachaminna sp. Sandstone with minor silty shale. Sandstone, very hard, thin to thick bedded, grey with pinkish weathering, low angle tabular, half trough current beds showing reversal in current separated by parallel bedded sandstone. Rare streaks of coal. Calcareous benthonic foraminifera: Nummulites chavannesa, Biplanispira sp., stunted gastropods and lammelibranchs Monotonous splintery grey shales interbedded with hard bands of fine-grained sandstone. The sandstone bands are few cm thick in lower part but increasing in
30
Age
PalaeoceneLr. Eocene
Archaean and Proterozoic
Lithology thickness towards top. At places slates, phyllites and quartzites occur towards the base. Jaintia Sylhet Prang Limestone, bluish white to Member grey, richly fossiliferous(forams) Narpuh Sandstone with occasional Member calcareous bands Lakdang Sandstone, coarse feldspathic, Member conglomerate and minor carbonaceous shale and fossiliferrous limestone Langpar Shale and sandstone with calcareous matter --------------------------------Unconformity----------------------------------------BASEMENT Unclassified granites, granite gneisses, pyoxene granulites
Group
Formation
Table 4.3 Stratigraphic position of Disang Group in Central Disang and Western Schuppen Belts AGE Up. Oligocene to Up. Eocene GROUP Barail FORMATION Jenam LITHOLOGY Thinly bedded coarse grained sandstone and black splintery shale with coal occurring as streaks and seams
------------------Gradational Contact---------------------Laisong Massive, coarse grained sandstone, carbonaceous clay, mudstone and black splintery shale
----------------------------------------------Gradational Contact---------------------------------Up. Eocene to Up. Cretaceous Disang Upper Disang Grey shale, black splintery shale, interbedded with siltstone, sandstone/greywacks concretionary nodules.
----------------------------Thrust-----------------------------Lower Disang Dark to light grey phyllites, slates and shale with two generations of quartz veins, quartzites
---------------------------------------------Thrust----------------------------------------------------PMs 50,000 MW initiatives 31
AGE Eocene
GROUP Ophiolite
FORMATION Pokhpur
LITHOLOGY Immature mainly ophiolite derived marine to volcaniclastics, Polymictic conglomerate, Tuffaceous Greywacks
Jopi Formation 4.2.5 This formation is confined to Ophiolite Belt (Table-1). They are an ophiolite derived sediments deposited in shallow marine to inter-montain basins under fluviatile conditions which started accumulating immediately after the emplacement of the ophiolite. The angiospermic leaf impressions and invertebrate fossils suggest a Middle-Upper Eocene-Oligocene age to this formation. This is also named as Pokhpur Formation (Chattopadhayay et al., 1983) and Matungkhong Formation (Singh and Ghosh, 1981). 4.3 STRUCTURE The major structural elements present in different zones of Nagaland are discussed below. Schuppen Belt 4.3.1 Towards the northeast of Haflong, the Disang Thrust is followed northwestward by a zone of imbricate or fish-scale like thrusts named the Zone of Schuppen (Annexure 4.1). Some of the important features within this zone are the Chaneh, the Piphima, the Champang, the Lakhuni, the Cholimsen, the Kongan and the Margherita thrusts. The composite feature which defines the northwestern limit of this zone is called the Naga Thrust. In the outer slice of sediments bordering the Naga Thrust, the anticlinal crests are preserved in many places like Nichuguard, Phegweni, Bandersulia, Tiru Hills, Barsila, Ladaigarh and Jaipur-Digboi. In most of the inner thrust slices the anticlinal crest has been cut off. Uplift in this zone has continued even after the post-Dihing folding and shows up in uplifted terraces and in slight arching of the alluvial covers over some of the folds. Kohima-Patkoi Synclinorium 4.3.2 This tectonic zone lies between the Disang Thrust and Ophiolite and Melange Zone in the east. The rocks of the Disang, Barail and the Nahorkatiya groups have been folded into a number of northeasterly plunging folds which swerve to eastwest and then to NW-SE trend, apparently due to younger deformational phase. Of
these folds, the Patkoi anticline exposes the Disang Group occupying large area in the Tirap valley. Physiographically, it lies to the southwest of the Naga Hills belt of Central Disang Uplift. Tectonically this wide belt of N-S folds seems to be divisible into two southerly tapering zones. Both are tightly folded and faulted to the south, but open up fan-like to the north. The western zone do so much more than the eastern zone. The dividing line forms a morphological feature considered to be marking the Kaladan Fault (Khar and Ganju, 1984). What caused this difference in the two zones, at what point of time it was initiated, and what impact it had during sedimentation, have not yet been studied in detail. Major Faults Southeast of Disang Thrust 4.3.3 It is possible that the hinge zone characteristic of the Disang Thrust is reflected by more than one fault within a narrow zone, rather than by a single fault. Probably, therefore, Yah Thrust in the stretch between the Kohima road and Haflong, and the Sinyang Thrust at the northeastern extreme of the outcrops are southeastern manifestations of the Disang Thrust. East and southeast of the Disang Thrust Zone, there are many faults. The next major thrust is Tapu Thrust. North of Kohima, this fault runs about 10-25 km inside, paralleling the Disang Thrust. The zone in between is reported to have some folds with closures and is known as Naga Folded Zone. Southwards, this thrust is believed to take a small swing round the apex of the Kohima Synclinorium and continues as the faulted Disang-Barail boundary on the eastern limb of the synclinorium. About 30-50 km further to the east is the very important ZungkiLaniye Thrust which marks the boundary between the Central and the Eastern Disangs. Within the Eastern Disang Belt, the rocks are much more metamorphosed and have many ophiolitic masses and intrusives. These are unconformably overlain by the Eocene Pondang sandstones from Myanmar and by the volcaniclastic Phokpur Formation of similar age. Dauki and Disang Faults 4.3.4 To the south, the Shillong Plateau is virtually bounded by two E-W faults, whose observed positions are slightly en echelon. The westerly of these two faults has been named the Dauki fault, from the place where it brings the plateau against the near sea level Sylhet plains, and its surface manifestation is the most spectacular.
The main visible impact of the fault is a vertical uplift to the north, which die down progressively in both the directions. Towards the east, the Dauki Fault starts to split up beyond the long 92 20 E with reducing individual throws, and giving a step-like character to the southerly drop of the plateau. The southern branch eventually forms a part of the plateau and ceases to be prominent beyond long 92 45 E. The other E-W fault, the Haflong-Disang Fault develops east of long 92 27 E, some 10 km to the south, gains in magnitude, becomes the edge of the Shilong Plateau and eventually links up with the Disang Thrust near Haflong. 4.3.5 To the west of Haflong, the Haflong-Disang Fault runs partly along the crest and partly along the flank of the Jatinga anticline. Both physiographically and tectonically, it too marks the edge of the plateau (covered here with the Barails of the shelf zone), but the belt to the south does not represent a down faulted block. In an area of general uplift, it has in fact pushed or thrust up the southern belt more. The latter is Jatinga anticline with the basinal Disangs forming the low Jatinga and Kayang valleys in its core, and the Barails of the high southern Barail Range forming its southern flank.The faulting is presumed to have taken place along an important hinge zone which separated the Cretaceous-Miocene shelf sediments from their basinal counterparts. The underthrusting seems to have been a part of the same regional phenomenon which lifted the apex of the Kohima Synclinorium well above their depositional level at the end of the deposition of Surmas-TipamsGirujans. Northest of Haflong, Disang Fault is primarily a thrust along which the Central Belt of Disangs has been pushed forward and upwards several times. It also marks the position of the Cretaceous-Eocene Hinge zone from the early Disang time and the southeastern limit of the zone of imbricated faulting from around the post-Girujan time. 4.3.6 In the study of the regional geological setup of the northeast India, often there has been a question on a possible link between Dauki and Halflong faults. At their eastern and western extremities respectively, the surface outcrops of the DaukiBorghat and the Haflong-Disang faults run nearly parallel to each other for nearly 30 km from long 92 27 E to long 92 45 E. It was observed during 1943-1944 that a few sections between Hari and Lubha rivers show some signs of disturbance. However, none of these sections could convincingly gave strong evidence of linkup between the two faults. Later on, Evans (1964) proposed the hypothesis that the
Dauki Fault was in effect a tear fault which had moved the Shillong Massif laterally eastward by about 250 km. North of the Mikir Hills, there are a number of other east-west faults which affect both the Basement Complex and its overlying Tertiary sediments. These faults have a certain amount of tear effect with the northern side having moved eastward, but the magnitude of the tear in each case is measurable in 10s rather than 100s of km. 4.4 MINERAL DEPOSITS The metallic and non-metallic deposits in Nagaland are mostly hosted in the rocks of Ophiolite belt. The minerals occurring in different belts are described in the following paragraphs. Metamorphic Belt 4.4.1 Limestones: Between New Thewati to Likimro Creek north of Longpotrop. It is one of the largest carbonate deposits of northeast India. Carbon Phyllites and Slates: Tura Ti Creek Ophiolite Belt 4.4.2 Limestone: Waziho, Satara, Moki Cu-Mo sulphide deposits: Zipu, Lachem, Satara, Shiloi Creek between Phokungri and Lagela; Purr, Sutsu, Yisi, Aniashu, Chiphur, Weshello, Reguri, Pokphur. Chromite: Pang, Between Pang and Thongshonyu, Between Thongshonyu and Pokhpur, NE of Reguri, East of Koya Creek, South of Wui. Nickeliferous Magnetite: Pokhpur, Between Purr and Laluri, East of Zipu village, NNE of Washelo and NW of Chekhung village, East of Reguri, Between Molhe Peaks. Asbestos: Between Purr and Sataza, North of Sutsu, South of Lacham, Pang Talc-Steatite: Between Purr and Sutsu Magnesite: Tizu river section. Olivine: South of Lacham Lake. Serpentine: Between Moki and Lagela and Between Purr and Satsu.
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Laterite: A thin capping of laterite has developed in isolated pockets over the serpentinised peridotites of both metaultramafics and cumulate ultramafic suites between 1200 m to 1800 m contours in the Ziphu-Jopi range. Disang Flysch Belt 4.4.3 Contains few minor occurrences of Maestrichtian to Eocene Limestone and good quality slates. Molasse of the Schuppen Belt 4.4.4 The post-collisional molasse sediments lying west of the flysch belt is the source of major coal and petroleum occurrences in Nagaland and is one of the high priority onshore areas for hydrocarbon exploration by Oil and Natural Gas Commission. The coal seams are confined to the upper Barail. 4.5 SEISMO-TECTONICS
4.5.1 In the seismic zoning map of India (IS:1893-1970) the northeast region falls in Zone V (Annexure 4.2). This zone has the potential of high risk (Krishna, 1992). The earthquakes that led to devastation in the area are: i) 1997 earthquake (M=8.7), ii) 1950 earthquake (M=8.5) and iii) 1998 earthquake (M=5.4) with epicentre at Silapur. 4.5.2 Several transverse lineaments in the Himalaya appear to be active. A lineament is located between the Shillong Plateau and the Mikir Hills in northeastern India, a lineament which appears to be acting as a fracture zone and is known as Kopili lineament. The Assam valley is relatively aseismic and is bounded by seismic zones dipping to the north-west (Himalaya) and southeast (Naga Hills Arakan Yoma). The Eastern Himalaya seismic zone dips at an angle of about 15 -20 , while the Arakan Yoma seismic zone has a dip of nearly 60 to the southeast. Along the Arakan Yoma seismic belt, the deepest earthquakes are located underneath the Burmese molasses basin. Abnormal Bouger as well as isostatic anomalies observed along seismic section across the Tripura fold belt, Arakan Yoma and Burmese molasses basin. 4.5.3 Focal plane solutions for one event located in the Assam valley, probably related to the Brahmaputra lineament, indicates thrust fault mechanism. The fault-plane
solutions for events (Table 4.4) located in the seismically active Arakan Yoma and Burmese molasses basin have shown: a) predominately thrust faulting b) thrust faulting with appreciable strike-slip components, and c) large strike-slip motion 4.5.4 In these solutions the nodal plane is oriented NNE-SSW, while a N-S or NE-SW direction is most likely for the fault plane in accordance with the trend of the Arakan Yoma seismic belt. The sense of motion in most of the thrusts with strikeslip solutions is right lateral. 4.5.5 From the analysis of gravity data and seismicity in this region it has been discovered that the Indian plate is underthrusting the Burmese plate to the east. The focal mechanism solutions, however, suggest that in addition to underthrusting the Indian Plate is also moving northward relative to the Burmese landmass. Four mechanisms show normal faulting on the western side of Arakan Yoma. These can be explained in terms of tensions prevailing in some parts as a result of underthrusting of the lithosphere to the east (Verma and Kumar, 1987). To the west of Arakan Yoma lies the Tripura fold belt, where one fault plane solution suggests compression along an E-W direction. 4.5.6 Moderately high seismic activity is observed in the Mikir Hills and Assam Valley. No surface fault is mapped in the area. The trend of activity, depth sections and the fault-plane solutions suggest that the SE dipping hidden faults/lineaments are active in the area, and a NW-SE tectonic stress is dominant (Kayal and De, 1991). The spatial variation of the tectonic stress in the area is explained due to the influence of the N-S collision tectonics in the Himalayan Arc and E-W subduction tectonics in the Burmese Arc (Kayal, 1996). 4.5.7 The ENE-WSW compressional stress in the Shillong Plateau may be a combined effect of the N-S tectonic stress from the Himalayan collision zone and the E-W tectonic stress from the Burmese Arc. On the other hand, the tectonic stress in the Mikir Hills Assam Valley, to the NE of the plateau, is in NW-SE direction; this is comparable with the E-W subduction tectonics in the adjacent Burmese Arc (Kayal, 1996). The SE dipping nodal planes are the preferred fault plane (Kayal
