DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

SEMINAR REPORT ON

BLU-RAY DISC

SUBMITTED TO :
Ms. SHARBANI

SUBMITTED BY:
PUNEET KUMAR VERMA I.T.-3rd YEAR (A) ROLL NO- 0809013069

ACKNOWLEDMENT

I would like to thank everyone who helped to see this seminar to completion. In particular, I would like to thank my seminar incharge Ms. SHARBANI for her moral support and guidance to complete my seminar on time.

I express my gratitude to all my friends and class mates for their support and help in this seminar.

Last but not the least I wish to express my gratitude to God almighty for his abundant blessings without which this seminar would not have been successful.

ABSTRACT

Optical discs share a major part among the secondary storage devices. Bluray disc is a next generation optical disc format. The technology utilizes a blue laser diode operating at a wavelength of 405nm to read and write data. Because of the blue laser it can store enormous amount of data than was ever possible.

Data is stored on a BD in the form of tiny ridges on the surface of an opaque 1.1mm thick substrate. This lies beneath a transparent .1mm protective layer. With the help of Blu-ray recording devices it is possible to record upto 2.5 hrs of very high quality audio and video on a single BD.

Blu-ray also promises some added security, making ways for copyright protections. Bd can have a unique ID written on them to have copyright protection inside the recorded streams.

Blu-ray Disc takes the DVD technology one step further just by usin g a laser with a nice colour.

INDEX

INTRODUCTION
1. HISTORY OF BLU-RAY DISC 1.1

.. 6-7 ..8-9 .8 .8 9

FIRST GENERATION 1.2 SECOND GENERATION 1.3 THIRD GENERATION 2. OPTICAL DATA STORAGE FOR DIGITAL VIDEO 2.1 INTRODUCTION 13 2.2 PARAMETERS FOR HD VIDEO STORAGE WITH OPTICAL DISCS .13 2.2.1 OPTICAL PARA METER 13-18 3. DIFFERENT FORMATS OF BD 19 4. BLU-RAY DISC CHARACTERISTICS ..20 4.1 LARGE RECORDING CAPACITY 20 4.2 HIGH SPEED 20 4.3 RESISTANCE TO SCRATCHES 4.4 AND FINGERPRINTS ..20 5. BLU-RAY FOUNDERS .21 6. HOW DOES BLU-RAY DISC WORK? 22 7. COMPARISONS .23 8. ADVANTAGES OF BD .24 9. CONCLUSION . 26 10. REFERENCES 27

Introduction

Tokyo Japan, February 19, 20 02: Nine leading companies announced that they have jointly established the basic specifications for a next generation large capacity optical disc video recording format called "Blu-ray Disc". The Blu-ray Disc enables the recording, rewriting and play back of up to 27 gigabytes (GB ) of data on a single sided single layer 12cm CD/DVD size disc using a 405nm blue-violet laser.

By employing a short wavelength blue violet laser, the Blu -ray Disc successfully minimizes its beam spot size by making the numerical aperture (NA) on a field lens that converges the laser 0.85. In addition, by using a disc structure with a 0.1mm optical transmittance protection layer, the Blu-ray Disc diminishes aberration caused by disc tilt. This also allows for disc better readout and an increased recordin g density. The Blu-ray Disc's tracking pitch is reduced to 0.32um, almost half of that of a regular DVD, achieving up to 27 GB high-density recording on a single sided disc.

Because the Blu-ray Disc utilizes global standard "MPEG-2 Transport Stream" compression technology highly compatible with digital broadcasting for video recording, a wide range of content can be recorded. It is possible for the Bluray Disc to record digital high definition broadcasting while maintaining high quality and other data simultaneously with video data if they are received together. In addition, the adoption of a unique ID written on a Blu-ray Disc realizes high quality copyright protection functions.
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The Blu-ray Disc is a technology platform that can store sound and video while maintaining high quality and also access the stored content in an easy -to-use way. This will be important in the coming broadband era as content distribution becomes increasingly diversified. The nine companies involved in the announcement will respectively develop products that take full advantage of Blu-ray Disc's large capacity and high-speed data transfer rate. They are also aiming to further enhance the appeal of the new format through developing a larger capacity, such as over 30GB on a single s ided single layer disc and over 50GB on a single sided double layer disc. Adoption of the Blu-ray Disc in a variety of applications including PC data storage and high definition video software is being considered.

