Simulation of Nonlinearity Simulation of Nonlinearity

Examples: High Power Amplifiers, Limiters, DFEs, Mixers, PLLs

desired to be non-linear
have undesired non-linear behavior
Types:
Baseband/Bandpass
Input centered around f
c
, harmonics usually undesired (sometimes notmixers)
~ baseband nonlinearity + zonal filter
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,
~ baseband nonlinearity + zonal filter
Complex envelope representation is possible
With Memory (NLWM)/Memoryless
Having memory Filtering effectFrequency selective behavior
Nonlinearity based on Differential Equations
Block Diagram Method (replacing the integrators)/ Direct Simulation
286
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2
0
1
0
Input Filter
Memoryless
non-linearity
Output Filter
Simulation of Nonlinearity Simulation of Nonlinearity
Modeling Issues
Sampling Rate Spectral Spreading
Usually less than the spread spectrum, because of zonal preferences
Cascading No superposition
some block algorithms like overlap-add method cannot be used
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) ( * ) ( * ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
3
f X f X f X a f X f Y t ax t x t y = =
sample by sample passing of data thru non-linearity
Non-linear feedback loops Problem of a sample delay, needed in the loop
For non-linear loops, the delay might cause instability
Variable Sampling Rate and InterpolationNonlinear Differential Equations
In some algorithms, step size is determined automatically based on the system
behavior
Support in Simulink, variable integration step size
287
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2
0
1
0
Simulation of Nonlinearity Simulation of Nonlinearity
Memoryless Nonlinearity
Defined by input/output relationship
F is a nonlinear function and t
0
assumed to be 0
If x and/or y is baseband/bandpass system is called baseband/bandpass
Baseband Memoryless Nonlinearity
Two common models:
Power series Model
) ( )) ( ( ) ( t x a t x F t y
k
N
k
= =
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,

)) ( ( ) (
0
t t x F t y =
Power series Model
Limiter Model
L , l : output , input limiting factor
s: shape parameter
s=soft-limiter, l=0: hard limiter
Odd function, only positive side is depicted
288
) ( )) ( ( ) (
0
t x a t x F t y
k
k
=
= =
s s
t x l
t x L
t y
/ 1
] ) ) ( / ( 1 [
)) ( sgn(
) (
+
=
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2
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Simulation of Nonlinearity Simulation of Nonlinearity
Passband Memoryless Nonlinearity
Narrowband memoryless zonal model
Signal and system bandwidth are both small comparing to f
c
No frequency selective behavior Memoryless
If BW gets bigger frequency selective behavior comes up
Example: First zone non-linearity
)) ( 2 cos( ) ( ) ( t t f t A t x + =
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,

Memoryless Zonal Bandpass
) (t x
) (t z ) (t y
If BW of x(t) = B, we must have 3f
c
>>3B or f
c
>> B
LP equivalent model
289
[ ]
)) ( 3 6 cos( ) ( 05 . 0 ) (
)) ( 2 cos( )) ( ( )) ( 2 cos( ) ( 15 . 0 ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( 2 . 0 ) ( ) (
)) ( 2 cos( ) ( ) (
3
3
3
1
3
t t f t A t z
t t f t A f t t f t A t A t z t y
t x t x t z
t t f t A t x
c
c c
c



+ =
+ = + = =
=
+ =
)) ( exp( )) ( ( ) (
~
)) ( exp( ) ( ) (
~
1
t j t A f t z
t j t A t x

=
=
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2
0
1
0
Memoryless
nonlinearity
Zonal Bandpass
Filter
x x x 3 cos ) 4 / 1 ( cos ) 4 / 3 ( cos
3
+ =
Simulation of Nonlinearity Simulation of Nonlinearity
Passband Memoryless Nonlinearity
AM-to-AM and AM-to-PM Models
Used for LP equivalent of bandpass in bandpass devices like bandpass amplifiers
More general than the previous case



k b k a a t y
t t f t A A A F t x F t y
k
k
k
c
) sin cos ( 2 / ) (
) ( 2 ), ( ) cos ( )) ( ( ) (
2 2
1
0
+ + =
+ = = = =