and De, 1991). The estimated b-value (1.29) in the Plateau region is also very much different; it is significantly higher than those in the Himalayan Seismic Belt (0.61-0.95). The higher b-value may be attributed to the higher/rapid stress concentration in the Plateau region due to N-S tectonic stress from the Himalayan Arc and E-W directed stress from the Burmese Arc. 4.5.8 In summary, the most predominant mode of energy release in the eastern Himalayan belt and the Arakan-Yoma is by thrust faulting which is attributable to activity along all the major thrusts. However, to a minor extent strike-slip and normal faulting is also taking place along the transverse features. Away from the major thrusts, on the continental side of the lithosphere tensions may prevail and seismic energy is released through normal faulting. 4.5.9 Some earthquakes, for which M>5, that took place in the eastern Himalaya, Burmese arc and northeast India are listed in Table 4.4. The type of faulting associated with these events are also given. It is evident that thrust fault mechanism prevails in the region. In a geologically fragile situation like Himalaya, the thrust fault environment provides a suitable setup from seismicity point of view, because in this situation Reservoir Induced Seismicity (RIS) is reduced after the impoundment in a reservoir. However, the locales of strike-slip and normal fault in association with the thrust faults requires further analysis and studies. Table 4.4 Earthquakes from eastern Himalaya, Burmese arc and northeast India Event Date no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lat Origin (oN) time (G.M.T.) 25:07:1970 01:35:26.3 25.72 15:09:1967 10:32:48.7 27.40 01:09:1964 13:32:36.6 27.20 17:07:1971 15:00:55.4 26.46 14:03:1967 06:58:03.2 28.45 19:02:1970 07:10:01.8 27.39 15:08:1950 14:09:30.3 28.50 12:06:1950 04:29:22.6 24.86 19:06:1963 10.47:24.6 25.00 21:06:1963 15:26:29.3 24.90 Long (oE) 88.58 91.80 92.30 93.23 94.31 93.99 96.50 91.93 92.10 92.10 Mag (M) 5.2 5.8 5.7 5.3 5.8 5.5 8.7 5.3 5.9 5.7 Depth 33 57 33 49 12 18 25 44 51 53 Type of Faulting Strike-Slip Strike-Slip Strike-Slip Dip-Slip Strike-Slip Strike-Slip Strike-Slip Dip-Slip Normal Normal
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Event Date no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 4.6
Origin Lat time (oN) (G.M.T.) 27:12:1968 14:38:11.6 24.12 02:02:1971 07:59:57.0 23.76 25:01:1969 23:34:28.4 22.91 09:12:1965 10:26:05.0 27.40 26:09:1966 05:10:56.0 27.50 21:10:1964 23:09:18.8 28.10 11:03:1967 16:56:50.2 28.40 03:06:1964 02:49:14.9 25.90 29:08:1969 10:02:50.0 26.30 22:09:1962 06:51:28.0 26.50
Long (oE) 91.59 91.75 92.33 92.50 92.60 93.80 94.40 95.80 96.10 96.80
Mag (M) 5.2 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.9 5.3 5.5 5.2 5.0
Depth 26 48 50 29 19 37 12 100 72 33
Type of Faulting Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrust
GEOLOGY OF THE DIKHU BASIN which suggest that this zone has passed through several cycles of uplift and erosion/peneplanation. As a result, the topographically high features in this belt are occupied by synclines or structural lows. To the northwest, this uplifted belt is bordered by a long trough in which a thick sequence of Oligocene and Miocene sediments have accumulated. These thick Oligo-Miocene sediments have later been folded, faulted and pushed up to form the Zone of Schuppen (Annexure 4.3). All the belts of structural highs in this zone are also topographical highs, indicating that these are now in their first cycle of uplift and erosion. The Disang Thrust seems to form the mobile rim of this Oligo-Miocene trough and separates it from already uplifted Central Zone of Disangs. The Dikhu Thrust lies within the Belt of Central Disang and joins the Disang thrust towards the north.
4.6.1 The Central Zone of Disangs, northeast of Kohima, have a number of features,
4.6.2 The rocks of Disang and Barail Groups are exposed in the Dikhu Basin. The Disang consists of splintery shales, siltstones, greywacke and ferruginous clay nodules. The thick Disang sequence is highly folded. As a result of folding there is a series of antiforms and synforms. Therefore, the rocks usually trend NNE-SSW to NE-SW and dip at 45 -80 towards east or west. The rocks are deformed into open upright folds with vertical to sub-vertical axial planes. The antiforms are with narrow hinge than the synforms, which are very broad and rounded with gentle
plunge, dominated in the NNE direction. In antiformal zone Disang rocks are exposed. Most of the synforms carry the younger sediments of Barail Fm. in the core. Thereby, the synforms are nothing but the synclines and the antiforms are anticlines. 4.6.3 Bedding and graded bedding are the dominant primary structures in this sequence. From the Upper Disangs and Barails, load casts, flute cast, convolute and slump structures, small scale cross bedding and ripple marks have been recorded. The most prominent tectonic planar fabric varies in morphology from slaty cleavage to discrete fractures (S1), parallel to the axial plane of tight, upright to westerly overturned folds (F1). Slaty cleavage is defined by parallel alignment of phyllosilicates. These folds are usually with N-S to NE-SW axial traces with low to moderate plunge either towards north or south. The linear structures most commonly recorded are the bedding and cleavage intersection, stripping lineation parallel to the F1 fold axis. The Dikhu Thrust is intersected by several strike-slip faults. 4.7 GEOLOGY OF THE PROJECT AREA AND GEOTECHNICAL APPRAISAL 4.7.1 Thick sequence of dark grey, splintery shales with khaki grey, fine grained siltstone of Disang Group are present in the project area. The siltstones are indurated and hard. Left bank is mostly covered with slope wash/debris/riverine sediments. The shales are intermittently exposed at most of the places. The overburden seems to be thin (~1 to 2 m) on the right bank. 4.7.2 The strike of rock units veers between N30oE-S30oW to N40oE-S40oW and the dip changes from 30o-40o towards NW on the left bank to 35o-45o towards SE on the right bank. The attitude of the rocks makes a broad anticline structure named Dikhu anticline. Dikhu river flows towards N40 E direction following the axis of this anticline at the proposed dam site. The Dikhu Thrust parallels the axial trace of the anticline. The vertical dips recorded at places in upstream as well as downstream of the dam site indicate the axial trace of Dikhu anticline. Two prominent joint sets prevalent in the rocks are: J1- N40oE-S40oW/30o-40o NW or SE : closely Spaced opening 1-3 mm; J2- NW-SE/Subvertical: tight. About 500 m downstream a ENE-WSW trending strike-slip fault is present on the right bank.
This fault might be concealed beneath thick overburden on left bank. The river is seen to change its course suddenly in northwesterly direction beyond this fault and flows again for more than 800m in this direction. Beyond this, another ENE-WSW trending strike-slip fault is seen exposed on the left bank but is concealed on the right bank. This fault has modified the river course back to northeasterly direction. These two strike-slip faults are believed to be associated with the Disang thrust forming the tectonic contact between the Belt of Schuppen and the Central Folded Belt. 4.7.3 At the dam site, rock is intermittently exposed on the left bank just near the river bed level. Above this level, rock is covered under ~1 to 10 m thick overburden all along the gently sloping left bank. On the right bank, which is steep, rock is generally exposed along the slope. Here the overburden thickness is about ~1 to 2 m. Shales are likely to be encountered below. The concrete dam should be towards the right abutment side and the concrete gravity dam should continue towards the left abutment. The power house can be located at the toe of the dam. 4.7.4 Some of the rivers in Nagaland have been reported to carry salts. Therefore, the prevention and mitigation of piping-related problems requires a thorough physical, chemical and mineralogical analysis of the basin and dam materials. A rigorous geomorphological reconnaissance of argillaceous areas may provide highly valuable information about their piping susceptibility. Since the project area falls under zone-V of the seismic zonation map of India (IS:1893-1984), suitable seismic co-efficient must be adopted while designing the structures. The dam being 98 m high and since strike-slip faults lie in the region a plan of seismic surveillance is also required to understand the Reservoir Induced Seismicity (RIS). 4.7.5 PAN data reveals the presence of a number of lineaments trending NE-SW, NWSE, and N-S in the region (Annexure 4.3). The NE-SW and NW-SE lineaments predominant in the area and the Dikhu river follows a pervasive NE-SW lineament which is widely accepted as Dikhu Thrust. The course of the channels of Dikhu and Yangnyu rivers indicate strong structural control over drainage. The variation in the tone and texture from west to east across the Dikhu river appears to reflect the change in lithology and structures. Being controlled by the lineaments the Dikhu river meanders at several places with sharp bends and these locales have
been the suitable sites for the deposition of gravel bars. Old and active landslide scars are also observed at places. 4.8 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS The gravel deposits at the confluence and along Dikhu and Yangnyu rivers are composed of soft and crushed shales. Suitability of these types of rocks needs to be determined. For other construction materials, such as sand the area near Tamlu is suitable. Based on the reconnaissance survey conducted during the site visit it was observed that sufficient quantity of material of suitable quality would be available for use in concrete as coarse and fine aggregate subject to testing of material from identified potential sources for complete range of physical parameters like abrasion, impact, crushing values, alkali aggregate reaction, flakeness index, elongation index, specific gravity, water absorption, fineness modulus, silt and clay contents and organic impurities. Further a portion of excavated rock from the diversion tunnel is also proposed to be used for construction. River sand deposits would be tested for its suitability for use as fine aggregate in concrete and crushed sand may also be used to obtain well graded sand.
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CHAPTER V
Hydrology
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5.1
GENERAL of any water resources development project. The hydrological studies are carried out at all the stages of project development starting from the pre-feasibility stage and are continued even during the operation of the project. Hydrological studies usually cover the assessment of quantities of available water and its time variation, estimation of design flood usually required for the hydraulic design as well as for safety of the structure and sedimentation studies, important from life point view of the project as well as its effect on the live storage.
5.1.1 The hydrological inputs play a very vital role in planning, execution and operation
5.1.2 The North Eastern Region of the country is blessed with the highest hydro power potential on account of copious rainfall in the region and the mighty Brahmaputra river and its tributaries. The Brahmaputra is one of the biggest rivers in the world. The total length of Brahmaputra river in India is 885 km and its drainage basin in India is 1,95,000 sq. km. There are 25 principal north bank tributaries of this river. The major ones are Subansiri, the Manas, the Dibang, the Kameng, the Torsa, and the Teesta, etc. The North bank tributaries are generally large, since their catchments lie in the heavy rainfall zone of the Himalayas. The South bank tributaries are smaller than north one. The main tributaries in the Southern subzone are Belang, Noa-dihing, Dibru, Burhi-dihing, Jhanji, Dhansiri, Diphu, Kopili, Dudhnai etc. The Dikhu is one of these Southern tributaries of this river. 5.1.3 The State of Nagaland, one of the seven original constituent states of N-E Region, is a small state at eastern most part of the country with an area of 16,579 sq km. The state lies between longitudes 93 20' 00" to 95 15' 00" E and latitudes 25 59' 00 to 27 40' 00" N. The state is bounded by Myanmar, Arunachal Pradesh on its Eastern side, by Assam in Western and Northern side, by Manipur in Southern and runs more or less parallel to the left bank of the Brahmaputra river. As the proposed dam and appurtenant works, power plant are located in the state of Nagaland, therefore it would create the power potential for this state. 5.1.4 The water resources of Nagaland are in abundance. The arteries of perennial rivers and stream flow through the valleys covering the entire land. Dhansiri, Doyang, Dikhu and Tizu are the main river systems in the state in addition to Dzuza, Tsurang etc which are small basins. Doyang is a tributary of Dhansiri which jointly
flows in the westerly direction to join the Brahmaputra and the Tizu flows towards east and south and finally enters Myanmar. Dikhu is an independent sub-basin of Brahmaputra on the left flank. 5.2 DIKHU BASIN CHARACTERSTICS The river Dikhu is one of the tributaries of Brahmaputra and receives numerous small tributaries from the hills through which it flows. The river Dikhu originates near Surumi at an elevation of 1,897 m and after traversing a tortuous Notherly course of 107.5 km through dense forest in hilly terrain of Nagaland upto dam site, enters in the plains of Assam and thereafter traversing an approximate distance of 80 km, joins the river Brahmaputra. The meandering river is confined in a narrow gorge with steep to moderate slopes near the project area. The Dikhu river varies in width from 40 to 100 m, with banks varying from moderate to steep in slopes. 5.3 METEOROLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DIKHU BASIN The climate of the basin over the foot hills is warm and subtropical. It is cool during the winter and occurrence of frost over large tracts is observed in the high hill ranges. The temperature varies from 5 C to 25 C on the hills and from 12 C to 32 C on the foot hills. The average annual rainfall of the basin is 2963 mm, while state has 2000 to 2700 mm on an average. The majority of rainfall occurs in about 6 months from May to October. Due to prolonged rains and high humid conditions, the natural vegetation over the lower ranges of the western flank is characterized by sub-tropical evergreen rain forest. The Central hilly region of the Nagaland has broad leaved temperate evergreen rain forests. The eastern and south eastern plateau has characteristic coniferous (Pine) vegetation. The location of rain gauge stations and G&D sites in Nagaland is shown in Plate-I. 5.4 PROJECT PROPOSAL It is a storage scheme envisages to construct a concrete gravity dam of 98 m height on Dikhu river. The location of the proposed project is Latitude 26 39' 29" N and Longitude 94 46' 59" E. The proposed project site is located downstream of confluence of Yangnyu river with Dikhu. The catchment area of project up to
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proposed dam axis is 2781 sq. km. The index plan showing the location of project is shown in as Plate-II. Water Availability Studies 5.4.1 Water availability study is one of the most important aspects for success of any Hydro Power project and this forms the basis for development of water resources of a river to its maximum potential. The feasibility of a project very much depends on the studies on water availability at various levels of dependability and variations of flow over considerably long period. For carrying out these studies, the working group constituted by the Government of India for setting Guidelines for Planning and Design of multipurpose project, 1980 has recommended the following guidelines pertaining to hydrological data requirement for water availability studies: Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. Type of Project Diversion Project Within a year storage project Over the year storage project Minimum length of data 10 years 25 years 40 years
The above guidelines mainly for the preparations of Detail project report, can not be strictly adhered to as several times the data required may not be available at the project site. Therefore data of the nearby stations becomes necessary to use. It is generally observed that hydrological data at the project site is seldom available for the desired length and therefore in such cases the extension of the run off series by using data at nearby upstream or down stream sites is based by using some statistical method. In the absence of hydro meteorological data within the basin, the data of adjacent basins may also be used, if hydro meteorological similarity exists. Catchment Area and River 5.4.2 The proposed dam site is located on the river Dikhu. This river originates at an elevation of 1897 m near Surumi. The total catchment area up to proposed scheme is 2781 sq. km and is bounded approximately between longitude 94 28' 59" E to 95 01' E and latitude 26 10' N to 26 45' 29" N. The stream length of the river up to project site is 107 km with an equivalent slope of 1 in 162. The catchment area
