SECTION 02316 EXCAVATING, BACKFILLING, AND COMPACTING FOR STRUCTURES PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 A. SUMMARY Section Includes: 1.

Preparing subgrade for building slabs. 2. Building subbase course for support of building slabs. 3. Backfilling of trenches within building lines. 4. Excavating for structure and stockpiling existing clean subsoil fill on site. 5. Shoring and bracing excavations with temporary shoring, sheeting or retention system as required by code, law, or ordinance to protect excavation area, workers, nearby streets, and structures. 6. Placing and compacting fills to rough grade elevations. 7. Dewatering excavations. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Design Requirements: Contractor is responsible for executing, designing, detailing, and documenting retention system including accessories. 1. Employ registered professional engineer to engineer each component of retention system. SUBMITTALS General: Submit in accordance with Section 01300. Samples: Submit 30 pounds minimum of samples for each type of fill material to be used to testing laboratory packed tightly in containers to prevent contamination. Informational Submittals: Submit following packaged separately from other submittals: 1. Laboratory Test Reports for Following: a. Test reports on borrow material. b. Verification of each footing subgrade. c. Field density reports. d. One optimum moisture-maximum density curve for each type soil encountered. e. Materials certificate stating materials acceptance for fill and backfill. 2. Certifications specified in Quality Assurance article. QUALITY ASSURANCE Engineer Qualifications: Registered professional engineer licensed to practice structural engineering in Virginia, with minimum documented experience of 5 projects or similar in nature and magnitude in design of excavation retention systems. Testing and Inspection Service: Owner will engage soil testing and inspection service for quality control testing during excavation and filling operations. Regulatory Requirements: Perform excavation work in compliance with applicable requirements of governing authorities having jurisdiction. Certifications: Submit following:

1.2 A.

1.3 A. B. C.

1.4 A.

B. C. D.

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2. 3. 1.5 A.

Statement certified and sealed by Professional Structural Engineer registered in the State of Virginia attesting to adequacy of shoring, sheeting, and retention system components for trenches and excavations to: a. Withstand lateral earth and hydrostatic pressure loads. b. Enable safe wall system to allow excavation to proceed. c. That maximum allowable deflection of shoring, sheeting, and retention system will not interfere with subsequent construction. Certify completed wall system meets law, ordinance, and building code requirements. Certify that component parts were properly designed or selected for locale and application intended and installation was made in accordance with standard industry practices.

PROJECT CONDITIONS Existing Utilities: Locate existing underground utilities in excavation areas. 1. If utilities are to remain in place, provide adequate means of support and protection during excavation operations. 2. Should uncharted piping, incorrectly charted piping or other utilities be encountered during excavation, consult Project Owner immediately for directions. 3. Cooperate with Owner and utility companies in keeping respective services and facilities in operation. 4. Repair damaged utilities to satisfaction of Project Owner. 5. Do not interrupt existing utilities serving facilities occupied and used by Owner or others, during occupied hours, except when permitted in writing by Owner and then only after acceptable temporary utility services have been provided. 6. Provide minimum of 48 hours notice to MISS UTILITY prior to undertaking any excavation and submit a Request For Excavation Permit to the UVA Utility management within 2 hours of notifying MISS UTILITY. 7. Demolish and completely remove from site existing underground utilities indicated to be removed. Coordinate with utility companies for shut-off of services if lines are active. Use of Explosives: Use of explosives not allowed. Protection: Protect bench marks, utilities, existing structures, roads, sidewalks, paving, and curbs against damage from equipment and vehicular traffic or foot traffic. 1. Protect excavations by shoring, bracing, sheet piling, underpinning, or other methods as necessary to prevent cave-ins or loose dirt from falling into excavations. Monitor shoring system and surrounding ground surface during construction to detect movement. If movement occurs, take contingency steps to brace excavation and adjacent utility lines. 2. Underpin adjacent structure which may be damaged by excavation work, including utility lines and pipe chases. 3. Notify Architect of unexpected subsurface conditions and discontinue work in area until Architect provides notification to resume work. 4. Protect bottom of excavations and soil around and beneath foundations from frost. 5. Grade around excavation to prevent surface water run-off into excavated area.

