Subject: Microbiology Topic: Introduction to Medical Parasitology Lecturer: Victoria Basa-Dalay, MD, MSc Date of Lecture: June 28,2011

Transcriptionist: Pages: 17

Symbiosis (living together) From the Latin word: sym - living together bio - life An association between two different species of organisms Primarily aim for obtaining food or shelter from one or both member of the relationship Has no overtones of benefit or harm Includes a wide diversity of associations Most Important Symbiotic Relationships: y Commensalism - one benefits from the association while the other is unharmed y Mutualism reciprocal benefit; both organism benefits from the association y Parasitism unilateral benefit; one organism and the other is harmed

Why study parasites? Parasites provide unique examples of biological phenomena not found in free-living organisms. Because of their medical importance Humans are hosts to many species of parasites. Many of these parasites are causative agents of major public health problems of the world. Recent estimates of the number of people infected with parasites in the world are: Ascaris 1.3 B Hookworms 1.3 B Whipworms 1B Filarial worms 657M Malaria 500M Schistosomiasis 270M Amebiasis 50 M Taeniad tapeworms 50 M Clonorchis 20 M Chagas Disease 15 M Examples of Medical Importance of Parasites in the World Over 1M African children will die this year from the effects of malaria. The life expectancy of an Egyptian is in the mid40 s due to Schistosomes 15M children in the world will die this year from a combination of malnutrition and parasites. Many cases of arthropod-borne diseases still occur throughout the world. Fleas to transmit plague y Mosquitoes dengue, malaria y Flies leishmaniasis, sleeping sickness y Mites scabies, scrub typhus

Parasitology The science that deals with specialized group of animals which are physiologically dependent on other organisms for their survival . - Neva & Brown, 1994 Medical Parasitology: The science that deals with parasites (organisms) that take up their abodes, temporarily or permanently, on or within its hosts (other living organisms) for the purpose of procuring food and protection, resulting in a relationship that can harm or lead to disease development in host .

Parasite Organisms ranging from microscopic to macroscopic Exhibit great diversity in morphology and physiology Animals depending on bigger organisms for food and shelter Has intimate almost always obligatory relationship with the host Always harmed the host Ex: Ascaris lumbricoides  spaghetti-like  Prototype of all the parasites

SY 2011-2012

 Competes for available nutrients since it absorbs sugars, proteins and fats from the food  Obstructs the gut by bolus of worms  Damages vital organs during erratic migration Acsaris can penetrate any hole (ears, anus, mouth, common bile duct, appendix, etc) SURVIVAL FACTORS OF PARASITES Parasites have successfully adapted to (all?) environmental niches in hosts Parasites best adapted are least pathogenic Not sensed by the body as foreign just like an antigen but they will reside inside the body just like a commensal initially and when they grow up they become a parasitic agent. Typically with long-term/chronic/ intimate parasite-host relationships Types of Parasites to REMEMBER Location: y Endo-parasite inside the body y Ecto-parasites on the skin and mucus membrane Degree of Association: y Obligate- must be parasitic and pathogenic to the host all the time (vs.) Facultative Parasites- can be freeliving, commensal or parasite depending on the environment ex: Strongiloides stercoralis - filariform larvae infective form, if lodged soil free living y Permanent- they remain parasitic to host from beginning up to the end of life (vs.) Transient/ Temporary Parasites only part of their life cycle will be functioning as parasite y Erratic can go to places other than their normal location ex: Ascaris Lumbricoides adult-small intestine. Can go to bile duct, liver, brain, anywhere in the body (vs) Spurious Parasites- can be found anytime in whatever stage in a particular environment in the body. y Zoonotic Parasites / Accidental Parasites normally found in animals acquired by human beings Taxonomic classification: y Protozoa- unicelluar (vs) Metazoa- multicelluar

2. Means of transmission from infected to susceptible, new hosts 3. Ability to invade and successfully reside in new hosts 4. Ability to reproduce Definition Host The bigger organism in which the parasite depends their survival Provides the nourishment and protection in a form of shelter whether inside or outside the body May transfer or harbor the organism temporarily or permanently Provide appropriate environment for growth and reproduction Maybe harmed, killed, not affected or they may even benefit in association with other organism Types of Host 1. Definitive Host y Harbors the sexual or the mature stage of the parasite site where the sexual reproduction occurs, if present. Eg. Man / Pig Ascaris Dog - Dypilidium caninum (dog tapeworm) Mosquitoes Plasmodium

CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR SUCCESSFUL ENDEMIC PARASITISM 1. Reservoir of infection source of infection

2. Intermediate Host y Harbors the asexual or the immature/ larval forms of the parasite y Site where the asexual reproduction occurs Eg. y Snails (Pila luzonica - kuhol) Echinostoma ilocanum(trematode/fluke)

y y

Pig uncooked or not properly cooked pork can cause Trichinellasis & Taeniasis (Trichinella and Taenia) Man- Plasmodium Crustaceans cause Paragonimiasis (Paragonimus westemani)

Ex: Trichomonas vaginalis can be acquired from toilet seats

In Malaria: - Intermediate Host Man (harbors younger forms: tropozoite, schizont, young gametocyte) - Definitive Host Mosquito (transform gametocyte to micro/macro gametocyte)

3. Vector An invertebrate animal which transmits a parasitic organism from one host to another Types of Vectors a. Mechanical Vector An invertebrate animal which merely transfer parasitic organism from one host to another by their appendages. Eg. flies, cockroaches. b. Biological Vector An invertebrate animal which harbor the parasitic organism internally with further development. Eg. mosquitoes, bugs Life cycles of Human Parasites I. Direct Life cycle No intermediate host is required in transmitting the parasite from one host to another A. Parasite may be immediately infective upon leaving the host

B. Parasite that may still need an external environment to develop into an infective stage. ex: Trichiuris trichiura peresence of larvae inside the egg gives the infective stage, requires soil in order to mature

II. Indirect Life cycle At least one (1) intermediate host is needed or a vector is required in transmitting the parasite from one host to another Eg. Fasciolopsis Plasmodium In Trematode: 1st inetermediate Host: Snail 2nd Intermediate: - if water plant- Fasciola and Faciolopsis - if fish liver fluke, intestinal fluke

I. Portal of exit - opening where the parasite leaves the host She used Ascaris lumbricoides life cycle as an example: portal of exit is through anus (feces) II. Diagnostic stage- stage that would help you confirm the diagnosis Presence of eggs in the feces -when the feces is lodged in the soil, the fertilized and unfertilized egg can be found (take note that before the disease could be transmitted to another host, an embryonated egg is needed) - unfertilized egg - could be diagnostic but could not be infective; will just die in the soil - fertilized egg - means it is rapidly differentiating; it can be infective if it develops to third stage larvae while inside the embyonated egg III. Infective Stage stage of the parasite that can cause transmission from one host to another Embryonated egg with third stage of larvae IV. Portal of entry opening where the parasite should enter mouth V. Mode of transmission- way the parasite enters the body through the portal of entry Ingestion of the infective stage (fecooral) VI. Path of Migration needed for the parasite to transform into its adult form Ascaris need to go to the lungs via blood to mature from L3 to L5; then in the intestine for it to mature from L5 to its adult form VII. Habitat- location in the body where the adult or sexual form of the parasite resides Small intestine

GENERALIZED PROTOZOAN LIFE CYCLE (1) Trophozoite (Diagnostic Stage) oq Cyst (Infective & Diagnostic) Ex: Amoeba, Giardia

GENERALIZED SPOROZOAN LIFE CYCLE

Ex: Plasmodium falciparum y y Infective stage: Sporozoite Diagnostic Stage: Trophozoite Schizont y Gametocytes found inside the mosquito: Gametes y Ookinete y Oocyst

(2) Trophozoite (Infective & Diagnostic) oq Trophozoite (Infective & Diagnostic) Ex: Trichomonas vaginalis - No cystic stage - directly transmitted; from vaginal stage, can cause strawberry-like cervical mucosa

Life Cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides

serves to transfer them to new hosts like in mosquitoes. Types of Parasites According to Taxonomic Group 1. Protozoans 1.1. Phylum sarcomastigophora reproduction: binary fission 1.1.1. Subphylum Mastigophora - moves by flagella Eg: Giardia, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Trichomonas (Please refer to Table 1 for characterization)

**This diagram only shows that through studying the different components of life cycle of a parasite, control and preventive measures can be implemented. She again used Ascaris l. as an example. Taxonomic Groupings of Parasites Unicellular, eukaryotic parasites- Protozoan Phylum Sarcomastigophora Phylum Apicomplexa Phylum Microspora Phylum Ciliophora Multicellular parasites Metazoan Helminths Phylum Aschelminthes Phylum Platyhelminthes Arthropods Phylum Arthropoda Common terms used in Protozoans y Trophozite - usually the diagnostic stage; cause the inflammation or pathologic change - the active, feeding and growing stage in most protozoans; the mature form y Cyst - usually the infective stage - the sac-like stage in protozoans y Oocyst - diagnostic stage in sporozoans - a thick-walled structure in which sporozoan zygotes develop and that

Life Cycle of Giardia lamblia you get infected when you ingest food/water/fomites contaminated with the infective cyst; the life cycle will go on inside your body (particularly in the small intestine) and you will excrete in the stool both the cystic form and the trophozoite but the latter will not survive in the environment.