map of Dikhu hydroelectric project is shown as Plate-III. The elevation in the catchment ranges from 1900 m in the upper reaches to around 165 m near the project site. 5.4.3 Data Availability Rainfall Data 5.4.3.1 The daily rainfall data are available at earlier Dikhu dam site for the period from June 89 to March 94. There is no short interval rainfall data within or around the basin. The daily rainfall data for Golaghat raingauge station have been used in the DPR preparation of Dikhu Power Project by CWC. This station is about 85 km west of this project and rainfall data is available for 1-1-81 to 27-07-95. Gauge and Discharge Data 5.4.3.2 The daily observed discharge data at the Project site is available for June 89 to April 94 and hourly gauge data for monsoon and 3-time gauge data for nonmonsoon period observed at Naginimara ( Which is about 27.5 km North of Project site). The continuous discharge data is available at Sibsagar site for period 1968 to 1991 observed by CWC as well as Brahmaputra Board. Sibsagar is about 50 km downstream of the Project on river Dikhu. The catchment area up to Sibsagar G&D site is 3610 sq. km. Sediment Data 5.4.3.3 The Sediment data is available at Dikhu Multipurpose project for a limited period from July 1990 to September 1993. Methodology 5.4.4 The discharge data of Sibsagar G&D site has been used for the preparation of PFR of Dikhu HE Project. The 4 years discharge data available at the Project site is too short and lot of inconsistencies were noticed in this 4 years discharge data. Therefore, in the absence of longer period data, the G&D data of Sibsagar site has been used to arrive at the yield series at Dikhu HE Scheme as the last option. The yield series at Dikhu HE Project has been computed on catchment area proportionate basis. Therefore a monthly series for 24 years has been arrived at for Dikhu HE scheme and is being used for planning purpose.
Consistency 5.4.5 The consistency of flow series at Sibsagar G&D site has been checked by CWC. It is mentioned in the report prepared by CWC earlier that comparison of the Flow characteristics on the basis of the observed data by CWC and Brahmaputra Board at Sibsagar for the concurrent period 1982 to 1988 is found to be identical. The second check applied is based on the comparison of average annual basin rainfall as well as basin runoff. The long term average rainfall over the basin is about 2963 mm. The runoff factor comes out is 0.54, which is considered reasonable in view of the over all basin features, as stated in the report. The final yield series given in the DPR has been given due weightage to rainfall variability as well as variation in catchment area also. Proposed Flow Series for the Scheme 5.4.6 The final yield series has been worked out by taking variation in the catchment area only. Therefore a 24 years monthly series has been proposed on catchment area basis. This proposed series is being used for planning purpose. The proposed series will be reviewed at DPR stage, once the site specific observed flow data would become available. The monthly flow sequences of Dikhu HE Project are shown in Annexure. 5.1 and 5.2. 5.5 DESIGN FLOOD STUDIES General 5.5.1 The estimation of design flood for the design of different types of structures is a very significant component of hydrological studies. The design flood and highest flood level are very much essential for fixing the water way and foundation depth of any hydraulic structure. Therefore, accurate estimation of this hydrological parameter is very important from cost point view of the structure as well as safety of the structure and risk of population involved to the downstream as well as upstream of the structure.
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For a diversion structure, 100 year design flood is considered. In case of storage projects, probable maximum flood or 1000 year return period flood should be considered. Design Flood Methods 5.5.2 The various methods for estimation of design flood are as follows: (i) (ii) (iii) Flood formulae and Enveloping curves Flood frequency analysis Hydro-meteorological approach ( unit hydrograph method )
The empirical formulae like Dickens, Ryves, Inglis etc. are inherently deficient as these do not take in to account the varying physiographic, meteorologic and hydrologic characteristics from catchment to catchment. Therefore the first approach has limited application. The second approach is useful in the case of long term flow data availability at the project site. The last approach is based on the observed short interval rainfall runoff data and is the most reliable. For the present study hydro-meteorological approach is followed for the estimation of design flood. As this sub basin is not having any observed short interval rainfall runoff data, therefore synthetic unit hydrograph approach based on flood estimation report is used. Design Flood Studies by Hydro-meteorological Approach 5.5.3 This approach involves the estimation of design storm hyetograph and the catchment response function i.e. unit hydrograph (UG). The UG of a catchment is defined as the direct run off hydrograph resulting from one unit of effective rainfall uniformly distributed over the whole basin at a uniform rate for unit duration. This method is suitable for small and medium sized catchments having area from 25 sq. km. to 5000 sq. km. The UG is best derived from the observed hydrograph at the project site resulting from a storm. In the absence of observed short interval rainfall- runoff data, synthetic unit hydrograph (SUG) are derived with the physical characteristics of the basin.
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Derivation of Unit Hydrograph by Regional Approach 5.5.4 The Central Water Commission in association with India Meteorological Department, Research Design and Standard Organisation under ministry of Railway, and Ministry of Surface Transport have brought out several Flood Estimation reports for different hydro meteorological homogeneous sub-zones covering almost whole country. These reports have developed unit hydrograph parameters synthetically through a set of regression equations using different physiographic parameters of the sub-zone. For the present studies, Flood Estimation Report for South Brahmaputra sub-zone 2(b), 2000 is used, as the project under consideration falls in this zone. The different synthetic unit hydrograph (SUG) parameters as recommended by the CWC sub zonal report 2(b) are given in Table 5.1. Table 5.1 SUG Parameters Parameters QP Formulae Value
0.905( A) 2.87(q P )
0.758
369 cumec 15.60 hrs 18.60 hrs 9.65 hrs 6.36 hrs 3.47 hrs 58.00 hrs 0.10 cumec/sq. km.
tp W50 W75 WR50 WR75 TB qp
0.839
2.304 (q P ) 1.339 (q P ) 0.814 (q P ) 0.494 (q P )
1.035
0.978
1.018
0.966
2.447 (t P )
1.157
QP A
The detail calculations showing computations of SUG parameters are shown in Annexure 5.3 and SUG in Figure.5.1.
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Design Storm 5.5.5 The detail of the storm is given as in the following sections. Design Storm Depth 5.5.6 The highest one day rainfall record mentioned in CWC prepared DPR is 219 mm
observed on 18-07-1929 at Sibsagar. After applying areal correction, maximization factor and clock hour correction etc., the 24 hour PMP value worked out on the basis of observed data is 243 mm. However on the basis of IITM atlas, the 24 hour PMP value is 355 mm and that worked out from IMD atlas is 319 mm. The values obtained from IMD and IITM atlas are very close. Further these values are not abnormally high as compared to those worked out form observed storm. Therefore, a 24 hour PMP value of 355 mm is adopted for estimation of PMF.
Design Storm Duration 5.5.7 As per the standard practice, the required duration of the storm is 3 days in respect
to base width of the unit hydrograph. But in the absence of storm specific value, one day storm has been convoluted to arrive at the design storm.
Areal Correction Factor 5.5.8 As per standard practice for the given rain fed catchment area 2781 Km2, this
factor worked out is 0.77 and point rainfall value has been converted to areal rainfall by using this factor.
Time Distribution Coefficients 5.5.9 There is no hourly rainfall data available in the basin. The time distribution as
recommended in CWC Report No. SB-2(b)/R-4/44/99 Flood Estimation Report for South Brahmaputra Basin Sub-zone 2(b) has been adopted and the same is given in the Table 5.2 as follows:
Table 5.2 Time Distribution Coefficients Percentage Percentage Distribution of 24 Time Distribution hours Rainfall (Hour) of 24 hours Rainfall 31 8 76 43 9 79 52 10 81
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Time (Hour)
1 2 3
Time (Hour)
4 5 6 7
Percentage Distribution of 24 hours Rainfall 60 66 70 73
Time (Hour)
Percentage Distribution of 24 hours Rainfall
11 12 24
83 85 100
5.5.10 Design Loss Rate
As per the recommendation of sub-zone 2(b) report, the loss rate works out to be of the order of about 3.5 mm/hour. However in DPR, a value of 2 mm/hour has been adopted for Dikhu basin in view of recommendations of the Workshop on Rationalisation of Design storm Parameters for Design Flood Estimation- Dec. 1993.
5.5.11 Design Base Flow
As recommended by CWCs sub zone report 2 (b), a base flow rate of 0.05 cumecs / sq. km. is adopted and worked out base flow comes out 139 cumecs.
5.5.12 Critical Sequence of Rainfall Excess
The critical sequence of the rainfall excess should be characteristic of the area under study. But as per the record no natural storm within Dikhu basin is recorded, therefore, the distribution adopted from the report has been used for the critical arrangement and PMF has been worked out by 2 bells per day approach.
5.5.13 Convolution
In order to get detail flood hydrograph, the SUG ordinates at unit interval are multiplied by each hour the rainfall excess and lagged by one hour duration at a time.
5.5.14 Computation of Unit Hydrograph
Using the basic physiographic parameters, the different SUG parameters are derived and unit hydrograph is plotted adjusting its volume to 1 cm effective rainfall. The derived SUG is shown in Figure.5.1 While adjusting the hydrograph, the recommendations made in report 2 (b) is kept in consideration. The surface flow hydrograph has been computed by 2 bells per day approach. The base flow is
added to the ordinates of the surface flow hydrograph to obtain the total flood hydrograph. The derived flood hydrograph is shown in Figure 5.2. The peak of the design flood hydrograph works out to be 10,489 cumecs. Therefore a design flood of 10,500 cumecs is arrived by this approach. Since the PMF recommended by CWC in their earlier report for Dikhu HE Project is 12,880 cumecs. Therefore a PMF of 12,880 cumecs has been adopted for this scheme and is being used for designing purposes. The difference between these two PMF values is due to difference in basic input i.e. unit hydrograph as well as its time to peak.
5.6 RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION STUDY
Reservoir sedimentation studies are essential to assess the feasible / economic life of a reservoir. When a river flows along a steep gradient, it carries a lot of suspended sediment load. When a hydraulic structure / dam is built across the river, it creates a reservoir which tends for accumulation of sediment, as the suspended silt load settles down due to the decrease in velocity. This process of encroachment is continuous phenomenon which has negative impact on the intended purpose of the project. The sediment load does not only settle down in the dead storage area, as used to be believed earlier, it also encroach the live storage area thus depleting the design capacity of the reservoir. Hence it is very much essential to determine the volume of sediment accumulating along with its distribution at various levels so as to assess / predict the damage to the economic life of the reservoir. Therefore, for planning of H.E. Projects, the revised reservoir capacity after a period of 25 years needs to be estimated. Similarly at the design stage it is essential to predict the extent of sediment deposition at / near the hydraulic structure in order to fix the outlet levels / sill levels after a time horizon of 25 years, 50 years & 70 years. The above aspects have been included in the sedimentation study.
Elevation- Area -Capacity 5.6.1 The required elevation area capacity table for the given scheme is shown in
Annexure 5.4. This data has been derived from topo sheets of Survey of India for the PFR purpose. The detail site specific survey data will be available at the DPR
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stage. The Gross storage capacity of the dam at the FRL 261 m is 467.404 Mcum and water spread area 13.245 sq. km.
Data Requirement 5.6.2 The required data for sedimentation studies is deepest river bed level at the dam
site, FRL, Average annual inflow, annual rate of sedimentation, catchment area and the original elevation-area-capacity curve / table for the reservoir under study. The various step involved in annual sedimentation analysis as follows: 1. Long Term Annual Average Sedimentation rate 2. Classification of Sedimentation Problem 3. Determination of Sediment volume 4. Determination of type of reservoir 5. Determination of New Zero Elevation after 25 and 70 years and distribution of sediment after 25 years by Borland and Millers Empirical Area Reduction Method / Area Increment Method 6. Computation of revised area and capacity after 25 years
Long Term Annual Average Sedimentation rate 5.6.3 The annual sediment rate estimated from observed sediment data at Dikhu Project
site are of the order of 0.924, 2.32, 3.07 and 1.59 mm for 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993 respectively. Therefore average sediment rate worked out on the basis of these four years observed data is 1.98 mm/year, which appears to be on the higher side as mentioned in DPR. In view of the available regional information about the regional water resources projects, these projects have been planned for a sediment rate having range 1.13 to 1.6 mm/year. Further as per the Department of Science & Technology, a silt rate of 1.65 mm/year is recommended for Himalayan rivers. Therefore, a sediment rate of 1.6 mm/year is adopted for the planning of this project. It is to mention that this is the same rate as adopted for Dikhu Project.
Classification of Sedimentation Problem 5.6.4 For determining the severity of the sedimentation problem, the capacity inflow
ratio (C/I) is worked out. The C/I ratio for the present scheme is 0.1417. Using Brunes median trap curve, the trap efficiency is found out to be 90%. Using sediment rate of 1.60 mm/year, the average annual sediment volume is 4.004 Mcum. The percentage ratio of average sediment volume and gross capacity of the
reservoir is found to be 0.86. As this value is greater than 0.5; the reservoir sedimentation problem is classified as serious.
Determination of sediment volume 5.6.5 Since the sedimentation problem is classified as serious, variable trap efficiency
(for every five years) has been considered for calculation of sediment volume up to 70 years as shown in Annexure5.5.
Determination of type of reservoir 5.6.6 A logarithmic graph of capacity (M cum) VS depth in (m) is plotted and reciprocal
of slope is found out to be 1.95. The value falls in the range of 1.5 to 2.5 (which is the range for Type-III (Hill) reservoir. The Figure 5.3 is plotted for classification.
Determination of New Zero elevation after 25 & & 70 years 5.6.7 The NZEs have been determined by Area Increment method. The value of NZEs
for 25 and 70 years of sedimentation are 182.0 m and 219.20 m respectively.