B. C.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS 2.1 A. MATERIALS Subbase: Angular crushed natural stone; coarse stone, gravel free from shale, clay, sand, debris, and friable materials; ASTM C136 graded within following limits:

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Sieve Size 2 inch 1 inch 3/4 inch 5/8 inch 3/8 inch No. 4 No. 16 No. 40 No. 200 B.

Percent Passing 100 95 95 to 100 75 to 100 55 to 85 35 to 60 15 to 35 10 to 25 5 to 10

Drainage Fill: Washed, evenly graded mixture of crushed stone, or crushed or uncrushed gravel, ASTM C136 graded with 100 percent passing 1-1/2 inch sieve and not more than five percent passing No. 4 sieve. Building Slab Vapor Retarder: See Section 07260. Select Fill: Satisfactory borrow material may consist of silty-clayey gravel or sand, poorly or well graded gravel or sand, free from clay, roots, rocks, or gravel larger than 2 inch size, debris, waste, frozen material, vegetable and other deleterious matter with: 1. Plasticity Index: less than 20 2. Liquid Limit: 40 or less. Excavated Subsoil Fill: Satisfactory excavated material, approved by testing laboratory for reuse, free from frozen material, waste, clay, rock, debris, organic matter, or gravel larger than 2 inches in any dimension. Granular Fill: Well graded with a maximum particle size no larger than 3 and less than 10% passing the No. 200 sieve.

C. D.

E.

F.

PART 3 - EXECUTION 3.1 A. EXAMINATION Examine conditions and proceed with work in accordance with Section 01400. 1. Establish extent of excavation by area and elevation; designate and identify datum elevation. 2. Set required lines and levels. 3. Maintain bench marks, monuments and other reference points. 4. Verify fill materials are acceptable. 5. Verify foundation perimeter drainage installation has been inspected and tested. PREPARATION Existing Utilities: Before starting excavation, establish location and extent of underground utilities occurring in work area. 1. Notify Owner to remove and relocate lines which are in way of excavation. 2. Maintain, reroute or extend as required, existing utility lines to remain which pass through work area. 3. Protect utility services uncovered by excavation. 4. Remove abandoned utility service lines from areas of excavation; cap, plug or seal such lines and identify at grade. 5. Accurately locate and record abandoned and active utility lines rerouted or extended on Project Record Documents.

3.2 A.

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B. 3.3 A.

Protect bench marks, existing structures, fences, sidewalks, paving, and curbs from excavation equipment and vehicular traffic. EXCAVATION General: Inform testing laboratory of excavation, soil stabilization, proofrolling, and filling operations before starting. 1. Testing laboratory may require deeper excavation than specified to remove unsuitable soil material either observed on site or encountered by proofrolling operations. 2. Excavate subsoil in accordance with lines and levels required for construction of Work, including space for form construction, bracing and shoring, waterproofing application, and inspection. 3. Machine slope banks to angle of repose or less. Hand trim excavations and leave free from loose or organic matter. 4. Excavations are not to interfere with normal 45 degree bearing splay of foundations. 5. Stockpile excavated clean fill for reuse where directed. Remove excess or unsuitable excavated fill from site. 6. Remove boulders or cobbles. Use of explosives not allowed. Stability of Excavations: Slope sides of excavations to comply with local codes and ordinances having jurisdiction. 1. Shore and brace where sloping is not possible because of space restrictions or stability of adjacent subgrade. 2. Maintain sides and slopes of excavations in safe condition until completion of backfilling. Excavation is unclassified and includes excavation to subgrade elevations indicated, regardless of character of materials and obstructions encountered. Unauthorized Excavation: Consists of material removal beyond indicated subgrade elevations or dimensions without specific direction of Architect. 1. Correct unauthorized excavation, as well as remedial work directed by Architect, at no additional cost to Owner. 2. Under footings, foundation bases, or retaining walls, fill unauthorized excavation by extending indicated bottom elevation of footing or base to excavation bottom without altering required top elevation. 3. Lean concrete fill may be used to bring elevations to proper position, when acceptable to Architect. 4. Backfill and compact other unauthorized excavations as specified for authorized excavations of same classification, unless otherwise directed by Architect. Additional Excavation: When excavation has reached required subgrade elevations, notify soils testing laboratory for examination of conditions. 1. If unsuitable bearing materials are encountered at required subgrade elevations, excavate deeper and replace excavated material as directed by soils testing laboratory. 2. Removal of unsuitable material and its replacement as directed will be paid on basis of Contract conditions relative to changes in Work. 3. Disturbed material below slabs on-grade will require over-excavation and replacement at no additional cost to Owner. 4. Correct unauthorized excavation as directed. 5. Do additional excavation only by written authorization of Architect. Underpin adjacent structures which may be damaged by excavation work, including utilities and pipe chases.
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B.