Concept of the format establishment :

To realize the large capacity with 12cm disc

- More than 2-hour high definition video recording
- High capacity of more than 4-hour recording by double layer technology .

To cope with digital broadcasting

- High compatibility with digital broadcasting
- To prevent illegitimate duplication of contents

To enhance the Blu-ray Disc world

- Adoption of the Blu-ray Disc in variety of media and application

Numerical Aperture and Resolution

The numerical aperture of a microscope objective is a measure of its ability to gather light and resolve fine specimen detail at a fixed object distance.

Image-forming light waves pass through the specimen and enter the objective in an inverted cone as illustrated in Figure 1. A longitudinal slice of this cones of light shows the angular aperture, a value that is determined by the focal length of the objective. The angle is one-half the angular aperture (A) and is related to the numerical aperture through the following equation: Numerical Aperture (NA) = n (sin ) Where n is the refractive index of the imaging medium between the front lens of the objective and the specimen cover glass, a value that ranges from 1.00 for air to 1.51 for specialized immersion oils. Many authors substitute the variable for in the numerical aperture equation. From this equation it is obvious that when the imaging medium is air (with a refractive index, n = 1.0), then the numerical aperture is dependent only upon the angle whose maximum value is 90. The sin of the angle , therefore, has a maximum value of 1.0 (sin90 = 1), which is the theoretical maximum numerical aperture of a
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lens operating with air as the imaging medium (using dry microscope objectives).

2.7 THE BLUE LASER

The laser used with the Blu-ray disc has a wavelength of 405nm.Though the red and the green lasers were discovered much earlier, it was only in 1996 that the blue laser was discovered. Actually, the wavelength 405nm would correspond to the blue-violet part of the visible light, in the spectrum. This achievement is attributed to the efforts of Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation, Japan. The device utilizes a GaN diode as its laser source. The operating current is kept between 60mA and 70mA for optimum performance.

A blue laser operates in the blue range of the light spectrum, ranging from about 405nm to 470nm. Most blue laser diodes use indium gallium nitride as the material to create the laser light, although the amount of indium included in the material varies. (Some blue laser diodes use no indium.) Some manufacturers create blue LEDs (light-emitting diodes), which create light in a manner similar to lasers with silicon carbide.

Blue laser beams have a smaller spot size and are more precise than red laser beams, which lets data on blue laser optical storage discs be stored more densely. The spot size of a laser beam is one determining factor, along with the materials in the optical disc and the way the laser is applie d to the disc, in the size of the pits the laser makes on an optical disc. Laser beams with larger spot sizes typically create larger pits than those with smaller pit sizes. Blue lasers are desirable because blue light has the sh ortest wavelength among
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visible light.

A blue laser operates at a shorter wavelength of about 405nm than a red laser at about 650nm. A nanometer (nm) is one -billionth of a meter, one-millionth of a millimeter, and one-thousandth of a micron. One inch is equal to about 25.4 million nanometers. A human hair is about 50,000nm wide.

Blue Laser Development

Shiju Nakamura is credited with inventing the blue diode laser and blue, green, and white LEDs. Nakamura was working at Nichia Chemical Industries in Japan when he developed the blue laser in 1995. It s a technology many large corporations had been trying to develop for several years.

Nakamura had worked with LEDs and lasers for several years before tackling blue lasers in the late 1980s. Because most research at the time focused on using zinc selenide as the laser material, Nakamura decided to work with gallium nitride. He spent two years perfecting a technique for growing highquality gallium nitride crystals, something other researchers had been unable to achieve.

Finally, Nakamura had the materials necessary to create blue LEDs, which he did in 1993. He followed with green LEDs and a blue laser diode in the next few years. He says the biggest commercial use for blue lasers should be DVD players.