Computation of revised area and capacity after 25 years 5.6.8 The revised area and capacity are calculated by Area Increment method by
assuming that the reservoir is silted up to the new zero elevation and the subsequent silt volume are found out and the revised area and capacity table is shown in Annexure 5.6.
5.6.9 The hydrological studies presented in this report has been examined and vetted by
CWC as per copy attached as Annexure 5.7.

5.7 LIMITATIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
5.7.1 The water availability studies have been carried out by using the Dikhu
Multipurpose Project flow series. The proposed yield series is not based on site specific data. Therefore, this monthly derived flow series is being used for planning purpose. This flow series needs to be reviewed when site specific observed flow series of longer periods would become available.
5.7.2 During the review studies, the proper consistency check (both internal and
external) is to be exercised in order to validate the observed flow data. To carry out the validation studies, this sub basin needs a good network of hydro meteorological
stations also. At the DPR stage, extent of precision of flow measurements, limitations of observations as well as other constraints would need special attention. The use of hydro meteorological data of existing stations as well as identification and establishment of new stations may be carried out at the DPR stage. A minimum of gauge, discharge and one ORG & SRRG station need to be installed at the earliest at the project site.
5.7.3 The design flood values have been estimated by hydro-meteorological approach.
The SUG is based on the physiographic parameters of the basin derived from the regression equations of sub-zone report 2(b). The design flood peak value obtained is being used for preliminary design purposes. The studies needs to be reviewed at the DPR stage, when site specific short term rainfall runoff data would become available. Therefore, at the project site short interval rainfall runoff data observations needs special attention at the earliest to derive a reliable unit hydrograph and estimate new hydrological design parameters.
5.7.4 The sediment rate adopted is based on regional informations about the water
resources projects. Therefore, all the sediment parameters are to be revised at DPR stage based on site specific observed sediment rate and actual elevation area capacity table.
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Chapter VI
Conceptual Layout and Planning
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6.1
INTRODUCTION
Dikhu H.E. Project is located in Mon district of Nagaland. It is envisaged as a storage scheme with a moderate size reservoir to absorb excess water in the reservoir during monsoon season and to utilize the inflow of the river and live storage for peaking during the lean season. The scheme envisages construction of a 98 m high concrete gravity dam downstream of the confluence of river Dikhu with river Yangnyu. The deepest bed level of the river at dam site is around EL 166 m. The power house is located on the right bank at the toe of the dam. The FRL and MDDL of the dam are kept at EL 261 and EL 230 m respectively. The diameter of the penstock is 3.3 m. The general layout of the project is shown in drawing no. NP-PFR-DK-601.
6.2 RIVER DIVERSION WORK
6.2.1 Records regarding observed small flood which occurred during lean seasons of
various years are available. From the record of average monthly discharge data it is seen that monthly average maximum observed discharge at dam site during the lean months from November to March is around 128 cumecs in the period of 24 years.
6.2.2 Occurrence of small floods of brief duration during construction period is quite
possible. On the basis of the figures of higher values of monthly average discharge during lean period it was contemplated to go for a diversion system which will be able to handle around 250 cumecs of non-monsoon months in such a way that it will be possible to work in river bed throughout the non-monsoon period. From 1:50,000 scale toposheets and also from visit to the proposed dam site it has been seen that the topography and slope of hill sides do not favour channel for diversion of flows.
6.2.3 Considering those facts the diversion system has been envisaged to consist of a 5.3
m diameter tunnel with upstream and downstream coffer dams so that flows upto 250 cumecs can pass through the diversion tunnel without flowing over the coffer dam.
6.2.4 During site visit it was seen that the left side of the river at the proposed dam site is
has rock exposure to locate the power house. As the project has been envisaged to
be developed with power house at the toe of dam and from site visit and from report on Geology at project area no indication regarding adverse geological condition in any bank was noticed / mentioned, left bank of Dikhu has become automatic choice for water conductor system viz., penstock and power house. In view of above the diversion system has been planned on the right bank in order to facilitate the works on power dam blocks and power house on the opposite bank.
6.2.5 The detailed layout of upstream and downstream coffer dams and the diversion
tunnel will be made during pre-construction stage when all detailed field investigation works will be over. The diversion system has been designed on the consideration of adopting a method which will ensure quick completion and at the same time requisite standard to provide a reasonable durability and also cost effectiveness unless; there occurs some exceptionally high flood during construction period.
6.2.6 A concrete lined diversion tunnel of 5.3 m diameter modified horse shoe shaped
and 300 m long has been proposed to divert lean month flows of Dikhu River. The diversion tunnel is expected to pass through hard slates and quartzite. The stake of rock units veers between N 30 E-S 30 W to N 40 E-S 40 W and the dip changes from 30 to 40 towards MW on the left bank to 30 - 45 towards SE on the right bank. In view of this initial/immediate support is proposed to be provided by 100 mm thick (average) shotcrete followed by 25 mm diameter, 3.5 m long rock bolts (6 nos. in a row) at suitable spacing as per site conditions. 300 mm thick concrete lining has been proposed throughout the length of the tunnel with M-20 concrete. The tunnel inlet is proposed with two gate of 5.3 m x 5.3 m size as well as emergency gate of same size will be operated by means of rope drum hoists. Instead this tunnel affair construction of dam can function as an emergency exit for depletion of reservoir if any such necessity arises in future. However, proper security arrangement is must to prevent operation of these two gates by any person / employee unless it is specifically authorized to do so. Subsequent to concrete lining, the rock behind the liner will be suitably grouped by drilling holes at suitable intervals. Detailed layout of diversion tunnel will be worked out during DPR /Pre construction stage of the project.
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6.2.7 Suitable coffer dams of cellular masonry wall with inside space filled with
colcreted boulders located approximately 150 m upstream and 200 m downstream from the dam axis have been proposed. The top of the coffer dam has been kept as 4 m so as to provide sufficient space for movement of vehicles during construction of the dam. The upstream coffer dam will be of 6.5 m high with a base width of 12 m. The downstream coffer dam will be of 6 m high with a base width of 15 m. The cross-sectional details of upstream and downstream coffer dams are shown in drawing no. NP-PFR-DK-607.
6.2.8 Requirement of construction sluices in the body of the dam will be examined
during DPR stage when more data regarding topography and hydrology, particularly in respect of lean season floods will be obtained.
6.2.9 After detailed investigation works are taken up and reasonably reliable field data
are obtained, the present proposal of diversion arrangement may have to be reexamined and may have to be suitably modified to tackle the magnitude of construction period flood which will be estimated on more realistic basis at that time.
6.3 DIVERSION DAM Dam 6.3.1 The valley at the dam site is wide. The width of the river can accommodate the
spillway on river section and the power dam blocks on the right side. The dam is located in the area which exposes thick sequence of dark, grey, splintery shales with khaki grey, fine grained silt stone of Disang group. The silt stone is indulated and herd. Left bank is covered with slope work / debris / reverine sediment. The shales are intermittently exposed at most of the places. The over burden seems to be thin (in 2 m) on the right bank. The attitude of rock makes a broad anticline structure named Dikka anti clich. The geological dam site, rock is intermittently exposed on the left bank just near the river bed level. Above this level, rock is intermittently exposed on the left bank, just near the river bed level. Above this level, rock is covered under 1 m to 10 m thick overburden all along the gently slipping left bank 6 m the right bank, which is steep, rock is generally exposed along the slope. Here the overburden thickness is about 1 m to 2 m. Shales are likely to be encountered below. Some of the rivers in Nagaland have been reported
to carry salts. Therefore, the prevention and mitigation of piping related problems requires a thorough physical, chemical and mineralogical analysis of the basin and dam materials. A rigorous geomorphological reconnaissance or argillaceous areas may provide highly valuable information above their piping susceptibility during DPR stage. Therefore, proper treatment would be required to make the foundation suitable for the dam. During reconnaissance survey a few sites were seen and on the basis of those site observations on width of the river, general conditions of abutment and river bed, the present location has been selected. However, during DPR stage detailed investigation would be carried out not only at this site but also at other locations which could have existed but could have been missed during reconnaissance.
6.3.2 A concrete gravity dam with central spillway is proposed based on site visit and
observations related to rock condition in general at the project site. It is proposed to construct a straight gravity type concrete dam 108 m high across river Dikhu downstream of the confluence of river Dikhu with river Yangnyu. FRL is fixed at EL 261 m and the top of the dam is at EL 264 m. The length of the dam at top works out to 305 m consisting of 126.4 m of overflow section 48 m of power dam section and 130.6 m of non-overflow section. Upstream view of the dam can be seen in drawing no. NP-PFR-DK-602. The cross sections of overflow, nonoverflow portions of concrete dam are shown in drawing no. NP-PFR-DK-603.
Reservoir 6.3.3 The full reservoir level (FRL) is fixed at EL 261 m. The minimum draw down
level (MDDL) has been fixed at EL 230 m to give a live storage of 322.64 M. Cum. The live storage provided is sufficient to absorb excess inflow in the river during the monsoon which is adequate for running the power station at full capacity for 4 hours in a day during the period of lean flows. From the reconnaissance and overview of the area by the offers of NEEPCO and also from report on regional geology and geology of the project area, it has been found that there appears to be no apprehension regarding either the presence of karstic limestone or pulverized coal bands or other frival materials which in presence of impounded water may create water path for huge leakage of water from the reservoir. Presence of any salt would be thoroughly investigated during DPR stage. Considering, these facts, it is observed that the site is competent to hold a reservoir.
Spillway 6.3.4 The overflow section is 126.4 m long. The spillway has 8 bays each with 11.3 m
clear opening and 4.5 m wide piers. The spillway is controlled by sluice type 8 nos. radial gates each of size 11.3m x 12m operated by means of hydraulic hoists. The spillway is designed to pass a probable maximum flood of 12,880 cumec (this value of PMF has already been cleared by CWC). The crest of the spillway has been kept at EL 207 m. The spillway has been given a parabolic profile corresponding to the equation x1.85=40y on the basis of both hydraulic and structural requirement. The profile will be got confirmed by model study during pre-construction stage. A road bridge at the top with EL 264m over the spillway bays has been provided. Upstream of spillway gates provision has been made to lower a bulkhead gate. One bulkhead gate is envisaged for 8 nos. gates which will be operated by means of a gantry crane moving over rails on the top of the dam. Since sluice type spillway gates with crest level at EL 227 m have been provided. Separate desiliting arrangement has not been envisaged at PFR stage. However, the requirement for silt flushing arrangement will be worked out and provided during DPR stage when more realistic data regarding silt will be available.
Energy Dissipation Arrangement 6.3.5 A flip bucket type energy dissipation arrangement has been provided downstream
of the spillway. The width of the spillway including flip bucket is around 111 m. Since the power house is located at the toe of the dam on the right bank of the dam and spillway is located on the left bank with a small length of non overflow block between power dam and spillway portion it would have been advantageous if a long stilling basin could have been provided in the spillway portion for dissipation of energy. However, it has been found that for high discharges the expected tail water depths of the river appreciably fall short of jump heights due to which the released water will sweep over the basin with super critical velocity which may endanger the floor slab of the basin as well as appreciable scouring of the river bed. This fact will require deep excavation in river bed for accommodating stilling basin in appropriate level. Therefore a flip bucket with mild curve towards right side and a little super elevation at the end of the bucket towards right side has been tentatively proposed. Selection of appropriate type and associated details of energy
dissipation structure will however be reviewed again during the stage of DPR when geological maps and large scale topographical survey map, stage discharge curve of the river etc. would be available. Finally, the detailed design will also have to be verified and even modified on the basis of findings of model studies.
6.3.6 As per preliminary outline of flip bucket contemplated in this PFR the throw of jet
from bucket lip comes around 130 m which is well beyond power house area.
Non-Overflow Section 6.3.7 The non-overflow section will consist of 3 blocks each of 25 m length on the left
bank, block of 20.6 m on the right bank and one block of 35 m between power and block and spillway block. The top width of non-overflow section has been kept as 7.3 m and the downstream slope of the dam is kept as 0.7:1. Copper and PVC/rubber joint seals are provided in the contraction joints between overflow and non-overflow sections. The project area falls in seismic zone V of India and an earthquake parameter of 0.24g acceleration for horizontal and 0.15g acceleration for vertical have been considered. However, during DPR / Pre-construction stage, site specific seismic studies will be carried out and information derived will be kept in view at the time of construction level design.
6.4 POWER DAM BLOCK Intake Structure 6.4.1 Power dam will consist of 4 intakes for the penstocks. Length of the power dam
will be 48 m. Centre to centre distance of intakes will be 12 m. Each intake structure will comprise one intake opening of 3.3 m x 3.3 m in the body of the dam to convey a discharge of 65.7 cumec at minimum head through 3.3 m diameter penstock embedded in the dam. The intake will be provided with a semi-circular trash rack with five trash rack bays 6.2 m high covering a total width of 1.854 m with an opening of 100mm c/c to prevent debris and trash entering into the penstock. Each intake will be provided with one fixed wheel type vertical lift gate of size 3.3m x 3.3m operated by means of a hydraulic hoist housed in a gallery inside the dam. For the maintenance of intake gate, provision will be made to lower a bulk head gate of same size upstream of the intake gate, provision will be made to lower a bulk head gate of same size upstream of the intake gate operated by means of individual hydraulic hoist.
6.5
PENSTOCKS
There are 4 number of power intakes in the body of the dam on left side of overflow section. From each intake a penstock of 3.3 m diameter takes off through the body of the dam. The length of each penstock will be 110 m. The steel liner will conform to ASTM 285 grade C and the thickness of liner envisaged is 12 mm throughout. Velocity through the penstock will be 7.68 m/sec. Penstock will be provided with anchor blocks at the locations where change of direction takes place. Entire stretch of penstock will run over the downstream slope of the dam and will be covered with concrete. Cross section of power dam block along with longitudinal section of penstock is also shown in Drawing No. ND-PFR-DK-604.
6.6 POWER HOUSE
6.6.1 The surface power house is located on the right bank of Dikhu River at the toe of
the dam. Location on right bank is chosen because exposed sound rock is available there. Power house is also located in the area which exposes dark grey splintery shales with khaki grey fine grained silt stone. While silt stone is hard and shales undulated, shale does not form a good foundation material. Therefore, proper treatment would be required to make the foundation suitable for the power house. A divide wall separating the spillway and the power house area shall be provided.
6.6.2 The power house will have installation of 4 generating units of 35 MW each with
Francis type turbine. The units are spaced at 12 m centre to centre. A portion of power house towards tail race side will be situated ahead of flip bucket end of spillway. During opening of spillway gate area around the close vicinity of the trajectory of water sheet coming up from the flip bucket will be full of spray like tiny water droplets swirling with rushing wind from both sides. A gap of 35 m has therefore been kept between the spillway end of power house and right side training wall of spillway. The centre line of distributor is kept at EL 164.5 m. The minimum tail water level (TWL) is envisaged as EL 170 m. One electrically operated overhead traveling crane of suitable capacity (EOT) is provided for handling the heavy parts. In addition to generator and turbine floor, the machine hall will be provided with 2 more floors. All the floors will be suitably connected by staircases and elevator. The width of the machine hall is kept as 17.7 m, the length of service bay is kept as 18 m and is connected by an approach road from
the main road. Generator floor level has been kept at EL 175.7 m. River bed level near power house is slightly below 166 m and the river is not narrow. Even under probable maximum flood of 12,880 cumecs water level is not expected to rise more than 6 m to 7 m or so from river bed. Therefore the maximum tail water level of power house is not likely to become more than 172 to 173 m. The control room, LT room, battery room, cable spreading room, stores etc. are located on the upstream side of the machine hall. Each unit will be provided with a spherical valve at the inlet.
6.6.3 For the maintenance of the units, each unit, has been provided with vertical slide
gate with hydraulic hoist.