Life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi

1.3. Phylum Microspora (according to Dr. Dalay, this phylum is not very important medically) classified under the Fungi kingdom by recent studies using DNA techniques (http://www.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/Pa raSites2006/Microsporidiosis/microsporidia1.ht ml) -no locomotory organ; characterized by a polar tube or polar filament found in the spore used to infiltrate host cells -obligate, spore-forming, intracellular parasites; with alternating sexual and asexual reproduction ex: Microsporidia

Life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei

Life cycle of Trichomonas vaginalis. -you ll get infected when you have sex with someone who has them. 1.1.2. Subphylum Sarcodina -moves by pseudopodia Eg: Entamoeba, Naegleria, Acanthamoeba Entamoeba histolytica, Naegleria fowleri (Please refer to Table 1 for characterization) 1.2. Phylum Apicomplexa -without a locomotory organ; apical complexes used for locomotion -has a complex life cycle (alternating sexual and asexual generations) ex: Plasmodium, Isospora, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium (Please refer to Table 2 for characterization)

Life cycle of Plasmodium spp. y Exo-erythrocytic/pre-erythrocytic cycle human liver stages y sporozoites (infective stage) discharged from the salivary glands of the mosquito are carried by the blood to the liver, where they mature into schizonts containing many merozoites y merozoites break out of the liver and reenter the bloodstream y Erythrocytic cycle human blood stages (diagnostic stages) y the merozoites infect the blood cells and grow into a larger trophozoite y In the schizont stage, the parasite rapidly reproduces asexually to produce new merozoites, which would infect new RBCs (the destruction of RBCs and the release of the parasites' waste

y y

y y

products produce the episodic chills and fever that characterize the disease) some merozoites form into male/female gametocytes Sporogonic cycle occurs in the mosquito (@the mosquito serves as the definitive host) the mosquito takes a blood meal and ingests the gametocytes in the mosquito s midgut, the gametocytes develop into gametes and fertilize each other (flagellated microgametes fertilize the macrogametocyte), forming motile zygotes called ookinetes the ookinete penetrates the gut epithelial cells and develops into an oocyst the oocyst undergoes multiple rounds of asexual reproduction, forming sporozoites the sporozoites migrate to the salivary glands

through the feces, or (b) a thin-walled oocyst, which would autoinfect the host 1.4. Phylum Ciliophora -locomotory organ = cilia -mostly includes a variety of free-living and symbiotic species -reproduce asexually by transverse binary fission ex. Balantidium col (Please refer to Table 3 for characterization) 2. Helminths worm like organism multi cellular, metazoan (eukaryotic organisms of kingdom animalia) (Please refer to Table 4 for classification summary)

Helminth/ worm Terminology Adults sexually reproductive stage in the life cycle Larvae developmental or asexually reproductive stage in the life cycle Eggs spherical/oval stage that protects the zygote and/or embryo in the life cycle Cysts usually an encapsulated larval stage found in tissues of an intermediate host Monoecious/hermaphroditic both sexes are found in one body Dioecious with sexes separated into males/females Parthenogenesis ability to produce offspring without the fertilization of eggs Oviparity production of eggs, which are discharged from the uterus of the female Ovoviviparity production of eggs which hatch prior to discharge from the uterus of the female Viviparity production of embryos/L1 larvae with no rigid encapsulation of embryo 2.1. Phylum Aschelminthes 2.1.1.Class Nematoda (roundworms) -elongated, unsegmented, circular worms; sexes are separate (dioecious) -Reproduction by: Oviparity ex: Ascaris, Enterobius Viviparity ex: Trichinella, filarial worms Parthenogenesis ex: Strongyloides (threadworm) -Infection by: ingestion of eggs ex: Ascaris, Trichuris skin penetration ex: hookworms vector-borne filarial worms ingestion of encysted larvae ex: Trichinella