=
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290

d k A F b d k A F a
k k
sin ) cos (
1
cos ) cos (
1
2
0
2
0

= =
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F
a
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2
0
1
0 ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
)) ( )) ( ( exp( )) ( ( )] ( ) ( [ ) (
~
)] ( / ) ( [ tan )) ( ( ) ( ) ( )) ( (
)) ( ( ) ( 2 cos( )) ( ( sin ) ( cos ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
2
1
) (
1
1 2
1 2
2
2
1
2 1
1 2 1 1
A f t s
A f t s
t t A jg t A f e t s j t s t z
A f A f t A g A f A f t A f
t A g t t f t A f A f A f t y
b A f a A f
q
d
t j
q d
c
=
=
+ = + =
= + =
+ + = =
= =

Simulation of Nonlinearity Simulation of Nonlinearity

AM-to-AM and AM-to-PM Models
Analytical AM-to-AM and AM-to-PM characteristics derivation Examples
Hard limiter: l=0 in general limiter equation
LP Model Analytical derivation, General power series case
0 ) (
4
) cos ( cos
2
cos ) cos (
2
) (
2
0
2 /
2 /
0
2 /
2 /
1
= =
)
`

+ = =


A f
L
d d
L
d A F A f

) ( ) ( t x a t y
k
N
k
=

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,

Only odd n, |2i-n|=1 produce first zone outputs
No phase component g(A)=0
291
[ ] [ ] ) ) 2 ( 2 exp( ) (
~
) (
~
) 2 / 1 ( ) (
)} 2 exp( ) (
~
) 2 exp( ) (
~
){ 2 / 1 ( )} 2 exp( ) (
~
Re{ ) (
) ( ) (
0
*
0
0
*
0 0
0
t n k f j t x t x
i
n
t x
t f j t x t f j t x t f j t x t x
t x a t y
i n
i
n
i
n n
k
k

|
|

\
|
=
+ = =
=

=
=

m
N
m
m
m
t x
m
m a
t x t z
2
*
2 / ) 1 (
0
2
1 2
1
) (
~
1
1 2
2
) (
~
) (
~
|
|

\
|
+
+
=

=
+
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2
0
1
0
Simulation of Nonlinearity Simulation of Nonlinearity
AM-to-AM and AM-to-PM Models
Analytical AM-to-AM and AM-to-PM Example
Soft limiter: s = in general limiter equation

, ] ) / ( 1 ( ) / ( ) / [arcsin(
, /
) (
0 ) ( , cos ) cos (
2
) (
2 2
2
2
0
1

+
<
=
= =

l A A l A l A l
l A l L
A
A f
A f d A F A f
M

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,

90-degree Phase Shifter F(Acos)=Lsin
292
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,

F
a
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l

2
0
1
0
L d
L
d
L
d A F A f
d A F A f
= =
= =
= =

2
0
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
0
1
) 2 cos 1 (
2
sin sin ) cos (
1
) (
0 cos ) cos (
1
) (
Simulation of Nonlinearity Simulation of Nonlinearity
AM-to-AM and AM-to-PM Models
Measurement of AM-to-AM and AM-to-PM characteristics
For many devices like band-pass amplifiers derivation is experimental
Measurements based on un-modulated tone of amplitude A (different values in dB)
Swept Tone Measurements
OBO: Output backoff working point to max output power at saturation
IBO : Input backoff working point to max output corresponding input power
Axes are normalized with respect to max out power and corresponding input respectively
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,

Axes are normalized with respect to max out power and corresponding input respectively
Gain normalized to one cascade ideal gain
Measurements at few input levels Interpolation or model + numerical curve fitting
Bandpass amplifiers datasheets
Salehs Model
Least Mean Square Curve fitting
293
2
2
2
2 2
3
2
1
) ( ,
1
) (
) 1 (
) (
1
) (
A
A
A g
A
A
A f
A
A
A S
A
A
A S
g
g
f
f
q
q
q
p
p
p

+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
C
o
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e

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l

2
0
1
0
Simulation of Nonlinearity Simulation of Nonlinearity
AM-to-AM and AM-to-PM Models
Measurement of AM-to-AM and AM-to-PM characteristics
Salehs Model Least Mean Square Curve fitting
General form of the functions
Given m measured pairs (z
i,
r
i
), i=1,2,,m
2 , 1 3 2 1
) 1 (
) (
2
= =
+
=

