Natura artificiale
Testo di Gabriele Masera
Foto di Diana Snape e City of Melbourne
Diana Snape
82 22/08
24/08 [Edifici ed energia]
LOCALIZZAZIONE - LOCATION: CITY OF MELBOURNE - DESIGN AND - GROSS AREA:
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA CULTURE DIVISION 12.536 M²
PROGETTO ARCHITETTONICO COMMITTENTE - CLIENT: SUPERFICIE COMMERCIALE -
- ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN: CITY OF MELBOURNE COMMERCIAL AREA:
DESIGNINC PERIODO TERMINE LAVORI - 9373 M² (UFFICI) + 500 M²
PROGETTO E DIREZIONE COMPLETION PERIOD: (NEGOZI PIANO TERRA)
LAVORI - PROJECT AND PROJECT AUGUST 2006 COSTO - COST:
MANAGEMENT: SUPERFICIE LORDA DI PAVIMENTO 46,5 MILLIONS EURO
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Pianta piano terzo interrato. Scala 1:1500 Pianta piano sesto. Scala 1:1500
Basement level third plan. Scale 1:1500 Sixth floor plan. Scale 1:1500
8
12
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Pianta piano secondo interrato. Scala 1:1500
Basement level second plan. Scale 1:1500
Pianta piano settimo. Scala 1:1500
Seventh floor plan. Scale 1:1500
3 4
2
5
5
5
1 13
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Pianta piano terra. Scala 1:1500 Pianta piano decimo. Scala 1:1500
Ground floor plan. Scale 1:1500 Tenth floor plan. Scale 1:1500
con gli elementi climatici del sito e si apre l’edificio progettuale di un edificio a destinazione terziaria è
alla ventilazione naturale e all’energia solare, l’ar- quella di evitare il surriscaldamento degli ambienti
chitettura deve cambiare radicalmente rispetto alla - problema reso più complesso dagli elevati cari-
tipica scatola sigillata e interamente condizionata.Al chi termici interni. Questa considerazione, forse
di là delle scelte strettamente legate alle strategie di banale, ma dalle conseguenze non scontate, ha
ventilazione, schermatura e illuminazione naturale, indirizzato il team di progettazione verso un’ar-
l’aspetto di CH2 intende riflettere l’articolazione chitettura che non potrebbe essere più diversa da
tipica di un sistema naturale: così come un ecosi- quella dei parallelepipedi vetrati che popolano le
stema complesso funziona grazie alle mutue rela- città dell’Europa centrale. Le quattro facciate di
zioni fra diversi fenomeni, questo edificio sfrutta al CH2 assolvono ciascuna a compiti differenti: se
massimo le sinergie fra strategie e tecnologie piut- a ovest un sistema di persiane mobili di legno ri-
tosto consolidate. ciclato protegge gli uffici dal sole pomeridiano, a
Nel clima oceanico di Melbourne, caratterizzato nord (dove splende il sole nell’emisfero australe) si
da inverni miti ed estati piuttosto calde, la priorità trovano i condotti scuri per l’estrazione naturale
Diana Snape
6. Materiale a
cambiamento di fase
L’acqua è fatta
circolare nei serbatoi
di PCM per essere
DesignInc
raffreddata
dell’aria viziata e un sistema di giardini verticali ma ben 80 stalli per biciclette e 9 docce per gli im-
con funzione di schermatura. Il fronte sud è carat- piegati ciclisti. Il parcheggio per le automobili, fra
terizzato dalle prese d’aria fresca, mentre la facciata l’altro, è stato concepito per una futura conversione
est, avviluppata da una lamiera metallica forata per a uffici o altri usi.