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2. Optical Data Storage for Digital Video

2.1 Introduction

Optical data storage is commercially successful in the form of Compact Discs (CDs) for audio and software distribution and Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs) for video distribution. CDs and DVDs look very similar because the fundamental optical technology for both devices is the same. This similarity is also true for the next generation of optical data storage, which may be used for digital home theater recording and HDTV distribution. However, CDs, DVDs and next generation products are different in terms of specific optical components in the drive, in how data are managed and in details of the disk structure used to store the information. These differences allow a larger volume of data to be recorded on each successive generation. Larger data volumes translate into higher quality video and longer playing time.

2.2 Parameters for HD Video Storage with Optical Disks

 Optical Parameters  Disk Structure Parameters  Data Management Parameters

Optical parameters include laser wavelength, objective lens numerical aperture, protective layer thickness and free working distance. Data management parameters include data rate, video format, HDTV play time and bit-rate scheme. Disk structure parameters are user data capacity, minimum channel bit length and track-to-track spacing. 2.2.1Optical parameter

Digital information is stored on optical disks in the form of arrangements of data marks in spiral tracks.
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The process for exposing data marks on a recordable optical disk is shown in Fig. 1, where an input stream of digital information is converted with an encoder and modulator into a drive signal for a laser source. The laser source emits an intense light beam that is directed and focused onto the surface by the objective lens. As the surface moves under the scanning spot, energy from the intense scan spot is absorbed, and a small, localized region heats up. The surface, under the influence of heat

beyond a critical writing threshold, changes its reflective properties. Modulation of the intense light beam is synchronous with the drive signal, so a circular track of data marks is formed as the surface rotates. The scan spot is moved slightly as the surface rotates to allow another track to be written on new media during the next revolution.

Data marks on prerecorded disks are fabricated by first making a master disk with the appropriate data-mark pattern. Masters for prerecorded CDs and DVDs are often exposed in a similar manner to exposing data marks on recordable optical disks, except that the light-sensitive layer is designed to produce pits in the master that serve as data marks in the replicas. Inexpensive replicas of the master are made with Injection-molding equipment.
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Readout of data marks on the disk is illustrated in Fig.2, where the laser is used at a constant output power level that does not heat the data surface beyond its thermal writing threshold. The laser beam is directed through a beam splitter into the objective lens, where the beam is focused onto the surface. As the data marks to be read pass under the scan spot, the reflected light is modulated. Modulated light is collected by illumination optics and directed by the beam splitter to servo and data optics, which converge the light onto detectors. The detectors change light modulation into current modulation that is amplified and decoded to

Fig 2

produce the output data stream. A fundamental limitation to the number of data marks per unit area is due to the size of the focused laser beam that illuminates the surface. Small laser spots are required to record and read out small data marks. More data marks per unit area translate into higher capacity disks, so evolution of optical data storage is toward smaller spot sizes. Figure 3 shows a detailed picture of the laser irradiance approaching the surface, where irradiance is defined as the laser power per unit area. Ideally, maximum irradiance is located at the recording material, along with the
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smallest spot size s. As the distance increases away from the ideal focus, the spot size increases and the peak irradiance decreases. A defocus distance z of only a few micrometers dramatically reduces peak irradiance and increases spot size. An approximate formula used to estimate the ideal spot size at best focus is s = /(sin ), where is the marginal ray angle of the illumination optics, as shown in Fig. 1. Spot size s is the full width of the irradiance distribution at the 1/e2 (13.5%) irradiance level relative to the peak. The value of sin q is often called the numerical aperture or NA of the optical system.

Fig 3

Instead of focusing directly on the recording surface, optical disks focus through a protective layer, as shown in Fig.4 for a simple CD-ROM. The protective layer prevents dust and other contamination from directly obstructing the laser spot at the data marks. Instead, the out-offocus contamination only partially obscures the laser focus cone, and data can usually be recovered reliably. If the protective layer is scratched or damaged, it can be cleaned or buffed. As the protective layer gets thinner, the error rate increases to an unacceptable threshold due to obscuration of the laser beam. This sensitivity
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decreases as NA increases, due to the smaller defocus range associated with these systems. In addition, the free working distance separates the objective lens from the spinning disk. This separation protects the disk against accidental contact between the objective lens and the disk.