Life cycle of Cryptosporidium spp. y Infection occurs when a suitable host ingests the oocyst (from drinking/being in contact with contaminated water), which would release sporozoites that would invade the epithelial linings of the intestines y The sporozoites undergo asexual reproduction, and then enter a sexual reproductive stage y Female macrogamonts and male microgamonts develop y Fertilization occurs; the resulting zygote may develop into (a) a thick-walled oocyst, which would exit the host

Table 6 summarizes Nematodes of Medical Importance

Comparison of nematode eggs. Enterobius is D-shaped; Trichuris is bipolar

Life cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti. During a blood meal, an infected mosquito ntroduces 3rd stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound. y The larvae develop into adults and reside in the lymphatics y Adults produce sheathed microfilariae that can migrate into lymph and blood channels y Another mosquito ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal y After ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths some travel and reach the thoracic muscles and develop into 1st stage larvae and then to 3rd stage infective larvae y 3rd stage infective larvae migrate to the mosquito s proboscis where it can infect another human when the mosquito takes a blood meal Wuchereria bancrofti is characterized in Table 7. y

2.2. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) 2.2.1. Class Trematoda -flattened, leaf-shaped or cylindrical worms (Schistosoma), unsegmented; hermaphroditic *Echinostoma ilocanum example of a trematode discovered in the Philippines; requires Pila luzonica (kuhol) as intermediate host *Reproduction Oviparity ex: Schistosoma *Infection by Ingestion of metacercariae ex: Fasciola, Echinostoma, Paragonimus, Clonorchis Skin penetration of cercariae ex: Schistosoma

Generalized Fluke life cycle

* The long and complex life-cycle of the fluke can be made easier to understand through the use of a nonsense mnemonic : Every - Egg Mirror - Miracidium (free-living in water) Spotted - Sporocyst (in snail)

Red - Redia (in snail) Certainly - Cercaria (free-living in water/snail) Met - Metacercaria (in 2nd intermediate host) Approval Adult Generalized schistosomal life cycle (blood flukes)

Life cycle of a typical Fluke VS ( unlike Schistosoma, most trematodes are hermaphrotidic and infect through metacercaria ingestion)

- Comparison between Schistosoma and other flukes: Schistosomes are not hermaphroditic unlike other ordinary flukes, The groove created by the fold in the male schistosome provides a place for the female worm to sit during mating. Once mature, schistosomes stay attached and will mate for life. Another substantial deviation from the normal fluke way of doing things is that the schistosome life-cycle does not feature a metacercaria stage. Instead, the cercariae emerge from the snail in water and penetrate the skin of the definitive host, finding their way to the blood stream in the process.

Life cycle of a Schistosoma sp. y Eggs are eliminated with feces/urine and hatch to release miracidia, which swim and penetrate snail intermediate hosts y Stages in the snail: 2 generations of sporocyst; production of cercariae y Infective cercariae are released; they swim and penetrate the skin of the human host and shed their forked tail = schistosomulae y The schistosomulae migrate into the veins and mature into adults y Paired adults migrate to mesenteric venules of bowel/rectum (for S. japonicum and S. mansoni species) and of the bladder and ureters (for S. haematobium) and lay eggs that would be eliminated with feces or urine, respectively

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Trematode Eggs

Class Cestoda - leaf shape, ribbon-like, elongated, flattened - sex: hermaphrodite or monoecious - segmented - reproduction by: oviparous (egg- laying) - target organ: small intestine - infected by: ingestion of encysted larvae (metacercaria) - 2 sub groups: y Pseudophylidea: multiple "segments" (proglottids) and two bothria or "sucking grooves" as adults y Cyclophyllidea: multiple proglottid "segments," and all have four suckers on their scolex ("head"), most human tapeworms - life cycle: Pseudophyllidean e.g) Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tape worm) y y Lifecycle of PSeudophyllidean (Diphyllobothrium latum) life

Proglottids: successive segments. Scoleces: attaches to the intestine of the definitive host. In some species, the scolex is dominated by bothria (tentacles), which are sometimes called "sucking grooves", and function like suction cups.