consentire la ventilazione dei bagni, è un’astra- Rispetto all’altro edificio per uffici utilizzato
zione visiva della corteccia di un albero. dalla città di Melbourne, CH2 riduce dell’87%
CH2 si trova nel centro di Melbourne, proprio di le emissioni di CO2 e i consumi di gas, dell’85%
fronte al municipio esistente, e include al piano terra il fabbisogno di elettricità e del 72% quello di
alcuni negozi e bar, con l’intento di portare anima- acqua potabile. Queste prestazioni di eccellenza
zione in una zona precedentemente occupata da un hanno garantito all’edificio la classificazione a
parcheggio. Nell’edificio sono stati realizzati solo sei stelle (quella massima) secondo il Green Star
20 posti auto, per stimolare l’uso dei mezzi pubblici, Rating System del Green Building Council Au-
microforata
East elevation: the abstraction of the bark
of a tree made of micro perforated sheet
stralia: risultato ancora più significativo se si con- Gli extracosti iniziali di costruzione di CH2 si do-
sidera che il progetto era già in uno stadio piut- vrebbero ripagare in meno di dieci anni, attraverso
tosto avanzato quando il sistema di certificazione i risparmi energetici, ma soprattutto tramite un
è entrato in vigore. aumento di produttività del personale, che, grazie
Questo risultato non sarebbe stato possibile senza a un ambiente di lavoro più salubre e piacevole,
un lavoro di gruppo estremamente serrato fra i pro- dovrebbe essere meno soggetto a fenomeni di sick
gettisti architettonici, DesignInc, e il ricco team di building syndrome. Queste aspettative si sono rive-
ingegneri e consulenti. Dal momento che i pro- late ampiamente rispettate dopo il primo anno di
getti integrati come CH2 richiedono un confronto uso dell’edificio, a cui è seguita un’indagine fra gli
molto intenso fra i diversi attori, che spesso devono utenti che ha rivelato alti livelli di soddisfazione e
anche essere in grado di superare i limiti tradizio- una generale sensazione di benessere psicofisico.
nali della propria disciplina, nelle primissime fasi Rimettendo in questione l’idea dell’edificio per uf-
del processo tutti i progettisti e gli specialisti hanno fici come guscio vetrato indifferente al luogo, CH2
preso parte a un workshop di due settimane. Du- rappresenta, forse, una nuova declinazione di quel
rante questa charette iniziale, si è sviluppato un con- “regionalismo critico” che Kenneth Frampton in-
fronto sulle scelte progettuali di fondo, in modo che dicava, alcuni decenni fa, come strumento per supe-
queste fossero condivise, e le successive interazioni rare gli aspetti più rigidi del Movimento Moderno
fra architetti e ingegneri risultassero facilitate; negli e che oggi trova una nuova spinta nella necessità
otto mesi successivi, gli incontri collettivi si sono ineludibile di rispondere rapidamente alla crisi am-
succeduti con cadenza settimanale. bientale del pianeta.
1. Exhaust
1. Estrazione E xhaust plenum at slightly
Il plenum di estrazione negative pressure,
è mantenuto a 2. Posizione del induced by north flues
pressione negativa soffitto ondulato 2. Undulating concrete
dall’effetto camino nei in cls a vista ceiling line
condotti a nord 3. Floor diffusers
Floor mounted, user controlled
5. Ventilazione a air diffusers with “twist” outlets
dislocazione 4. Healthy air
Zona a temperatura 100% outside air supply to
confortevole sealed access air plenum
creata dalla 5. Displacement air
ventilazione a Boundary layer created by
dislocazione displacement air supply
DesignInc
4. Aria salubre
Immissione di aria
esterna al 100% nel
plenum a tenuta nel 3. Diffusori a pavimento
pavimento Griglie di immissione dell’aria
montate a pavimento e controllate
dagli utenti, con diffusori a spirale
Schema di ventilazione negli uffici
Offices’ ventilation scheme
1. rivestimento esterno
di lamiera metallica forata
su sottostruttura in tubolari
di acciaio
2. lamelle fisse di acciaio
3. controsoffitto sospeso
di lamiera microforata
4. finestra fissa
5. muro esterno leggero
su sottostruttura metallica
6. pavimento sopraelevato
7. copertura di lamiera grecata
su strato isolante
5. Massa termica
La massa delle solette
di calcestruzzo assorbe 1. Raffrescamento
3. Aria fresca
il calore in eccesso dagli convettivo
scende / Aria calda
ambienti durante il giorno Dei moti convettivi si
sale
attivano sopra gli elementi
4. Soffitti raffrescanti radianti a soffitto
Raffrescamento
attivo: i pannelli a
soffitto assorbono il
calore irraggiato da
apparecchiature e utenti
2. Apparecchi a basso
consumo
DesignInc
