TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study 1.2 Statement of the problem 1.3 Research Objectives 3 1.4 Scope of the study 4 4 1 1

1.5 Justification of the study 1.6 Organization of the study

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CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2 Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3 Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.4 Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5 Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.6 Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design i 6 6

3.2 Population of the study

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3.3 Sample size/Sampling Techniques 3.4 Instrumentation 6

3.5 Procedure for Data Collection 3.6 Data analysis Techniques 3.7 Methodology Problems CHAPTER FOUR not defined. 7

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DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Demographic characteristic of Respondents Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2 Data Analysis and Result Error! Bookmark not defined. Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Summary 5.2 Conclusion Error! Bookmark not defined. Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.3 Recommendations

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5.4 Suggestions for Further Studies

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ABSTRACT

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study

On 24 May, soldiers from the 242 Recce Battalion, Iberepo, near Badagry in Lagos State, attacked and killed several policemen, in apparent reprisal against the killing of a soldier by a policeman, the previous night.1The trouble between the two parties started around 8.30pm on the night of Monday 23 May, but there are at least two versions of the incident that sparked it. According to one account, a soldier dressed in mufti and who was escorting a vehicle loaded with goods from the Nigeria\Benin Republic border, was accosted by a police officer attached to the Lagos State Police Rapid Response Squad (RRS), who demanded to search the vehicle. The soldier had challenged the policeman and threatened to disarm him if he did not allow the vehicle free passage. Provoked by that challenge, the policeman shot the soldier at close range, killing him instantly.2 The second account, by someone who claimed to have witnessed the encounter, said the soldier, a staff sergeant who was on his motorcycle, was flagged down by the policemen at a checkpoint. Despite showing his identification card, the police personnel were still not satisfied about his identity and an argument ensued. As the soldier made to ride off, a policeman shot him from

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This is Pure Anarchyhttp://allafrica.com/stories/201105290149.html Army and Police in bloody fight, 8 reported killed, in Badagry, Lagos StateMay 25, 2011http://saferafricagroup.com/2011/05/25/army-and-police-in-bloody-fight-8-reported-killed-in-badagry-lagosstate/

behind. The account said the soldier managed to phone his colleagues on anti-robbery patrol who rushed to rescue him, but only found him dead.3 The sources said that four of the policemen at the check-point were promptly arrested by police authorities. Seeking to avert a crisis, the Divisional Police Officer (DPO), Mr Saliu Samuel; the head of the State Security Service (SSS) in the area; and the Commanding Officer of the 242 Battalion, Ibereko, promptly met to calm the rising tensions. In spite of those good efforts, some soldiers set out early the next morning, attacking any policeman in sight, and in defiance of a No-violence order given to them by the commander of the barracks, Colonel Nabasa. Some of them stormed the branch of Oceanic Bank in the town and attacked the policemen guarding it, and even some bank customers. From there, they blocked roads and searched vehicles to fish out any policemen on board. The some reports further said that on learning of the attacks, the DPO suggested to his DCO that they should meet with the commander of the Army Barracks to sue for peace. Somewhere on that mission, some soldiers opened fire and shot the two officers, and another policeman, dead. Town residents say the bodies of the three slain police officers were left at the kerb at Aradagun bus stop on the Lagos-Badagry expressway. The DPOs orderly and driver were critically wounded, but they made it to a hospital. Two police patrol vehicles belonging to the Police Rapid Response Squad (RRS) were subsequently set ablaze, while their occupants were chased and shot dead. Up till late in the day,

Slain DPO had native insurance. http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/living/2011/may/28/living-2805-2011-002.htm

sources said soldiers were still on rampage, searching for policemen to attack. Some members of the Police Mobile Unit were also said to be threatening a full-scale war with the soldiers. 1.2 Statement of the problem

This type interagency violence has not been new in our national history. On October 4, 2005, soldiers and policemen clashed at Ojuelegba, Surulere Lagos. That led to the death of three persons and burning down of the office building of Area C Command of the Nigeria Police. The dead victims were caught in the crossfire of the battle that began when a soldier and policeman argued over who had the right to a free ride in a bus. The police officer hit out at the soldier, who raised the alarm at a nearby barracks, sparking violence. Some 60 vehicles, including 20 police cars, were set ablaze during the clashes. About 6 years later the crisis recurs there had also been reports in between about clashes between both forces. What is unique about this crisis is that there has rarely been such conflict between other forces like the Navy, Air force or paramilitary bodies like the Customs and Civil Defense Corps. 1.3 Research Objectives To examine perspectives Nigeria policeman and soldiers have about each other. To examine conflict handling styles of the Nigeria policeman and soldiers have about each other. y y To observe if there are other incidences of conflict. To recommend permanent solutions to the crisis.