C. D.

E.

F.

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Shoring and Bracing: Provide materials for shoring and bracing, such as sheet piling, uprights, stringers, and cross-braces, in good serviceable condition. 1. Establish requirements for trench shoring and bracing to comply with local codes and authorities having jurisdiction. 2. Maintain shoring and bracing in excavations regardless of time period excavations will be open. 3. Carry shoring and bracing down as excavation progresses. 4. Provide permanent steel sheet piling or pressure creosote timber piling wherever subsequent removal of sheet piling might permit lateral movement of soil under adjacent structures. Cut off tops as necessary and leave permanently in place. Dewatering: Prevent surface water and subsurface or ground water from flowing into excavations. 1. Do not allow water to accumulate in excavations. 2. If presence of subsurface water is encountered during excavation, provide interior drainage. 3. Remove water to prevent softening of foundation bottoms, undercutting footings, and soil changes detrimental to stability of subgrades and foundations. 4. Provide and maintain pumps, well points, sumps, suction and discharge lines, and other dewatering system components necessary to convey water away from excavations. 5. Establish and maintain temporary drainage ditches and other diversions outside excavation limits to convey rain water and water removed from excavations to collecting or run-off areas. 6. Do not use trench excavations as temporary drainage ditches. Material Storage: Stockpile satisfactory excavated materials where indicated, until required for backfill or fill. 1. Place, grade and shape stockpiles for proper drainage. 2. Locate and retain soil materials away from edge of excavations. 3. Legally dispose of excess soil material and waste materials. BACKFILL AND FILL Proofrolling: Proofroll exposed subgrade in building areas with heavily loaded construction equipment, to detect unsuitable soil conditions. 1. Commence proofrolling operations after a suitable period of dry weather to avoid degrading acceptable subgrade surfaces. 2. Make four passes over each section with proofrolling equipment, with last two perpendicular to first two. Backfilling: Do not start backfilling operations until waterproofing has been reviewed. Ensure areas to be backfilled are free from debris, snow, ice, and water and that ground surfaces are not in frozen condition. 1. Do not backfill over existing subgrade surfaces which are porous, frozen, wet, or spongy. Filling and Backfilling: Place acceptable fill material in layers to required subgrade elevations for each area classification listed below. 1. Use satisfactory excavated or borrow material. 2. Under building slabs, use subbase material. 3. Adjacent to foundation walls, use drainage fill materials. 4. Under piping and conduit, use subbase material where subbase is indicated under piping or conduit; shape to fit bottom 90 degrees of cylinder. Ground Preparation: Scarify and recompact top 6 inches of existing subgrade surfaces to between 92 percent and 97 percent of standard maximum dry unit weight in accordance with ASTM D698 at standard optimum water content. 1. Cut out soft areas of existing subgrade.
RTKL Associates Inc. EXCAVATING, BACKFILLING, AND COMPACTING

H.

I.

3.4 A.

B. C.

D.

E.

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Backfill with select fill and compact to required density.

