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11
Digestion
Chemical
Catabolic reactions Enzymatic hydrolysis
Digestion
Phases
Structures
44
Accessory structures
Not in tube path Organs
55
66
77
88
99
Deglutition (swallowing)
Sequence
Voluntary stage
Pharyngeal stage
Esophageal stage
Deglutition (swallowing)
Control
Nerves
Brain stem
Disorders
Dysphagia Aphagia
1111
Esophagus
Usually collapsed (closed) 3 constrictions Aortic arch Left primary bronchus Diaphragm Surrounded by SNS plexus Blood vessels Functions Secrete mucous
1212
1313
Esophagus
Sphincters
Upper Lower
Abnormalities
Achalasia Atresia Hernia Barrets esophagus Esophageal varices
1414
Stomach
Usually J shaped Left side, anterior to the spleen Mucous membrane
G cells make gastrin Goblet cells make mucous Gastric pit Oxyntic gland Parietal cells Make HCl Chief cells Zymogenic cells
1515
1616
Stomach
3 muscle layers
Oblique Circular Longitudinal
Regions
Cardiac sphincter Fundus Antrum (pylorus) Pyloric sphincter
Stomach
Functions
Mix food Reservoir Start digestion of
Absorbs
Activates some enzymes Destroy some bacteria Makes intrinsic factor B 12 absorption Destroys some bacteria
1818
Small Intestine
Extends from pyloric sphincter ileocecal valve Regions
Duodenum Jejenum Ileum
Movements
Segmentation Peristalsis
1919
Small Intestine
Histology
Intestinal glands Intestinal enzymes Duodenal glands Alkaline mucous Paneth cells Lysozyme Microvilli Lacteals Plica circularis Smooth muscle Lymphatic tissue GALT Vascular
2020
Small Intestine
Absorbs
80% ingested water Electrolytes Vitamins Minerals Carbonates
Lipids
Proteins
2121
2222
Small Intestine
Secretes digestive enzymes
Peptidases
AminoDiTri-
DiTri-
Lipase Nucleases
2323
Small Intestine
Control Requires pancreatic enzymes & bile to complete digestion
2424
Large Intestine
Extends from ileocecal valve to anus Regions
Cecum Appendix Colon
2626
Large Intestine
Histology
No villi No permanent circular folds Smooth muscle
Large Intestine
Functions Mechanical digestion
Absorbs
Gastroileal Gastrocolic
B K
Control
Parasympathetic Voluntary
Defecation
Peristalsis pushes feces into rectum Rectal walls stretch
2929
Liver
Location R. Hypochondrium Epigastric region 4 Lobes Left Quadrate Caudate Right Each lobe has lobules Contains hepatocytes Surround sinusoids Feed into central vein
3030
Liver
Functions
Makes bile
Vagus n. CCK Secretin Water Bile salts Bile pigments Electrolytes Cholesterol Lecithin
Contains
3131
Liver
Detoxifies/removes
Stores
Activates vitamin D Fetal RBC production Phagocytosis Metabolizes absorbed food molecules
3232
Liver
Dual blood supply
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery/vein
3333
3434
3535
3636