y y

1.4

Scope of the study

The study would cover both policemen and soldiers working in Ilorin metropolis. These would include policemen from Division A to F and Police Headquarters. Soldiers from Sobi Barracks and All these men must have been in the service for at least. 1.5 Justification of the study

Little or no literature has failed to address this unique form of conflict. This conflict requires detailed attention because of its implication on National Security. Findings from this study would contribute significantly to the knowledge of peace and studies. The Federal Government & security agencies would be able to improve interrelations. 1.6 Operational definition of terms

Security Agents: The Nigerian police and the Nigerian Army Interagency relations: Relationship between the police and soldiers Interagency conflict: Conflict between the Nigerian police and Nigerian soldiers

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The reviewed literature tends to fall into four categories in terms of theoretical/ conceptual approaches. Firstly, there is the body of literature which draws directly upon cultural historical activity theory (CHAT) and upon developmental work research (DWR) methods, e.g. Engestrm et al, 1999; Engestrm, 2001a, 2004; Engestrm, R., 2003; Bleakley, 2004; Puonti, 2004. Studies informed by cultural historical and activity theorys conceptualisation of human learning take joint human activity as the fundamental unit of analysis through which to understand the historically changing character of organisational work and the specific types of knowledge and learning required by these shifts. In particular, current activity theory derived literature is concerned with the development of conceptual tools to understand dialogue, multiple perspectives and networks of interacting activity systems (e.g. Engestrm, 2001a; Puonti, 2004); consequently, the study of working practice in interagency settings is a pervasive theme. Secondly, there are other theoretically informed papers. These draw principally upon variations ofbureaucratic/ organisational theory (e.g. Meyers, 1993; Farmakapoulou, 2002b), although there arealso analyses drawing upon discourse analysis (e.g. Brown et al, 2000) and upon Foucaultiannotions of institution-subject power relations (e.g. Allen, 2003). Lahn (2002) provides a notableexample of an approach which spans activity theory and bureaucratic/ organisational theory. Thirdly, a sizeable proportion of the reviewed literature comprises papers which are largelyatheoretical (or which claim a grounded approach). Many of these are essentially research logs,offering narrative or evaluative accounts of local interagency initiatives, e.g. Morrison, 1996; Coleset al, 2000; Secker and Hill, 2001; Pavis et al, 2003.

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design

This study adopts a survey methodology design to achieve its project objectives. 3.2 Population of the study

The population of the study comprises Nigerian Police and Nigeria Army officials who have been in active service for at least five years. The researcher believes that at least 5 years in the force is essentials to see and assess interagency conflict. 3.3 Sample size/Sampling Techniques

A sample of 120 officers (60 soldiers and 60 police officers) will be made to represent the population that is under study for the purpose of obtaining data for the research work. Based on the data obtained from this sample, generalizations about the population were/ will be made. The sampling procedure was based on simple random sampling. This procedure was used because it afforded each element of the population the opportunity of having independent and equal of being represented in the sample of 120 respondents/persons. It was equally easy and simple in terms of conceptualization and application. 3.4 Instrumentation

Data will be collected using a questionnaire that contains measures perception of the cause of conflict, perception of the men of the other force, perception of the solution and conflict handling styles. Instrumentation required for this study involved the use of open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires. The open-ended questions helped to verify the validity of the closed-ended 6

questions. In addition, the questionnaire included questions on demographic characteristics of the respondents. 3.5 Procedure for Data Collection

The questionnaires would be self-administered and collected anonymously considering the security implication of assessing their perceptions. 3.6 Data analysis Techniques

Data obtained from the field will be analyzed by the use of scientific statistical tool for the social sciences. The frequency and percentage will be used for univariate analysis, while bivariate analysis will be done by using cross tabulation. Data had been analysed using descriptive statistics. This included pie charts, bar charts and tables. Chi square analysis would be used to find if there are variations in the perceptions of various dimensions of the conflict along agency and gender lines. The formula is given by.