Cestode Eggs

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Order Anoplura : human lice Phylum Arthropoda 4 morphologic Characteristics - segmented body parts: head, thorax and abdomen - 3 to 4 pairs of jointed appendages Order Diptera: mosquites, flies - covered by hard chitinous exoskeleton Class Chilopoda - bilaterally symmetrical body Medical significance of Arthropods to Man Importance of studying Medical Parasitology To know the different parasites affecting As direct agents of disease: Man Dermatitis- due to insect bites (Caterpillaris, Bugs, etc) y Injury to sense organs (wasps and bees) y Infestation of insect Larvae myiasis y Entomophobia fear of insects (Cockroaches) y Envenomization (Sting of scorpions) y Ectoparasites (Scabies, Pediculosis and Crab louse infn) A vectors or disease transmitters: Mechanical vectors an invertebrate - parasite is infective upon exit from the animal which transfer parasitic organism infected host from one host to another by their e.g) Enterobius Vermiculari, appendages. e.g) flies, cockroaches Trichomonas, Sarcoptes scabei Biological vectors an invertebrate 2. Soil Transmission animal which harbor the parasitic organism - skin contact with contaminated soil internally with further development. e.g) - parasite becomes infective after a mosquitoes, bugs period of incubation in the soil e.g) Ascaris Lumbricoides Classification of Phylum Arthropoda 3. Arthropod Transmission (vector-born) Class Pentastomida (eg. Tengue worm) Class Crustacea (e.g Crabs, crayfish, copepods Class Arachnida (eg.spiders, scorpions, ticks, mite) Class insecta - parasitic infective stage develops in intermediate host which transmits the infection when biting or ingested by man e.g) Wuchereria bancrofti y To know how to prevent transmission of these parasitic infections to Man (eg. Centipedes) Order Hemiptera: reduvild bug Order Diptera : housefly Order Hymenoptera : ants, bees, wasps Order Siphonaptera : fleas

Different Modes of Transmission

1. Contact Transmission

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Plasmodium 4. Snail Transmission - parasitic infective stage develops in snail intermediate host or second intermediate host after partial development in the snail e.g) Schistosoma spp. 5. Food/animal Transmission (food-born and animal born) - infective stage of parasite develops in an animal whose flesh is an important item for man e.g) Taenia solium Capillaria philippinensis 6. Water Transmission - ingestion of man with contaminated water e.g) Glardia lamblia Entamoeba 7. Congential Transmission - parasitic infection of fetus through the entry of parasite in the placental barrier during pregnancy e.g) Toxoplasma gondii 8. Inhalation - inhalation of air-born parasitic eggs which further develops in the body e.g) Enterobius 9. Transmammary transmission - transmission of parasite through mother s milk e.g) Ancylostoma Strongyloides Useful sites: http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/Default.htm http://www.udel.edu/medtech/dlehman/medt 372/images.html

And please download the powerpoint Ms. Christel Pao has posted on FB for the photos. We try to make every tranx earth friendly.

No testing has undertaken you that is not common to everyone. God is faithful, and He will not let you be tested beyond your strength but with the testing He will also provide the way out so that you may be able to endure it. 1 Cor 10

END OF TRANSCRIPTION

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1.1. Table 1. Characterization of representative species of Phylum Sarcomastigophora Subphylum Mastigophora Giardia lamblia Trypanosoma cruzi Chaga s disease; American trypanosomiasis Bites of reduviid bug (Triatoma) Trypanosoma brucei Trichomonas vaginalis Subphylum Sarcodina Entamoeba histolytica Naegleria fowleri Acute Amoebic Meningoencephalitis in Normal Hosts Penetration of the nasal mucosa to the brain trophozoite

Disease caused

Giardiasis

African trypanosomiasis; sleeping sickness

Trichomoniasis Direct sexual contact (Trichomonas = only flagellate affecting the genitals) Trophozoite

Amoebic dysentery/ colitis

Mode of transmission Infective stage

Ingestion of cysts from contaminated water and food Cysts

Bites of infected tsetse fly (Glossina)

ingestion of cysts from contaminated food or water cysts

Diagnostic stage

Cysts and trophozoites

Habitat

Small intestine Steatorheic diarrhea; dysentery Fecalysis and enterotest (string test) Metronidazole

Fx

Metacyclic trypomastigote Epimastigote --this is accdg to doc s ppt, but accdg to the figure below (which is also found in doc s ppt), it should be the trypomastigote Skin, mucous membrane, blood Chagoma; Romana sign; megacolon; cardiomyopathy (most serious Cx) Blood smear; body fluids Benznidazole or nifurtimox

Metacyclic trypomastigote Epimastigote --this is accdg to doc s ppt, but accdg to the figure below (which is also found in doc s ppt), it should be the trypomastigote Body fluids; blood

Trophozoite

cysts and trophozoites

trophozoites

Vagina and prostate Vaginal/ prostatic discharge and itchiness Wet smear of vaginal discharge Metronidazole

Colon anchovy sauce; flaskshaped ulcer

brain Clinical presentations like fatal meningitis (rapid onset) Trophozoites in CSF/ Brain tissue Amphotericin B

Somnolence; seizure; coma

Diagnosis through Treatment .