In order to maximize disk capacity, the optical system uses high NA and short wavelength. For maximum contamination protection, the protective layer should be as thick as possible. However, the combination of thick protective layer and high NA is not easily accomplished. High NA systems are sensitive to changes in substrate thickness and disk tilt. Manufacturing variations create thickness no uniformities, which are usually

Fig 4

a small percentage of the total disk thickness. Motor instabilities induce tilt as the disk spins. Energy from the central portion of the spot is redistributed to concentric rings, which degrade the quality of the read out signal. This Degrades the read out signal. Tilt causes coma, which is another form of
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aberration effect, is called spherical aberration.

Sensitivity of the spot to degradation from thickness variations and disk tilt is plotted in Fig. 5 as a function of total protective layer thickness for two values of NA. In order to limit these effects, the substrate is made as thin as possible without sacrificing contamination protection.

The most conservative technology is the Video CD. Its thick protective layer, relatively low NA and long laser wavelength produce a stable system that is not very sensitive to environmental factors like dust and scratches. The ideal spot size is about 0.78/0.5 = 1.6 micrometers. Although the cover layer is thick at 1.2 mm, the sensitivity to thickness

variations and disk tilt is low because of the low NA. DVD technology uses a shorter wavelength laser, higher NA optics and a thinner protective layer. The combination of short wavelength and higher NA produce a spot size of about 1.1 micrometers. The protective layer had to be made thinner, because the
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sensitivity to thickness variations and disk tilt is too high otherwise. DVDs are slightly more sensitive to dust and scratches than CDs. The net effect is not great, because higher NA reduces the focal depth and DVDs have a more robust error management strategy.

The Advanced Optical Disk and Blu-Ray systems both use a new blue laser source that emits 0.405 micrometer light. The Advanced Optical Disk system uses the same protective layer thickness as a DVD, and it uses the same NA objective lens. Due to the short wavelength, the spot size for the Advanced Optical Disk is about 0.62 micrometers. Sensitivity to dust and scratches is about the same as a DVD, as well as the sensitivity to thickness variations and disk tilt. The Blu-Ray system uses both higher NA and thinner cover layer. The spot size is 0.405/0.85 = 0.48 micrometers, which is the smallest spot size of all the technologies. However, because of the high NA, the protective layer had to be made thin to limit sensitivity to thickness variations and disk tilt. Therefore, Blu-Ray disks are sensitive to dust and scratches. The free working distance is nearly is same for all technologies except Blu- Ray. Blu-Ray systems utilize more complicated lens systems due to the high NA, so working distance had to be reduced. The integrity of this reduced working distance is not clear at this time.

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How does Blu-ray disc work?

Description of how this technology works

Blue lasers have a wavelength of 405 nanometers, shorter than that of red lasers, which have a wavelength of around 650 nanometers and are used for reading and writing DVD and CD discs. The shorter wavelength means that the laser can register smaller dots on a disc and more data can be stored. As a result, blue laser technology has been adopted for the development of next generation optical discs. 1. Using double infrared frequency to create the wavelength for blue light. 2. A blue laser operates in the blue range of the light spectrum, ranging from about 405nm to 470nm. 3. Most blue laser diodes use indium, gallium nitride as the material to create the laser light. 4. Blue laser beams have a smaller spot size and are more precise than red laser beams, which lets data on blue laser optical storage discs be stored more densely. 5. The spot size of a laser beam is one determining factor, along with the materials in the optical disc and the way the laser is applied to the disc, in the size of the pits the laser makes on an optical disc. 6. Laser beams with larger spot sizes typically create larger pits than those with smaller pit sizes.