Risparmi significativi di
energia attraverso l’uso di
Schema di raffrescamento negli uffici apparecchi e luci a basso
Offices’ cooling system
consumo
1. deck di legno
2. struttura metallica a supporto delle
piante rampicanti
3. vasca per piante rampicanti e cespugli
4. locale tecnico
5. pannelli solari per produzione
elettricità e acqua calda
6. canali di presa dell’aria esterna
7. canali di espulsione dell’aria interna
8. turbina eolica per l’espulsione dell’aria
viziata interna
1. wooden deck
2. metallic structure to support
climbing plants
3. tub for climbing plants and bushes
4. service room
5. solar panel to produce electricity
and hot water
6. inlets for external air
7. discharge outlets for the external air
8. wind turbine to discharge internal exhaust air
4. Uscita acqua
Alla fine del raffrescamento,
l’acqua è rimandata al
materiale a cambiamento Schema di funzionamento
delle shower towers
DesignInc
di fase a 13 °C
Scheme of the shower towers
Council House 2
Australia - DesignInc - designinc.com.au
Text By Gabriele Masera - Photo by Diana Snape and City of Melbourne
Council House 2 (CH2) is the new town instead the client wanted that their new ventilation, shading and natural illumina- obvious, lead the design team towards
house of the city of Melbourne. The headquarters could be identified as a tion strategies, the aspect of CH2 wants an architecture that couldn’t be more
project for this building, that opened in real and proper manifesto of sustainable to reflect the typical structure of a natural different from that of the glazed paral-
August 2006, was developed from the construction that could impose a new system: as a complex ecosystem does lelepipeds that populate the cities of
need to locate 540 council workers who standard for office buildings and whose function thanks to the mutual relations central Europe. The four CH2’s facades
were working in leased offices: given this informative principles could be an exam- between various phenomena, this buil- have each a different function: on the
opportunity the municipality decided to ple for similar interventions. ding uses as much as possible the syner- west façade a system of recycled wood
aim at excellent standards and promo- This determination gave origin to a buil- gies between well established strategies moving shutters shields the offices from
ted the construction of a paradigmatic ding that programmatically presents on and technologies. the afternoon sun, on the façade facing
building with regards to quality for the the outside its climatic control systems In Melbourne’s oceanic climate, which is north (where the sun in the southern he-
working environment and energy effi- (both passive and active): CH2 demon- characterised by mild winters and quite misphere shines) there are the dark pipes
ciency. Even if these two aspects are strates that, if the presence of the climatic hot summers, the design priority for a for the natural extraction of exhaust air as
strictly connected, very often the atten- elements of the site is accepted and the commercial building is to avoid overhea- well as system of vertical gardens that
tion is focussed on the energy saving building is open to natural ventilation and ting in the various environments; this pro- have a shading function. The south ele-
issues underestimating the advantages solar energy, architecture has to radically blem is even more complex due to the vation is characterised by fresh air inlets
for the comfort of the users that a buil- change with regards to designing the high internal thermal loads. whilst the east façade, which is covered
ding with a well designed envelope and typical air conditioned “sealed box”. In This consideration, even if pretty ba- by a metal perforated sheet to allow the
soft service plants can bring. For CH2 addition to the choices strictly linked to sic but with consequences that are not bathrooms’ ventilation, is a visual ab-
Hybrid ventilation linked to external chimneys of the north façade that are maintained in
The principle that has guided the design of the CH2’s ventilation system depression by the combined effect of wind turbines on the top of the chi-
has involved the intake of exclusively adequately filtrated external air mneys and of the dark colour of the cladding. A heat exchanger between
without the recycling of the exhaust air as it would happen in traditional the air to be expelled and fresh air enables to pre-heat or pre-cool the latter
plein-air systems. thus reducing the energy requirements for the air control.