Blood smear; body fluids; NNN media Pentamidine isethionate and sudamin

Fecalysis Metronidazole

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Table 2. Characterization of representative species of Phylum Apicomplexa. Plasmodium spp. Malaria; Blackwater fever Bites of infected female anopheline mosquito Sporozoites Blood stages Blood Tertian and quartan periodicity Blood smear Chloroquine, quinine, quinghaosu Cryptosporidium spp. Malabsorption syndrome; cryptosporidiosis *note the spelling Drinking/contact with contaminated water Small, sporulated oocyst with 4 sporozoites Small intestine Cachexia and severe diarrhea Fecalysis Nitazoxanide; fluid and electrolyte replacement

Disease caused Mode of transmission Infective stage Diagnostic stage Habitat Fx Diagnosis through Treatment

Table 3. Characterization of Balantidium coli, representative species of P. Ciliophora Balantidium coli Balantidiasis (common among slaughter house Disease caused workers) Mode of transmission Ingestion of contaminated water/food Infective stage Cyst Diagnostic stage Cyst & Trophozoite Habitat Large intestine Fx Diarrhea Diagnosis through Fecalysis Treatment Tetracycline with metronidazole

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Table 4. Classification of Helminths Sub kingdom Phylum Metazoa Aschelminthes Round worms; possess a peculiar type of body cavity called a pseudocoel Platyhelminthes Flat worms; dorsoventrally flattened, no body cavity and, if present, the alimentary canal is blind ending

Class Nematodes Round worms; appear round in cross section, they have body cavities, a straight alimentary canal and an anus

Genus examples Ascaris (roundworm) Trichuris (whipworm) Ancylostoma (hookworm) Necator (hookworm) Enterobius (pinworm or threadworm) Strongyloides Taenia (tapeworm)

Cestodes Adult tapeworms are found in the intestine of their host They have a head (scolex) with sucking organs, a segmented body but no alimentary canal Each body segment is hermaphrodite

Trematodes Non-segmented, usually leaf-shaped, with two suckers but no distinct head They have an alimentary canal and are usually hermaphrodite and leaf shaped Schistosomes are the exception. They are thread-like, and have separate sexes Table 5. Summary of the distinctive features of worms Cestodes (tapeworms) Trematodes (flukes) Shape Segmented plane Unsegmented plane Body cavity No No Body covering Tegument Tegument Sex Hermaphroditic Hermaphroditic, except schistosomes which are dioecious Attachment organs Sucker or bothridia, and Oral sucker and ventral sucker or rostellum with hooks acetabulum Example diseases Tapeworm infection Schistosomiasis, swimmer's itch in humans

Fasciolopsis (liver fluke) Schistosoma (not leaf shaped!)

Nematodes (roundworms) Cylindrical Present Cuticle Dioecious Lips, teeth, filariform extremities, and dentary plates Ascariasis, dracunculiasis, elephantiasis, enterobiasis (pinworm), filariasis, hookworm, onchocerciasis, trichinosis, trichuriasis (whipworm)

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Table 6. Nematodes of medical importance. Habitat Genera Small intestine Ascaris, Ancylostoma, Necator, Trichinella, Capillaria Large intestine Trichiuris, Enterobius Skin/Tissue Onchocerca, Loa, Gnathostoma, Trichinella Blood and Lymphatic system Wucheria, Brugia CNS Angiostrongylus Table 7. Characterization of Ancylostoma sp. (hookworm), representative species of Class Nematoda and Wuchereria bancrofti, a parasitic filarial nematode. Ancylostoma Wuchereria bancrofti Disease caused Ancylostomiasis, Necatoriasis Lymphatic filariasis Mode of transmission Skin penetration of filariform larvae bites of infected mosquitoes Infective stage Filariform larvae Third stage larvae (L3) Diagnostic stage Ova Microfilariae Habitat Small intestine Lymphatic system; skin and glands Fx Ground itch, iron deficiency anemia Elephantiasis Diagnosis through Fecalysis Blood smear Treatment Mebendazole Mebendazole

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