6.6.4 4 nos., 11/220 kV, 3-phase, 43.75 MVA step up transformers, one 220/66 kV, 5
MVA station auxiliary transformer and two 66/11 kV, 2.5 MVA station transformers will be located on the draft tube side of the power house. A 220 kV surface switchyard will be located on the down stream side of the power house for evacuation of power from Dikhu H.E. Project. Cross section and plan at turbine floor of the power house are shown in drawing no. NP-PFR-DK-605 and NP-PFRDK-606. A conceptual single line diagram of the switchyard is given in Chapter VIII on power evacuation.
6.6.5 The conceptual layout and planning presented in this report has been examined and
vetted by CWC as per copy attached as Annexure 6.1.

6.7 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT
6.7.1 Vertical shaft Francis type turbine of 35 MW rating with synchronous speed of 375
rpm and bhp of 62000 is proposed for a design head of 85m and design discharge of 45.7 m/s. The runner exit diameter is around 2 m and outlet diameter is 2.2 m. Provision will be made to remove the runner from the bottom side for repairs/ replacement as and when needed. Rotor weight is expected to be 150 MT.
6.7.2 Minimum Tail Water Level above distributor centre line, under one unit opening at
full load condition, is 5.5m above the distributor centre line which is at EL 164.5m. The stator frame diameter may be as big as 5.4 m.
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6.8
TAIL RACE CHANNEL
A short length of tail race channel will discharge the tail waters of Dikhu power house back to Dikhu river. It has not been possible to work out the layout of tail race on the basis of 1:50,000 maps available at present. This will be done during DPR stage when larger scale toposheets will be available.
6.9 FURTHER STUDIES
Large-scale topographical maps are to be prepared for various components of the project by conducting detailed topographical survey. Requirement of construction sluices may be examined during DPR stage. Detailed geological investigations are to be carried out in the form of geological mapping, geo-physical examination and drilling. Diversion arrangements including estimation of diversion flood needs to be reviewed during DPR stage based on additional G&D data and field investigations.
Location of dam site may be reviewed during DPR stage with reference to additional data obtained from further investigations. Based on geological investigations and large scale topographical maps and stage discharge curve of the river, energy dissipation arrangements are to be reviewed during DPR stage. Model studies need to be carried out for energy dissipation arrangement.
Seismic studies are to be carried out during the DPR stage. Based on IMD data flood estimates to be a carried out during DPR stage. Tail water rating curves are to be established. Potential quarry sites are identified to establish availability of suitable construction materials.
66
Chapter VII
Power Potential Studies
67
7.1
INTRODUCTION
7.1.1 Dikhu H.E. Project is situated on Dikhu river in Mon district of Nagaland. This
project is envisaged as a storage scheme with a moderate sized reservoir to absorb excess water in the reservoir during monsoon season and to utilize the inflow of the river and the live storage for peaking during the lean season. It envisages about 98 m high concrete gravity dam downstream of the confluence of river Yangnyu with Dikhu river near village Tamlu.
7.1.2 The proposed dam site on Dikhu river offers prospect for a moderate sized
reservoir. On the basis of available 1:50,000 toposheet covering the site with contour intervals at 20 m, an assessment of storage capacity of reservoir at various elevations were made and the results are shown in Table 7.3. The bed level of the river at Dam site is expected to be EL 166 m.
7.2 DISCHARGE DATA
7.2.1 No gauge discharge measurement site has been established at the project and hence
no discharge measurement is available. However, on the same Dikhu river, discharge measurements for 24 years (from 1968 to 1991) is available at Sibsagar town. Since Dikhu HE Project and G&D site at Sibsagar are on the same river and falls on the same catchment, Sibsagar gauge discharge data for 24 years has been used to derive monthly discharge data for 24 years period for Dikhu HE project on proportionate catchment area basis.
7.2.2 Although the project will have a storage reservoir, in the absence of large scale
maps of the proposed reservoir area in 1:10,000 or 5,000 scale, it has not been possible to assess the reservoir level, at the end of each month / each fortnight while making power potential studies. Nevertheless, for making reasonable estimation of available power potential, it has been considered that during the monsoon season from June to October after utilization of the inflow for power generation, the excess inflow will be stored in the storage reservoir and during the lean months the inflows together with the live storage will be utilized for generation in the power station of proposed Dikhu HE Project. As this is a storage scheme with dam toe power house no desilting arrangement has been proposed.
68
However, during survey and investigation for DPR stage, requirement of any desilting basin would be examined.
7.3 FIXATION OF MDDL
The bed level of the river at dam site is approximately EL 166 m. Taking the silt flow in the river, the new zero level has been arrived at as EL 219.20 considering the volume of silt likely to be deposited in 70 years (average silt level is assessed at 1.0 mm/year). The invert of the penstock at the intake is fixed at EL 224.80 m. For a penstock of 3.3 m diameter considering the water cushion over the bell mouth and head variation for Francis type of turbine MDDL is fixed at EL 230 m.
7.4 HEIGHT OF THE DAM
The topography and geological conditions at site do not call for adoption of a concrete dam. The site is suitable for adoption of a concrete gravity dam. Rocks of required quantity and quality for constructing a concrete gravity dam may be available within a reasonable distance. Considering that the project falls in seismic zone V of India, the height of the dam was restricted to 100 m. Keeping the top of the dam at EL 264 m the height of the dam above river bed works out to 98 m.
7.5 FIXATION OF FRL
Having fixed the MDDL at EL 230, from the consideration of type of dam and seismicity zone of the project, the height of the dam has been restricted to 98 m above the bed level. The top of the dam works out to EL 264 m accordingly the FRL is kept at EL 261 which gives a live storage of 322.636 Mcum. By keeping FRL at EL 261 no submergence of any village etc. is envisaged.
7.6 FIXATION OF THE TAIL WATER LEVEL
A surface power house is proposed on the toe of the dam at the right bank of river Dikhu. At this location the bed level of the river is observed as EL 166. The lowest level of the power house is kept as EL 156.8. With a provision of 1.5 m thick concrete below the draft tube, the lowest level of draft tube would be around EL 158.3 m. As Francis type turbine is proposed for this project, by a rough estimate, the height of center line of the unit from the lowest level of draft tube would be around 6.2 m. The center line of the unit works out to EL 164.5 m. The minimum tail water level works out to EL 170 m considering the suction head required.
During HFL conditions of the river, the maximum tail water level is not likely to go above EL 172 to 173m. Normal tail water level considered in power potential study is EL 170m.
7.7 RESERVOIR OPERATION
The FRL of the reservoir is kept at EL 261 and MDDL is EL 230 m which gives a live storage of 322.636 Mcum. It is presumed that every year the level of the reservoir would be brought down to MDDL level in May. During the monsoon season the excess water would be stored in the reservoir in such a manner that FRL is reached by September / October. During the lean season i.e. from November to March when the inflow is low, the stored water along with the inflow is utilized to have peak generation for certain hours in a day. Power potential studies have been done with an assumption that there is no carry over of water in the reservoir from one year to other year. At PFR stage in the absence of data an average evaporation loss of 0.10 Mcum/month is considered during summer / monsoon season. However, during DPR stage when more information would be available actual evaporation loss would be considered.
7.8 OPERATING HEAD
As mentioned above, mainly on the basis of new zero level and topographical conditions, MDDL has been fixed at EL 230 m. Full reservoir level has been fixed at EL 261 m in order to store additional inflow during monsoon season (June to October) and to utilize the same during lean period to maximize the generation. The live storage in the reservoir works out to 322.64 M.Cum which is equivalent to 656.57 MW hrs during monsoon season and 56152 MW hrs during lean season. Centre line of the unit is proposed at EL 164.5 m. Head loss in the penstock corresponding to a discharge of 48.8 cumecs has been computed approximately as 1.20 m. The net operating head for the turbines has been derived from the following formula: Net operating Head = MDDL+2/3(FRL-MDDL) -TWL - Head loss = 230+2/3(261-230)-170-1.20 = 79.41 m
70
7.8
COMBINED EFFICIENCY
Combined efficiency of turbine and generator for Francis type of turbine is taken as 92%.
7.9 INSTALL ED CAPACITY
Computer studies for power output and energy generation on monthly basis for the 90% dependable year and 50% dependable year are given in Tables 7.6 and 7.21. From these tables it could be seen that monthly average power during lean season is 27.07 MW in a 90% dependable year and 20.22 MW in a 50% dependable year based on regulated discharge from the reservoir. For determining optimum size of installed capacity, annual energy with varying installed capacities from 100 MW to 140 MW were calculated for 90% and 50% dependable year. The outcome of such assessment is shown in Table 7.6, 7.6a, 7.21 and 7.21a. The firm power during lean season is 27.07 MW in a 90% dependable year and 20.22 MW in a 50% dependable year. Considering a peaking of about 4 hours an installed capacity of 140 MW is selected.
7.10 ENERGY GENERATION
The unrestricted energy generation in a 90% dependable year 1978 (year XI) and 50% dependable year 1981 (year XIV) is also shown in Table nos. 7.6 and 7.21 respectively. Based on reservoir operation, total energy generation for 140 MW installed capacity in a 90% dependable year and 50% dependable year is 518.61 MU and 595.55 MU respectively. Energy generation unrestricted and restricted to 140 MW installed capacity for other 22 years out of 24 years of synthetic discharge series derived (1968 to year 1991) for Dikhu H.E. Project are shown in Tables 7.4 to 7.27 respectively.
7.11 UNIT SIZE
Dikhu HE project is planned as a peaking station. Considering the parameters of economy, operating efficiency, maintenance, optimum utilization of inflow, transport limitation etc. 4 units of 35 MW each having Francis type of turbine have been proposed for Dikhu HE project.
71
7.12
SUMMARY OF STUDIES
Dikhu HE project is envisaged as a storage scheme. Live storage = 322.64 Mcum. Water availability in a 90% dependable year is 2755.26 Mcum. Installation = 4 x 35 MW Francis type turbine Average Net Head in 90% = 70.21 (lean season) Dependable year = 81.46 (Monsoon season) Annual energy generation in a 90 % dependable year = 518.61 MU Energy generation for tariff with 95% availability = 513.41 MU Firm Power = 27.07 MW Peaking during lean season = 4 hrs Lean flow load factor = 19.33 Annual load factor = 42.29
7.13
The power potential studies presented in this report has been examined and vetted by CEA as per copy attached as Annexure 7.1.
7.14
FURTHER STUDIES
As the PFR has been made on the basis of 1:50000 Survey of India map with 20 m contour interval, further studies with large scale survey maps would be desired to determine exact level of FRL keeping in view the submergence of village etc involved.
A gauge discharge site needs to be established to collect G&D and sedimentation data.
Geological investigation are required to be conducted at dam site in terms of drill holes as well as geophysical examination in order to ascertain the depth of overburden and depth of rock strata in abutments as well as in the river bed.
Availability of construction material for concrete gravity dam namely location of quarry site etc needs to be ascertained. Suitability of the same needs to be checked by testing the samples from reputed laboratories.
72
Chapter VIII
Power Evacuation
73
8.1
APPRAISAL OF EXISTING POWER EVACUATION FACILITIES
8.1.1 Nagaland is located in mountainous terrain gifted with South-West monsoon rain at
an average rate of 200 cm per year spreading from June to October. Nagaland is one of the States endowed with all the characteristics suitable for the development of hydro power. The breakup of installed capacity (MW) in the State as on 31.1.2003 is as under: Ownership Total Sector State Private Central 30.36 0.00 94.00 28.20 0.00 75.00 Hydro Coal 0.00 0.00 0.00 Thermal Gas 0.00 0.00 19.00
19.00
Total Diesel 2.00 0.00 0.00

2.00
Wind 0.16* 0.00 0.00

0.16
Nuclear 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00
Thermal 2.00 0.00 19.00

21.00
Total 124.36 103.20 0.00
Note - * Bio Mass Gassifire
Source Ministry of Power Annual Report 2002-2003

8.1.2 North Eastern Electric Power Corporation (NEEPCO), a Govt. of India undertaking,
has recently commissioned its 75 MW Doyang HE project in Nagaland enhancing the total installed capacity to 124.36 MW.
8.1.3 A power map of North-eastern region prepared by PGCIL is enclosed as Annexure
8.1 which shows 400 kV, 220 kV and 132 kV transmission systems already existing and under construction in this region. The 132 kV network is proposed in Nagaland to cover all parts of the State. This 132 kV state grid will be augmented as necessary for supplying power to different parts of the State from new hydro-electric projects.
8.2 PROPOSED EVACUATION SYSTEM TO NEAREST FACILITY
8.2.1 The 50,000 MW Hydro-electric Power initiative prepared by the Ministry of Power,
Government of India has identified 41 hydro-electric projects with a total capacity of 5718 MW for development in the North-eastern region as Category A schemes. Out of these, 3 schemes are in Nagaland. NEEPCO has been entrusted with the preparation of pre-feasibility studies for 18 schemes in the North-eastern region which includes the 3 schemes in Nagaland.
74
8.2.2 The peak load requirement of Nagaland at the end of tenth plan has been assessed by
CEA in Sixteenth Electric Power Survey as 98 MW and as 141 MW at end of eleventh plan. The requirements for north-east region as a whole are assessed as 1875 MW at end of tenth plan and 2789 MW at end of eleventh plan. As the total power generated from all hydro-electric schemes in the north-east region will be around 33,000 MW, the bulk of the power generated by these hydro-electric projects including those in Nagaland will have to be exported to different load centers of Northern, Southern and Western regions of the country for meeting peak loads in a predominantly thermal power grid. The power generated from the Nagaland schemes will therefore need to be brought to Misa in Assam for transmission to other regions on PGCIL network.
8.2.3 It has been indicated by PGCIL that power generated by the various hydro electric
schemes in Nagaland will have to be pooled at strategic location from where they can be brought to Misa grid station through high capacity transmission system for onward transmission outside the region. For these high capacity lines, technologies like 800 kV, 600 kV HVDC bipole lines and other state of art technologies like multi-circuit towers, very high conductor temperature lines using conductors like INVAR will need to be explored. PGCIL in due course will decide appropriate technologies for maximum utilization of the limited right of way available in the chicken neck area in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal where national highways, railway lines and existing transmission lines are already jostling for space.
8.2.4 The 140 MW power from Dikhu HE Project can be evacuated through 220 kV double
circuit lines to Moriani grid station for onward transmission to the National Grid. The proposed power evacuation facility is shown in the single line diagram at Annexure 8.2. This evacuation scheme is only indicative and the voltage levels, line configuration and routing etc will be determined by detailed power system studies on the basis of total power to be transmitted. Since the transmission lines will pass through mountainous terrain and thick forest area, right of way problems will have to be taken into consideration for determining the line route and configuration etc.
8.2.5 The construction power for Dikhu HEP will be supplied from 66 kV Nagnimara
substation on 66 kV line.
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8.2.6 A single line diagram showing the proposed 220 kV surface switchyard
configuration at Dikhu H. E. Project is attached as Annexure 8.3.

8.2.7 The power evacuation scheme proposed in this report has been examined and
vetted by CEA as per copy attached as Annexure 8.4.
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Chapter IX
Environment
77
9.1
GENERAL INFORMATION
The salient features of the proposed 140 MW Dikhu Storage Scheme are briefly described below.
Site Information 9.1.1 Dikhu Storage Scheme is one of the schemes among the various projects proposed
in Dikhu river basin and is located near the Tamlu town in Mon district of Nagaland. The proposed scheme is located between longitude 94o 46' 59.4" E and latitude 26o 39' 29.6" N. A 98 m high concrete gravity dam is proposed on the river Dikhu downstream of the confluence of Yangnyu river with Dikhu river at EL 166 m. The power house is proposed at the toe of the dam with envisaged power generation of 140 MW.
Geographical Location 9.1.2 Town/Village :
Tamlu Tamlu Mon Nagaland
Tehsil/Circle : District State : :
The dam site is about 19 km away from the nearest town Tamlu, which is linked with Kohima, the state capital by a metalled road via Merongkong, Mokokchung, Wokha and Lazami towns. Tamlu town is also linked with Sibsagar and Jorhat in Assam via Naginimora and Amguri, respectively. The location of the dam site and powerhouse is given in Annexures 9.1 and 9.2.
9.2 SUBMERGENCE AREA
The proposed reservoir would lead to submergence of about 1,302.46 ha of land, which is mainly comprised of open forest. Of this 692.47 ha is likely to be submerged in Dikhu catchment and 609.99 ha in Yangnyu catchment. The tail of the proposed reservoir would extend up to 16.52 km in Dikhu river and about 21 km in Yangnyu river.
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9.3
RIVER SYSTEM
9.3.1 The river Dikhu is formed by the confluence of three small streams viz. Shisheki
Ghoki originating in the vicinity of Khitsakita at about 1,900m, Nanga Ghoki rising in the vicinity of Naltoka at about 1,900m and Suru Ghoki draining the slopes nearby Suruhoto at about 2,000m in Wokha district. Anitongpang Nala and Waitzu Ayong are two tributaries that drain into Dikhu river on its right bank in the upper reaches. Tsunangtsu Ayong, Tsubolang Ayong and Maong Ayang are the left bank tributaries in this region. Tsutsung Yongki is the first major right bank tributary that drains into Dikhu near Meyiolong village. Dikhu river meanders and generally flows in south to north direction up to its confluence with Yangnyu river on its right bank. The proposed Dikhu Storage scheme is located immediately downstream of the confluence of Yangnyu river with Dikhu river.
9.3.2 There are two rivers known by the name Yangnyu river. One, which flows from
south to north is also known as Yangmun river whereas the east to west flowing Yangnyu river is known as Tapi river before the confluence of Tipui or Tohok river.
9.3.3 The NS flowing Yangnyu river is formed by three streams viz. Yungyang N.,
Liyung N. and Tuenyung N. which originate from slopes in the vicinity of Tuensang at about 2,400m. For some distance Yangnyu river is known as Yijung river and further Yangnyu river is known by another name the Yangmun river. Auyung Shomang is the first major right bank tributary of Yangnyu river whereas Mitho N. is the first major left bank tributary. Yangnyu river meanders and flows in south to north direction in general. Along its course it joined by Teitnung N. on its right bank and Yeautho N. on its left bank. Further downstream it is joined on its right bank by its largest tributary Humyang Sao, which flows EW direction. Subai N. and Chini N. on its left bank and Mukaha N. on its right bank are the main streams that join Yangnyu river up to the proposed Yangnyu H.E. project dam site. Shangshu N. and Sisha N. are the only major streams that join Yangnyu river downstream of Yangnyu project. After the confluence of EW flowing Yangnyu river it receives discharge from Sipi N. before its confluence with Dikhu river.
79
9.3.4 The EW flowing Yangnyu river is known as Tapi river before the confluence of
Tipui river with it. Tipui river also known as Tohok river, which is the major tributary of Tapi river originates from the ridge forming the border between India and Myanmar at 2,100m. Along its predominant northward course it receives drainage from Manju Shao, Tisam/Yayam river and Wamnyu Shao. Tapi river orginates as Tapi Nadi from the forests in the vicinity of India Myanmar border and flows in a EW direction. Tapi Nadi is joined by Humho Nadi, and Taggi Nadi on its left bank. Taggi Nadi in turn collects water from streams like Tathu Nadi, Titu Nadi, Tangum Nadi and Tikha Nadi. After receiving the discharge from Taggi Nadi, Tapi Nadi is joined by Nolu N., Tawang N., Aru N., Talek N. and then Tacha N. on its right bank near Mon town, the district headquarters. After the confluence of Tacha N. it takes southward turn to flow as Tapi river. On its left bank Tapi Nadi is joined by Chavan N. and Gowo N. Therafter Tapi river is joined by Khaopep Yiang, Tilam Nadi, Tellar Wamsa N, Phoyo Nadi and Tipui river. After the confluence of Tipui river, Tapi river now known as Yangnyu river starts flowing in EW direction. Before the confluence of this Yangnyu river with SN flowing Yangnyu river, Sinyang river drains into it on its right bank, which originates as Tejang N. in the vicinity of Mon town.
9.3.5 The catchment area of Dikhu river up to the proposed dam site is about 2782.57 sq
km and total length of Dikhu river from its origin up to the dam site is about 107 km.
9.3.6 Dikhu river later enters Assam near Naginimara and finally drains into
Brahamputra river on its left bank near Sivasagar (Sibsagar).