The external air is taken from the top of the building, cleaned by two rows During the night, if the outside temperature is lower than that of the
of filters, it flows along the pipes on the south facade and it is mechani- concrete slabs, the building management system opens the perimeter
cally delivered to the offices (open-space) through the space underneath windows: this activated a flow of natural air, increased by the vertical
the raised floor. Every user can regulate, whilst operating the floor grilles, draught of the chimneys, the removes the heat accumulated by the ther-
the quantity of air towards his work station. The air slowly moves upwards mal masses of the building during the day (night purging).
from underneath the floor due to a stratification effect (displacement The bathrooms are naturally ventilated through fixed openings in the
ventilation) and it is removed hot and “dirty” through some inlets on the east façade that are adequately protected by the metal cladding of the
ceiling. The extraction is possible because the ducts in the ceiling are façade.
Soft climate control proper “chill bank” that allows to lower the temperature of the water from
To maintain comfort conditions heat must be extracted from the buil- the underceiling cooling system from 19 to16°C. The latent heat taken by
ding for most part of the year because of the weather and because of the PCM during this exchange is carried away by a second circuit sup-
high internal thermal gains (people, lights and equipment). Thanks to plied by chilled water by an evaporation system called “shower tower”.
an adequate shading of the facades of the building the cooling require- It consists of five fabric ducts of 1.4m diameter and 8m high fastened
ments are limited to 35 W/m² for 95% of the time: these are managed to the external side of the south façade. The water from the PCM tank
with a combination between the thermal capacity of the prefabricated is sprayed on the top of the towers and evaporates. Water remaining
slabs, underceiling cooling system - that covers almost a third of the in the liquid state is collected on a glazed canopy: if its temperature is
whole ceiling space - and cold beams alongside the glazed perimeter. less than 13°C the water is immediately sent to the tanks to recharge
The prefabricated concrete slabs, that are undulated in order to increa- the PCM; alternatively it is sent to the cooling towers on roof and if the
se the exchange thermal surface with the environment, can absorb a season is very hot is also used a chiller. A gas-supplied micro-generation
significant part of the excess heat thanks to the night ventilation of the plant produces 60kVA of electricity that provide 30% of the building’s
building: their contribution is estimated in a reduction of 14% of the ove- requirements whilst 100 kW of thermal energy that are a by-product
rall cooling load. The remaining time thermal loads is taken away from of the process supply the chillers and provides the heat for the building
the underceiling cooling system that are supplied by water maintained during cold mornings.
at 16°C by an original combination of cooling systems with low energy Lastly the roof of the building provide facilities for the use of the free
intensity. solar energy such as 48 m² of water panels (that produce about 60% of
The core of the system is composed by three tanks containing a large the requirements for hot water) and 26 m² of photovoltaic panels that
quantity of phase change materials (PCM). These materials have ther- generate 3,5 kW of the electricity to move the wooden shutters on the
mal capacity ten times higher than water: they constitute a real and west façade.
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straction of the bark of a tree. The CH2 and potable water requirements by 72%. by their own disciplines, the all the desi- to the sick building syndrome. These ex-
is right in the city centre of Melbourne, This excellent performance have secured gners and specialist consultants atten- pectations have been largely met after
right in front of the existing town house, to the building the maximum 6 stars ca- ded a two-week workshop during the the first year of use of the building after
and includes some shops and a bar on tegory based on the Green Star Rating very initial phases of the design. During which a survey amongst the occupants
the ground floor, with the aim of bringing System of the Green Building Council this initial charette a discussion on the has revealed a high level of satisfaction
some animation in an area previously oc- Australia: this result is even more signifi- basic design choices was carried out so and a general sensation of psycho-phy-
cupied by a car park. In the building there cant if it is considered that the project had that designers could buy into those and sical well being.