Placement and Compaction: Fill and backfill areas to grades, contours, levels and elevations indicated. 1. Fill and backfill systematically and as early as possible to allow maximum time for natural settlement and compaction. 2. Place unfrozen backfill and fill materials in layers not more than 8 inches in loose depth for material compacted by heavy compaction equipment, and not more than 4 inches in loose depth for material compacted by hand-operated tampers. a. Do not place backfill or fill material on surfaces that are muddy, frozen, or contain frost or ice. 3. Before compaction, moisten or aerate each layer as necessary to provide optimum moisture content. a. Maintain optimum moisture content of backfill materials to attain required compaction density. 4. Compact each layer of backfill to between 92 percent and 97 percent of standard maximum dry unit weight in accordance with ASTM D698 at standard optimum water content. 5. Place backfill and fill materials evenly adjacent to structures, piping, or conduit to required elevations. a. Take care to prevent wedging action of backfill against structures or displacement of piping or conduit by carrying material uniformly around structure, piping, or conduit to approximately same elevation in each lift. b. Place and compact fill materials using method so as not to disturb or damage building drainage system and foundation waterproofing. c. Backfill simultaneously on each side of unsupported foundation walls to equalize soil pressures. d. Where temporary unbalanced pressures are liable to develop on walls before floor slabs are placed, erect necessary shoring to counteract imbalance. Leave in place until removal is acceptable to Architect. Interior Floor Slab-on-Grade: 1. Compacted Fill: Nonexpansive select fill solids compacted to at least 95 percent of standard maximum dry unit weight in accordance with ASTM D698 at standard optimum water content. 2. Building Slab Subbase: Provide 4 inch minimum layer of subbase material beneath floor slabs to help distribute loads and to ease slab construction. 3. Building Slab Vapor Retarder Installation: See Section 07260. Foundation Wall Backfill: Utilize drainage fill material to backfill foundation walls to minimum of 2 feet beyond foundation walls and to within 2 feet of ground surface. 1. Provide upper 2 feet of foundation wall backfill with impervious clay soil to prevent surface water infiltration into backfill. 2. Carefully place backfill in uniform lifts and compact to 95 percent of standard maximum dry unit weight in accordance with ASTM D698 at standard optimum water content. 3. Do not overcompact backfill to prevent excessive lateral pressure on wall. FIELD QUALITY CONTROL Comply with requirements of Section 01400. Testing Laboratory Services: Owner will engage soil testing and inspection service for quality control testing during fill and backfill operations. See Section 01451. 1. Submit soil materials proposed for fill and backfill to laboratory for testing.
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H.

3.5 A. B.

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a. Laboratory will determine suitability of materials to be used. b. Laboratory will submit test results and recommendations. Advise testing laboratory 48 hours minimum in advance of operations. Tests will be executed immediately prior to covering of such compacted areas. Ensure compacted fills are tested before proceeding with placement of surface materials. Perform testing to least encumber performance of Work. When tests indicate compaction does not meet requirements, remove fill and backfill completely, dry out or moisten as necessary and recompact. a. Retest recompacted areas. b. Repeat until test indicate compliance with specified requirements. c. Provide reworking and retesting at no additional cost to Owner.

C. D.

Testing laboratory will perform one field density test of each lift per 2000 square feet of compacted fill materials for building slab, and one test per 200 lineal feet of foundation compacted fill. For each strata of soil on which footings will be placed, testing laboratory will conduct at least one test to verify required design bearing capacities. Subsequent verification and approval of each footing subgrade may be based on a visual comparison of each subgrade with related tested strata, when acceptable to Architect. When work of this Section or portions of work are completed, notify testing laboratory to perform density tests. 1. Laboratory will perform one series of tests on area being evaluated in accordance with ASTM D2922 and D3017, or ASTM D1556 and D1557. If during progress of Work, tests indicate that compacted materials do not meet specified requirements, remove defective work, replace and retest at no additional cost to Owner. ADJUSTING Where completed compacted areas are disturbed by subsequent construction operations or adverse weather, scarify surface, re-shape, and compact to required density prior to further construction. Where settling is measurable or observable at excavated areas during general project warranty period, remove surface, add backfill material, compact, and replace surface treatment. Restore appearance, quality, and condition of surface or finish to match adjacent work, and eliminate evidence of restoration to greatest extent possible. CLEANING Remove surplus backfill materials from site. Legally dispose of excess excavated materials off UVA Property. 1. Leave stockpile areas completely free of excess fill materials. 2. Clean debris caused by excavation and backfill work. Keep premises and adjacent streets clean and neat. END OF SECTION

E.

F. 3.6 A. B.

3.7 A.

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