9.4 SEISMICITY
9.4.1 Most predominant mode of energy release in the eastern Himalayan belt and the
Arakan Yoma is by thrust faulting which is attributed to activity along all the major thrusts. However, to some extent strike-slip and normal faulting is also taking place along the transverse features. Sometimes away from the major thrusts, on the continental side of the lithosphere, tensions might also prevail and leading to the release of seismic energy through normal faulting.
80
9.4.2 It is evident that thrust fault mechanism prevails in the region. In a geologically
fragile situation like Himalaya, the thrust fault environment provides a suitable setup from seismicity point of view, because in this situation Reservoir Induced Seismicity (RIS) is reduced after the impoundment in a reservoir. The project area falls under zone-V of the seismic zoning map of India (IS:1893-1984).
9.5 EXISTING LANDUSE/LANDCOVER AROUND THE PROPOSED DAM SITE 9.5.1 The landuse/landcover pattern within 7 km radius of proposed dam site was
interpreted from LISS-III scene of Path/Row 114/53 of 27-Jan-2003 and PAN A scene of Path/Row 114/53 of 23-Dec-2001. LISS and PAN scenes of area covering 7 km radius of project site are given in Annexures 9.3 and 9.4. The level 1 classified landuse/landcover maps prepared from these two scenes is given in Annexure 9.5. Area covered by various landuse/landcover types is given in Table 9.1 and Annexure 9.6. It is evident that predominant landuse in the vicinity of project area is forest. The forest cover of this area is more than 41% out of which dense forest constitute about 25% and the remaining area (16%) is covered by open forests. Shifting cultivation has severely degraded the forest cover and forests mainly secondary in nature. Therefore, degraded forests/scrub account for more than 27% of the area whereas area under jhum cultivation is more than 20%. River and flood plains also constitute a sizable percent of this area (2%).
Table 9.1 Area (ha) under different landuse/landcover categories in 7 km radius area of Dikhu HE Scheme Landuse/landcover category Area (ha)
Dense Forest Open Forest Degraded Forest Scrub Current Jhum Old Jhum/ Barren Fallow Settlements/ Cultivation River
5458.16 3547.04 3501.61 2459.29 992.37 3154.42 2156.44 437.10
81
Annexure 9.6: Percent area under various landuse/landcover categories in 7km radius area of Dikhu HE Scheme
Of the total 1,303 ha of land to be submerged, 454 ha is under scrub forests while open forests cover 151 ha of area to be submerged (Annexure 9.6). Very small percent (1%) of area under dense forest would be submerged. About 30% of area to be submerged is either under current shifting cultivation or old jhum covered with grasses, etc. or barren. River and its flood plain account for more than 27% of land to be inundated.
10% 2% 25% 15%
5% 16% 11% 16%

Dense Forest Current Jhum Open Forest Old Jhum/Fallow Degraded Forest Settlement/Cultivation Scrub River
9.6 9.6.1
FOREST TYPES IN THE VICINITY OF PROJECT AREA
The forests in the vicinity of the project site are comprised of Mixed Tropical Wet Evergreen and Riverine Semi-evergreen type of forest. The slopes on the upper portion near the ridges on the right bank harbour some deciduous elements. The slopes at the lower elevations especially along the river are covered with Wet Evergreen type of forests. Important tree associates of the top storey of these forests include Albizia chinensis, Artocarpus chaplasha, Aesculus assamica,
Bischofia javanica, Canarium bengalense, Chukrassia tabularis, Duabanga grandiflora, Dysoxylum gobarum, Euonymus bullatus, Ficus nervosa, Spondias axillaries, Terminalia myriocarpa, Tetrameles nudiflora, etc. In addition to these
trees, some patches of wild banana (Musa acuminata) and tree fern (Cyathea
spinulosa) are also found in shaded and damp areas. The vegetation of slopes on
the higher elevations is comprised of tall bamboos, however, bamboos often form
dense thickets in the under storey of the forests also. Other some important trees and shrubs of the second storey were Brassiopsis mitis, Calamus scandens,
Clerodendron indicum, Eupatorium odoratum and Mesua ferrea. A number of

thick and woody climbers i.e. lianas like Aspidopterys glabriuscula, Bambusa
tulda, Calamus scandens, Cassia ternata and Hiptage benghalensis are frequently
observed in the area. Good abundance of ferns like Dicranpoteris lineris, Ligodium
japonicum and Polypodium sp. and a number of epiphytic orchids are found in
these forests. Herbaceous flora is represented by Ageratum conyzoides,
Arundinella nepalensis, Bidens pilosa, Conyza japonica, Eragrostis atrovirens, Gnaphalium polycaulon, Pogonatherum paniceum, etc. Some tall grasses like Arundo donax, Saccharum procerum, S. rufipilum and Thysanolaena latifolia are
also found all along the river on the banks and flood plains. However, vast stretches of land are subjected to slash and burn i.e. jhuming activity leading to secondary nature of the vegetation throughout the catchment.
9.7 FAUNAL ELEMENTS AROUND THE PROJECT AREA
9.7.1 Even though the practice of shifting cultivation has led to degradation of forests
and the habitats of different animal population in the area still there are pockets of forests which harbour a number of animal species. Among the mammals, major cats like tiger, leopard, and clouded leopard are reported to occur in these areas. Some of them are endangered mammalian species like Melurses ursinus (Sloth Bear), Prionodon pardicolor (Spotted linsang, Tiger-civet), Panthera tigris (Tiger), Macaca assamensis in the densely forested patches. However, no major mammalian species were encountered during the field surveys. Reptiles are represented by species like Monitor lizard, Tortoise, Python (reticulate), King cobra, Common krait, Banded krait, Viper and Common cobra.
9.7.2 The bird fauna of the region is represented by more than 500 species many of
which are endangered and endemic to this region. The state as a whole harbours richest diversity of pheasants with as many as 10 species found occurring here. During the field visit very few species bird species were sighted. There is also a rich diversity of amphibians and fishes in the region. Fish fauna is represented by Catla, Rohu, Mrigal, Common carps, etc are the main fishes of fishery importance in the area. Most commonly found fishes are Neolissochilus hexagonolobus,
Puntius ticto ticto, Barilius barila, Danio naganensis, Raiamus guttatus, Garra kempi, G. naganensis, Mystus bleekeri, Mastacembelus armatus, Chana orientalis,
etc.
9.8 EXISTENCE OF ANY PROTECTED AREA/ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
The proposed project lies in the Tamlu Circle of Mon district. No part of the submergence area would lie in any protected area and only unclassified forest land would be submerged. There are no sites or monuments of archaeological or national importance, which would be affected by the project activities directly or indirectly.
9.9 HUMAN SETTLEMENT
9.9.1 The settlements in the area are restricted to higher elevations and human
population in the immediate vicinity of the proposed project area is negligible. However, there are a number settlements/villages located within 10 km radius of the project area and the human population is comprised primarily of tribals. Tamlu, Yongya, Tangha, Kanching, Wanching and Anaki are the main villages located in the area. The human population as per the 2001 census up to different aerial distances from the project are given below. Up to 2 km from Population Households
9.10
Up to 2-5 km 7710 1917
Up to 5-10 km 28686 6432
Nil Nil
RELIEF AND REHABILITATION
The proposed Dikhu Storage Scheme would result in the submergence of 1,302.46 ha of land area, which would include parts of river and its flood plains and stretches of barren fallow land or old jhum covered with tall grasses in addition to area under open forests. In Dikhu catchment 692.47 ha of land is likely to be submerged and in Yangnyu catchment it would be to the extent of 609.99 ha. The reservoir tail would extend for a distance of about 16.52 km in Dikhu river and 20.87 km in Yangnyu river. However, no part of existing road or human settlements would be submerged due to the proposed reservoir and only land under cultivation would be submerged.
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9.11
RECOMMENDATIONS AND MITIGATIVE MEAUSRES
The creation of a large reservoir might hamper the movement of wildlife in the area, therefore, appropriate management plan for the same delineating various conservation measures would be required in order to mitigate the impact of the project on biodiversity and wildlife. However, the creation of large reservoir would help in development of fisheries in the area. During the formulation of Environment Management Plan this aspect would require important consideration. As large land area is likely to be submerged and even though no human settlement would be submerged due to the reservoir, the indirect impact on the human population due to the other project related activities like acquisition of land, etc. would require preparation of a proper Relief and Rehabilitation plan for the indirectly affected population.
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CHAPTER - X
INFRASTRUCTURE
86
10.1
THE PROJECT
10.1.1 Dikhu H.E. Project has been proposed on the main Dikhu river and is located near
village Tamlu down stream of the confluence of river Dikhu with river Yangnyu where bed level is around EL 166m. A concrete gravity dam about 98 m high is proposed with a dam toe power house located at latitude 2639'29.3"N and longitude 9446'59.4"N. The installed capacity of the power house located at the toe of the dam has been determined as 140 MW with four units of 35 MW each.
10.2 ACCESS ROADS 10.2.1 The dam site of Dikhu H.E. Project is located in the upper reach of river Dikhu.
The dam site is proposed near village Tamlu at a distance of about 5km east from Amguri and connected by metelled road from Amguri i.e. State highway connecting Amguri and Jhanzi, then Jhanzi connected with NH-37. The nearest railway station is Samulguri which is about 45km. The nearest civil airport is Jorhat in Assam at a distance of about 150 km. Amguri and Sibsagar are the business centres located near the project.
10.3 IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING STATE HIGHWAY / ROAD
10.3.1 The existing road from Nagnimara upto Tamlu village though black topped is only
single lane width. At a number of locations the conditions of the road is not suitable for transportation of heavy construction / permanent equipment. This road needs to be improved quite a bit at a number of places including widening at curves and at intervals for movement of heavy equipment / crossing of vehicles. Some of the culverts are also to be upgraded to 40 R loading.
10.4 CONSTRUCTION OF NEW ROADS 10.4.1 There is a footpath from Tamlu village to the dam site which would be converted
into a project road suitable for traffic of heavy mechanized equipment and for transport of electro-mechanical equipment for the power house. The project road would cross a number of small streams which would be crossed by culverts designed for 40 R loading. The length of the new road is expected to be around 8 km.
10.4.2 It is proposed to locate the powerhouse on the right bank of River Dikhu as space
is available on the right bank only. The diversion tunnel will, also be located on the right bank. A temporary bridge across River Dikhu will be necessary for giving an
access to the power house site. The bridge would be dismantled when the dam comes up.
10.5 CONSTRUCTION FACILITIES 10.5.1 The main project components are the 98 m high dam, a diversion tunnel for
construction of the dam and a dam toe powerhouse. Construction facilities would be located near Tamlu village. Tamlu village could be approached by a metalled road from Amguri and Sibsagar. The construction facilities would include concrete batching and mixing plant, main stores (covered and uncovered), workshop for maintenance of project equipment etc. The main project colony including offices and permanent and temporary residences for project staff would also be located close to Tamlu village.
10.5.2 It would be convenient to have a small storage facility at the dam site along with
large covered shed for safe storage of electro-mechanical equipment for the power house. In case suitable space near the dam site is not available, all the construction facilities as well as the project headquarters will be located near village Tamlu. The contractors construction camp could be partly near village Tamlu and partly near dam site.
10.5.3 A small magazine for explosives would be established on the left bank of river
Dikhu at a suitable location between village Tamlu and the dam site for servicing the requirements of the diversion tunnel and other works.
10.6 PROJECT ROADS Main construction activities proposed to be taken up are construction of concrete
gravity dam, diversion tunnel and Power house. A number of access roads 5/7 m width to provide easy access to different project components would be constructed as detailed below: a) Access road from link road to river bed of concrete gravity dam b) Access road to diversion tunnel portal c) Access road to colony d) Access roads to quarry sites e) Access road to dumping areas f) Access road to magazine g) Access road to storage yard Total length of access roads
1.0 km 0.5 km 1.0 km 1.0 km 0.5 km 1.0 km 1.5 km 6.5 km

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10.7
PROJECT HEADQUARTERS, OFFICES AND COLONIES
10.7.1 The construction of the project is proposed to be undertaken through modern
construction equipment in order to save time. Major construction activities involved are 98 m high dam, diversion tunnel for construction of dam, penstock and power house. All the construction activities are to be taken up in a coordinated manner so as to complete the project in a time bound manner. Contractors of high repute will be deployed for achieving the targets in time. Departmental operations shall remain restricted to infrastructure development, overall supervision, quantity and quality monitoring, financial control and other construction aspects covering industrial relations and safety aspects etc.
Project Headquarters 10.7.2 Project headquarter is proposed near village Tamlu as it is located on the metalled
road from Amguri and Sibsagar. Project office building, residential complex for the project staff, guest house, transit camp and other utility services like shopping centre, club, community centre etc will be developed at the project headquarters. Residential and non-residential buildings are proposed to be constructed mostly in triple / double storey blocks so as to accommodate maximum staff at one place with minimum area coverage.
Semi Permanent / Temporary Accommodation at Tamlu 10.7.3 The facilities / structures, which shall be required only during the construction
stage of the project have been planned to be temporary nature for which design and specification would be made accordingly. Such facility is planned at village Tamlu for dam, diversion tunnel and power house activities. The structures will include ware houses, site offices for dam complex and power house and contractors main colony. A small workshop, store and contractors colony will be established near the dam site.
Workshop, Fabrication Shop, Storage Yard 10.7.4 Central workshop for heavy earth moving equipment and transport vehicles will be
located and set up near village Tamlu. The workshop will be adequately fenced with control of operation through entry and exit gates. The main parking and maintenance yard will be created within this central workshop.
10.7.5 Fabrication shop for penstock and storage yard for storage of power house
permanent equipment will be created near dam site as sufficient flat land is available near dam site. A double Nissan shed is proposed at village Tamlu for safe storage of powerhouse equipment.
10.7.6 Main ware house for cement, steel and other materials including chemicals to be
procured by contractor will be located at village Tamlu and would cater to the requirements of all the complexes.
10.8 EXPLOSIVE MAGAZINE
One explosive magazine of 20 T capacity along with proportionate capacity of detonators is proposed at a suitable location near the dam site to cater to requirements of diversion tunnel and any other requirements.
10.9 SCHOOL, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, BANK, PETROL PUMP School and Primary Health Care Centre 10.9.1 School and Primary health care centre for project staff would be created near the
Project head quarters at Village Tamlu.