are only 20 car parking spaces, this in already progressed considerably when that this could facilitate future interactions Whilst questioning the concept of office
order to encourage the use of public tran- this certification scheme was launched. between architects and engineers; in the building as a glazed shell that does not
sport, but 80 cycle racks and 9 showers This result wouldn’t have been possible following eight months the meetings took relate to the surroundings, CH2 probably
for the employees who cycle into work. without a very close and connected team place on a weekly basis. represents a new variation of that “criti-
The car park has also been conceived in of architectural designers, the DesignInc, The initial construction extra costs for the cal regionalism” indicated by Kenneth
order to be transformed in the future into together with the considerable group of CH2 should be paid back in less than ten Frampton some decades ago as a way to
office space or into other uses. engineers and consultants. Because years thanks to the energy savings but overcome the most rigid aspects of the
In comparison with the existing town integrated projects such as the CH2 re- mostly important through an increase in Modern Movement and that today has
house the CH2 reduces the CO2 emis- quire a very intense cooperation between the productivity of the workers who, be- a new thrust in the unavoidable need to
sions and gas consumption by 87%, the different parties that often have to cause of a healthier and more pleasant rapidly respond to the environment crisis
electric energy requirements by 85% overcome the traditional limits imposed working environment, will be less subject of our planet.
Lighting and water saving guaranteed by sliding wooden screens that enable to block the lower
The design of the lighting of an environment was based of principles of sun thus maintaining the external views. As already mentioned the east
use of the natural light and of limitation of the glare and of reflection on façade is protected by an envelope of metal perforated sheet whilst the
computer screens. What designers wanted to avoid is the typical pheno- west façade is defined by recycled wooden shutters that automatically
menon that occurs in completely glazed offices: users to avoid the glare rotates on their vertical axis moving from the completely open position
caused by the large transparent surfaces lower the internal shading to that completely shut in the afternoon (the cycle lasts 6 hours).
devices but they leave them in that position for the whole day. The result Another aspect that contributes to the reduction of the environmental
of this action is that the users have to relinquish the natural light and the impact is water treatment. Even if Australia is the driest inhabited
external view increasing the use of electricity for artificial lighting. continent in the world it is the second for quantity of water used per
In CH2 the service plants and the lighting strategies are strictly linked head. Considering that the 90% of water used in offices doesn’t need
and derive from the observation that the building in on a site surrounded to be potable, in CH2 strategies have been put in place to limit water
by relatively tall constructions. The availability of natural light varies withdrawals from the water mains to 8,4 l/person a day (70% less than
considerably from the top to the base of the building. To improve the day the standard for an office building). Amongst these strategies it is pos-
light factor in the lower floors the width of the windows on the main ele- sible to identify the use of low consumption sanitary ware, flow meters
vations increases the closer they are to the road, whilst the dimensions to identify possible leaks and the collection of rain water from the roof
of the ventilation ducts decreases because the air intake is lower. In this that can provide an estimated 57,000 litres per month. In addition to
way the overall amount of glass (which is an expensive material and this, because the fire safety system needs to be tested periodically,
thermally not that efficient) is optimised. the 10,000 l of waste water from the aqueduct that are produced each
The north facade is equipped with light shelves made of micro perforated week are collected to supply showers and sinks. Lastly 100,000 litres of
sheet that shield the windows from the high summer sun but send the water are taken from the local primary foul system (that contains 95% of
light on the internal ceilings; the morning and afternoon sun are instead water) and are filtered by a three-stage purification system and they are
controlled by “vertical gardens” composed of climbing plants that are used, together with the collected rain water, to irrigate the gardens, for
perpendicular to the facade. Local control of the glare conditions is the cooling systems and for the supply to the toilets’ tanks.