, , n
r
r
r z
n
C
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e

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n

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,

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h
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f
,

, 0
) (
) ) ( ( ) ) ( (
1 1
2

= =
= =

=
i
m
i
i i
m
i
i i
p
p
r z
z r z z r z MSE
(Used for TWT Amplifiers)
294
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o
n

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,

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,

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,

F
a
l
l

2
0
1
0
) )( ( ) )( (
) ( ) )( (
) )( ( ) )( (
) ( ) (
) / (
1 1
4
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 1
2
1 1
4
1
2
1
2
1
4 2
1
2
/ 1
1 1




= = = =
= = =
= = = =
= =

= =

=
=

m
i
i
m
i
i
m
i
i i
m
i
i
m
i
i i
m
i
i
m
i
i
m
i
i
m
i
i
m
i
i i
m
i
i
m
i
i
m
i
i
n
i i i
i i
w r m r w r
r w m w r
w r m r w r
r m r
r z w
p

Saleh, A.A.M., "Frequency-independent

and frequency-dependent nonlinear
models of TWT amplifiers," IEEE Trans.
Communications, vol. COM-29,
pp.1715-1720, November 1981.
Simulation of Nonlinearity Simulation of Nonlinearity
AM-to-AM and AM-to-PM Models
Measurement of AM-to-AM and AM-to-PM characteristics
Ghorbanis Model
Used for Solid State Power Amplifiers (SSPA)
r y
r y
r g
r x
r x
r x
r f
y
x
x
1
4
3
1
) ( : AM/PM
) 1 (
) ( : AM/AM
2
2
2
+ =
+
+
=
C
o
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e

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,

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o
n

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m
s
,

S
h
a
r
i
f
,

In his paper, fitted the model to 40-point
measurement and calculated the BER for
16-QAM
295
r y
r y
r g
y 4
3
1
) 1 (
) ( : AM/PM
2
+
+
=
C
o
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e

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o
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e
s
,

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i
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f

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o
n

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m
s
,

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h
a
r
i
f
,

E
E
,

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m
a
n

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h
o
l
a
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p
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,

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@
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,

F
a
l
l

2
0
1
0
A. Ghorbani, and M. Sheikhan, "The effect of Solid State Power Amplifiers (SSPAs)
Nonlinearities on MPSK and M-QAM Signal Transmission", Sixth Int'l Conference
on Digital Processing of Signals in Comm., 1991, pp. 193-197.
Simulation of Nonlinearity Simulation of Nonlinearity
AM-to-AM and AM-to-PM Models
Measurement of AM-to-AM and AM-to-PM characteristics
Rapps Model AM-to-AM only
Used for Nonlinear power amplifiers for DPSK and OFDMIEEE802
Smoothing parameter p. Typical value =2-3
p p
A
A
A f
2 / 1 2
) 1 (
) ( : AM/AM
+
=
C
o
u
r
s
e

N
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0 dB Output 0 dB Output
Back Back--Off from Off from
Full Saturation Full Saturation
C. Rapp, "Effects of HPA-Nonlinearity on a 4-DPSK/OFDM-Signal for a Digital
Sound Broadcasting System", in Proceedings of the Second European Conference
on Satellite Communications, Liege, Belgium, Oct. 22-24, 1991, pp. 179-184.
Smoothing parameter p. Typical value =2-3
Noise is added to the model as well
Noise Figure, Noise Temperature, Noise Factor
296
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1 ( log 10
10
NT
NF + =
Full Saturation Full Saturation
Simulation of Nonlinearity Simulation of Nonlinearity
AM-to-AM and AM-to-PM Models
Measurement of AM-to-AM and AM-to-PM characteristics
Other Specifications of weakly nonlinear systems like amplifiers, mixers,
1dB-Compression Point
The point where the output signal gain
drops 1dB from the ideal linear
Characteristics
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Intercept Points
The point where the extrapolated linear
fundamental component and intermodulation
products (higher harmonic components) cross
3
rd
order input/output intercept point, P
IIP3
/P
OIP3
or TOA is usually mentioned in amplifier
Specifications
Rule of Thumb: P
1dB
=P
IIP3
-10dB
297
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