Bank and Post Office 10.9.2 A branch of a nationalized bank needs to be opened at the project head quarters
complex at Tamlu.
Petrol Pump 10.9.3 A petrol pump for providing petrol, diesel and lubricants to project vehicles /
equipment is proposed to be established at village Tamlu. The filling station will have storage capacity for 12 kL petrol and 24 kL of diesel at a time. It will also stock lubricants and small quantities of fast running spares for light vehicles at the project site.
Water Supply 10.9.4 The raw water for construction purpose would be pumped from River Dikhu.
Suitable water tanks at elevated locations would be constructed for supplying water for construction needs.
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10.9.5 The water supply for the project headquarters complex, labour camps at dam site
and power house site would be arranged by suitable treatment of river water. It will then be distributed as piped supply.
10.10 CONSTRUCTION POWER 10.10.1 Construction power supply considering main activity of construction of various
components and power required for project head quarter complex would be made as under: Power requirements for Dikhu Dam H.E. Project is divided into two parts (i) Construction power for main works will be arranged by the contractors at their work sites from 11 kV supply to be provided by the project, at dam and power house site. Standby power supply arrangement shall be made by the contractors. (ii) Power requirement for construction and maintenance of infrastructure / works which comprise : a) Office complexes b) Residential blocks c) Primary health centre School, Guest house, Transit Camp, Recreation Centre etc. d) Lighting and illumination load e) Commercial complexes Construction power at 11 kV level would be arranged by the project. Peak load power requirement for Dikhu H.E. Project is estimated as about 5 MW. The nearest substation is at Nagnimara (66 kV). Nagnimara substation is at a distance of about 8 km from village Tamlu. Project would construct step down arrangement from 66 kV to 11 kV.
10.10.2 In order to avoid disruption of work at site, D.G. sets of following rating may be
installed by the contractors as given below:

Dam Site Village Tamlu
- 2 x 312.5 kVA
Project Head Quarters at - 1 x 312.5 kVA (To be arranged by the Project)
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10.11 TELE-COMMUNICATION 10.11.1 Large hydro electric projects need a reliable communication system so as to
achieve timely completion of various project activities.

10.11.2 No P&T communication system exists in the project area. Therefore, project will
need its own independent interference free, communication system comprising the whole area of the dam and power house site, and project head quarters at Village Tamlu. Facilities at Village Tamlu will be further interlinked to facilitate communication between any location of the project from within and outside the project area. The communication systems proposed are as under: (i) (ii) (iii) Both 66/11 kV sub-stations at the project sites will be connected with Nangnimara 66 kV sub-station through PLCC. Local EPABX of 100 lines at project HQ covering project HQ and dam Power house complex. Inter connection of EPABX system with radio / wireless / cables technology in the manner to cover the whole project area under an umbrella to enable communication from any part of the project to any other location within the project including from the sites and mobile vehicles. (iv) Satellite linked communication system at project HQ and dam site with head office.
10.12 FURTHER STUDIES
Topographical surveys in respect of Project roads are to be carried out during DPR stage. Land required for various project components and infrastructure facilities are to be identified during DPR stage. Land for project colony, storage yard, explosive magazine etc. are to be identified during DPR stage. Logistic survey is to be carried out in order to identify the areas of roads that are to be improved / widened and bridges and culverts to be upgraded.
Construction power arrangements are to be firmed up during DPR stage.
92
CHAPTER - XI
Construction Planning and Schedule
93
11.1
INTRODUCTION
11.1.1 This chapter deals with the construction methods and the implementation planning
proposed for the main components of the projects in order to suitably match with the construction schedule envisaged. The types, sizes and number of equipment/machinery required for construction of each component is broadly based on the nature and volume of work to be carried out apart from the location of the component. The planning of equipment is aimed to have least possible variety of equipment for efficient control and optimum utilization of equipment. A project of such magnitude invariably needs several different capacities of each type of equipment to match with the construction schedule.
11.1.2 The dam site and power house is proposed near village Tamlu at a distance of
about 19 km. The nearest railway station is Amguri which is about 90 km from the dam site. The nearest airport is Jorhat in Assam at a distance of about 120 km. Dam site and power house can be appreciated by construction of a road of about 8 km from village Tamlu.
11.2 BASIS OF STUDY
It is essential to optimize the construction cost vis--vis construction period taking into consideration the price escalation and interest during construction, so as to avoid time and cost over run to the extent possible.
11.3 MAJOR COMPONENTS
Dikhu Dam H.E. Project is envisaged as a storage scheme with a moderate size reservoir to absorb excess water in the river during monsoon season and to utilize the inflow of the river and live storage for peaking during the lean season. The scheme envisages construction of a 98 m high concrete gravity dam downstream of the confluence of river Dikhu with river Yangnyu near Tamlu village. The bed level of the river at dam site is around EL 166 m. The power house is located on the right bank at the toe of the dam. The FRL and MDDL of the dam are kept at EL 261 and EL 230 m respectively. The diameter of the penstock is 3.3 m.
11.4 MATERIAL SOURCES
11.4.1 During the visit of the team comprising engineers and geologist to project site,
reconnaissance survey was made to identify potential sources of materials suitable

for use as coarse and fine aggregate in concrete. Based on the reconnaissance survey conducted during site visit, it is observed that material of suitable quality may be available for use in concrete as coarse and fine aggregate subject to testing of materials from the identified potential sources. Further, a portion of muck from the diversion tunnel is also proposed to be used for production of concrete and for other uses. Priority would be given for using excavated material to the extent possible so that quarrying operations can be limited to the minimum extent possible.
11.4.2 The river sand deposits would be tested for its suitability for use as fine aggregate
in concrete. Secondly, crushed sand may also be used to obtain well graded sand.
11.4.3 The area for disposal of the excavated material has been considered at a distance of
1 km from dam, diversion tunnel and power house sites for equipment planning purpose.
11.5 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
Mechanized construction has been planned for almost all type of construction activities so as to achieve consistent quality and planned progress. The barchart showing all the activities is enclosed as Annexure 11.1.
11.6 CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS
11.6.1 All main civil works will be carried out through an EPC contract or be suitably
divided into optimum number of contract packages, as the works are to be executed through award of contracts, taking into consideration the capabilities of eligible contractors. Supply and erection of the penstocks and hydro-mechanical equipment i.e. intake gate, draft tube gates, spillway gates, trash racks etc will be a part of the civil works. While deciding the optimum number of contracts for civil works, least interference between different work areas and availability of sufficient space for different work areas will be ensured, including adequate space for camps and construction facilities. In such a case, diversion tunnel works will comprise one package and all civil works including dam and hydro mechanical works will form another package. Alternatively diversion tunnel works also can be included as a part of civil and hydro mechanical works package.
95
11.6.2 Contracts for basic site infrastructure facilities will be awarded in advance so that
the same may be ready and available by the time the main civil contractor(s) starts mobilization.
11.7 SCHEDULE OF WORKING HOURS
11.7.1 Equipment planning has been done based on the number of working days
available, which further depend upon climatic conditions in the project area. Normally 200 working days are considered as available based on 8 working months. However, in the project area, the monsoon sets in during May and continues almost upto the end of October. The working season has, therefore, been restricted to six months i.e. 150 days considering 25 working days per month. Thus for over ground works i.e. Dam, power house and appurtenant works a working season of six months has been considered. The scheduled working hours with 150 working days accordingly works out as under: Single shift work/day = Two shift work/day = Three shift work/day = 150x7 = 150x12= 150x15 = 1050 hours 1800 hours 2250 hours
11.7.2 However, in respect of underground works, it is possible to carry out the works
even during rains. Therefore, works of diversion tunnel are planned to continue throughout the year. Since the production capability would be affected during the monsoon months especially for the supplies / services and muck disposal etc., suitable reduction in the progress has been taken into account for the year as a whole. Therefore for planning purpose, 300 working days are considered for under ground works.
11.7.3 Though two shift working is normally considered most economical, in this project,
due to shorter working season, three shift working has been planned for dam, power house and appurtenant works. Underground works, in any case, is planned for three shift working as these involve cyclic operations which do not follow normal pattern of shift operation.
11.7.4 Provision of standby equipment has been considered as 10%, 20% and 30% for
single shift, two shifts and three shifts working respectively.
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11.8
CONSTRUCTION PERIOD
Survey and investigations and preparation of DPR (starting from the month of November) and obtaining of various clearances from statutory authorities, infrastructural development, preparation of detailed design, technical specifications and tender documents, power purchase agreement and financial closure are proposed to be completed within 30 months. The main construction of the project is planned to be completed in a period of 60 months. Broad details of various activities to be undertaken under 3 stages have been shown in enclosed bar chart.
11.9 STAGE I ACTIVITIES
The zero date of the project has been taken as the day on which the Government selects and allows the execute agency to proceed with various activities of this project. In order to commence pre-construction Survey and Investigations, the commencement date is assumed to be the beginning of a lean season. The activities considered for this stage are: 1. Establishment of project organization 2. obtaining Stage I clearance from MOEF (site clearance) 3. Hydro meteorological data collection 4. Preliminary topographical survey 5. Geological survey including sub-surface exploration 6. Preparation of feasibility report and obtaining CEAs commercial viability. The Stage I activities are proposed to be completed within 12 months time.
11.10 STAGE II ACTIVITIES
The stage II activities include completion of all residual pre-construction survey and Investigation and creation of all infrastructural facilities like approach roads, buildings, construction power. All statutory clearances like techno-economic clearance from CEA and Environment & Forest clearance from MoE&F is also obtained during this stage. All the activities in this stage are aimed at achieving financial closure for the project so that immediately after obtaining statutory clearances, construction of the project components could be started by appointing a suitable turn-key contractor. This stage would be completed within a period of 18 months after the techno-commercial viability is accorded by CEA.
11.11 STAGE III ACTIVITIES
The Stage III activities have been so planned that immediately after the financial closure, notice for selecting the turn-key contractor can be published and a suitable contractor is selected within 6 months time based on International competitive bidding.
11.12 RIVER DIVERSION WORK 11.12.1As the powerhouse is located at the toe of the dam on the right bank of the river,
river diversions works viz diversion tunnel is planned on the left bank of the river. For the construction of the diversion dam and appurtenant works, the river diversion is proposed to be done through a 5.3 m diameter 300 m long diversion tunnel located on the right bank of the river. In order to work in the river bed all round the year, the diversion works namely coffer dams and diversion tunnel have been designed for passing a flood of 250 cumecs during the working seasons of non-monsoon months. It is observed form the discharge data that the monthly average maximum observed flood at dam site during the non-monsoon period of November to March is around 128 cumecs 2 times this observed flood is taken for arriving at the diversion flood.
11.12.2 The excavation of tunnel is planned to be carried out by drill and blast method
using drill boom jumbo, shortcreting machine, loaders, dumpers etc. For lining of the tunnel, batching and mixing plant of suitable capacity, transit mixers, concrete pump, grout pump, etc. will be used. 5.3 m diameter finished size diversion tunnel is planned to be excavated in full face. If however after geological explorations it is observed that the rock strata have some weak zone, excavation would be carried out by heading and benching method. 1 to 10 m thick over burden material is likely to be encountered on the left bank. However, rock is intermittently exposed just near river bed level. Thick sequence of dark grey, splintery shales with khaki grey, fine grained silt stone of Disang group are present in the project area.
11.12.3 Suitable coffer dams located approximately 200 m upstream and 200 m
downstream from the dam axis have been proposed. The top of the coffer dam has been kept as 4 m so as to provide sufficient space for movement of vehicles during construction of the dam. The upstream coffer dam will be of 6.5 m high with a
base width of 12 m. It will be of masonry type with colcrete filling. The downstream coffer dam will be of 6 m high with a base width of 15 m.
11.12.4 Entire diversion activity is proposed to be completed within a period of 12
months.
11.13 DIVERSION DAM 11.13.1 Construction of concrete dam of 98 m high and 305 m length is proposed to be
commenced by starting excavation in the flanks. This work is proposed to be taken up even before the river id diverted. The construction of dam would involve all activities right from excavation, foundation preparation, curtain grouting, concreting of dam consisting of 126.4 m of overflow section 130.6 m of nonoverflow section and 48 m of power section installation of embedded parts for radial gates and stop logs and finally erection of radial gates, stop log and crane. Dam concreting is proposed to be done by installing a 120m/hr batching plant and using tower cranes for conveying concrete to the required locations.
11.13.2 The total quantity of concreting involved is 854.320 cum. Average concrete
pouring rate of 40,000 cubic meter per month is envisaged. The total construction period for the dam including erection of radial gates is estimated as 41 months.
11.14 INTAKE AND PENSTOCKS
Power dam will consist of 4 intakes for the penstocks. Length of the power dam will be 48 m. Centre to centre distance of intakes will be 12 m. Each intake structure will comprise one intake opening of 3.35 m x 3.3 m in the body of the dam to convey a discharge of 65.7 cumec at minimum head through 3.3 m dia penstock embedded in the dam. Maximum velocity through the penstock will be 7.68 m/sec. The intake will be provided with a semi-circular trash rack with five trash rack bays with an opening of 100 mm c/c between rack bars to prevent debris and trash entering into the penstock. Each intake will be provided with one fixed wheel type vertical lift gate of size 3.3 m x 3.3m operated by means of a hydraulic hoist housed in a gallery inside the dam. The portion of the penstock which is embedded in the body of the dam will be erected as the dam block is raised and concreting done with suitable temporary supports. There are 3 number of power intakes in the body of the dam on right side of overflow section. From each intake
a penstock of 3.3 m diameter takes off through the body of the dam. The length of each penstock will be 110 m. The steel liner will conform to ASTM 285 Grade C. Fabrication and erection of penstock will be done in a period of 15 months. Penstock will be provided with each block at the locations where change of direction takes place. Entire length will run over the downstream face of the dam and embedded in the concrete.
11.15 POWER HOUSE
Proposed surface powerhouse and switchyard involves 49,000 m of concrete. A batching plant of 120m/hr capacity installed at dam site would cater for power house concreting also. By deploying adequate numbers of excavators, loaders, hydraulic rock breaker, dozer, transit mixers and dumpers, power house civil works is proposed to be completed in a period of 30 months. This batching plant will also cater for concreting of surge and tunnel lining from surge shaft end.
11.16 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL WORKS
24 months period is envisaged for erection of E&M works and 4 months for commissioning and synchronization.
11.17 SWITCHYARD
A 220 kV surface switchyard is located on the downstream side of the power house with four generator transformer bays, two outgoing line bays, one bus coupler bay, one station auxiliary transformer bay and one interconnecting transformer bay.
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CHAPTER - XII
COST ESTIMATE
101
12.1
GENERAL FEATURES
Dikhu H.E. Project is located in Mon district of Nagaland. It is envisaged as a storage scheme with a moderate size reservoir to absorb excess water in the reservoir during monsoon season and to utilize the inflow of the river and live storage for peaking during the lean season. The scheme envisages construction of a 98 m high concrete gravity dam downstream of the confluence of river Dikhu with river Yangnyu. The deepest bed level of the river at dam site is around EL 166 m. The power house is located on the left bank at the toe of the dam. The FRL and MDDL of the dam are kept at EL 261 and EL 230 m respectively. The diameter of the penstock is 3.3 m. Annual generation during 90% dependable year has been assessed as 518.61 million units.
12.2 COST ESTIMATE
12.2.1 Estimated cost of the project prepared at January 2004 price level works out to
Rs. 607.11 crores.
The project estimate has been prepared on the basis of
Guidelines for Preparation of Cost estimates for River Valley Projects published by Central Water Commission, New Delhi. The cost abstract is enclosed as Annexure 12.1. The cost does not include the cost of transmission line and the interest during construction.
12.2.2 The estimate for Civil and Hydro mechanical works has been prepared on the basis
Criterion for adoption of rates and costs of E&M works has been taken as per decision of the sub-committee constituted by CEA for this purpose.
12.2.3 Excise duty and other taxes as applicable have also been considered in the adopted
rates of various items of works.