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13. Advantages
The main advantages of the Blu-ray disc are

 More storage capacity on a disc of the same size

The data storage capacity on a Blu-ray disc is 27GB on a single layer and 54GB on dual layer, which is about five to six times the capacity of a DVD. It would mean about 2.5 hours of HDTV video and about 13 hours of SDTV video .

 High data transfer rate.

The basic data transfer rate in Blu-ray disc is about 36Mbps which is about three times that of a DVD and thirty times that of a CD.

 Available in different versions like ROM, R and RE

The BD is available in different versions like the ROM (write once), R (read only), RE (rewritable).

 Backward compatible

The BD drives are designed to be backward compatible, i.e. CDs and DVDs work equally well with the BD drives.

 Strong content protection

The features of the content protection system are Format Developed with Input from Motion Picture Studios .
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Strong Copy Protection. Renewability with Renewal Key Block and Device Key . Enhanced Encryption Algorithm: AES 128 bit . Physical Hook against Bit by Bit Encrypted Content Copy. Title-based Expandable Content Control File . Production Process Control Works against Professional Piracy. Public Key Based Authentication in PC Environment .

 Compatible with analog and digital transmission

The BD fares well with analog as well as digital transmission. It offers the only means to the recording and reproducing of digital HDTV video. Format for encoding analog signals also, called SESF (Self Encoded Stream Format) is also incorporated into the BD.

 Higher disc life

In the case of ordinary discs, the disc life is less fir the rewritable versions, as re-writing is done repeatedly to one area of the disc most probably, the inner perimeter. This limits the disc life. But, the BDFS(Blu-ray Disc File Structure is designed so as to avoid this problem, by using a system that uses free disc spaces with equal frequency.

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Conclusion
In conclusion the Blue-ray Disc is a technology platform that can store sound and video while maintaining high quality and also access the stored content in an easy-to-use way. Blue lasers have a shorter wavelength, which means the laser beam can be focused onto a smaller area of the disc surface. In turn, this means less real estate is needed to store one bit of data, an d so more data can be stored on a disc. This will be important in the coming broadband era as content distribution becomes increasingly diversified. Companies involved in the

development will respectively make products that take full advantage of Blue ray Disc's large capacity and high-speed data transfer rate. They are also aiming to further enhance the appeal of the new format through developing a larger capacity, such as over 30GB on a single sided single layer disc and over 50GB on a single sided double layer disc. Adoption of the Blue-ray Disc in a variety of applications including PC data storage and high definition video software is also being considered. There is a lot of talk about blue-laser-based systems being focused around high-definition television, which has heavy data needs. But Blue-ray Disc groups are also considering development of write-once and read-only formats for use with PCs. Prototype blue-laser-based optical disc systems have been around for more than a year. However, one problem has hampered development of commercial systems: cost. A sample blue-laser diode currently costs around $1000, making consumer products based on the parts unrealistic. However, Nichia, the major source for blue lasers, is expected to begin commercial produ ction this year and the price of a blue-laser diode is expected to tumble once the company begins turning them out in volume. The DVD forum may or may not invite the blue ray light into is era but the 27GB disc is not far off in practically disturbing the DVD wave.

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REFERENCES

Research Papers:

1)

Wobble-address format of the blu-ray disc .

By S. Furumiya, S.

Kobayashi, B. Stek, H. Ishibashi, T. Yamagami, K. Schep: Presented at ISOM/ODS Hawaii, July 2002 .

2)

Millipede - Nanotechnology Entering Data Storage , By P. P. Vettiger,

G. Cross, M. Despont, U. Drechsler, U. Drig, B. Gotsmann, W. Hberle, M. A. Lantz, H. E. Rothuizen, R. Stutz, and G. K. Binnig:

3)

34 GB Multilevel-enabled Rewritable System using Blue Laser and High

NA Optics . By H. Hieslmair, J. Stinebaugh, T. Wong, M. O Neill, M. Kuijper, G. Langereis: Published at ISOM/ODS Hawai, July 2002.

Websites:

http://www.licensing.philips.com/ http://www.almaden.ibm.com/st/disciplines/storage/ http://www.bluraydisc.com/ http://www.blu-raytalk.com/

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