Assignment 29: Chi Square Psy 6250 Spring, 2010 Goodness of Fit Test A researcher suspects that the

ethnic makeup of an area has changed since the last census. The last census (taken seven years ago) showed that the ethnic makeup of the area was: Ethnic Group A: 20% Ethnic Group B: 30% Ethnic Group C: 50% The researcher randomly samples 39 people from the area and records to which ethnic group they belong. The data can be found in the file ethnicity. 1. Which of the following is the correct null hypothesis for this experiment:
a. An equal percent of people are in each group (33.3%) b. The percents havent changed since the last census

2. Which of the following is the correct alternative hypothesis for this experiment:
a. At least one group has a different percent than the rest b. At least one percent has changed since the last census

For each group compute the expected frequency if H0 were true (and there were 39 people in the sample). 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The obtained frequency for Group A = _______ The expected frequency (if H0 is true) for Group A = ______ The obtained frequency for Group B = _______ The expected frequency (if H0 is true) for Group B = ______ The obtained frequency for Group C = _______

8. The expected frequency (if H0 is true) for Group C = ______ 9. The df =_____ 10. If H0 is true then the expected (mean) value of 2 = _____ 11. If H0 is false then 2 will be (lesser/greater) than its expected value. Now lets have SPSS compute the value for the 2 test for goodness of fit to see if the

expected and obtained frequencies differ enough to reject H0. To analyze the data using SPSS you will need to change the scores into numbers. Use the Recode into Different Variables in the Transform menu to change Group A to 0, Group B to 1, and Group C to 2 (we did something like this earlier in the semester). Look at your data to make sure it worked. Now go to the Analyze>>NonparametericTests>>Chi-Square menu. Move the numeric variable into the Test Variables List. Then enter the expected frequency (what SPSS calls the Expected Values) for each category in turn (clicking on Add after each expected frequency is added). When finished click Ok. The Asymp Sig is the p value for this chi-square. 12. 2 = ________ 13. p=______ 14. State your decision regarding H0:
a. Do not reject H0 b. Reject H0

15. Assuming you have no confounding variables, what can you conclude?
a. Can conclude the percentages in the ethnic groups have changed. b. Cannot determine whether or not the percentages in the ethnic groups have changed.

Test for Association A researcher wants to know if age and winter sports preference are related. He asks 176 people who participate in winter sports what type of sport they prefer and which age category they fall within. The variable age involved grouping the subjects into one of two categories; 25 years or younger, and 26 years or older. The variable winter sports preferred involved the following three categories: downhill skiing, cross country skiing and snow boarding. The data are provided in the file WinterSports. Look at the Variable view of the data to see how I assigned values to the numbers of the data. 16. State H0
a) Age and sport preference are not associated (i.e. they are independent) b) Age and sport preference are associated (i.e. they are not independent)

17. State HA
a) Age and sport preference are not associated (i.e. they are independent) b) Age and sport preference are associated (i.e. they are not independent)

Now analyze the data. The test we want is not where you might expect it to be. Go to the Analyze>>Descriptive Statistics>>CrossTabs menu item. When there, designate age as the variable you want in the rows, and sport the variable you want in the columns. Click on the Statistics button and indicate you want both Chi-square and

Cramers V. Click Continue and then click on the Cells button, there indicate you want Column percentages. Then do the analysis, view the output, and continue with this assignment. In the following table write in the total percentage of scores that were from the older age group, then write in the total percentage of scores that were from the younger age group. These values should go into the last column (which I have slightly shaded). These values will come from the SPSS output. Then, fill in the rest of the table with what the percentages would be if H0 were true and there was absolutely no relationship between age and sport preference (this will come from you not from SPSS). Percentages if H0 were true (i.e. the Expected Percentages) Downhill skiing Cross country skiing Older Younger Snow boarding Total

In the following table write in the actual percentages in each cell from the SPSS output. Actual (Obtained) Percentages Downhill skiing Cross country skiing Older Younger Snow boarding Total

The answers to questions 18-21 will come from the two tables above. Looking back at the two tables above, there will almost always be some differences in the sample from what H0 would predict, now we need to see if the differences are great enough to conclude that the variables are associated in the population. Remember that while we are looking at the percentages, chi square will change those into frequencies and compare those instead (but what applies to the frequencies will also apply to the percentages so we dont care). 22. Look over the output, find information about whether or not any cell has an expected frequency of less than 5. Did any? (yes/no) 23. Given your answer above, do we have to worry about the normality of the differences between the expected and observed values? (yes/no) 24. df = _______ (make sure you can compute this on your own, not just rely upon SPSS).

25. If H0 is true then the expected (mean) value of 2 = _____ 26. If H0 is false then 2 will be (lesser/greater) than its expected value. 27. = _______ (this is the Pearson Chi-Square in the output) 28. p = ______ 29. State your decision regarding H0:
a. Do not reject H0 b. Reject H0

30. Assuming you have no confounding variables, what can you conclude?
a. Can conclude the variables are associated in the population. b. Cannot determine whether or not the variables are associated in the population.

31. Cramers V will always be a value between

a. -1 and 1 b. 0 and 1 c. 0 and infinity

32. Cramers V = _______ Sometimes you will be working with data that have already been put into a table of frequencies, for this last question Ill show you how to get SPSS to do a on such data. Say someone hands you some data where the frequencies have already been recorded in the following table and you want to have SPSS perform a test for association. Downhill skiing Cross country skiing 14 30 25 10 39 40 Snow boarding 11 42 53 Total 55 77 132

Older Younger Total

Begin with a new data window. You need to create three variables, age, sport, and freq. To do this go to the data window, and click on the Variable View tab, there create each variable and set age and sport to Type String, and freq to Type Numeric. After creating the variables go back to the Data View and input the following data for your variables (note you will have six lines of data, with three values on each line). age Older sport Down freq 14

Older Older Younger Younger Younger

Cross Board Down Cross Board

30 11 25 10 42

After putting in the above information, go to Data>>WeightCases and indicate that you want to weight cases by variable frequency. Click Ok. Then analyze the relationship of age and sport as you did before: go to Analyze>>Descriptive Statistics>>CrossTab, ask for chi-square and Cramers V. 33. = _______ 34. p = ______ 35. State your decision regarding H0:
a. Do not reject H0 b. Reject H0

36. Assuming you have no confounding variables, what can you conclude?
a. Can conclude the variables are associated in the population. b. Cannot determine whether or not the variables are associated in the population.

37. Cramers V = _______