12.2.4 Construction period of 5 years has been considered in the preparation of estimate.
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CHAPTER - XIII
ECONOMIC EVALUATION
103
13.1
GENERAL
The benefits and financial evaluation of the project have been considered as per the standard guidelines issued by the Government of India. The norms laid down by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) for Hydro projects have also been kept in view in this regard.
13.2 PROJECT BENEFITS
The scheme would afford on annual energy generation of 518.61 MU in a 90% dependable year. In assessing the sale price of energy, design energy generation calculated with 95% capacity availability in a 90% dependable year has been adopted. The project would provide a valuable 140 MW of peaking capacity benefits through out the year. Table 13.1 below gives the project benefits:
Table-13.1 S.No Particulars 1. Annual Energy (MU) 2. Capacity Value (MW) 13.3 INPUTS DATA AND ASSUMPTIONS Benefits 518.61 140.00
Inputs data and assumptions considered for economic and financial evaluation of the project including for calculation of IDC are shown is Annexure 13.1. Some key assumptions are indicated below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Auxiliary Consumption @ 0.5 %. Transformation Losses @0.5 %. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Costs (including insurance) @ 1.5 % Escalation in O&M Costs @ 6 %. Depreciable value of Fixed Assets @ 90% of the value of Fixed Assets Annual Rate of Depreciation as per straight line method (SLM). Advance Against Depreciation (AAD) subject to ceiling of 1/12th of original loan minus depreciation as per schedule to meet shortfall in the scheduled loan repayment. The total depreciation including the AAD is, however, limited to 90% of the original cost of assets. Debt Equity Ratio 70:30. Mode of Financing provides for Domestic borrowings. Interest on Domestic Borrowings @ 10.00%. Financing Charges on borrowings @ 1.5% of the total borrowings. IDC calculated on the basis of above interest rates and financing charges Rate of return on Equity @ 16%
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8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
14. 15. 16. 17.

13.4
Interest on W/C @12.50% Tax concessions and rate as per the provisions of the I.T. Act in force. Loan Repayment period 12 years. Moratorium of one year from the year of commercial operation.
ESTIMATED COST AND PHASING
The cost of the project excluding Interest During Construction (IDC) at January 2004 price level is estimated at Rs. 60711.00 Lakhs as per the Guidelines of the Committee of CEA on Criteria for adoption of rates, cost of civil components and electrical works for PFRs of hydroelectric projects. Including IDC, the total cost of the project is estimated at Rs. 72362.91 Lakhs The project is envisaged to be completed in a period of 5years. The expenditure of the project has accordingly been phased. Annexure 13.2 gives the Breakdown of project Cost while Annexure 13.3 gives the calculation of Interest During Construction (IDC).
13.5 DEPRECIATION
The depreciation is calculated according to Straight Line Method (SLM) as per the Ministry of Power notification dated 29th March, 1994 as modified by the CERC under its notification dated 30th May, 2003. The average rate as per SLM works out to 2.86% Advance against depreciation (AAD), in addition to allowable depreciation, whenever originally scheduled loan repayment exceeded the depreciation allowable as per the schedule, calculated in the manner as specified in the CERC notification, is provided. On repayment of entire loan, the remaining depreciable value is spread over the balance useful life of the asset, as per the requirement of the notification. The calculation of depreciation including Advance against Depreciation is given in Annexure 13.4.
13.6 LOAN AMORTIZATION
The interest is calculated on quarterly reducing balance of principal. The entire loan is repaid in eleven years.
The details of loan amortization over the debt - period are given in Annexure 13.5. These details also include the Semi -annual and Annual repayment of principal and payment of interest over the period of the debt.
13.7 WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS
The Working Capital Requirements is calculated in the manner as specified in the Ministry of Power, GOI notification dated 29th March, 1994 read with the CERC notification dated 30th May, 2003. The calculation of Working Capital Requirements - is given in Annexure 13.6
13.8 ENERGY SALE PRICE
The cost of generation and sale price of energy is computed based on the given norms and parameters in the Inputs and Assumptions with the present day capital cost of the scheme. The cost of generation and sale price worked out is given in Table 13.2 and 13.3 below:
Table 13.2 Cost of Generation and Sale Price (Summary with 12% royalty) S.No Particulars 1 2.35 3.18 2.56
st
1. 2. 3.
Cost of Generation (Rs./kWH) Energy Charges (Rs./ kWh) Levelised Tariff (Rs./ kWh) for 35 years
5 1.99 2.82
th
Years 10th 20th 1.54 0.69 2.37 1.75
30th 0.84 1.90
35th 0.92 1.97
Table 13.3 Cost of Generation and Sale Price (Summary without 12% royalty) S.No Particulars 1st 2.07 2.80 2.26 5th 1.75 2.48 Years 10th 20th 1.35 0.61 2.09 1.54 30th 0.74 1.67 35th 0.81 1.73
1. 2. 3.
Cost of Generation (Rs./kWH) Energy Charges (Rs./ kWh) Levelised Tariff (Rs./ kWh) for 35 years
The details of computation of cost of generation and sale price of energy are given in Annexure 13.7.
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GOIs Policy on Hydro Development announced in August, 1998 provides, among others, for rationalization of Hydro Tariff by allowing premium on sale rate during peak period. This will necessitate introduction of Peak and Non-peak tariff. CERC is presently deliberating on concept and methodology of Peak and Non-peak tariff. This aspect therefore needs to be considered later according to the concept and methodology as may be finally approved.
13.9 ESTIMATES OF WORKING RESULTS
The estimates of Working Results of the project are given in Annexure 13.8. The Development Surcharge shown at item N of Annexure 13.8 represents capital income collected @ 5% on billable revenue (fixed costs) to be utilized for the purpose of fresh capacity addition and project development activities and to be maintained in the manner as provided in the CERC notification dated 30th May, 2003. This surcharge will not be leviable for operations exclusively within the state.
13.10 INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR) The Internal Rate Return (Project) works out to 10.321 %.
The details regarding the calculation of IRR (Project) are given in Annexure 13.9.
13.11 DEBT SERVICE COVERAGE RATIO (DSCR)
The Average Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) of the project works out to 1.43. The details of calculation of DSCR are given in Annexure 13.10.
13.12 PAYBACK PERIOD
The payback period works out to 9.40 years. The details of calculation of payback period are given in Annexure 13.11.
13.13 CONCLUSION
On the basis of the inputs and assumptions as given, the project demonstrates positive cash flow and as per the estimates of working results, the scheme is economically viable and financially profitable. The annual benefits may further increase with the incentives available for higher availability if the same could be achieved.
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SALIENT FEATURES.....................................................................................................................................2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................4 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................5 SCOPE OF WORK ............................................................................................................................5 HYDROLOGY....................................................................................................................................6 POWER POTENTIAL STUDIES ....................................................................................................6 POWER EVACUATION ASPECTS ...............................................................................................7 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS ......................................................................................................7 ESTIMATES OF THE COST...........................................................................................................8 FINANCIAL ASPECTS ....................................................................................................................8 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................8 NAGALAND .....................................................................................................................................10 THE RIVER SYSTEM ....................................................................................................................11 THE PROJECT ................................................................................................................................12 POWER SCENARIO .......................................................................................................................13 NECESSITY OF THE PROJECT .................................................................................................14 INFRASTRUCTURE.......................................................................................................................15 PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS ...................................................................................................16 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT INCLUDING RIVER SYSTEM .............................................19 SOCIO ECONOMIC AND OTHER ASPECTS .......................................................................21 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................27 REGIONAL GEOLOGY.................................................................................................................27 STRUCTURE....................................................................................................................................32 MINERAL DEPOSITS ....................................................................................................................35 SEISMO-TECTONICS....................................................................................................................36 GEOLOGY OF THE DIKHU BASIN ...........................................................................................39 GEOLOGY OF THE PROJECT AREA AND GEOTECHNICAL APPRAISAL ..................40 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS..................................................................................................42 GENERAL.........................................................................................................................................44 DIKHU BASIN CHARACTERSTICS...........................................................................................45 METEOROLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DIKHU BASIN ......................................................45 PROJECT PROPOSAL...................................................................................................................45 DESIGN FLOOD STUDIES ...........................................................................................................48 RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION STUDY..................................................................................53 LIMITATIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................55 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................57 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................58 RIVER DIVERSION WORK .........................................................................................................58 DIVERSION DAM ...........................................................................................................................60
109
6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.14 8.1 8.2 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9
POWER DAM BLOCK ...................................................................................................................63 PENSTOCKS ....................................................................................................................................64 POWER HOUSE ..............................................................................................................................64 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT.................................................................................65 TAIL RACE CHANNEL .................................................................................................................66 FURTHER STUDIES ......................................................................................................................66 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................68 DISCHARGE DATA........................................................................................................................68 FIXATION OF MDDL ....................................................................................................................69 FIXATION OF FRL.........................................................................................................................69 FIXATION OF THE TAIL WATER LEVEL ..............................................................................69 RESERVOIR OPERATION...........................................................................................................70 OPERATING HEAD .......................................................................................................................70 COMBINED EFFICIENCY............................................................................................................71 INSTALL ED CAPACITY..............................................................................................................71 ENERGY GENERATION...............................................................................................................71 UNIT SIZE ........................................................................................................................................71 SUMMARY OF STUDIES ..............................................................................................................72 FURTHER STUDIES ......................................................................................................................72 APPRAISAL OF EXISTING POWER EVACUATION FACILITIES ....................................74 PROPOSED EVACUATION SYSTEM TO NEAREST FACILITY ........................................74 GENERAL INFORMATION .........................................................................................................78 SUBMERGENCE AREA ................................................................................................................78 RIVER SYSTEM..............................................................................................................................79 SEISMICITY ....................................................................................................................................80 EXISTING LANDUSE/LANDCOVER AROUND THE PROPOSED DAM SITE ................81 FOREST TYPES IN THE VICINITY OF PROJECT AREA....................................................82 FAUNAL ELEMENTS AROUND THE PROJECT AREA .......................................................83 EXISTENCE OF ANY PROTECTED AREA/ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES ........................84 HUMAN SETTLEMENT ................................................................................................................84 RELIEF AND REHABILITATION ..............................................................................................84 RECOMMENDATIONS AND MITIGATIVE MEAUSRES .....................................................85 THE PROJECT ................................................................................................................................86 THE PROJECT ................................................................................................................................87 ACCESS ROADS .............................................................................................................................87 CONSTRUCTION FACILITIES ...................................................................................................88 PROJECT ROADS...........................................................................................................................88 PROJECT HEADQUARTERS, OFFICES AND COLONIES ..................................................89 EXPLOSIVE MAGAZINE .............................................................................................................90 SCHOOL, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, BANK, PETROL PUMP .........................................90
110
10.10 10.11 10.12 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 12.1 12.2 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13
CONSTRUCTION POWER ...........................................................................................................91 TELE-COMMUNICATION ...........................................................................................................92 FURTHER STUDIES ......................................................................................................................92 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................94 BASIS OF STUDY............................................................................................................................94 MAJOR COMPONENTS................................................................................................................94 MATERIAL SOURCES ..................................................................................................................94 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS ..........................................................................................................95 CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS .................................................................................................95 SCHEDULE OF WORKING HOURS ..........................................................................................96 CONSTRUCTION PERIOD...........................................................................................................97 STAGE I ACTIVITIES ...................................................................................................................97 STAGE II ACTIVITIES..................................................................................................................97 STAGE III ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................98 RIVER DIVERSION WORK .........................................................................................................98 DIVERSION DAM ...........................................................................................................................99 INTAKE AND PENSTOCKS .........................................................................................................99 POWER HOUSE ............................................................................................................................100 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL WORKS ........................................................................................100 SWITCHYARD ..............................................................................................................................100 GENERAL FEATURES................................................................................................................102 COST ESTIMATE .........................................................................................................................102 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................................104 PROJECT BENEFITS...................................................................................................................104 INPUTS DATA AND ASSUMPTIONS .......................................................................................104 ESTIMATED COST AND PHASING .........................................................................................105 DEPRECIATION ...........................................................................................................................105 LOAN AMORTIZATION.............................................................................................................105 WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................106 ENERGY SALE PRICE ................................................................................................................106 ESTIMATES OF WORKING RESULTS...................................................................................107 INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR) .....................................................................................107 DEBT SERVICE COVERAGE RATIO (DSCR) .......................................................................107 PAYBACK PERIOD......................................................................................................................107 CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................107
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Government of India Central Electricity Authority: 140 MW Dikhu H.E. Project

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50 000 MW HYDROELECTRIC INITIATIVE

Government of India Ministry of Power Central Electricity Authority

140 MW DIKHU H.E. PROJECT ARUNACHAL PRADESH

Preliminary Feasibility Report

(A Government of India Enterprise)

DIKHU HE PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

DIKHU HE PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

DIKHU HE PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

DIKHU HE PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

10.10 10.11 10.12

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

DIKHU HE PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

List of Annexures & Drawings

DIKHU HE PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

CHAPTER IX................................................................................................................ENVIRONMENT ASPECT

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

DIKHU H.E. PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiatives

DIKHU H.E. PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiatives

DIKHU H.E. PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

Rs. 723.63 crore

PMs 50,000 MW initiatives

DIKHU H.E. PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiatives

DIKHU H.E. PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

1.2.1 Dikhu HE project envisages construction of:

A 98 m high concrete gravity dam, having FRL at EL 261 m, and located at

Spillway with 8 nos. radial gates each 11.3 m x 12 m, operated by hydraulic

Coffer dams located approximately 150 m upstream and 200 m downstream

DIKHU H.E. PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiatives

DIKHU H.E. PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

90% Dependable Year

PMs 50,000 MW initiatives

DIKHU H.E. PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiatives

DIKHU H.E. PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiatives

DIKHU H.E. PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

DIKHU H.E. PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

DIKHU H.E. PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiatives

DIKHU H.E. PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

Source: Blue print for Power Sector Development MoP 2001

PMs 50,000 MW initiatives

DIKHU H.E. PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

Shares in Installed Capacity - March, 2003

Hydro, 26910 MW Gas, 11633 MW Diesel, 1173 MW Wind, 1736 MW

Nuclear, 2720 MW Coal, 63801 MW

2.5.1 According to categorization of schemes by CEA the Category A schemes in

PMs 50,000 MW initiatives

DIKHU H.E. PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

2.6.1 Power Evacuation

PMs 50,000 MW initiatives

DIKHU H.E. PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

DIKHU H.E. PROJECT (140 MW) ISO 9001-2000

(v) (vi) (vii)

PMs 50,000 MW initiatives